Element Symbol - Haywood Academy...PiXL AQA Knowledge Test Unit 2 Chemistry 1: C1 GCSE Science A for...

PiXL AQA Knowledge Test Unit 2 Chemistry 1: C1 GCSE Science A for certification June 2014 onwards

AQA Knowledge test Unit 1 Chemistry C1

C1.1 The fundamental Ideas in Chemistry C1.1.1 Atoms 1. What is an atom? 2. What is an element? 3. Match the name of the element with the symbol

Element Symbol

Oxygen O

Sodium Na HYDROGEN H

LITHIUM Li Copper Cu

Potassium K ARGON Ar

CALCIUM Ca

4. Draw and label the structure of an atom. Ensure that you include the following key words:

Nucleus Protons Neutrons Electrons 5. Complete the table below

Name of Particle Charge Mass

Proton + 1 Neutron NO CHARGE 1 Electron - NEGLIGIBLE

6. Why do atoms have no overall electrical charge? 7. What does the atomic number tell you? 8. What does the mass number tell you? 9. Copy and complete the table

Element Symbol Atomic Number

Mass Number

Number of Protons

Number of Neutrons

Number of Electrons

Hydrogen H 1 1 1 0 1

HELIUM He 2 4 4 2 2

LITHIUM Li 3 7 3 4 3

BERYLLIUM Be 4 9 4 5 4

BORON B 5 11 5 6 5 10. Draw diagrams to show the electronic structure of the elements above.


C1.1.2 The Periodic Table 1. Complete the table

Group Number Number of Electrons in Outer Energy Level (Shell)

1 1 2 2

3 3 4 4

5 5 6 6

7 7

0 8 2. What is a period?

3. Why do elements in the same group of the periodic table have similar

properties? Same number of electrons in their outer shell.

4. Describe the reaction of alkali metals with water. Lithium, sodium and potassium all react vigorously with water.

metal + water → metal hydroxide + hydrogen 5. What happens to the reactivity of group 1 metals as you go down the

group? It increases.

6. Label each of the group of the periodic table below.

7. Why are the elements in group 0 (the noble gases) are very unreactive?

They have a full outer shell.


C1.1.3 Chemical Reactions For the chemical reaction: 1. Write the word equation Identify how many of each element there is in each compound

CaCO3 CaO + CO2

Calcium carbonate Calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide

Calcium carbonate – 1 calcium, 1 carbon and 3 oxygens.

Calcium oxide – 1 calcium and 1 oxygen

Carbondioxide – 1 carbon and two oxygens.

2. What is an ion?

A charged particle. 3. What type of bonding occurs between:

a. Metal and non-metals? Ionic bonding

b. Two non-metals? Covalent bonding

4. Complete the table about forming ions: Metal/Non-metal Gain/Lose Electrons? Positive/Negative Ion?

Metal lose + Non-Metal gain -

5. Draw a diagram showing the bonding between sodium and chlorine to form sodium chloride.

6. Draw a diagram to show how hydrogen and oxygen bond together to form

H2O.

H H

O


C1.2 Limestone and Building Materials C1.2.1 Calcium Carbonate 1. What is limestone made from?

Calcium Carbonate 2. How do you get limestone out of the ground?

By quarrying. 3. What is limestone used for?

Used as a building material. It is also used in the chemical industry and for cosmetics.

4. What is thermal decomposition? Breaking down of a chemical by heating.

5. Write the word and symbol equations for the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate.

CaCO3 CaO + CO2

Calcium carbonate Calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide

6. What happens to magnesium carbonate, copper carbonate, zinc carbonate

when they are heated? They thermally decompose.

7. Write word and symbol equations to show what happens when calcium oxide reacts with water. What can the product be used for?

CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2

Calcium oxide + Water Calcium hydroxide

8. What can you use to rest for Carbon Dioxide? What would a positive test

be? Limewater, it goes cloudy/milky

9. What happens to limestone statues when exposed to acid rain? They react with the acid and dissolve.

10. Complete the following: 11. Limestone + Heat + Clay = CEMENT 12. Cement + Sand = MORTAR 13. Cement + Sand + Aggregate = CONCRETE 14. List the advantages of a limestone quarry.

Provide jobs Lead to improved roads Filled in to make fishing

When empty used as landfill sites


15. List the disadvantages of a limestone quarry. Destroys habitats

Increased emissions Noisy & Dusty Busier roads

C1.3 Metals and Their Uses C1.3.1 Extracting Metals 1. What is an ore?

A metal compound within a rock. 2. Explain why it is possible to find gold in the Earth as a metal.

It is unreactive. 3. What does the reactivity series show us?

The order of the reactivity of metals . 4. List the metals in the reactivity series, in the correct order.

Potassium Sodium Calcium

Magnesium Aluminium

Zinc Iron Lead

Copper Silver Gold

5. Where is carbon in the reactivity series?

Between aluminium and zinc. 6. Describe the two ways carbon is extracted from copper rich ores.

1. Smelting: Heat copper ore in a furnace with air. Then use electrolysis to purify the copper. Expensive as needs lots of heat

and power. 2. Copper Sulphate: Add sulphuric acid to a copper ore. Produces copper

sulphate. Extract copper using electrolysis or displacement.

7. What is electrolysis? In a solution or molten compound when electricity is passed through it

positive metal ions move towards the negative electrode. Negative non-metal ions move towards the positive electrode.


8. What is phytomining?

Using plants to absorb copper from low grade ores. 9. What is bioleaching?

Using bacteria to feed on low grade ores. They produce a waste that contains copper ions.

10. Why are these processes important? They can extract copper from low grade ores so that less mining of ores is

needed. 11. How can carbon be used to extract a metal from its ore?

Carbon removes (REDUCES) the oxygen from the ores when it is heated with it.

12. What method do we use to extract more reactive metals such as aluminium?

Electrolysis. 13. What methods do we use to extract less reactive metals that carbon?

Reduction. 14. List some properties and uses of Aluminium.

Light, Low density, Oxide layer on the surface prevents corrosion. 15. Why is aluminium expensive?

Expensive to process – need lots of heat and electricity. 16. List some properties of uses of Titanium. Strong, Oxide layer on the surface prevents corrosion, High melting point – so

can be used at high temperatures, Less dense than most metals. 17. Why is titanium expensive?

Expensive – lots of steps involved to process and needs lots of heat and electricity.

18. Why is it important that we recycle metals? Reduces energy needed to process from ore, less pollution due to burning of

fossil fuels. Less disruption to the landscape or habitats.


C1.3.2 Alloys 1. What impact do impurities have on the properties of iron when it comes

from the blast furnace? The impurities make it brittle and so it has limited uses.

2. What is steel? An alloy of carbon and iron.

3. What are the properties of high carbon steel? Very hard.

4. What are the properties of low carbon steel? Easily shaped.

5. What are the properties of stainless steel? Resistant to corrosion.

6. Why do we convert copper, gold, iron and aluminium into alloys? In their pure forms they are very soft.

C1.3.3 Properties and uses of metals 1. Where in the periodic table are the transition metals?

Middle section. 2. What is malleable?

Can be bent into a shape. 3. What properties of copper make it good for electrical wiring?

Very good conductor of electricity and not very reactive. 4. What properties of copper make it good for plumbing?

5. Easily bent into shape and not very reactive.


C1.4 Crude Oil and Fuels C1.4.1 Crude Oil 1. What is crude oil?

A mixture of lots of different compounds. Formed from dead sea creatures over millions of years.

2. What is a hydrocarbon? A compound made of hydrogen and carbon.

3. What is an alkane? Hydrocarbons with single C-C bonds.

4. Give the general formula of an alkane.

CnH2n+2.


C1.4.2 Hydrocarbons Complete the following table

Alkane Number of

Carbons

Number of Hydrogens

Formula Structure

Methane 1 4 CH4

Ethane 2 6 C2H6

Propane 3 8 C3H8

1. What is fractional distillation?

Heating crude oil to separate it into hydrocarbon/ fractions with different boiling points.

2. What is a boiling point? When a liquid turns into a gas

3. Where do substances with high boiling points condense in the fractionating column?

Towards the bottom 4. Where do substances with low boiling points condense in the fractionating

column? Towards the top

5. How does the length of the carbon chain affect the following: 6. Boiling point

Longer chain higher boiling point, shorter chain lower boiling point 7. Viscosity (how it flows)

Longer chain more viscous, shorter chain less viscous 8. Flammability


Longer chain higher less flammable, shorter chain more flammable C1.4.3 Hydrocarbon Fuels 1. Complete the following equation for the combustion of hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbon + oxygen carbon dioxide + water 2. What gas is produced when there is not enough oxygen for a fuel to burn?

Carbon monoxide 3. Name 3 impurities produced when fossil fuels burn and state why they are

harmful.

Sulfur Dioxide Nitrogen Oxide Particulates

Poisonous gas It’s acidic

Causes acid rain Causes engine corrosion

Poisonous Trigger asthma

attacks Can cause acid rain

Tiny solid particles Contain carbon and un burnt

hydrocarbon, Carried in the air Damage cells in our lungs

4. Describe the causes and effects of global warming. Global Warming: Caused by carbon dioxide, causing the average global

temperature to increase 5. Describe the causes and effects of global dimming

Global Dimming: Caused by particulates, reflect sunlight back into space. Not as much light gets through to the Earth

6. How are biofuels produced? By growing plants that can be burned or processed to make fuels or by using

waste from plants or animals to burn as fuels. 7. How does sulfur in fuel cause acid rain?

When the fuel burns the sulfur reacts with oxygen to produce sulfur dioxide, this then dissolves in rain water to produce sulfuric acid.

8. What are the advantages and disadvantages of biodiesel as a fuel?

Biodiesel Advantages Biodiesel Disadvantages

Less harmful to animals, Reduces particulates, ‘CO

2 neutral’ – plants grown to create it absorb

the same amount of CO2 generated when it’s

burnt

Large areas of farmland required, Less food produced Famine

Destruction of habitats Freezes at low temps

9. What are the advantages and disadvantages of ethanol as a fuel? Ethanol fuel: ADVANTAGES: Easily made by fermenting sugar cane, Gives off

CO2 but the sugar cane it comes from absorbs CO2 when growing. DISADVANTAGES: Large areas of farmland required, Less food produced as

people use it for fuel instead!


C1.5 Other Useful Substances from Crude Oil C1.5.1 Obtaining useful substances from crude oil 1. What is cracking and why is it necessary?

Cracking – this is when a large alkane is turned into a smaller alkane and an alkene. More demand for smaller, more useful hydrocarbons

2. Describe the process of cracking. Long chain alkanes are heated with a catalyst.

3. What is an alkene? A hydrocarbon with at least 1 double bond

4. What is the general formula for an alkene?

CnH

2n

5. What happens when alkenes react with bromine water? The bromine water changes from orange to colourless.

6. Complete the table.

Alkene Number of Carbons

Number of Hydrogens

Formula Structure

Ethene 2 4 C2H4

Propene 3 6 C3H6

C1.5.2 Polymers


1. Draw a diagram representing the process of polymerisation of ethene. Label the following:

2. Describe the process of polymerisation.

Many small alkane molecules (monomers) join together to form very large molecules (polymers). This happens at very high pressure and temperature.

3. What uses do we have for polymers? Plastics e.g.

Polymer Typical use

polythene plastic bags and bottles

polypropene crates and ropes

polychloroethene water pipes and insulation on electricity cables

4. Why is it important to recycle polymers? They are mainly made from a non-renewable resource (crude oil) and

many are not biodegradable. 5. What are biodegradable plastics? Biodegradable Plastics: Plastics that break down easily. Corn-starch are built into the plastic. Microorganisms in soil feed on corn-starch. This breaks the

plastic down. 6. Name and describe 3 smart polymers.

Light-Sensitive Plasters Hydrogels Shape memory

Top layer of plaster peeled back. Lower layer now exposed to light. Adhesive loses stickiness Peels easily off the skin.

Have cross-linking chains That traps water. Act as wound dressings. Let body heal. Good for burns

Wound is stitched loosely. Temp of the body makes the thread tighten. Closes the wound up

C1.5.3 Ethanol

Polymer

Monomers


1. What are the two methods of producing ethanol? Hydration of ethene and fermentation with yeast

2. Write the word equations for each method. Ethanol can be made by Fermentation

Sugar + Yeast Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide Ethanol can also be made by hydration (Adding water to) ethene

Ethene + Steam Ethanol

3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each method?

Fermentation Hydration

Uses corn, sugar cane (renewable resources).

Uses crude oil, which is a non-renewable resource.

Is a batch process, which needs a lot of workers

Is a continuous process so is less labour intensive

Produces impure ethanol, and is purified by distillation

Produces pure ethanol

Needs a temperature of 30-40 oC

Needs a temperature of

300 oC and high pressure

Is a slow reaction Is a fast reaction

4. List some uses of ethanol. Alcoholic drinks, fuel, solvent, deodorants, medicine, perfumes

C1.6 Plant Oils and Their Uses C1.6.1 Vegetable Oils 1. What steps are required to extract oils from fruits, seeds and nuts? • Farmers collect seeds from plants • Seeds are crushed and pressed, then the oil extracted • Impurities are removed • Oil is processed to make it into a useful product

2. How is lavender oil extracted? • Plants are put into water and boiled • Oil and water evaporate together • Oil is collected as the liquids separate


3. Why are vegetable oils important foods?

Provide important nutrients (e.g. vitamin E), Contain lots of energy can be used as fuels

C1.6.3 Emulsions 1. What is an emulsifier?

Stop water and oil separating out into layers Improve texture and taste of foods containing fats and oils.

Makes them more palatable (tasty) and tempting to eat!

2. What is an emulsion? Where oil and water are dispersed (spread out) in each other.

3. Why are emulsions useful? Improve texture and taste of foods containing fats and oils.

Makes them more palatable (tasty) and tempting to eat! 4. Higher Tier – What is meant by hydrophobic and hydrophilic?

Hydrophobic – repelled by water. Has a positive charge.

Hydrophilic – is attracted to water. Has a negative charge. C1.6.3 Saturated and Unsaturated Oils 1. How do you test for the presence of a double bond?

Add bromine water if there is a double bond the orange bromine water will go colourless

2. The presence of a double bond means that oil is Saturated or unsaturated? Unsaturated

Higher Tier – How can unsaturated oils be hardened? Describe the properties of the product.

Reacting vegetable oils with hydrogen hardens them increases melting points

Makes them solid at room temperature makes them into spreads!

Double bonds converted to single bonds C=C C-C

Now called a hydrogenated oils

Reaction occurs at 60oC with a nickel catalyst

C1.7 Changes in the Earth and its Atmosphere C1.7.1 The Earth’s Crust


1. Label a copy of the diagram above to show the atmosphere, core, mantle and crust.

2. Where do earthquakes and volcanoes occur?

They occur where plate boundaries meet 3. What are tectonic plates?

The Earth’s crust is split into sections called tectonic plates 4. What is a plate boundary?

The edges of the tectonic plates where they meet 5. What was Wegener’s theory?

Continental drift 6. What evidence did he have?

Wegener’s evidence for continental drift: The same types of fossilised animals and plants are found in South America and Africa. The shape of the

east coast of South America fits the west coast of Africa, like pieces in a jigsaw puzzle. Matching rock formations and mountain chains are found in

South America and Africa 7. What is Pangea?

Scientists think they were once one large land mass called Pangea, which then broke off into smaller chunks

C1.7.2 The Earth’s Atmosphere 1. Draw a table to show the proportions of Oxygen, nitrogen and carbon

dioxide in the atmosphere.

Gas Formula %

Nitrogen N2 80

Oxygen O2 20

Carbon dioxide CO2 0.04

Atmosphere: Most lies within

10km of the surface, Rest is

within 100km but it’s hard to

judge!

Core: Made of nickel and iron Outer core is liquid Inner core is solid Radius is 3500km

Crust: Solid, 6km beneath

oceans,35km beneath land

Mantle: Behaves like a solid Can flow very slowly

Is about 3000km deep!


2. What was responsible for the formation of the Earth’s early atmosphere and provided the water that formed the oceans?

Volcanoes kept erupting giving out Steam and CO2 3. What process produced the oxygen that is now in the atmosphere?

Green plants, bacteria and algae photosynthesised in the oceans

4. What happened to a lot of the carbon dioxide that was in the air? It was locked into fossil fuels over millions of years

5. What human activities have caused a change in our atmosphere? The burning of fossil fuels in the past few centuries

6. Higher Tier – What process could be used to separate the mixture of gases

that makes up air? Fractional distillation

7. What did Miller-Ureys experiment find out? Compounds for life on Earth came from reactions involving hydrocarbons

8. What is a primodial soup? Complex chemicals needed for living things to develop could be found

naturally on the early Earth 9. What are 3 other theories for the beginning of life on earth?

• Molecules for life (amino acids) came on meteorites from out of space. • Actual living organisms themselves arrived on meteorites. • Biological molecules were released from deep ocean vents.

Element Symbol - Haywood Academy...PiXL AQA Knowledge Test Unit 2 Chemistry 1: C1 GCSE Science A for...

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