Element A7

Element A7

PSYCHOLOGY

Study of the mind

Info through senses

Processed Governed by personality

Behaviour Not expected = something wrong with info or processing

Controlling behaviour / human error is important consideration in risk management

Element A7

SOCIOLOGY

Study of

Development

Structure

Functioning of society

Workplace = society

Employees = members of society

Individuals form into groups

Affect society more than individuals

Element A7

PERSONALITY

Traits inherited and learnt

Difficult / unethical to change

MGT of risk

Choose people for task with correct physical and

mental capabilities

Element A7

ATTITUDE

Pre-set response to conditions that are

presented to the person

Not directly observable

Only assessed by observing behavioural expression

Physical or verbal

Persons attitude will govern how situation is viewed

Dictates response

Element A7

ATTITUDE

Attitude

Difficult to change

Over time

Drink driving, smoking, seat belts etc

Through education and peer pressure

Element A7

APTITUDE

Closely linked with personality

Developed over time as a skill

Characteristics

Important factor when recruiting /

selecting for jobs

Element A7

MOTIVATION

What makes people strive to satisfy

their needs

Bonus schemes = cutting corners

Money is important

But so is social belonging and acceptance by peers

Job satisfaction

Sense of belonging / social interaction

Not just pay

Element A7

EFFECTS ON BEHAVIOUR AT WORK

Experience

To know hazards at work

Make decisions based on past experience

Accident free past could be down to luck

May not see hazards – too familiar

Element A7

EFFECTS ON BEHAVIOUR AT WORK

Social and Cultural background

All individuals are different

Inherited and life experiences

Important to bear this in mind

Job description

Person specification

Element A7

EFFECTS ON BEHAVIOUR AT WORK

Education

Well educated – more easily trained

Training

Important for experienced and inexperienced

Experienced

Refreshers to prevent complacency

Inexperienced

Training and education to work safely

Element A7

EFFECTS ON BEHAVIOUR AT WORK

Training

To show safe and healthy method of working

Education

To show them why

Element A7

ONLINE PROCESSING

Instinct

Relies on correct learning in first place

Difficult to insert new actions later

Element A7

OFFLINE PROCESSING

Consider results as a number of

actions

Depends on intelligence and amount of practice using

the skill

Element A7

TYPES OF BEHAVIOUR LEADING TO ERRORS

Skill based behaviour

Slips or lapses

Routine / auto action

Rule based behaviour

Many routines

Wrong one chosen – lever up instead of down

Element A7

TYPES OF BEHAVIOUR LEADING TO ERRORS

Knowledge based

Unfamiliar situation – first time

Complex

Incorrect plan

Unaware of others

Violations

Deliberately breaks rules

Element A7

INDIVIDUAL DECISION MAKING

Humans more complex than machines

More so in groups / organisations

Behaviour changes

As they learn

When being watched

Experience

Element A7

PERCEPTION OF RISK

Sensation

Attention

Interpretation

Perception

Element A7

PERCEPTION OF RISK

Perception of danger

How people interpret info they take in though the

senses

Boring repetitive work =

Daydreaming

Complacency

Element A7

PERCEPTION OF RISK

Perceptual set

Of the individual

Attention + Interpretation

Factors which influence above processes and how they

operate

Element A7

PERCEPTION OF RISK

Perceptual Distortion

Prejudice

To cope with the world

Sensitisation + defence

Blotting out threats

Avoid anxiety

Element A7

PERCEPTION OF RISK

Errors in perception

Human error =

inappropriate response to a signal

Signal =

Message from the environment relating to existing or

potential danger

Element A7

PERCEPTION OF RISK

Filtering and Selectivity

Always more info in environment than senses can deal with

Shift gaze over area until it rests on an object

Know in advance what characteristics to tune into

= perceptual set

Tune into seeking out a defect (or sounds) and blot out all other info

May be important but we are unaware

Element A7

PERCEPTION OF RISK

Perception and Expectancy

Problems occur when real world differs from expectation

Population stereotypes

Expect something will be a certain way

RED means danger / stop

Turning valve clockwise will turn off

STANDARDISATION IS IMPORTANT

ESPECIALLY IN AN EMERGENCY

Element A7

HALE AND HALE MODEL

Human as a system

Acc / ill health = damage to the system when

system fails

System has goals and objectives

Different goals at same time = conflict

Element A7

HALE AND GLENDON MODEL

Skills stage

Warning built into task

(warning program into mind)

Rules stage

If warning heard then do this

Knowledge stage

Equip person to act in certain way

Element A7

HSG 48

Element A7

IMPROVING RELIABILITY

Motivation / Reinforcement

Incentive schemes

Reward safety not just production

Job satisfaction

Achievable goals

SMART objectives

Feedback

Surveys to measure Appraisals

Element A7

IMPROVING RELIABILITY

Importance of correct selection of

individuals

Job description

Person spec

@ interview stage

Observe behaviour and reactions

Match skills and attitudes

Training competence and experience

Element A7

IMPROVING RELIABILITY

Training and competence not enough

+ EXPERIENCE

Chartered Membership

CPD

Fitness for work + health surv.

Encouraged to report ill health and stress.

Element A7

ORGANISATIONAL FACTORS

Set proper STDs

Not “should”, “ASAP” – but “always”, “never”

Policy

Poor culture leads to human error

Planning

Inadequate time / equip for job

Unrealistic deadlines

Workers compromised

Element A7

ORGANISATIONAL FACTORS

Information

Uninformed decisions = error

Responsibilities

Clearly defined

Monitoring

ID infringements and correct before harm

Implementation

SSOW not implemented and operators not supervised = routine

violations = errors

Element A7

JOB FACTORS

Task complexity

Complex / boredom = opportunity for error

Shift patterns

>10 hours = deteriation

Day workers Accident rates increase at start of shift and after lunchtime

Shift workers Nights = higher acc rate at start

3 shift = most physically disruptive

Element A7

JOB FACTORS

Payment systems

Bonus = rushing = cutting corners

Element A7

ERGONOMICS

Layout of controls and displays

Badly designed = errors

Monitor

Highlight problems to be designed out

Poorly designed workstations = poor

performance

Element A7

ALLOCATION OF FUNCTION

Computer / Machine or Human

Consider for most desirable results in case of

malfunction

Consult workers at design stage

Controls

Position of workstation etc

Element A7

PHYSICAL STRESSORS

AFFECT RELIABILTY

Noise

Glare

Lighting

Dust

Fumes etc

Affect concentration

Element A7

BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE PROGRAMS

At National level

Seatbelts

Drink driving

Take time to be accepted

Generation and legislation

Non conform = punishment

Element A7

BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE PROGRAMS

Organisations

Commit to long term program

Stages

Progress

Periodic relapse

Contemplation

Preparation

Action

Maintenance

To change worker AND Mgt behaviour

Element A7

BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE PROGRAMS

Safety Culture

Peer pressure most important

Instinct – going with the flow

“tipping point”

ID key bad behaviour – tackle it. 90% acting good – tipping

point

Behaviours

Items can combine

Several bad behaviours

Change one = avoid accident (domino theory)

Element A7

BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE PROGRAMS

Human error and just culture

People = variable

5 mins a day daydreaming

X 200 people!

HK – avoid accidents

No name – No blame

Just Culture

MGT Cues

Voice / Tone / Body language

Element A7

BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE PROGRAMS

Nudge Theory

Lead by example

Top down

Individual behaviour

Temptation from peer pressure

Why unsafe acts?

Investigate

Proactively put right to avoid temptation M/C mods or process mods

Element A7

BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE PROGRAMS

Leadership

Recognition more important than reward

Element A7