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Transcript of Electrostatics. :// (nz192.jpg)
Electrostatics
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A Bit of History
Ancient Greeks– Observed electric and magnetic phenomena as
early as 700 BC Found that amber, when rubbed, became electrified and
attracted pieces of straw or feathers Magnetic forces were discovered by observing
magnetite attracting iron
A Bit More History
William Gilbert– 1600– Found that electrification was not limited to amber
Charles Coulomb– 1785– Confirmed the inverse square relationship of
electrical forces
History Final
Hans Oersted– 1820– Compass needle deflects when placed near an
electrical current
Michael Faraday– A wire moved near a magnet, an electric current
is observed in the wire
Properties of Electric Charges
Two types of charges exist– They are called positive and negative– Named by Benjamin Franklin
Like charges repel and unlike charges attract one another
Question #2
The charge on sphere 2 is three times the charge on sphere 1. Which force diagram is correct? (e) is none of the others.
Answer #2: (d)
The charge on sphere 2 is three times the charge on sphere 1. Which force diagram is correct? (e) is none of the others.
More Properties of Charge
Nature’s basic carrier of positive charge is the proton– Protons do not move from one material to another
because they are held firmly in the nucleus
Nature’s basic carrier of negative charge is the electron– Gaining or losing electrons is how an object
becomes charged
More Properties of Charge
Electric charge is always conserved– Charge is not created, only exchanged– Objects become charged because
negative charge is transferred from one object to another
Properties of Charge, final
Charge is quantized– All charge is a multiple of a fundamental unit of
charge, symbolized by e– Electrons have a charge of –e– Protons have a charge of +e– The SI unit of charge is the Coulomb (C)
e = 1.602 x 10-19 C
Conductors
Conductors are materials in which the electric charges move freely– Copper, aluminum and silver are good conductors– When a conductor is charged in a small region,
the charge readily distributes itself over the entire surface of the material
Insulators
Insulators are materials in which electric charges do not move freely– Glass and rubber are examples of insulators– When insulators are charged by rubbing, only the
rubbed area becomes charged There is no tendency for the charge to move into other
regions of the material
Semiconductors
The characteristics of semiconductors are between those of insulators and conductors
Silicon and germanium are examples of semiconductors
Charging…
Three ways– Friction– Conduction (or Contact)– Induction
Charging by Friction
Self-explanatory… (demo)
Charging by Conduction
A charged object (the rod) is physically touches the other uncharged, object (the sphere)
The same type of charge is CONDUCTED from the rod to the sphere
Charging by Induction
Charging by Induction
Charging by Induction
1. NO physical contact between between charged & uncharged object
2. OPPOSITE charged is INDUCED
Question #3
An alpha particle with two positive charges and a less-massive electron with a single negative charge are attracted to each other.
The force on the electron is:a) Greater than that on the alpha particleb) Less than that on the alpha particlec) Same as that on the alpha particled) I haven’t a clue…
Answer #3: (c) Same
The force on the electron the same as that on the alpha particle - Newton’s Third Law.
Question #4
An alpha particle with two positive charges and a less-massive electron with a single negative charge are attracted to each other.
The particle with the most acceleration is thea) Alpha particleb) Electronc) Neither - they have the same accelerationd) I haven’t a clue…
Answer #4: (b) Electron
The particle with the most acceleration is the ELECTRON. Newton’s Second Law (F=ma)
Question #5
An alpha particle with two positive charges and a less-massive electron with a single negative charge are attracted to each other. As the particles get closer to each other, each experiences an increase in:
a) forceb) speedc) accelerationd) All of thesee) None of these
Answer #5: (d) ALL
As the particles get closer, the FORCE and thus the ACCELERATION and also the SPEED
Coulomb’s Law
Governs forces and charges,
ke is called the Coulomb Constant– ke = 8.99 x 109 N m2/C2
Typical charges can be in the µC range Remember that force is a vector quantity
F k e
q1 q2
r2
Question #6
If q1 = +20 C and q2 = +10 C and the two charges are 3 meters apart, what is the MAGNITUDE of the force between them?
F k e
q1 q2
r2
a) 0.2 Nb) 0.6 Nc) 22.22 N d) 2.0 x 10 11 Ne) I don’t have a clue
Answer #6: (a) 0.2 N
F k e
q1 q2
r2
F 9x109 20x10 6 10x10 6
32
F 0.2N
Vector Nature of Electric Forces
Two point charges are separated by a distance r
The like charges produce a repulsive force between them
The force on q1 is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force on q2
Vector Nature of Forces, cont.
Two point charges are separated by a distance r
The unlike charges produce a attractive force between them
The force on q1 is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force on q2
Question #7
If q1 = +20 C and q2 = +10 C and the two charges are 3 meters apart, what is the DIRECTION of the force between them?
F k e
q1 q2
r2
a) Away from each otherb) Towards each otherc) One chases the other d) Nothing - they don’t move at alle) I don’t have a clue
Answer #7: (a) Away
If q1 = +20 C and q2 = +10 C and the two charges are 3 meters apart, what is the DIRECTION of the force between them?
Like charges repel
Electrical Field
An electric field is said to exist in the region of space around a charged object– When another charged object enters this electric
field, the field exerts a force on the second charged object
Electric Field, cont.
A charged particle, with charge Q, produces an electric field in the region of space around it
A small test charge, qo, placed in the field, will experience a force
Electric Field
Mathematically,
The electric field is a vector quantity
F q0E
E pt chg kq
r2
Question #9
What is the magnitude of the electric field 0.50 meters away from a -3C point charge?
F q0E
E pt chg kq
r2
a) 1.08 x 105 N/Cb) -1.08 x 105 N/Cc) 5.4 x 104 N/Cd) -5.4 x 104 N/Ce) I don’t have a clue…
Answer #9: (a) 1.08x105 N/C
What is the magnitude of the electric field 0.50 meters away from a -3C point charge?
F q0E
E pt chg kq
r2
a) 1.08 x 105 N/Cb) -1.08 x 105 N/Cc) 5.4 x 104 N/Cd) -5.4 x 104 N/Ce) I don’t have a clue…
Question #9
What is the magnitude of the electric field 0.50 meters away from a -3C point charge?
F q0E
E pt chg kq
r2
a) 1.08 x 105 N/Cb) -1.08 x 105 N/Cc) 5.4 x 104 N/Cd) -5.4 x 104 N/Ce) I don’t have a clue…
Direction of Electric Field
The electric field produced by a negative charge is directed toward the charge
– A positive test charge would be attracted to the negative source charge
Direction of Electric Field, cont
The electric field produced by a positive charge is directed away from the charge
– A positive test charge would be repelled from the positive source charge
Question #10
What is the electrostatic force acting on a 2 nC charge placed in a 335 N/C electric field?
a) 0 Nb) 6.7 x 10-4 Nc) 6.7 x 10-7 Nd) 6.7 Ne) I don’t have a clue…
F q0E
E pt chg kq
r2
Answer #10: (c) 6.7 x 10-7 N
What is the electrostatic force acting on a 2 nC charge placed in a 335 N/C electric field?
F qE
F 2x10 9C 335N
C
F 6.7x10 7N
Electric Field Lines
A convenient aid for visualizing electric field patterns is to draw lines pointing in the direction of the field vector at any point
These are called electric field lines and were introduced by Michael Faraday
Electric Field Lines, cont.
The field lines are related to the field by– The electric field vector, E, is tangent to the
electric field lines at each point– The number of lines per unit area through a
surface perpendicular to the lines is proportional to the strength of the electric field in a given region
Electric Field Line Patterns
Point charge The lines radiate
equally in all directions For a positive source
charge, the lines will radiate outward
Electric Field Line Patterns
For a negative source charge, the lines will point inward
Electric Field Line Patterns
An electric dipole consists of two equal and opposite charges
The high density of lines between the charges indicates the strong electric field in this region
Electric Field Line Patterns
Two equal but like point charges
At a great distance from the charges, the field would be approximately that of a single charge of 2q
The bulging out of the field lines between the charges indicates the repulsion between the charges
The low field lines between the charges indicates a weak field in this region
Electric Field Patterns
Unequal and unlike charges
Note that two lines leave the +2q charge for each line that terminates on -q
Electric Field Lines
Electric Field Lines
Electric Field Lines
Electrostatics
The End…