ElectroScience Laboratory O iOverview

11 December 2009

1

=ElectroScience Lab Research:www.electroscience.osu.edu

Polymer Composites &Magnetics for RF Devices

LTCC fabrication/Clean Room for3D Electronics

Largest Univ. Compact Range (up to 115GHz)

Wireless Lab (up to 115GHz)

Retail RFIDs

ElectroScience History The ElectroScience Laboratory (ESL) has influenced radio research like no other

institution in the world. Since the 1940s, ESL has consistently maintained a national and international preeminence in electromagnetics (EM), Radar/Radio Systems and Wireless (Radio Frequency-RF) systems general.

Our faculty and researchers are among the most respected names in EM/RF research y g pand education. ElectroScience faculty, researchers, and students are leading cutting-edge research in antennas, novel RF materials and crystals, Radio Frequency integrated circuits (RFICs), RFIDs, GPS navigational systems, remote sensing, wireless sensors, bioelectromagnetics, optics and more., g , p

Current Composition of People--38 professional staff (9 faculty, researchers, post-docs)docs)--10 support staff--70 graduate students

3

1945 Photo of Antenna Lab

George Sinclair Ed Jordan

1941-1967 TimeLine• Invention of new model measurement techniques for antennas (Bill Everitt)• ElectroScience (then Antenna Lab) grows to 50 people by 1946 (under George Sinclair)ElectroScience (then Antenna Lab) grows to 50 people by 1946 (under George Sinclair)• Lasers and non-linear optics became an important research; “Lasers and Applications” symposium in 1962• Time division multiple access for satellite communication demonstrated• Concepts of wideband and frequency independent antennas introduced• Radar Cross Section (RCS=Stealth) definition and related studies introduced including Radome research• Radar Cross Section (RCS=Stealth) definition and related studies introduced, including Radome research

5

1967-present• Polarimetric imaging invented • Uniform Theory of Diffraction invented becoming the standard for high frequency EM analysis• Uniform Theory of Diffraction invented, becoming the standard for high frequency EM analysis,

leading to CAD tools that continue to define ESL’s impact• First ever integral equation solutions using modern computers---leading the way for CAD design

as we know it today• Compact Range measurement techniques invented, becoming the standard across the world• Finite Element Methods established, and leading to the most popular CAD package in the

market

6

1974 ElectroScience Lab Aerial Photo

Consistent and Growing Research FundingElectroScience is the Largest and most Historic Lab in the U S

8000000

ESL Annual Funding

ElectroScience is the Largest and most Historic Lab in the U.S.

6000000

7000000

s

ESL Annual Funding

Industrial FundingGrowth

3000000

4000000

5000000

Fund

ing in Dollars

D D M l idi i li

1000000

2000000

3000000

End of Cold War Funding

DoD Multidisciplinary Research

0

Fiscal Year38 professional staff (faculty researchers post-docs)38 professional staff (faculty, researchers, post docs)10 support staff70 graduate students

Excellence in RF/EM/RFIC

• Critical Mass in RF/EM/RFIC faculty and research scientists.

• >35 faculty Research Scientists and Post-Docs>35 faculty, Research Scientists and Post-Docs• ~130 grad students in RF/EM/RFIC

(largest concentration in U.S)• Established Worldwide ExcellenceEstablished Worldwide Excellence

• 18 faculty/researchers are IEEE Fellows • 2 EM faculty are among top 250 most cited in Engineering/Computer Science.• 3 past Presidents of the IEEE APS Society• 2 retired faculty became NAE members • >10 best paper awards in past 2 years• most EM/RF books written by faculty and grads from ElectroSciencemost EM/RF books written by faculty and grads from ElectroScience.• Several national programs in RF/EM (2 MURIs, NSF Center, GPS Center, etc)• Fellowship programs with AFRL & Northrop

•State and University Commitments

9

• $12M ($8.5 ORS + $3.5 IDCAST) in RF Sensors and Exploitation• 3 new faculty (1 endowed), new ESL building, $1.6M for UAV Lab

OSU-ESL Graduates - Recent YearsYear MSc PhD

1996 4 41996 4 4

1997 9 8

1998 7 21998 7 2

1999 10 4

2000 9 6

2001 16 0

2002 12 5

2003 13 4

2004 8 0 8

2005 7 11

2006 12 10 24

2007 10 10 20

10

2007 10 10 20

2008 9 11 21

We’re Always Proud of Our Alumni

Rentable

Brian Kent – Chief Scientist of the AFRL Sensors DirectorateJim Armitage – VP and Chief Technology Officer at Northrop GrummanTom Miller – Chief Technology Officer at Raytheon West CoastCharlie Rhoads CTO at Raytheon Dallas PortionCharlie Rhoads – CTO at Raytheon-DallasEric Evans – Director, MIT Lincoln LabsMatt Ganz – Chief Technology Officer, Boeing CompanyJohnson Wang – President, Wang Electro-Opto Corporation & well-known authorWilliam Lee – former CTO of Airtouch, now part of Verizon, author of

popular wireless comm. book and wideband CDMA inventor

Celebrated authors in microwaves and electromagneticsRoger Harrington, Gary Thiele, Warren Stutzman, Dave Pozar, Costas Balanis

Many company start-ups: G B l W M t Al D i k H Sh k J ffGene Bulman, Wayne Masters, Al Dominek, Harry Shamansky, Jeff Berrie, Paul Sweatnum, Bob Puskar, Errol English, Carl Mentzer, Tom Kornbau, Bill Kent, Terry Fry, and many more

11

Best UG and Grad Student Hardware Training

Rentable

ElectroScience offers an unmatched set of facilities for RF/RFIC testing, evaluation and fabrication

Portion• Largest University Anechoic Chamber ($5M)(300GHz to 110GHz with recent upgrades);

• Clean Room for LTCC fabrication/3D RFIC component fabrication ($1M);

• Wireless and RFIC laboratories for commercial cell phone component evaluations---upgraded to 115GHz ($1.5M);

•RF-Optics Laboratory

•Remote Sensing Laboratorye ote Se s g abo ato y

•RFID system testing/evaluation (container tracking; inventory)

•Radar Simulator (with NGC)

12

•Radar Simulator (with NGC)

Fellowships

13

New ElectroScience Lab

26,580ft2 for University office space• 14,000ft2 of rentable space to industry (tech transfer, incubator research);

three to four baysthree to four bays• Bridge/Walkway connection to existing ESL• Retain existing ESL as Laboratory Space• ESL to return Research Foundation Space (8000ft2)

14Cost $7.3M (including 3 bays for industry-univ collaborations)Portion of these funds are part of the $13.5M State funds for sensors)

New ElectroScience Lab

Rentable Portion

ECE-ESL Space– 30 faculty, research scientist and emeritus faculty offices (4260ft2)– Computing facility, including personnel space (1160 ft2)

Administrative and staff support area (980 ft2)– Administrative and staff support area (980 ft2)– Research areas clusters for 60+ graduate students (3540 ft2)– Conference room, Multimedia Library, History room, Hall of Fame area

and Large Lecture Hall

15

Several Major Programs• AFOSR Metamaterials MURIAFOSR Metamaterials MURI

– Only major program on RF mematerials• AFOSR GameChanger Program

6 1 program on structurally antennas in polymer UAVs– 6.1 program on structurally antennas in polymer UAVs• AFRL program on Software Radars• AFRL Fellowship program funding 10 Grad Students & Advisors• National Science Foundation RF Systems Program

– Collaborative industry-university center• AFRL Global Navigation Satellite System Program• ONR MURI on Optimum Vessel Performance in Nonlinearly

Evolving Wave Fields• DARPA Visibuilding program (Raytheon lead)g p g ( y )• ONR miniature ultra wideband antennas program• New Metamaterials Projects with AFOSR• THz Imaging/Sensing IEDs

16

• THz Imaging/Sensing, IEDs• 30MHz-19GHz continuous bandwidth apertures

RF/Wireless, Flex Electronics, Energy harvesting, health applications etc will continue to fuel growth

Systems on a ChipFlexible Electronics

Example ProgramsExample Programs

18

NSF Center Proposal forBreakthrough Communications Platform Enabling Mobile Health Care

Vision: Develop a mobile, low-cost communication platform to enable real-time interactive video and medical data connectivity in the absence of wireless infrastructureabsence of wireless infrastructure.

System will support iPhone-likeapplications with high speed plug-n-play wireless connectivity to a variety of medical sensorsvariety of medical sensors

Eliminates geographic inequities in health care quality

Requires significant innovationsRequires significant innovations in telecommunications, high data rate handhelds, networking and security, and adaptable plug-n-play connectivity for diagnostic d i t b idevices to overcome barriers

Lead Institution: The Ohio State University, PI: John VolakisProposal #:

Component 1 HandHeld Device

Component 2SatCom Interface

Component 3Imagers/Diagnostics

Photonics Center/RF Optical Apertures

D iSystems

RF-EO Sensors

Vis-NIR X-band/200THz

FPAs

THz/Sub-IR LIR/MIR

Sources

GHz-THz

Optical ProcessingMaterialsDevices

Multi-layer structured metallo-dielectric and/or all-dielectric

t t i l

Nano-ring plasmon Electro-wetting prism Mid-IR all-dielectric a-Si

metamaterials High conductivity, high optical transmission EO-RF beam-steerer Reconfig. wideband ANT Qdot MLL SiGe Vis-NIR PD

Isolators, circulators, phased shifters, switches, modulators QDMLL

RF-EO Sensors FPAs

Antenna, PD, ROIC

RF Interconnects

RF Radiators

RF‐EO Radome

Fast Lens

RF Ground plane

THz FPAIntegrated RF-EO Aperture 4 TOAD array

FPAs Ultrafast up/dnconverter

DistributedRF Electronics

EO Prisms

Focal Plane Array

RF Ground plane(EO Transparent)

Software-Defined Radar for MIMO and Adaptive Waveform Applications

Our Software-Defined Radar (SDR) platform provides– 500 MHz instantaneous analog bandwidth with

center frequency tunable from 2-18 GHz– Arbitrary Pulse Waveform Generator (APWG)

TWO independent transmit and receive channelsy ( )– Powerful digital backend to implement real-time

processing of radar returns and waveform design

TWO independent transmit and receive channels Super-heterodyne system with one fixed LO and one tunable from 0.5 to 15.5 GHz. (2-18GHz center freq.) 500 MHz passband implemented by combination of tunable YIG filters and filter banks

DACDSPs

PIN

T x A nt 1

V

H

PIN

PIN

PIN

PINV

H

PIN

PINV

PIN

FromT x O utp ut 1

T x A nt 2

A n t 11

A n t 12

A n t 13

A n t 14T x 1

A n t 21

A n t 11

A n t 12

A n t 13

A n t 21

A n t 22

T x S w itc h ing M atrix

R x A n t 1

R x A n t 2

3 dB

3 dB

R x A n t 1 1

R x A n t 2 1

R x A n t 1 2

R x A n t 2 2

R x A n t 1 3

P o larizatio nSw itch

P o larizatio nSw itch

L N A

L N A

V

H

V

H

V

PIN

PIN

T o R xInp ut 1

R x A n t 1 1

R x A n t 1 2

R x A n t 1 3

R x A n t 1 4R x 1

R x A n t 2 1

2 -1 8 G H z1 0 d B m

N O U T= -6 1 dB m

M iteqSW 2-02 0 18 0R N 1N F

IL= 2.8 dBIso = 8 0 d B

t=2 0 ns

M ark iPD -02 2 0C = 3 d BIL < 2 d B

rans

mitt

er

ecei

ver

DACH

PIN

Po lariza tio nS w itch

V

H

PIN

T x C h ann elSw itch

A n tenn aS elec to r

FromT x O utp ut 2

T x A nt 3

T x A nt 4

T x 2

A n t 22

A n t 23

A n t 24 A n t 14

A n t 23

A n t 24

R x A n t 3

R x A n t 4P o larizatio n

Sw itch

3 dB

3 dB

R x A n t 2 3

R x A n t 1 4

R x A n t 2 4

P o larizatio nSw itch

L N A

L N A

H

V

HA n tenn aS electo r

T o R xInp ut 2R x 2

R x A n t 2 2

R x A n t 2 3

R x A n t 2 4

1 0 d B m2 -1 8 G H z

P ou t = 0 dB m

L = 4 d B

N IN=-8 2 d B m

N O U T= -6 1 dB m

M iteqSW 4-02 0 18 0R N 1N F

IL= 3.1 dBIso =6 0 d Bt= 1 8 0 n s

M iteqS W 2-02 0 18 0R N 1N F

IL= 2.8 dBIso =8 0 d B

t=2 0 ns

M iteqA M F-4D -0 20 01 80 0-2 3-10 P

G = 3 1 dBF= 2.3 d B

P 1=1 0 dB m

M iteqSW 4-02 0 18 0R N 1N F

IL= 3.1 dBIso = 6 0 d Bt=1 8 0 n s

F TO T= 5 .1 d B

From

Tr

To R

e

2-2.5 GHzBP

16 dBm

M iteqAM F-4D-02001800-38-18P

G=26 dBF=3.8 dB

P1=18 dB m

M iteqAM F-4D-02001800-38-18P

G=26 dBF=3.8 dB

P 1=18 dBm

ADCDSPs LP

0-500 M Hz

BP

2-2.5 GHz

PINPIN

fSEL1

fSEL2

2.5-6 GHz1GS D/A

Ch 1

2-2.5 GHz

BPPIN PIN

fSEL3

30 dB

RF

fSEL4

PIN Tx BlankingSwitch

LO 1

LO T i i

To TxSwitching

M atrixVariable

Attenuator

-4 dBm L=2 dB

M iteqDM 0104LA1

CL=5.5 dB

L=2 dB

-4 dBm

-18.5 dB m

M arkiM 2-0020

CL=7.5 dB

M iteqSW 2-020080R N1NF

IL=1.8 dB

L=2 dB

L=2 dB

L=1 dB

M iteqAFS6-00102000-30-10P-6

G=28 dBF=3 dB

P 1=10 dB m

7.7 dBm

~16 dBm

-2.6 dBm

M ax ~ +9 dBm2-18 GHz

10 d

Att5 dB

M iteqSW 2-020180RN1NF

IL 2 8 dB

Att16 dB

M iteqSW 8-020080RN1NF

IL=2.2 dBIso=65 dBt=300 ns M iteq

SW 3-020180R N1NFIL=3 dB

M iteqSW 2-020180R N1NF

IL=2.8 dBIso=80 dB

t=20 ns

6-18 GHzYIG

6-18 GHz500 M Hz BW

fSEL3 RFLoop 1

LO 2A TerminationIso=80 dBt=20 ns

L=6 dB

P IN=10 dB mPIN=10 dBm

0.5 to 15.5 GHz UBor

5 to 20 GHz LB

IL=2.8 dBIso=80 dB

t=20 ns

M iteqAM F-4D-02001800-38-18P

G=26 dBF=3.8 dB

P 1=18 dBm

Att1 dB

Iso=80 dBt=180 ns

2 GHz0.5 – 15.5 GHz

RFID System Design and Evaluation

13.56 MHz

2.45 GHz

915 MHz

~200 feetReader – Main Unit Tag

High gain, lightweight reader antennaReader - Display Unit

RFID Reader System Remains a Challenge- RFID readers and tagging promise to revolutionize retail, gg g p

supermarket and warehouse shelving systems, including purchasing process and habits

Fading is a major issue. Spatial and l i i di i f h

Re

R t il Sh lTwo distributed antennas mounted vertically behind

t d d t il

polarization diversity of the distributed antennas overcome fading in both static and dynamic environments.

eader

Retail Shelves

RFID Portalstandard retail shelf Various metallic and

non-metallic RFID tagged items arranged on shelves

Elongatetenn

a

Loaded pallet

d RFID

coveraribu

ted

Ant

age areaDis

tr

Reader

Two distributed reader antennas on each sidewall

23

Wireless SAW Based Sensors for Aircraft HUMS

Wireless SAW Strain, temperature, heat flux and chemical sensors for Jet engines to be eventually incorporated into HUMS.g y pSmall postage stamp size passive wireless sensors is placed on aircraft engine blades for strain, temperature, heat flux and

Wireless SAW Sensor for Jet Engines: Strain, Temperature, Heat flux, Chemical

etc.

“HUMS- not getting older… getting better!”

Aviationtoday.com

chemical sensing.

Two active projects (with Syntonics LLC)1. High Temperature Wireless Sensing for Jet Engines

Develop high temperature SAW based strain, Temperature, Heat Flux, Chemical Sensors for Harsh Engine Environments up to 600C

Another example applicationWireless SAW Torque Sensor for Helicopter

Shaft

Chemical Sensors for Harsh Engine Environments up to 600C2. Passive Wireless Strain Sensors for Jet Engine

Compression Stage Develop wireless SAW based strain sensors for compression stage. The system should be able to communicate with above 100 sensors simultaneously.simultaneously.

Related Intellectual PropertyEric Walton, Yakup Bayram et.al, “Wireless Sensor for Use in MulticlutterEn ironment” Patent filed ith the U S Patent Office Application #

24

Environment” Patent filed with the U.S. Patent Office, Application #: 61/012,186Eric Walton, Yakup Bayram et.al, “Determining Physical Properties of Structural Members in Dynamic Multipath Clutter Environment”, Patent filed with the U.S. Patent Office, Application #: 12/330,134

AFOSR GameChanger Program for Future UAVs

CNT-Polymer E-textile Polymer E-Fiber Polymer RF Structures

Key Features

RF Structures

Key Features

RF Structures

Key FeaturesFlexible,ConformalStretchableLight-Weight

FlexibleConformalLoad Bearing

FlexibleConformalLoad Bearing

200 μm

cross-section view

J

vertically aligned CNTs (sheet resistance Rs)

25

J

60 GHz Radio on Hybrid SystemsB f i A t A

60 GHz CMOS Devices1 New modeling methods to characterize

1. Switched beam network for low cost, low loss beamforming

2 Wid b d f

Beamforming Antenna Arrays

1. New modeling methods to characterize CMOS devices at mm-wave frequencies

2. Self calibrating LNA to improve yield3. CMOS phase shifter for

manufactuability low cost

2. Wideband antennas for arrays3. Precision fabrication methods for low-

cost polymer based antennas

Port 1 Array Patternsmanufactuability, low costSwitched

Beam Network +

Array

Port 1

Port 2

ay atte s

V

CG-CS LNA 3 Stage CS LNA Calibration Circuit

ArrayPort 8

Antenna element prototype S F b i ti E lVcontrol π networkprototype S11 Fabrication Examples

5 μm

Precision Vcontrol

1-bit 90o PS 50 μm fabrication

on Duroid

Metamaterials for Miniature RF devices1. Realization of volumetric anisotropy is now well

established and well tested (TRL 3)( )2. Introduced novel/patented printed circuits realization

of anisotropy providing for a new direction and paradigm in antenna design (6 vs. 2 degrees parameters)

Coupled

UncoupledUncoupled

(V1 I1) (V3 I3)

Coupled

UncoupledUncoupled

Coupled

UncoupledUncoupled

(V1 I1) (V3 I3)

3. Introduced lumped circuit elements enabling substantial flexibility in molding K-ω diagram;

4. Introduced new class of conformal wideband metamaterial apertures with over 10:1 bandwidth.

L1C1

0

L2C2

0

L3 LM

L3 LM

C3

0

C3

0

CMLM

1 1

(V2 I2)

(V3 3)

(V4 I4)

Inductive coupling

Capacitive coupling

L1C1

0

L2C2

0

L3 LM

L3 LM

C3

0

C3

0

CMLM

1 1

(V2 I2)

(V3 3)

(V4 I4)

Inductive coupling

Capacitive coupling

5. Fabricated printed DBE and volumetric DRA-DBE antennas were near the BW x gain optimum.

6. Antenna elements and arrays also resulted in nearly 90% aperture efficiencies. p

7. Demonstrated printed circuit realization of the MPC mode for higher BW antenna performance

8. Developed large-scale frequency domain tools suitable for laptops, and robust time domain

Freq

uenc

y (G

Hz)

Freq

uenc

y (G

Hz)

suitable for laptops, and robust time domain computational tools for anisotropic dispersive media

9. Load-bearing antenna with CNTs are beneficiaries to these novel developments

K – Bloch Wavenumber

K – Bloch Wavenumber

Portable Through-Wall Radar Imaging System• Desired to control each antenna element individually-This system is designed ONLY to complete research. It is a

Planar UWB Antenna Array

element individually• Any element can be set to transmit or receive (connected to port 1 or 2 of the NA)

cheap and efficient way to gather required data needed to apply research algorithms via post-processing procedures-Final commercial product would be tightly compact and be a complete self sustaining unit possibly possessing many features:

Microstrip RF Switch/Feed Boards

y(0.9 to 2.3 GHz, ~ 90 % BW)

features:-Near real time images-Moving target tracking-Radar networking (2 or more individual units simultaneously working together from different scene viewing angles)

Coax LinesSystem Advantages:-Light WeightLight Weight-Small Size-UWB-Dual Linear Pol.Ch Tx

(Port 1)Rx

(Port 2)

Computer Control via Labview or similar

-Cheap

NA

Computer Control via Labview or similar

Navigation and Time Keeping Awarded an Indefinite Delivery Indefinite Quantity Awarded an Indefinite Delivery Indefinite Quantity

(IDIQ) effort for Collaboration On Navigation Research And Development (CONRAD) by AFRL/RYRN.

Obj ti f th ff t i tRadiation patterns at L2

ARRHCPRadiation patterns at L2

ARRHCP Objective of the effort is to carryout research that contributes to the advancement of Position, Navigation and Timing (PNT) technology. Radiation patterns at L1

AR:

φ=0º

θ: 0º~90ºRHCP:

Radiation patterns at L1

AR:

φ=0º

θ: 0º~90º

φ=0º

θ: 0º~90º

φ=0º

θ: 0º~90ºRHCP:

g ( ) gy Other partners include OSU-SPIN

Laboratory, Ohio University and Miami University of Ohio.

Radiation patterns at L1AR:

φ=0º

θ: 0º~90ºRHCP:

Radiation patterns at L1AR:

φ=0º

θ: 0º~90º

φ=0º

θ: 0º~90º

φ=0º

θ: 0º~90ºRHCP:

Currently supporting AFRL/RYRN’s NET, LEGANDand WASPS programs. NAVWAR Electronic support measure Terminal (NET) Ladar EO GPS/INS Atomic Clock Navigation

Demonstration (LEGAND) program Worldwide Accurate Sensor Positioning System

(WASPS) program(WASPS) program

Multi-physics, multi-domain Computational Tools

Profs. J. F. Lee and R. Lee

30

EMI/EMC Characterization Tools

EM Domain AnalysisFrequency or Time Domain

(FEM M M FDTD t )(FEM, MoM, FDTD etc.)

Integrated EMPro

LNA

S

Circuit Domain Analysis

t0cos S

EM Domain interactions coupled with circuits

Frequency/Time orMixed Frequency-Time Domain

(HSPICE, ADS, Custom)

31

RF Subsystem

Mixed Analog/Digital S b t 31

LNA RF Filter Mixer IF

FilterIF

AmplifierBaseBand

Demodulation

Subsytem

4 Channel Polyphase IQ modulator & Predistortion for PA Linearization for Wideband

Future Radars on a ChippDesired BandImage Band

LS IMD3 US IMD3

LO Leakage LO leakage

SSB mixer Desired Band

Strongly non-linear IQ modulator !!

AfterBefore

RF/OPTICS & PLASMON OPTICAL INTERCONNECTS

Challenges for conventional optical/RF interconnects:1. Conventional optical (dielectric) waveguides are too large to interface with CMOS scale.2. Time delays of electrical interconnects are limited by the RC constant. This delay increases in a

super linear fashion for smaller wires due to increasing R caused by surface electron scattering.Why “plasmonics”?1. Small enough to interface with CMOS-scale devices (< 100 nm); not limited by RC constant,

plasmon waveguides provide a similar level of immunity to crosstalk while being able to propagate signals faster.

2 Plasmon resonances may be exploited for chemical and biological sensing platforms at the sub-2. Plasmon resonances may be exploited for chemical and biological sensing platforms at the subcellular and molecular level.Key challenge for plasmon waveguides: propagation losses

nanochain plasmon waveguide surface plasmon coplanar waveguidesAu nanoparticles

sharp bend with no coupling to odd mode

Ag

Ag

p

SiO2

T-junction

Objectives R d ti l i l id b l i t i l / t i

g

cross-sectionnanochain waveguide (top view)

1: Reduce propagation losses in plasmon waveguides by exploring new materials/geometries2: Design interfaces for dielectric/plasmonic waveguides to complete path to the transistor level.3: Design of new plasmon resonance particles/structures for chemical/biological sensing.

Focal Plane THz Imaging for Breast Cancer Detection

Basic stepsradiation source

tissue1. Radiation absorbed by focal plane array through

silicon lens

objective lens

image planetissue silicon lens

2. Embedded diodes rectify incoming THZ radiation to DC voltage

3. A/D converter digitizes diode’s DC voltage 4. Digital image constructed on computer screen

A/D converter

construct digital

focal plane array

silicon lens

1

3

double slot antenna

extension length for optimum digital

image 2

4

antennapbeam

focusing single element

diode• Mechanically rigid and thermally stable• Low cost• Increased antenna directivity• Increased antenna directivity (suppresses substrate modes)

Body Worn Antennas with Diversity Module

20dB 20dB –– 30dB fluctuation reduces to 3dB 30dB fluctuation reduces to 3dB –– 4dB 4dB

dBm

]Antenna 3Antenna 4

ved

pow

er [

Antenna 1

mal

ized

rece

iv

Ant1- front torso

Ant2- back torso

Nor

m Ant3- R. shoulder

Ant4- L. shoulder

Module output

iWAT200935

Azimuth angle [deg]Rotator