Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.
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Transcript of Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.
![Page 1: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Electronic Structure
![Page 2: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Electron Configuration
•A description of the electrons in
an atom
![Page 3: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Orbital•The space in which the electrons (e-) are likely to be found
•Max 2 e- per orbital
![Page 4: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Rule of Electron configuration
• Number: energy level (row #)
• Letter: energy sublevel (area)
• Superscript: # of e- in sublevel
• d electrons: 1 level < row #
• f electrons: 2 levels < row #
• Show all filled sublevels
![Page 5: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Energy Levels•Corresponds to row #
•1 - 7
•Related to size
![Page 6: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
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Energy Sublevels•Corresponds to an area on the periodic table
•= nodes in orbitals
•s, p, d, f
![Page 8: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
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s - electrons•Columns 1A & 2A
•Spherical orbitals
![Page 10: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
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p - electrons•Col. 3A - 8A or 13 - 18
•Dumbbell shaped orbital
•3 orbitals per sublevel
•1 node
![Page 12: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
d - electrons•Cols 3B - 2B or 3 - 12
•Transition area (2 nodes)
•Double dumbbell shaped
•5 orbitals in sublevel
![Page 13: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
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f - electrons•Lower removed area
•Triple dumbbell shaped
•7 orbitals per sublevel
•3 nodes
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
![Page 18: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
![Page 30: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
![Page 31: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
![Page 37: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
![Page 38: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
![Page 39: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
![Page 40: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
![Page 41: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Ground State•All electrons are in their lowest possible energy state
![Page 42: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Excited State•One or more electrons are not in their lowest possible energy state
![Page 43: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Degenerate Orbitals
•Orbitals at the same energy level
![Page 45: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
List, describe, & identify the area of the Periodic Table
for each type of orbital.
![Page 46: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Write the ECs for:•Ne
•Rb
•Tc
•As
![Page 47: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Write the ECs for:•Si
•Ag
•Br-1
•Fe+2
![Page 48: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Write the ECs for:•Zn
•Au
•Al+3
•Fe+3
![Page 49: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Electron Dot Diagram•Represents the valence electrons in an atom
•Maximum 4 pairs drawn on an imaginary square around the symbol
![Page 50: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Valence Electrons
•Electrons in the outer most energy level
•Electrons involved in chemical reactions
![Page 51: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Draw the electron
configuration for Uranium
![Page 52: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Octet Rule•8 electrons in the outer level is stable
•elements attempt to get eight electrons in their outer level
![Page 53: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Column 1A•1s1, 2s1, 3s1, etc
• Na
![Page 54: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Column 2A•1s2, 2s2, 3s2, etc
• Mg
![Page 55: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Column 3A• 2s22p1 ,3s23p1, etc
• Al
![Page 56: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Column 4A• 2s22p2, 3s23p2, etc
• C
![Page 57: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Column 5A• 2s22p3, 3s23p3, etc
• N
![Page 58: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Column 6A• 2s22p43s23p4, etc
• O
![Page 59: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Column 7A• 2s22p53s23p5, etc
• Cl
![Page 60: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Column 8A• 2s22p63s23p6, etc
• Ne
![Page 61: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
EC for Transition El.•4s23d1 4s23d6
•4s23d2 4s23d7
•4s23d3 4s23d8
•4s13d5 4s13d10
•4s23d5 4s23d10
![Page 62: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Chromium & Copper Are
Kinky
![Page 63: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Transition Dot Diagrams
•Kinky ones have a single
•All the rest have a pair
![Page 64: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Inner Transition Dot Diagrams
•All have a pair
![Page 65: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
HW: Problems 53 – 56 on page 171
![Page 66: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Write ECs & EDDs for:
S -16 Cu -29
Sb -51Ca+2 -20
![Page 67: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Quantum Numbers
•A more complete description of the electrons in an atom
![Page 68: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Quantum Numbersn : Energy level(Row)
l : Energy Sublevel
m or ml : Orientation
s or ms : Spin
![Page 69: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Quantum Numbersn : Size
l : Shape or nodes
m or ml : Orientation
s or ms : Spin
![Page 70: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Quantum Numbersn : 1 ---> 7
l : 0 ---> (n - 1)
m : - l ---> + l
s : + 1/2 or -1/2
![Page 71: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Quantum Numbers•Go from the lowest to highest possibilities:
•Start n with 1, start l with 0, etc.
![Page 72: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Quantum Numbers
H: (1,0,0,1/2)
n = 1, l = 0, m = 0, s = 1/2
He: (1,0,0,-1/2)
etc
![Page 73: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Drill: Predict EC, QN & EDD for:
•Pb-82
•Gd-64
![Page 74: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Give QN, & EDD:Te-52 I-53Fe-26 V-23Pu-94 Al-13Sb-51 Au-79
![Page 75: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Oxidation State•The charge or apparent charge of an element
•Oxidation numbers
![Page 76: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Negative Ox #• Always = column # - 8
• Exceptions: only in apparent charges: peroxides, hydrocarbons
![Page 77: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Positive Ox #• = column #
• = unpaired electrons
• = s e- ---> s + d e-
• Apparent: singles & pairs
![Page 78: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Drill:Determine EC, EDD, QN, Ox # of:
Ba-56 Pt-78
Cl-17 Tb-65
![Page 79: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Wave Formula•v or c = f •c = speed of light
= wavelength
or f = frequency
![Page 80: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Calculate the wavelength of your
favorite radio stationFM in MHzAM in kHz
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Plank’s Formula•E = hf = hc/•E = energy
•h = Plank’s Constant
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Calculate the energy of a photon from your favorite
radio station:
![Page 83: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Calculate the energy of uv
light at 221 nm:
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DeBroglie’s Formula
= h/mv
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Calculate the wavelength of a 221 g baseball
thrown at 15 m/s:
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Calculate the energy and mass of a photon of IR light at 1.326 m:
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Spectrum•The unique set of waves absorbed or emitted by a substance
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Absorption Spectrum•The unique set of wavelengths absorbed by a substance
•Atomic Absorption Sp
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Emission Spectrum•The unique set of wavelengths emitted by a substance
•Atomic Emission Sp
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Atomic Absorption Spectrum
•Dark-line Spectrum
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Atomic Emission Spectrum
•Bright-line Spectrum
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Spectroscopy
•The study of a substance under continuous excitation energy
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Determine the electron
configuration (EC) for each of the
following: Mg, Sn, P, K, Cl, & V
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Determine the EC for each of the
following: Zr, He, Eu, Cr, U
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Determine the EC for each of the
following: Br-1, Kr, & Sr+2
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Determine the electron dot diagram (EDD) for each of the following: Mg, Sn, P, K, Cl, & V
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Determine the EC & EDD for each of the following: He, Mn,
Eu, Cr, U
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Determine the quantum numbers
(QN) for each of the following: He, Mn,
Eu, Cr, U
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Determine the EC, EDD, & QN for
each of the following: Mg, Sn,
P, K, Cl, & V
![Page 101: Electronic Structure. Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f4a5503460f94c6be06/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Determine the oxidation state (OS)
for each of the following: Mg, Sn, N,
K, Cl, & V
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Determine the EC, EDD, QN, & OS for
elements: 21, 14, 29, & 64
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With a UV,visible,IR spectrophotometer waves at 221 nm, 663 nm, & 2.21 m were detected when element X was excited. Calculate the
energy differences among levels 1, 2, 3, & 4.
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Excited sodium emits red light at 663 nm.
Determine EC, EDD, QN, OS, & the energy
of the light wave.
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Chapter 3 General
•Define all the Key Terms on page 168
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Wave Energies
•Work problems:
1 - 10
on page 169
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EC
•Work problems:
39 -42
on page 170
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Quantum Numbers
•Work problems:
21 - 32
on page 170
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