Towards Electronic Journals Carol Tenopir [email protected] And Donald W. King [email protected].
Electronic Publishing and the Economics of Information SLA 2001 Carol Tenopir University of...
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Transcript of Electronic Publishing and the Economics of Information SLA 2001 Carol Tenopir University of...
Electronic Publishing and the Economics of Information
SLA 2001
Carol Tenopir University of Tennessee, Knoxville
http://web.utk.edu/~tenopir/tenopir.html
Donald W. KingUniversity of Pittsburgh
Carol Tenopir and Donald W. King. Towards Electronic Journals: Realities for Scientists, Librarians, and Publishers, 2000.
Jose-Marie Griffiths and Donald W. King. Special Libraries: Increasing the information Edge, 1993.
We will cover:
• Part I: Electronic Publishing
• Part II: Implications for Libraries – Data Collection & Measurement
Part I: Electronic Publishing
• Overview of Electronic Journals
• Licensing Options & Issues
• Usage Studies
Overview of Electronic Journals
Main Questions:
• Is the title I need available electronically?
• What is included in the e-version?
• Can I cancel print?
Useful Publications
• Directory of Scholarly Electronic Journals and Academic Discussion Lists, 1st ed. Editors, Dru W. Mogge and Peter Budka. Association of Research Libraries, 2000.
• Fulltext Sources Online. Edited by Donald T. Hawkins and Mary B. Glose. Medford, NJ: Information Today, twice yearly.
Growth in Peer ReviewedE-Journals
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 2000
Peer Reviewed
Growth in Full Text Sources
400050006000700080009000
10000110001200013000140001500016000
1993 1995 1997 1999 2001
Major Electronic Publishers
• Elsevier Science Direct
• Springer Link
• Academic Press
• Johns Hopkins
• American Chemical Society
Major Electronic Journal Aggregators (General)
• OCLC
• EBSCO
• ProQuest
• Gale Group
• H.W. Wilson
Major Electronic Journal Aggregators (Specialized)
• JSTOR
• OVID
• Highwire
• PubMed Central
• LexisNexis
• Dialog
• Factiva
Electronic Journals
Paper byproduct
Text only
Document delivery
Linked to indexing
Electronic only
Multimedia
Interactive
Direct from publisher
1 2 3 4 5
Electronic Journals
Paper byproduct
Text only
Document delivery
Linked to indexing
Electronic only
Multimedia
Interactive
Direct from publisher
1 2 3 4 5
Electronic Journals
Paper byproduct
Text only
Document delivery
Linked to indexing
Electronic only
Multimedia
Interactive
Direct from publisher
1 2 3 4 5
Electronic Journals
Paper byproduct
Text only
Document delivery
Linked to indexing
Electronic only
Multimedia
Interactive
Direct from publisher
1 2 3 4 5
Electronic Journals
Paper byproduct
Text only
Document delivery
Linked to indexing
Electronic only
Multimedia
Interactive
Direct from publisher
1 2 3 4 5
Electronic Journals
Paper byproduct
Text only
Document delivery
Linked to indexing
Electronic only
Multimedia
Interactive
Direct from publisher
1 2 3 4 5
Electronic Journals
Paper byproduct
Text only
Document delivery
Linked to indexing
Electronic only
Multimedia
Interactive
Direct from publisher
1 2 3 4 5
Electronic Journals
Paper byproduct
Text only
Document delivery
Linked to indexing
Electronic only
Multimedia
Interactive
Direct from publisher
1 2 3 4 5
Electronic Journals
Paper byproduct
Text only
Document delivery
Linked to indexing
Electronic only
Multimedia
Interactive
Direct from publisher
1 2 3 4 5
Category 1
Paper byproduct, text only, document delivery, linked to indexing, full text searching
1
Category 2
Text and graphics of full articles, image, document delivery, linked to indexing, print still dominant
2
Category 3
Electronic journals, print still dominant, most of journal is online (e.g., ads, letters), may be less than print
3
Library Journalhttp://libraryjournal.com
Category 4
Electronic journals, offer substantially more than print, print still available, multimedia, interactivity, may be limited
4
Chemical & Engineering Newshttp://pubs.acs.org/cen/
Category 5
Fully electronic, no print, multimedia, interactive, direct from publisher
5
Journal of Electronic Publishinghttp://www.press.umich.edu/jep
D-Lib Magazinehttp://www.dlib.org
Other Factors to Consider:
• Coverage
• Pricing policy
• Licensing restrictions
• Preference of your users
Licensing Options & Issues
Licensing Options:
• Pay-as-you-go
• Fixed-rate
• User-based
Pay-as-you-go:
• Connect-time
• Output-based
• Per search
Fixed-rate:
• One-time cost or yearly subscription rate
• Licenses or terms and conditions of use
• More cost for networking or multiple connections
User-based:
• Most common option
• Complex and based on multiple factors
• Negotiation
Factors Affecting User-based Pricing:
• Number of Users– Total user population (constituency)– Potential users– Simultaneous users
• Size or prestige of library or institution
• Consortia
Which Option for Your Library?
• Pay-as-you-go– Search costs billed back to clients or customers– Specific databases or systems infrequently used– Add-on services
• User-based– Libraries with an identifiable base of customers– When need a yearly rate
Public Libraries - Preferred Pricing Options
Option % of Libraries
Simultaneous Users 56.7%
Flat Fee 33.3%
License Based on Size of Library
10%
Per Use 8.3%
Other 18.3%
Academic Libraries – Preferred Pricing Options
Option % of Libraries
Flat Fee 45.6%
Simultaneous Users 36.8%
License Based on Potential Users 21.2%
License Based on Size of Library 10.5%
Per Use 8.8%
Other 15.5%
Useful Licensing Resources:
• LIBLICENSE-L Mailing List
http://www.library.yale.edu/~llicense/mailing-list.shtml
• Yale University Licensing Digital Information Resources
http://www.library.yale.edu/~llicense/index.shtml
More Resources:
• University of Texas System, Office of General Counsel
http://www.utsystem.edu/OGC/intellectualproperty/index.htm
• Committee on Institutional Cooperation Standardized Language Agreement Language
http://www.cic.uiuc.edu/cli/contracts/standardized_agreement_language.htm
And one more:
• ARL Licensing Brochure Online
http://arl.cni.org/scomm/licensing/licbooklet.html
Usage Studies
Data From:
• 14,000 scientists
• All fields of science
• University and non-university settings
• Over 100 organizations (publishers and libraries)
Average Number of Scholarly Article Readings Per Year
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1977 1978-1983
1984 1985-1989
1990-1993
1994-1998
2000-2001
Years of Observation
Amount of Reading
• Engineers ~ 72 per year
• Physicists ~ 204 per year
• Chemists ~ 276 per year
• Physicians ~ 322 per year
Time Spent Reading
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1977 78/83 1984 85/89 90/93 94/98 00/01
Total Scientists
What Scientists Are Reading
• Approx. 50% of readings contain information that is new to the reader
• Over 35% of readings are of articles older than one year
• Older articles are very valuable to scientists’ work
Too Many Journals?
• Growth of journal literature is correlated with the number of scientists
• 1 article per 10 scientists
• 70% of all readings are done by non-academicians
Amount of Journal Readings
• Scientists read from an average of 18-26 journals each year
• Medical faculty read from an average of 13 journals each year
• Medical faculty read more in each journal (26 articles)
Preprints
• Electronic preprints accounted for 3.6% of total readings (ORNL)
• 1/3 of ORNL scientists were aware of LANL’s arXiv.org and 1/4 were aware of the DOE PrePrint Network.
Eprint Usage
• 3/4 of those aware of arXiv.org had read 7.9 articles per person in the past year, but only 14% had ever submitted papers to the service.
• 1/2 of those aware of the DOE PrePrint Network read an average of 6 preprints from the service in the past year
Impacts of Electronic Publishing
• Electronic journals use is increasing
• Students prefer electronic
• Differences between work fields
• Peer review important to many
• Much e-reading in new titles
• Non-core readers price sensitive