Electron ShellsElectron Shells

Nucleus12 P12 N

1 2

3 4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11 12

First Shell, maximum 2 electrons

Second Shell,Maximum 8 electrons

Third shell, max # 8 electrons, (in this case, the last, so called the ValenceShell.)

ChargesCharges

The outer The outer electronselectrons on an atom are on an atom are called: called: ValenceValence electronselectrons. .

Atoms want an Atoms want an ASCVI Diagram ASCVI Diagram that that looks like a Noble Gas because… looks like a Noble Gas because…

Noble Gases have the most stable Noble Gases have the most stable structure.structure.

Usually, this means the atom ends Usually, this means the atom ends up with a up with a Charge.Charge.

IonsIons Ion=Ion= a a Charged Charged atom in which the number atom in which the number

of of ELECTRONS (-)ELECTRONS (-) is different from the is different from the number of number of PROTONS (+)PROTONS (+)..

Ionic Charge= Ionic Charge= is the number of is the number of positive (+) positive (+) or or negative (-) negative (-) Charges Charges on an atom. Ex: Mgon an atom. Ex: Mg+2+2

Nucleus12 P12 N

1 2

3 4

5

6

7

8

9

10

GroupsGroups

Mg

Nucleus12 P12 N

1 2

3 4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11 12

1 2

3 4

Nucleus4 P4 N

Be (Berylium)

So…So…

Even though each element has a Even though each element has a different # of different # of PROTONS PROTONS and and ELECTRONSELECTRONS, each element in a group , each element in a group has a similar has a similar Bohr-Rutherford DiagramBohr-Rutherford Diagram..

This means they want to This means they want to gaingain or or loselose the same number of the same number of Electrons.Electrons.

It also means elements in a Group will It also means elements in a Group will react similarly in Chemical Reactions.react similarly in Chemical Reactions.

Group Name and NumberGroup Name and NumberAkali MetalsAkali Metals Akaline Earth Metals Akaline Earth Metals

Noble GasesNoble Gases

HalogensHalogensTransition metalsTransition metals

Cl & NaCl & Na Chlorine Gas is poisonous.Chlorine Gas is poisonous. In terms of In terms of electronselectrons, what does Chlorine , what does Chlorine

want to do? want to do? --GainGain an an electronelectron. So what would the . So what would the

Charge Charge be?be? Would you eat Na?Would you eat Na? In terms of In terms of electronselectrons, what does Sodium , what does Sodium

want to do?want to do? LoseLose an an electronelectron. So what would the . So what would the

Charge Charge be?be?

Cl & Na, cont’dCl & Na, cont’d

What would What would happen if we put happen if we put Na and Cl Na and Cl together?together?

We get NaCl, We get NaCl, a.k.a.:a.k.a.:

SALT!SALT!

Salt, what has Happened?Salt, what has Happened?

Sodium (Na) gave up itsSodium (Na) gave up its Valence Valence electron electron to the Chlorine (Cl).to the Chlorine (Cl).Na + Cl NaNa + Cl Na+1+1 + + electronelectron + Cl + Cl

NaNa+1 +1 + Cl+ Cl-1-1 NaCl NaCl

Why do you think they are now Why do you think they are now written together? Why are there no written together? Why are there no Charges?Charges?

Ionic BondingIonic Bonding

Positives Positives will be attracted to will be attracted to Negatives. Negatives. The force of the attraction The force of the attraction between a between a Positively Positively Charged Charged Ion Ion and and a a Negatively Negatively Charged Charged IonIon is called an is called an IONIC BONDIONIC BOND..

When two When two Ions BondIons Bond, they form an , they form an Ionic CompoundIonic Compound. Ex. NaCl. Ex. NaCl

Check your new textbook…Check your new textbook…

Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds

PositivePositive Ion Ion isis called a called a CATIONCATION.. NegativeNegative Ion Ion is called an is called an

ANIONANION.. Write down 2 other Write down 2 other cations cations

and and anionsanions that you think that you think would fit togetherwould fit together

Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds

Notice the cross Notice the cross over of over of ChargesCharges

The The CationCation is is always written always written FIRST, FIRST, Anion Anion Second.Second.

Ionic compoundsIonic compounds are made up of are made up of metalsmetals and and non-non-metalsmetals, the metal , the metal is written FIRST.is written FIRST.

Formation of Formation of Ionic CompoundsIonic CompoundsCrossing RuleCrossing Rule

CaCa+2+2 + + ClCl-1-1 CaCaClCl22

Ionic Ionic StructureStructure

Ionic Ionic Compounds:Compounds: Compounds made Compounds made up of up of positivepositive and and negativenegative ionsions that that have resulted from have resulted from the transfer of the transfer of electronselectrons from a from a metal to a non-metal to a non-metal.metal.

Naming Ionic CompoundsNaming Ionic Compounds

Regular names:Regular names:– Write the name of the metal firstWrite the name of the metal first– Replace the ending of the non-metal Replace the ending of the non-metal

with with –ide–ide

– eg. Mgeg. Mg33PP22 → Magnesium Phosph → Magnesium Phosphideide

Naming Ionic CompoundsNaming Ionic Compounds

Transition Metals:Transition Metals:– When a metal can form more than one When a metal can form more than one

type of iontype of ion– State the charge using a Roman State the charge using a Roman

numeralnumeral– eg. CuBr → Copper I Bromeg. CuBr → Copper I Bromideide– Eg. CuO → Copper II OxEg. CuO → Copper II Oxideide

Naming Ionic CompoundsNaming Ionic Compounds

Acids:Acids:– Recognized by the HRecognized by the H++ ion out front (but ion out front (but

not like in water, Hnot like in water, H22O, that’s covalent)O, that’s covalent)– Name it using the non-metal, but Name it using the non-metal, but

with the ending with the ending -ic-ic– eg. HCl → Hydrochloreg. HCl → Hydrochloricic acid acid– Eg. HF → HydrofluorEg. HF → Hydrofluoricic acid acid– Try HITry HI

→ → Hydroiodic acidHydroiodic acid