Electron Energy Level Notes Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits They are...
-
Upload
myron-dorsey -
Category
Documents
-
view
213 -
download
0
Transcript of Electron Energy Level Notes Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits They are...
![Page 1: Electron Energy Level Notes Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits They are found in energy levels at different distances away.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649d835503460f94a69ee0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Electron Energy Level Notes
![Page 2: Electron Energy Level Notes Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits They are found in energy levels at different distances away.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649d835503460f94a69ee0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Electron Energy Level Notes
• Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits
• They are found in energy levels at different distances away from the nucleus. (kind of like
shells or layers).
![Page 3: Electron Energy Level Notes Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits They are found in energy levels at different distances away.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649d835503460f94a69ee0/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom (cont.)
The wave function predicts a three-dimensional region around the nucleus called the atomic orbital.
![Page 4: Electron Energy Level Notes Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits They are found in energy levels at different distances away.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649d835503460f94a69ee0/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Hydrogen Atomic Orbitals
Principal quantum number (n) indicates the relative size and energy of atomic orbitals.
n specifies the atom’s major energy levels, called the principal energy levels.
Electrons cannot exist between energy levels (just like the rungs of a ladder).
![Page 5: Electron Energy Level Notes Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits They are found in energy levels at different distances away.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649d835503460f94a69ee0/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Electron Energy Level Notes
• Energy levels are broken up into sublevels:
• There are at least 4 possible types of sublevels—given labels: s, p, d, or f
•
![Page 6: Electron Energy Level Notes Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits They are found in energy levels at different distances away.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649d835503460f94a69ee0/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Hydrogen Atomic Orbitals (cont.)
Energy sublevels are contained within the principal energy levels.
![Page 7: Electron Energy Level Notes Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits They are found in energy levels at different distances away.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649d835503460f94a69ee0/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Electron Energy Level Notes• Only a certain number of electrons may exist in an
energy level, but the number varies. It can be determined by:
• # of electrons in level = 2 x (# of energy level)2
• Therefore:
• energy level 1 = 2 (1)2 = 2• energy level 2 = 2 (2)2 = 8• energy level 3 = 18• energy level 4 = 32• etc...
![Page 8: Electron Energy Level Notes Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits They are found in energy levels at different distances away.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649d835503460f94a69ee0/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Electron Energy Level Notes
• In each energy level, electrons fill sublevels in a certain order
• Level 1:• only has one s sublevel (a spherical shape)• 2 electrons may fit in this sublevel--each one
has an opposite “spin”, allowing them to take up the same space
• Pauli exclusion principle—no more than 2 electrons may be found in the same orbital (“orbital” means a particular location)
![Page 9: Electron Energy Level Notes Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits They are found in energy levels at different distances away.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649d835503460f94a69ee0/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
s-Orbital Image
![Page 10: Electron Energy Level Notes Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits They are found in energy levels at different distances away.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649d835503460f94a69ee0/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Electron Energy Level Notes
• Level 2:• has two sublevels: s and p• 2 electrons in s• there are 3 different p orbitals, and may hold 2
electrons each—6 total. (look at shape on p. 154--imagine how they can fit together)
• total of 8 overall in Level 2
![Page 11: Electron Energy Level Notes Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits They are found in energy levels at different distances away.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649d835503460f94a69ee0/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
p-Orbital Image
![Page 12: Electron Energy Level Notes Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits They are found in energy levels at different distances away.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649d835503460f94a69ee0/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Electron Energy Level Notes
• Level 3:• has 3 sublevels: s, p, and d• 2 electrons in s• 6 electrons in p• there are 5 different d orbitals, and 2 electrons
can fit in each—total of 10. (look at picture of d orbitals, imagine how they can fit together)
• total of 18
![Page 13: Electron Energy Level Notes Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits They are found in energy levels at different distances away.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649d835503460f94a69ee0/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
d-orbital notes
![Page 14: Electron Energy Level Notes Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits They are found in energy levels at different distances away.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649d835503460f94a69ee0/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Hydrogen Atomic Orbitals (cont.)
Each energy sublevel relates to orbitals of different shape.
![Page 15: Electron Energy Level Notes Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits They are found in energy levels at different distances away.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649d835503460f94a69ee0/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Image of orbitals
![Page 16: Electron Energy Level Notes Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits They are found in energy levels at different distances away.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649d835503460f94a69ee0/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Electron Energy Level Notes
• Level 4:• has 4 sublevels: s, p, d , and f• 2 electrons in s• 6 electrons in p• 10 electrons in d• 14 electrons in f (7 different orbitals for f)• total of 32
![Page 17: Electron Energy Level Notes Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits They are found in energy levels at different distances away.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649d835503460f94a69ee0/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Hydrogen Atomic Orbitals (cont.)
![Page 18: Electron Energy Level Notes Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits They are found in energy levels at different distances away.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649d835503460f94a69ee0/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Electron Energy Level Notes
• The order that electrons fill up orbitals does not follow the logical order of all 1’s, then all 2’s, then all 3’s, etc.
• They follow the order found on pg. 156.
![Page 19: Electron Energy Level Notes Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits They are found in energy levels at different distances away.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649d835503460f94a69ee0/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Order of Orbitals
![Page 20: Electron Energy Level Notes Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits They are found in energy levels at different distances away.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649d835503460f94a69ee0/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Electron Energy Level Notes
• An easy way to remember this is to use the periodic table--it is arranged to show how these orbitals are filled.
![Page 21: Electron Energy Level Notes Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits They are found in energy levels at different distances away.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649d835503460f94a69ee0/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Order of Orbitals—Periodic Table
![Page 22: Electron Energy Level Notes Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits They are found in energy levels at different distances away.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649d835503460f94a69ee0/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Ground-State Electron Configuration
The arrangement of electrons in the atom is called the electron configuration.
The aufbau principle states that each electron occupies the lowest energy orbital available.
![Page 23: Electron Energy Level Notes Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits They are found in energy levels at different distances away.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649d835503460f94a69ee0/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Ground-State Electron Configuration (cont.)
The Pauli exclusion principle states that a maximum of two electrons can occupy a single orbital, but only if the electrons have opposite spins.
Hund’s rule states that single electrons with the same spin must occupy each equal-energy orbital before additional electrons with opposite spins can occupy the same energy level orbitals.
![Page 24: Electron Energy Level Notes Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits They are found in energy levels at different distances away.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649d835503460f94a69ee0/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Electron Energy Level Notes
• Hund’s rule is used for filling orbitals with electrons. It states that only one electron will be put in each orbital of a sublevel until all of them are filled, and after that, they may be paired up until the sublevel is full.
![Page 25: Electron Energy Level Notes Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits They are found in energy levels at different distances away.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649d835503460f94a69ee0/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Section 5-3Ground-State Electron Configuration (cont.)
![Page 26: Electron Energy Level Notes Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits They are found in energy levels at different distances away.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649d835503460f94a69ee0/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Section 5-3Ground-State Electron Configuration (cont.)
Noble gas notation uses noble gas symbols in brackets to shorten inner electron configurations of other elements.
![Page 27: Electron Energy Level Notes Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits They are found in energy levels at different distances away.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649d835503460f94a69ee0/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Section 5-3Ground-State Electron Configuration (cont.)
The electron configurations (for chromium, copper, and several other elements) reflect the increased stability of half-filled and filled sets of s and d orbitals.
![Page 28: Electron Energy Level Notes Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits They are found in energy levels at different distances away.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649d835503460f94a69ee0/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Section 5-3Valence Electrons
Valence electrons are defined as electrons in the atom’s outermost orbitals—those associated with the atom’s highest principal energy level.
Electron-dot structure consists of the element’s symbol representing the nucleus, surrounded by dots representing the element’s valence electrons.
![Page 29: Electron Energy Level Notes Electrons do not travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits They are found in energy levels at different distances away.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649d835503460f94a69ee0/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Section 5-3Valence Electrons (cont.)