Light, the Eye and Optics. Light aka Visible Electromagnetic Radiation.
Electromagnetic Radiation … aka Light The EM spectrum Not just the “light” we can see…...
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Transcript of Electromagnetic Radiation … aka Light The EM spectrum Not just the “light” we can see…...
Electromagnetic Radiation … aka Light
The EM spectrum•Not just the “light” we can see…•Ranges from low frequency radio waves to high frequency x-rays•Small window of frequencies called “visible light”
Light Properties: Review
• Electromagnetic radiation travels Electromagnetic radiation travels
________________in a vacuum ________________in a vacuum
– or about 186,000miles/secondor about 186,000miles/second
• This velocity has a symbol of?This velocity has a symbol of?
• Travels in rays… straight line from an origin.Travels in rays… straight line from an origin.
3.00 3.00 E8E8 m/s m/s
cc
Visible Light • A small slice of the EM spectrum can be A small slice of the EM spectrum can be
detected by human eyes.detected by human eyes. • ColorColor is the brains code for the frequency of is the brains code for the frequency of
perceived light.perceived light.• Roy G. Biv – acronym Roy G. Biv – acronym • On the left are low frequencies and long On the left are low frequencies and long
wavelengths. On the right are high frequencies wavelengths. On the right are high frequencies and short wavelengthsand short wavelengths
R O Y G B I V
Color # 1- Rules for Color• Black is the absence of all colors.• Black appears black because nothing is
reflected from it… therefore the light energy is turned to heat!
Color # 1- Rules for ColorColor # 1- Rules for Color
• Objects of a particular color absorb all other Objects of a particular color absorb all other colors except for the color they “normally” colors except for the color they “normally” appear.appear.
• Ex. Green plants absorb all colors (roybiv) Ex. Green plants absorb all colors (roybiv) and use these energy frequencies to and use these energy frequencies to produce sugar during photosynthesis…, produce sugar during photosynthesis…, except green… they reflect green.except green… they reflect green.
Color # 2- Rules for Color
• An object’s color depends SOLELY on the color of light that is reflected off of it.
White light (roygbiv)
Green
onl
y is re
flect
ed
Object looks green
Color # 3- Rules for Color
• An object’s color depends SOLELY on the color of light that is reflected off of it.
No light is reflected, no light reaches the eye, so object appears black!
The turtle absorbed red light
Filtered red light
Velocity of light through other Velocity of light through other materials – Snell’s Lawmaterials – Snell’s Law
• When light travels through substances, its velocity is effected.
• The amount the speed is reduced is the optical density (n)
• n = c / velocity in the substance
Find the v of each of these.
Material nVacuum 1.0000
Air 1.0003
Ice 1.31
Water 1.333
Ethyl Alcohol 1.36
Crown Glass 1.52
Zircon 1.923
Diamond 2.417
n = c/v
3.00 E8 m/s
3.00 E8 m/s
2.29 E8 m/s
2.25 E8 m/s
2.21 E8 m/s
1.97 E8 m/s
1.56 E8 m/s
1.24 E8 m/s
Law of Reflection
• Establish “normal” – an imaginary perpendicular line to the surface of a reflective object.
mirror
normalnormal
ΘAngle of
incidence
i ΘrAngle of reflection
=
Inverted imagesInverted images• Mirrors produce images which have an
“apparent distance” equal to that of the real object is from the mirror.
• Images are also “inverted”• Mirrors need not be the same size as the object
to produce a full sized image.
d d
Mirrors and Reflection
• Light rays travel in parallel rays from a source to an object that reflects them.
• A reflection can be “diffuse”, “perfect”, or “focused”
• Mirrors create either perfect (specular) or focused reflections depending on their shape.
Diffuse Reflection
• The rays are scattered in different directions. This is the way we see most objects in everyday life.
Focused reflection• Concave and Convex Mirrors create
focused reflections. They still obey the Law of Reflection.
• ConvexConcave Focal
point
Mirrors and Reflection #4enlarged
Multiple normals, resulting in slightly different reflected
angles
RefractionRefraction• High frequencies are more affected by this
phenomenon.
• Snell’s Law also predicts how much it will be bent in the equation…
ni sinΘi =nrsinΘr
• n = optical density or Index of refraction.
Refraction#1
When light changes the material in which it travels, changes in velocity cause a change in
direction. The θincidence is different than the θrefracted.
Refraction#2
Optical density of the material determines amount of “bending”
Optical density low
Optical density high
Optical density low
High O.D. = small Θ
Low O.D. = larger Θ
parallel
LensesLenses• Lenses obey Snell’s Law by refracting light to a
certain degree.• Lens shape has the biggest effect on light
behavior.• Two types :
Concave Convex