Electrochemical Deposition of Metals Using Ionic Liquids · Ionic Liquid electroplating is...
1
Introducon Protecve coangs are required to enable light weight materials (aluminum & high strength steel (HSS)) for aggressive applicaons Environment & health concerns (cadmium, chrome replacement & green manufactur- ing) Plang reacve metal challenge (e.g. aluminum) Aluminum (Al) plang from ionic liquids provides an eco-friendly, and drop-in replace- ment of cadmium as a corrosion protecon coang due to their unique properes. Next Step: Electroplang Bath Management for Manufacturability Aqueous Ionic Liquids Metal coangs Ni, Cu, Cr, Sn,m Au, Ag, Zn, etc Expanded, Al, Mg, Ti, Ta, Nb, Mo etc Alloy coangs Moderate Expanded Coang substrates Steel, Ni, Cu, Zn Broadened, Al, Mg & their alloys H2 embrilement Concerns Negligible EH&S Significant concerns for some chemistries Low to Moderate concerns Room temperature Ionic Liquid properes Electrochemical window >2V, even 4.5V, except for BrØnsted acidic systems Vapor pressure Usually negligible Objecve Year 1: Opportunity idenficaon & Plang tech- nology benchmarking; Lab-scale opmizaon of Al & Cr IL electroplang technologies Year 2: Manufacturing opmizaon of Al IL electroplang technologies Mature Al & Cr electroplang on light weight (LW) materi- als with Ionic Liquids (ILs) for aggressive applicaons Al Electroplang Supplier # #S-1 #S-2 #S-3 EMIM Cl-AlCl3 w/o addives √ BMIM Cl-AlCl3 w/o addives √ EMIM Cl-AlCl3 w/ proprietary addives √ √ √ BMIM Cl-AlCl3 w/ proprietary addives √ #S-1 without ad- dive: Dendric coang #S-1 with addive: Smooth coang, however, high chlorine #S-2 with addive: Smooth coang, however, high Al purity (95% EDAX) Technical Challenges to Mature Al IL Electroplang Al Alloy Electroplang SEM cross seconal images of as plated Al/AlX coangs. a) AlCr on AA 2070, b) AlMn on HSS 4340, c) AlMn on AlBeMet, d) AlZr on AA 6061, e) AlMn on HSS 4130. Potenodynamic polarizaon curves for elec- trodeposited Al & AlX coangs as compared to AA2070 & HSS4340 substrate alloys Cross-seconal SEM micrographs of samples exposed to ASTM B117 testing Substrate Pre-treatment B-B adhesion X-secon observaon 4130-1 GB-1+Acid etch + AE Fail Oxide layer 4130-2 Grit Blast (GB)-1 Pass No connuous oxide layer Substrate Pretreatment for Adhesion Enhancement Conclusions Ionic Liquid electroplang is promising to produce high purity Al coang as Cd replacement Various Al-X alloy coang can be plated with ionic liquids on different substrates including Al alloys and steel Al-X alloy coangs demonstrate potenal to improve corrosion and cer- tain mechanical properes of substrates Surface pre-treatment is a great challenge in Al IL electroplang Removal of connuous oxide layer is the key to achieve adhesion In-situ fast / low cost monitoring and analysis methods are needed to track bath stability and process management References 1. J. S. Wilkes; J. A. Levisky; R. A. Wilson & C. L. Hussey, Inorg. Chem. 1982, 21, 1263–1264. 2. F. Endres et al. Ed.; Electrodeposion from ionic liquids, Wiley-VCH: 2017 3. K.E. Johnson; The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2007 4. ASTM D3359 and ASTM-571-97 5. A. Kola; J. Abbo; E. Freydina, Corrosion, NACE Internaonal , 2018 6. E. Freydina; S. Ruan; C.A. Schuh; A.C. Lund, US9758888B2, September 12, 2017. 7. C. Zhao; A. M. Bond; X. Lu, Anal.Chem. 2012, 84, 2784 8. A. Fowler, “NESDI project final report Cadium Alternaves: Navy Specific Tesng, NAVAIR, 2010 Approved for public release Electrochemical Deposition of Metals Using Ionic Liquids Weina Li 1* , Weilong Zhang 1 , Joshua Abbott 2 , Brian Welch 1 , Mark Jaworowski 1 , Tom Watson 3 , Blair Smith 4 1. United Technologies Research Center, 2. Xtalic Corporation, 3. Pratt & Whitney, 4. UTC Aerospace Systems Acknowledgement This work is funded by Office of Naval Research under agreement number N00014-14-2- 0002. The US Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for Govern- mental purposes notwithstanding any copyright notaon thereon. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendaons expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Office of Naval Research or the U.S. Govern- ment. Ionic Liquid plang bath control: Oxygen impact on IL stability is not very clear Black material forms on Al anode sur- face in the ILs Moisture reacts with chloroaluminate (AlCl 4 - ) anions AlCl 4 - + H 2 O AlOCl 2 - + 2HCl
Transcript of Electrochemical Deposition of Metals Using Ionic Liquids · Ionic Liquid electroplating is...
Introduction Protective coatings are required to enable light weight materials (aluminum & high
strength steel (HSS)) for aggressive applications
Environment & health concerns (cadmium, chrome replacement & green manufactur-ing)
Plating reactive metal challenge (e.g. aluminum)
Aluminum (Al) plating from ionic liquids provides an eco-friendly, and drop-in replace-ment of cadmium as a corrosion protection coating due to their unique properties.
Next Step: Electroplating Bath Management for Manufacturability
Aqueous Ionic Liquids
Metal coatings Ni, Cu, Cr, Sn,m Au, Ag, Zn, etc Expanded, Al, Mg, Ti, Ta, Nb, Mo etc
Alloy coatings Moderate Expanded
Coating substrates Steel, Ni, Cu, Zn Broadened, Al, Mg & their alloys
H2 embrittlement Concerns Negligible
EH&S Significant concerns for some
chemistries
Low to Moderate concerns
Room temperature Ionic Liquid properties
Electrochemical window >2V, even 4.5V, except for BrØnsted acidic systems
Vapor pressure Usually negligible
Objective
Year 1: Opportunity identification & Plating tech-nology benchmarking; Lab-scale optimization of Al & Cr IL electroplating technologies
Year 2: Manufacturing optimization of
Al IL electroplating technologies
Mature Al & Cr electroplating on light weight (LW) materi-
als with Ionic Liquids (ILs) for aggressive applications
Al Electroplating Supplier # #S-1 #S-2 #S-3
EMIM Cl-AlCl3 w/o additives √
BMIM Cl-AlCl3 w/o additives √
EMIM Cl-AlCl3 w/ proprietary additives √ √ √
BMIM Cl-AlCl3 w/ proprietary additives √
#S-1 without ad-ditive: Dendritic coating
#S-1 with additive: Smooth coating, however, high chlorine
#S-2 with additive: Smooth coating, however, high Al purity (95% EDAX)
Technical Challenges to Mature Al IL Electroplating
Al Alloy Electroplating
SEM cross sectional images of as plated Al/AlX coatings. a) AlCr on AA 2070, b) AlMn on HSS 4340, c) AlMn on AlBeMet, d) AlZr on AA 6061, e) AlMn on HSS 4130.
Potentiodynamic polarization curves for elec-trodeposited Al & AlX coatings as compared to AA2070 & HSS4340 substrate alloys
Cross-sectional SEM micrographs
of samples exposed to ASTM B117
testing
Substrate Pre-treatment B-B adhesion X-section observation
4130-1 GB-1+Acid etch + AE Fail Oxide layer
4130-2 Grit Blast (GB)-1 Pass No continuous oxide layer
Substrate Pretreatment for Adhesion Enhancement
Conclusions
Ionic Liquid electroplating is promising to produce high purity Al coating as Cd replacement
Various Al-X alloy coating can be plated with ionic liquids on different substrates including Al alloys and steel
Al-X alloy coatings demonstrate potential to improve corrosion and cer-tain mechanical properties of substrates
Surface pre-treatment is a great challenge in Al IL electroplating
Removal of continuous oxide layer is the key to achieve adhesion
In-situ fast / low cost monitoring and analysis methods are needed to track bath stability and process management
References
1. J. S. Wilkes; J. A. Levisky; R. A. Wilson & C. L. Hussey, Inorg. Chem. 1982, 21, 1263–1264. 2. F. Endres et al. Ed.; Electrodeposition from ionic liquids, Wiley-VCH: 2017 3. K.E. Johnson; The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2007 4. ASTM D3359 and ASTM-571-97 5. A. Kola; J. Abbott; E. Freydina, Corrosion, NACE International, 2018 6. E. Freydina; S. Ruan; C.A. Schuh; A.C. Lund, US9758888B2, September 12, 2017. 7. C. Zhao; A. M. Bond; X. Lu, Anal.Chem. 2012, 84, 2784 8. A. Fowler, “NESDI project final report Cadium Alternatives: Navy Specific Testing, NAVAIR, 2010
Approved for public release
Electrochemical Deposition of Metals Using Ionic Liquids Weina Li
1*, Weilong Zhang
1, Joshua Abbott
2, Brian Welch
1, Mark Jaworowski
1, Tom Watson
3, Blair Smith
4
1. United Technologies Research Center, 2. Xtalic Corporation, 3. Pratt & Whitney, 4. UTC Aerospace Systems
Acknowledgement This work is funded by Office of Naval Research under agreement number N00014-14-2-0002. The US Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for Govern-mental purposes notwithstanding any copyright notation thereon. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Office of Naval Research or the U.S. Govern-ment.
Ionic Liquid plating bath control:
Oxygen impact on IL stability is not very clear
Black material forms on Al anode sur-face in the ILs
Moisture reacts with chloroaluminate (AlCl4
-) anions
AlCl4- + H2O AlOCl2- + 2HCl
![[NIIR] the Complete Technology Book on Electroplating, Phosphating Powder Coating and Metal Finishing](https://static.fdocuments.in/doc/165x107/55720683497959fc0b8b9312/niir-the-complete-technology-book-on-electroplating-phosphating-powder-coating-and-metal-finishing.jpg)
