Electrification drivers, challenges and lessons to be ... · VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF...
Transcript of Electrification drivers, challenges and lessons to be ... · VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF...
VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND LTD
Electrification – drivers,
challenges and lessons to be
learned from electrification of
public transport
Electrification in ports and vessels
Tekes Arctic seas workshop
Helsinki, Scandic Grand Marina 13.11.2015
Mikko Pihlatie, VTT ([email protected])
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Motivation – why are electric/hybrid vehicles
attractive?
Needs / drivers
Low noise and emissions vs. regulations
Competetiveness for fleet operators
Passenger comfort
Opportunities
Electricity: lower energy costs (but higher capital sot)
High utilisation rate (for commercial vehicles)
Value proposition
City buses are the ideal case for e-mobility: Route, schedule, range
Hybrid vehicles main benefits: Fuel savings (~30%), downsize main engine,
lower emissions, longer lifetime, higher availability
Reduced total cost of ownership – under which conditions?
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Ship electrification – motivation
To help reduce emission
Current Emission Control Area (ECA) in Europe
the Baltic Sea area and the North Sea area
To improve ship overall energy efficiency
under different operation conditions
EE
DI [g
.CO
2/te
.nm
]
Cut-off limit Capacity [DWT or GT]
Fig. 1: An EEDI reference figure of new-building ships enforced by IMO.
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The context of Electric Commercial Vehicles
(ECV) in Tekes EVE programme
• Transport and mobility are undergoing a transformation
towards electrification
• ECV was set up to support the development of the
innovation chain
• Finland has significant industry in the entire value chain
of electric commercial vehicles and machinery
• Comprehensive R&D network and development
platforms
ECV’s mission 2014-2015
From research to business together with
companies
Produce research that is useful for industry
Finding new businesses / business models
Enforce networking and national synergies
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Comprehensive steps into electrifying the bus
system
”Vehicles”
(eBus)
”System”
(eBusSystem
eCharge)
Pre-commercial
pilot (ePELI)
Commercial electric
bus operation
• Components
• Vehicular
technology
• Single vehicles
• Systemic view
• Charging technology
• Operation concepts
• A few vehicles
• Market dialogue: building
the business ecosystem
• Pre-commercial pilot
with operators
• Innovation platform
• Small fleet & charging
infrastructure
• Normal commercial
procurement
• Value chains and service
providers established
• Several bus operators active
• Charging infrastructure
available
HRT timeline: 2012 2014 2015 2016 - 2017
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TCO of electric buses – Espoo case(note: the results do not apply generally)
Ref: M. Pihlatie et al, Fully electric city buses – the viable option, IEEE IEVC 2014, Florence 17-19 December, DOI: 10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056145
TCO-competitive: Small
battery, opportunity charging
Expensive: Large battery,
depot charging
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Transport system analysis and concepts
System requirements and analysis
Vehicle/ship duty cycle, time table,
mileage
Concepts of operation
Characteristic load profile in the use case
”Topography” (peaks in consumption
/regeneration)
Power grid and refuelling infrastructure
Challenges: reliability, availability,
productivity, lifetime
Requirements for the use case
Technology solutions and choices
System engineering and optimisation
Bus stops
Ava
ilab
le
ran
ge
/Ba
tte
ry
So
C
Charging ChargingDischarging
(driving)
Automated charging
system
Time
Residual range
providing fault
tolerance
Automated charging
system
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Ports – Operating environment and equipment
Harbor layouts differ from each other
Environment is salty, watery, dusty, sandy, etc.
Operation must be fast due to high value of goods
Ship-to-shore cranes (STS) and Automatic Stacking Cranes (ASC) already
operate on electricity
Study focuses on ship-to-yard machinery
Shuttle/straddle carriers, AGVs, and terminal tractors
[1] [4][3][2]
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Ports – charging concepts
”The opportunity charging
concept utilizes waiting
periods between each work
cycle to charge the battery.”
Charging
concept
Opportunity Depot
Charging Every break Once per day
Battery size
(type)
Small (LTO) Large (LFP)
Charging power
requirement
High Low
Operating breaks Short or none Long
Operating range Short Long
Other Charging duration
depends on layout
Easy
relocationing,
battery swap[6]
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Ports – TCO calculations and sensitivity analyses for
opportunity charging concept
*Comparison of only costs of
charger, battery, and electricity to
the cost of using diesel machinery
Assumes that a diesel-
hybrid model is modified to
a fully electric model)
Potential savings of around
50% compared to similar diesel
machinery
Investment payback time 1,6
years
Sensitivity analysis suggests, that a change in usage hours, fleet
size, and electricity price are most sensitive (affect total cost the
most)
! High charger price together with small fleet size raises the
cost significantly
Assumptions* Values
Avg power 40 kW
Usage per day 16h
Battery 40 kWh
Fleet size 5
Battery unit
price (LTO)
1000 €/kWh
Charger price 250 000 €
Battery and
charger lifetime
10 years
Electricity price 0,10 €/kWh
System
efficiency
75%
Residual value 0e
Discount rate 10%
75 %
14 %11 %
Costs
Electricity (4,57€)
Charger (0,86€)
Battery (0,68€)
Total cost 6,11€
11
Electrification of ships
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Ship electrification – feasibility
Ships are rarely operated under design conditions
Ship electrification benefits the most for ships under changing
operation conditions
All electrical scenarios suitable for ships with very-short-leg “on-off”
operation profiles
Hybrid scenarios suitable for ships with variable operation profiles and
longer-leg “on-off” operation profiles
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Ship electrification – application example
(Norled) ZeroCat – an all-electric ferry to float probably on the
water this spring
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Ship electrification – global potential
Finland – Land of waters and islands (good pilot sites)
Strong maritime players, electric powertrains
Study the most viable use cases and operations
Charging and energy management
Utilisation rate as high as possible, commercial operation
Ecosystem creation and build-up of pilots: industries with R&D
All-electrical short-distance ferries
Hybrid ships running at sea/lakes
Hybrid icebreakers, better under
transient-state operating conditions
What about a fully electric ferry in
inner Helsinki (Kruunuvuori)?
Source: http://www.greenferryvision.dk
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Summary and conclusions
Fully electric vehicles and systems are fast emerging
Electric city buses are heavy duty sweet spot in road transport,
other use cases and applications will follow
Hybrid working machines and vehicles demonstrate fuel and
related emission savings up to 30 – 40 %
Design and optimisation requires systemic approach
Value proposition: lower system-level TCO
What about electric&hybrid ships and marine vessels? Finnish
and international business?
Components, powertrain/propulsion systems? Yes / emerging.
Industrial players in the value chain? Yes.
R&D competences and facilities to support? Yes.
Should we find the sweet spots and go for it !?
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