Electricity Use Theory G11
-
Upload
driss-soulaimani -
Category
Documents
-
view
252 -
download
1
Transcript of Electricity Use Theory G11
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
1/243
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
2/243
ZUM* edb rOd
ULF UdNWUMB r??K
_ e?'
uU _ n?BKwUMB dH
wuA rU ULF UdN UIM V U UdNJK UIM g dUqUL dOI nu WFd s1
uBM w wLuI U .dJ b
uHR*
5DK WwUF rOKF WOd
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
3/243
WOd v_ WFD?
ZUM* edwUF rOKF WOd u WuH l?D uI lOLWMb* ed WN s 5LO vK U bUF* U uOB* w ZUM* ed
5DK tK fU uHK
[email protected] wdJ uMF www.pcdc.edu.ps WOdJ WHB
5DK W w wUF rOKF WOd d
wb UFK UNb w uU _ nBK ULF UdN U fb
ZUM* e?d
hL(u dL ud d
UF d?
hL( u rOF ZUM* W?M' fOz
5U ZUM* ed U db
WOMH dzb
U?d b?z d?
wudI UA UJ U' b UL ou UL UL r?OL?B
u? bL? WUDK Vu; b
WuU WKdLK ULF UdN UNM* wMu odH
wLuI U UB UL qOUL uL
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
4/243
bONL
VFA UuL oOI WOMODKH WOuB) wd UNM l{ d{ wUF rOKF WOd VFAK WOMu UO UM ULN UU bF wMODK UNM UM uFA 5 tUJ cQ v wMODKH
UN w Wb* WdA uLK WOLM wU ou WOdI1b rOI aOd UU wMODKHuK WOL) WD) Uu wu c lL* b oI UN s w rOKFK WOzd WKOu t w UNM* WOL sLJVUD rKF* bO v_ _ rKFK jOu bB* t_ UNM* dUM b wb* UJU WU WUMjzUu s UdO d_ rKF WOK; WUI uU( Xd rKF qzU s dO v WU{
bU*VJ wMN* wMI rOKF UNM* UND s v_ WKd* oOD UF c u dlOMB qOLweM* UBwbMH U we wUMB tdH uU _ nB
UN qI* UF w uU wU nB UNM V UNFO wKL dE UU VJ bf*qLF uHBK UF rOKFK WOb* VJ lOL b XKL b wUF rOKF WOd uJZUM* WOKOK% WO1uI U qL wdJ rOKF UJA U w WO WOM lOu vK UOU u
wMODKH rOKF WOu 5% ud duD WKu* UuL UOI YU* lOL w qd*eO UU UI Ub v dA b_ uHBK e$ w rKF* W WOb* VJ bFdOu wIDM qN uKQ X{d UuKF UF s tOK qLA U0 rKF rOKF WOKL w WOU .uI VOU WDA_ qzUu fb ozdD qB W{ dR sLC WuM d
uc* WOL) WD) U l
UNb uuI sc ULKF* 5LKF* 5ud WUA0 UuM Ud UNOIM VJ WFd rbI w dOG l w duD qbFK WKU WOd& UF WFd v v_ s UFD u ds uN s tO c U bI0 e wMODKH wb* UJ WLO UO( UN wuuMJ wLKFrOKF wUdudOOG ub sc WOb* VJ b U w 5BB* s sJ2 b d WUAsu wd w d nOQ wU w ZUM* ed UN WONM0 WFd* s WFu UOKLF s
bOu vK qLF cWOb ULEM* UR* v dbI dJA qe bI UNF wUF rOKF WOd
ZUM* dA* wU* UNLb UJOK WuJ WU WIbB WOdF bUK s wU wMu qLF c U$ w XU w WOMu Wud UHJU dH u ULqLA tFu V yq eOL* ruN rNUA vK rdJA WOb* VJ bS uI w Wud5LLB* qLF Uu 5UA* sd; 5HR* d ZUM*ed Wu ZUM* U'
oOD UM bO* s WOb* VJ d w 5UA* 5FUD 5Fd* 5Ud
wUF rOKF WOd ZUM* e?d
uK
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
5/243
WbI
bF sOFL t t vK sOKdL bO vK B tK r
wMI rOKF UNML WCdF uD vK UL ULF UdN UNM rJb sO lC s U
tUJ qCQ uM UNML c d v UMFD U UMUwMNL
s b WOzUdNJ uKF qLA w ULF UdN UL WdEM Vu UNML c UM
WDO WOzUdNJ b v qB v Wc WdEM
sOuI WUJ d dOGL UO XU UO UM qOK UNML c wDG r
`{ j qJA b c qOK eK w WO{Ud
WU eF WOeML WOzUdNJ bbL WFd bu U uK UdE s o U UL
v_ bu w u WOzUdNJ UFL UdEM rOUHL
WF UNML c sJ ULJ b q tQ wb WN s UJ w c U r dO
u qCQ tLbI UNML c d rJUOu rJUdS UMOK uK Q q UMKJ WOd
qN v UNML c d bM WOKLF UL WdEM UL sO WOKUJ vK eOd s b pc
uKDL VUML qJAU tLbI d tLOOI UMOK
uHR*
oOu w tK
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
6/243
U???u??;
WFd
bu
W
U
bu
WOU
bu
v_b
u
UdNJ UOU
WMU UdNJ Wc WdEM
UUD wzUdNJ bN' UO uF u*
WOzUdNJ b
XU UO
WOzUdNJ WUI*
uU
WOzUdNJ bI WUD
uAdO 5u UFu*
UM* UO
UHK* WOOUMGdNJ
UHK*
UM* UOK WOU U
UM* UO
WOzUdNJ u;
WOeM* WOzUdNJ bbL
WUL( eN iQ
pK lDI WU UO
UNB WOeM* WOzUdNJ bbL qL qd
WOeM* WOzUdNJ UDD* d
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
7/243
b???????????????uU???????O???????U???????U??????d??????N??????J??????
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
8/243
WMU UdNJ Wc WdEM
w b YO UdNJ rK w WU WOL WdEM cN Wc WdEM WIU p w XUM WHKL tdOQ wzUdNJ UO Ud uLK WOzUdNJ hzUB dOH
UNOd c
dUMF s UNOd w nK t WU dBM qJ UL UM b w(Atom) c??c uJU 10 24 s uJ UM s VFJ dLM b YO b dOG cd_UuJ qJA `{u w UL qO vK b w UdJ UNu b UO WKOI u s
udJ (NUCLEUS) uM
qJA w `{u u UL c u uWOU ULO s
c UuJ qJA
(Protons) Uud Wu WOzUdN WM qL ULO w
(Neutrons) UduOM
WUF WOzUdN WM qL ULO w
(Electrons) UdJ
U bIL YO s ud WMA WU WU WOzUdN WM qL b WHOH ULO wUI qJ vK b w uM u UdJ b (1.6x10- 19 c)
uM u UdJ lu
n?K UNM dBM q suJ U UNUH UN YO s UNCF s dUMF nKb w bL b U UNUdJ UNUduO UNUud b w d dBM s dBM uB WF bL c s b qJ c UdJ b vK bLFO uM u UdJ UNOWF uBI tF s q UdJ s b b w bu sJL sJ UdJ s
wK UL w b qJ uBI
b???????????????
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
9/243
UM qJA
RUJ b
dJ 2_ bLdJ 8wU bL
dJ 18YU bLdJ 32ld bL
uUIU b??? q??J?? U??d????J?? s?? u??B??I?? W??F???? v??D??F??
wU 2N2 bL w UdJ s uBI WF
bL r (N)YOvK UNu u YO UM c bUIK ULqJA w sO u UL duO sdA l ud sdA ltF TKL _ bL b qJA w sFLU uBI tF TKL wU? bL dJ 2 w uBI18 w uBI tF vKL YU bL dJ 8 wjI b dJ vK u dO_ ld bL U dJ
UdJ 32 w uBI tF _ UOK TKL dO t c w UdJ S?? wUU(Valence)RUJ b?? c?? w wUdO_ bL vLrK w WU dO WOL RUJ UdJ (Valence Electrons )RUJ UdJ vL bL
WuN Udd sJL w UdJ UN_UdNJ
( Free Electons) d( UdJ
pK s UNb bF vK bLF c uI WODI WuL uM l WODI WU UdJ jdu XU uM s bL bF ULK d ULNMO c u XU uM s Ud bL U ULKJ uMdJ_ V vK b w b U ULK d dJ_ WU uJ d WOU s q c
Wd d `B XKH vK b v b s qIM tS WOU{ WUbF_ w?? RUJ UdJ
q v?? dF wUU u??M?? suM s c uUM VOd w UMMFL k????q??J??A?? w?? sOL
b?? UdJ u RUJ b??uM s dJ bF ujI
ddJ
d( UdJ qJA
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
10/243
d `B uM dDO s XKH sJL dJ cuM s c u q v dF uN wUU UJ wOUMG U q Wd q WOU{ WU V d sO UOzuA ucJ qJA k UL c UdJ l dUM u d uC wzUOLOJ qUHqF UL ULK c VOd sL{ u w d UdJ s u U pK s WFD S
wzUdNJ UOK bO qu UM
IONS - Uu_
UOzUdN WUF c uJUNUdJ b uJ UbMU UNUud bF UU
UdJ c c bI b `B d bb s d Wu* UNUud`B WU UNUdJWOzUdN WMA WuA c
WMA WuA `B UNS d b UdJ c X U Uu Uu czbM vL Wub w U_ w Wu* WU Uu_ qJA kUU Uu czbM vL WU
wzUdNJ UO WKu* WMQ* qOU;WOOdJ qOU; w UG w u wzUdN UO
WOzUdNJ WMA WMU UdNJ
dH WFD s UdJ iF pb qFH qBHM dH s WFDI UDL s VOC p bM
sO w UdJ s izU UN WU UDL VOC WM `B cN UDL VOC c oK qJA w `{u u UL UdJ w hI UN Wu dH WFD WM `B
Uu_ qJA
pbU sA qJA
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
11/243
sOLO v dNE qJAdH W??FD w UMA UFUO v?? U??D??L?? VOCVU ` b UDL VOCX b dH WFD WMA sO cNWMA WuWOzUdN WMA r s WOKL
Wu WOzUdN WMA r s U r p v WU UdJ WU{ lu w w WU qJA kr p s UdJ e? lu w w
uuJ
UN UNbI w UdJ bF sOF r UNKL w WOzUdNJ WMA bI btM uJ d UdJ X Wu tM uJ d UdJ t bI S r p
uuJ ? WOzUdNJ WMA UO b dF WUs bF c VJ c r UdJ (6.25 x1018) UM uL U WLO w uuJqL UdJ s bF c bIH c r uu(1) U WU WM qL UdJ
uu(1) U Wu WM
wzUdNJ U*
WM dQ YO UN jOL ju w d b vK U UJ w uuL WOzUdNJ WMA qLFUOzUdN U UI czbMWOzUdN uI tO l{u WOzUdNWOL uD wzUdNJ UL qOL rju c w dRuD s j q qL wzUdNJ UL uD vLWMA c d WuL UMA b U UL
UL uD rdUNOK UL UNUL w uI dOQb vK U WIDM w uD c WU b YO wzUdNJwK U wzUdNJ UL uD eOL r swzUdNJ UL
qIWMA ed u tuD t wzUdNJ UL U WU WOzUdN WMA uAL r
qJA k WMA s UbF ULK UNU
WMA ed s tuD oKDM wzUdNJ UL U Wu WOzUdN WMA uAL r
wzUdN UL WU WOzUdNJ UMA qJA
WUFL WU WuL WMA uNH qJA
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
12/243
s UbF ULK UNU qI U v
qJA k WMA
w?????zU?????d?????N?????J????? U??????????L????? u??????D?????? ?
lUIl UL uD qb qJA sOuD WNUAL UMA dUM v R UNCF
UMqJA sO ULd_ s bF WM q U WOMUUOK UNCF l lUI ULULNCF UU Ud UMA U WOMUUOK ULNCF l UL qB UM WHK
v R ULNMO WU u UM p vMFL WOzUdNJ UMA sO UU dUM UM ULvK UM WOzUdNJ uI vL WOzUdNJ UMA s WU uI c YO UNU UdUM
s q bI l Ud UUM VUM sODI sOOzUdN sOM sO WUL WOzUdNJ uI S uu uUULNMO WUL ld l UOJ sOMA
b WK
WUM* UF WLKJU dH UdJ UNu b UO WKOI u s uJ dBMF UM b w .................................
..................
..................
..................
w WHK ULO W s c u uJ
........................duOM WM........................ ud WM........................ dJ WM
........................c WM........................uM WMvB b dJ YU dJ wU dJ cK _ bL u
....................................b cK dO_ bL vL .......................................................................................... dJ u d dJ
UNUud bF .................................UNUdJ b uJ UbM UOzUdN WUF c uJ
...............
vL UdJ VJ w c .............
vL UdJ bIH w c UO b w U_ w ................. ..................S WOOdJ qOUL UG w
wzUdNJ UO b w U_ w ..................S WKuL uL w ULMO wzUdNJ.................................WHKL UMA .................................WNUAL UMA
dJ (6.25x1018) UM uL U WOzUdNJ WMA UO b u ...............
WHK* UMA U& WNUA* UMA dUM qJA
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
13/243
wzUdNJ bN' UO uF u*
uF u*
VK s quM c uJ WHK UUI u s qu WUu WOzUdNJ WUD lu qI ruL rI UuL UdNJK WU U s U G UdNJK WKu U s U VKIU
w U W v wzUdNJ UOK UNKOu YO s
(Conductors) WKu* u* wzUdNJ UO dL `L w uL wV ld UNu nKL UFL q UdqzU b vK u YO c UNOd v p wu dOQ X WdK WKUI d UdJ s`{u ULWUD wzUdN bN bBL WOU
qJA w WCH b U U sJ ULL uL s w uOML_ Vc UM WCH eN_ WOKb bbL UJ w bO UM U UNML UH V uL qL w Vc
WOU UdNJ lu qI UJ w uOML_ b sO w WOdJ WOzUdNJ
(Insulators) WUF u*
ld p UDL Ue VA q Ud wzUdNJ UO dL `L w uL wvK u? YO c UNOd v p w V
WdK WKUI d UdJ sb qOK b qJA w `{u UL wzUdN b?N dOQ X
WOzUdNJ WLE_ w dO WOL WUF uLKpO b L bFL UNULFdEWbB s U WUL WOzUdNJ _ WODG w
WOzUdNJ
b???????????????
d UdJ s qzU b
qu w WdK WKUI d( UdJ qJA
VcWCH
UMuOML_
d UdJ s qOK b
WdK WKUI d UdJ b qOK b UNO dNE WU U qJA
UDLUe
pOVA
sOKu
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
14/243
(Semiconductos)u* U ?dHB d W bM WOIM UNU w UN WKuL uL WUF uL sO j u w
uL U_ UNO VzuA iF WU{ od s UNOKuL rJ r UdNJK WU uJ oKDLq WOdJ dUMF lOL WUM w b YO Wb WOdJ WbMN U w WU WOLuJOKO UL c w WbL WKuL t uL r s WKUJL b ued
uOUd r s
(Electrical Current) wzUdNJ UO
d wJ qu d d v WDI s d( UdJ WNu Wd s U u wzUdNJ UO
b q???u* d U???dJ c???vK qB W???OU u??? U???NOK d???RWOzUdNJ W???UD b???B s uI c???
WUF WUD u UB* c bwzULOJ qUH WUD bbM U???dJ b??? w??? U??? b???Oub???M U???b w??? h???I 5???DI b???
VDI vK o???KD pc d V???DIt ed VU??? VDI r _wU VDI v???K oKD U???SUS t ed Vu* VDI rU??? pK??? qJ???A 5???
UdJ UFS uI WUDK VU??? VDI Q k qJ???A c w sFLU WUD wDI quVU??? VDI s d( UdJ d WOMU tO UNc Vu* VDI uI 5 w t???M d???(
wzUdNJ UO Ud vL??? d( UdJ WNu* Wd( c pK??? d Vu* VDI vpK w d wzUdN UO UM WU( c w UI
Ud dL WuL Uu_ UNDIK WUDK VuL dD d UdJ qb UbM
Wu Uu d UdJ dLU oKD WUD q wzUOLOJ qUH dL wzUdNJ UO
bb
WUD q UdJ Wd qJA
UdJ Wd
wzUOLOJ qUH
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
15/243
WE
wd sO pK q sJL lu w ULMO wzUdNJ UO Ud uNH `O{u jI UL c l{ bIUNHK v R UL Wd WUDK ld mdH dO UO d v R p _ dU qJA WUD
wzUdNJ UO U&
dD v WUDK VU dD s qu* d d UdJ Q qJA w XEw 5 u UL Vu* VDI v VU VDI s UdJ UO UO U& uJ wUU Vu*
. qJA 51qJA U w 5 UL VU VDI v Vu* VDI s UO Ud U& uJ vK `KD bIq wzUdNJ UOK wD U& ULKF vM b UdJ Ud U& fJF wD U& qLF X VJ ld* s bbF S p l UdNJK Wc WdEM l{
wzUdNJ UOK
wdJ UO U& qJAUOK wD U& qJA
(Current Intensity) wzUdNJ UO b
w qu d ob d UdJ s qO s U wzUdNJ UO Q WIU dIH w UdUdJ s dO b ob U WCHM UO b uJ UdJ s qOK b ob SsOF Uw UMOF UFDI dF w WOzUdNJ WMA WOL UNQ wzUdNJ UO b dF WFHd UO b uJ
wUU WOzUdNJ WMA ob bF WOUse b w quL
uuJUWOzUdNJ WMA WOL
WOUU se UO b
se b vK WuI WMA b w wzUdNJ UO b b WIU WUFL s sO.dO U Wb rUF v WdO rU bu c dFWOU qJ uu
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
16/243
U c dO wKOLU tM dG b b c b dO b dO_ uJ dO UOb dO (1) U dO wKO(1000) S d dOF mA d_U t ed dO 0,001
WOKLF UO w b WFzUA eN_ iF tOK qLF c UO b `{u wU
UN'UO b
U{ `OUBdO 0.1-0.6
WOzUdNJ UJ*dO (2-5)
WOeM* WdO(1.5-2.5)
WOzUdNJ Wb*dO(5-10)
WOzUdNJ d_dO(10-15 )
ueHK UNdO (0.4-0.6)
vb U UN WOzUdNJ b w UO b UIdcU db sAd UNKb dzb t ed dO_wu vK qu VdO_UO b UO UN
qJA w UL UNO UO b UO dL b w
WOzUdNJ WFb uI bN' d
UMA d UdJ d WOU dR u u u wzUdNJ UO Ud UeK r UB s uI c vK qB pMJL UIU Ud UL quL d sOF U w d vKWOzUdNJ WFb uIw WHK b ULQ uI c vL buL UUDU WOzUdNJ WUD
bu UI WNUA UdI UN UOLL c l WOuH wzUdNJ bN bN dd vK UMA UdJ d w uI UNQ UNHdF sJLV dU UN ed XuHwzUdNJ UO Ud V quL d sOF U w
wzUdNJ bN' d w sODI sO UdJ WOzUdNJ UMA WOL w d u bM wzUdNJ bN d QAM
dO_ UN qOu qJA
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
17/243
UNO hI s wUF w W?IDML v U?dJU WOMG WIDML s UdJ qIM YO WOzUdN s d UdJU UN dOI Vu d d UdJU wM VU d UNb WUDUVuL dD u d VU dD bM uuL d UdJ u UMA UF qquL WUD wd UMK WUDK VU dD VuL dD sO bN d u wMF cVU dD s d UdJ d WUD wd sO UOK dL qJA tS UM s
bN d dOQ qFH VuL dD v
EMF WOzUdNJ WFb uI
d dFL D QI UBwU qLL WKB WOzUdN WUD qJA sOUO dO wU qL w U VuL VDI v VU VDI s WUD q wzUdNJ UO
WMA d wJ q_ bN VU VDI v vK_ bN VuL VDI s wzUdNJvK WUD c p oOIWUDK WOKb WUIL vK qL WUI vK VKG UNOK WKU UL s WMA sOJL qGA c u WUD qL uJ WOzUdNJ b w UNKIM G WMA
b w WKUJ UNb uu b UbI WOD Wu WM qIM wzUdNJ bBL s cL qGA bIL
XuH bu UI wzUdNJ bBLK WOzUdNJ WFb uI vLtU bBL qWOKJbB wd sO bN d s dOFK U b WOzUdNJ WFb uI `KDB dcU db
WUIL vK bN u U VM pUO d b WU w wU qL b wzUdNWOMOU d_U WOdF WGKU WOzUdNJ WFb uIK ed wzUdNJ bBLK WOKb(E.M.F). d_U
XuH
dU t ed WOzUdNJ WFb uI wzUdNJ jGC bN d UO b u XuH (1) tUI qu d dO (1) tb UO pd bN d u Xu (1) S ndFU (V)
w UOdJ U w WbL XuH e UI qOBHU WUIL dAMXu wKO*
Xu 10-3 U (mV) sOdU t ed
XudJO*
Xu 10-6U(V) sOdU t edXu(1000) U (KV) sOdU UN ed XuuKOJ wN XuH UHUC U
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
18/243
vb U UN WOzUdNJ b w bN d UIdcU db s(V)d UNKb dzb t ed dOLuHvK qu VdOLuH bN d UO UN tOd sO bN d UO dL bBL qL l u
()qJA w UL
WOKLF UO( w Wb* uN'
dcUUD w WbL uN bOu vK oH bI(24) Xu (12) q WKzU UUD uN Xu (9) (6) (15) q WU UUD uN UNM
Xu
b UNO UL rUF rEF w WbL uNU d v bK s UF UO UJ uN nKU Xu (240)UOUDd w Xu(110) UJd w WKLFL uN sO w Xu (220) WOdFXu(6600 - 380000) sO UbN dO wUF jGC WOzUdNJ WUD qI UJ
dI* bN' UHu Wu vK WLOI c U q UbF V b bN WLO wzUdN UN qJ
wL sMIL dIL bN vL UN
wzUdN bN vK qJA w sOL UBL qLF Lv UO e Xu (400)bN t{dF bMF Xu(220)t v R?? UL UBL qL lOD UL dU{ UOU UO uJ s Xu(50) bN t{dF bM
wFO qJA UBL
UUD qOu
WFb uI s vK bN vK uB sJLvK UUD b qub WUD WOzUdNJwu vK WuuL UUDK wKJ bN wuqJA w dHL UUD uN uL UbN UNM qwu wK UUD l UMK Xu 6)U wKJ bN S pcXu1.5
dOLuH UN qOu qJA
sMIL dIL bN qJA
Xu6
X
u1.
5
u wu vK UUD qOu qJA
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
19/243
bN e???w???u?????? v??K?? U??U??D???? q??? b??M??UO _ UNU vK UO be WOUJ vI ULMOwKJUL UNH w UO b WUD q w dL wKJ b
b WUD w qJA w ULu vK UUD qOu bMtH bN vI sO w vK UO be WOUJ eUUD quvK UO vK bN vK uBK qJA w UL VdL qOuu wu vKbN vK qBM wu vK sOUD UMK qJA c wWuL l u vK WuLL c UMK rXu (3)
UO WHUC bN WKUL d
wU b WK
WUML UFU WOU UdH qL............................................................... w uL w UdNJK WKuL uL
..............................
......................................??vL d UdJ s qzU b vK u w uL
..................
................................................................................ WKuL uL s
.........................................?................................................................??? w uL w UdNJK WUF uL
...............................
.......................................vL d UdJ s qOK b vK u w uL
..................
.......?u?............................................................................WUF uL s
.........................................
...........................WdG d W bM WOIM UNU w uL UB dF UOzUdN
UUDK VdL qOu qJA
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
20/243
..............................................`B VzuA iF WKuL nB uL rOFD bM
........................................................................WKuL nB uL r s
................... q ...................................WUM w WKuL nB uL b
u YO c UNOd v ld UdNJ qOu vK WKuL uL b................
ld wzUdNJ UO qOu vK WUF uL b b ...................................vK................................... vK u YO c UNOd v
d??_ b?? bM .........................b???????????? vK WUD w?? wzUOLOJ qUH qLF
d dD bM ...................................................................................................... s U wzUdNJ UO
.....................................
...................VDI s WOzUdNJ b w UO U uJ wD U V .......................VDI v
. dU t ed ...................... ? UO UI
WOUuu ..........................U bu dO_
b S WOU(1) bI s w uu(3) U qu d WOzUdNJ WMA s WOL XIb
dO U quL w UL UO
.............................................. s dOFK WOzUdNJ WFb uI `KDB b U
wK UL q UO b d
.............bN d.............WOzUdNJ WFb uI
WOMO d_U WOzUdNJ WFb uIK dU UOK dU bNK ed
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
21/243
b???????????????
WOzUdNJ WUI* WOzUdNJ b
(Simple Electrical Circuit) WDO WOzUdNJ b WOU WOU_ UuJL s UNUJ j w WOzUdNJ b uJ
Source wzUdNJ bB* wzUdNJ UO Ud wzUdNJ jGC bN' d du c u
(Load)wzUdNJ qL( a dL UBLU WOzUdNJ eN_ b s U u
(Conductors) u* ?wzUdNJ bBL sO UO Ud d qJA wsJLuOML U s lMB U UU qLWU{S p WOKU d WOzUdNJ b w rJ qFtKBH wzUdNJ qLU UO qu SwitchUHdUM WUL FusedNB WU{ sJL ULWuN
qJA w sO UL dHL UO s bUNze WU uJ UbM WIKG WOzUdNJ b uJ
s wzUdNJ UOK dL qL YO iF UNCF WKBUNze b uJ UbM WuH WOzUdNJ b uJ qL d d dD v bBL wd bwzUdNJ UO d lML YO qB dO uBH UuDF
(Short Circuit ) dB WU w WOzUdNJ b
UO ob WCHM WUI d qL b dU qJA wzUdNJ bBL wd qB UbM
WDO WOzUdN b ed duB jD* qJA
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
22/243
iF v R b WFHd d ZM qzU(ShortdB qB tQ uI WOzUdNJ b eWOzUdNJ b w dBI b b w Circuit)TU qOu u e u b U s
qJA w sO UL _ w
WDO WOzUdNJ bK ed jD*
WUD UB vK u WDO WOzUdN b ed jDL duB jDL qJA sOWDO b c q r WOUJ s rdU UBL WKO d UL UO b UOI dO UN WUbIFL b r w WIdD c b b VFB s t dO qJA sOL w WMOL WIdDU
b UuJ qL u b qJA U v WMOLU We UDD ULF r V cNed L UNu w WOzUdNJ ud v dF V UDDL c q d q sJ WOzUdNJu wU b sOVU VDI v dOA dOB dP VuL VDI v dOA qu j WUDK
WOzUdNJ dUMF iF
wzUdNJ ed wzUdNJ dBMF
qu
jD vK sOKu lUIqOu uB wzUdN
ULNMO wzUdN
sOKu sO bI u vIK
wKO UB
dOQ UB
WuU WO WOK
WuU WO_ U) s WUD
wzUdN dB b qJA
Uqu
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
23/243
( DC )dL UO bB
( AC )UM UO bB
wzUdN d
wzUdN U
dNB
:(Electrical Resistance)WOzUdNJ WUI* w quL U eQ qu d UdO UM bDB wzUdNJ UO qJA w UdJ
UdJ dO U WUI WU bWOzUdNJ WUIL dF quL c wwzUdNJ UO dL UL WU bI UNQ d db s qJA w UL UNOcN U b v lL WdFL uL q
WOUUDL U? ?e?? q WUF uLKUdJ Wd W{UFL s dO bIwzUdNJ UO dL L wUU Udb dO WUI uL cN Q UI c UNO
WU u UNQU????M?? q?????? W???K???u???L??? u????L???? U?????b WKOK W{UF b UNS uOML_Q U??I?? c?? U??d???? U??d????J?? Wdu UNQ b WCHM WUI uL cN
l WOzUdNJ b w UL UO WLO s b WUIL Q UM sJL d ULWKubI l{ UO_ s dOJ w U UM d v U s nK WUI UN WKuL uL qWOzUdNJ d_ w uuL sO dUM UL qO vKF WOzUdNJ b w WUIL s bUDDL w UN ed R dU WOzUdNJ WUILK UA UUI s U w U Wb eN
qJA w sO{uL sedU WOzUdNJ
WOzUdNJ WUIL u qJA
WOzUdNJ WUI* dOH qJA
wzUdNJ UO
WOzUdNJ WUIL
wzUdNJ bN
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
24/243
_
(1) UO bN Wb _ dF () UGO wUuO dU t ed WUIL UO bXu(1) bN bM dO (1) tb UO dL `L w WUIL bI u
t ed UOL (103 U (K)sOdU t ed uKOJ _ UHUC sWbL Wd eN_ iF WUI rO `{u wU b (106) U (M)sOdU
WOKLF UO w
1 s q qOu pK
uOK 20s d UD WFD
50 - 0 wzUdN uJ 50 - 15 d_ w 5 dUM
UbM 60 - 0 WMU uJ UbM 600-0 UNd UHS WUI* WLO lHd U uJ
U{ `OUB
:(Conductance) WOKu*
b U s d wzUdNJ UOK UL WOKu b V VUML s uJ UO_ iF w(Conductance).WOKuL vL WOU b cNwzUdNJ UO dL UN{UF
UN e??d??w??zU??d??N??J?? U??O???? ddL vK U??L?? b??? s?? dF W??U??I??L?? fJ w?? WOKuL b UL r dO_ W wohm WLK uJF w mho u bu UIGdUWUIL uKI w WOKuL S UO{USdU UN ed WOKuL UOI Siemens eMOLO
G=1
RWF w UL
:(FUSES)
dNB*
bze UO s WOzUdNJ b dUM WOzUdNJ eN_ bFLK WUL dBM u uOH dNBLdNBM dBM w dNBL qL hKeN_ c nK v R c b dB UO s s
()qJA `{u ULsOF b s UO U bM b `H
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
25/243
dNBL qL qJA
b WK
WOU WK_ s V
WOU WOU_ dUMF s WOzUdNJ b uJ WuH WOzUdNJ b uJuJ UbM WIKG WOzUdNJ b uJ
uJ UbM UbM uA dBI b
w WOzUdN WUIL wUuO dU UN ed UNUO b dU WOzUdNJ WUILK ed
s b vK WOzUdNJ b w WUIL qLF
s U Wd WOzUdNJ eN_ w sO dUM w WOU dUMF WUIL WOdI WLOI
qOu pK WU U
dH wsO dBM ?
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
26/243
b???????????????udL* UO
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
27/243
b???????????????
WOzUdNJ UUI*
bM UNO wzUdNJ UO d oOF w U* WOU w WOzUdNJ WUI* Q oU w XWUI s U w WOzUdNJ UL_ Q X UL _ bu UI wzUdN bB0 UNKc w wzUdN bB0 tK WO t U* UO WLO b% w w qL( WUI Q uU s XLKFd UNu UE UUI* u v U qu WUI b% w quF v dF u b
UNKOu
uL WUI
qu* WUI w qu WF vK qJA w 5 u UL qu* WUI bLF
qu* u
tu l Ud VUM qu* WUI tu UU qu* WUI e
qu* WUI vK dR* quF qJA
qu* lDI WU
qu* lDI WU ULK t qu* lDI WU l UOJ UUM qu* WUI VUMuJ dO UNFDI WU w uU*U UO ob YO s U* dOu UdNJ qU9 tUI XKWFHd U* UO ob UNUI uJ dOG UNFDI WU w uU* U WCHM U* UO ob UNUI
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
28/243
qu* U u ?
s WMO WUI w ULK WOuM WUI*U dF U v udU WHK* u* WUI WUI sJ1UNUO b uOK (20) d W bM 23(1) tFDI WU d(1) tu qu WO vK U*
d(U UN ed d 23
U????????*dr WOuM WUIL
WCH0.0149UM0.0178
Vc0.021
uOM*_0.0241bb(0.14
bb d qJO dJOM WJO1.9
b'WO WF bU _U qu* WUI U sJ1
quL UL WOuM WUIL qu* uqu* lDI WU _U qu* WUI
L
AR=
YO_U quL WUI
dLUquL u
rKquL lDI WU
quL UL WOuM WUILd rK
R
L
A
U????? ??????? ??
Q ULK 2r (1.5) tFDI WU d (100) tu UM s pK WUI Vd 2r 0 .0178) UMK WOuM WUIL
q????????????????(
1,81 = 0 8710 (1 5 100 ) quL WUI
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
29/243
d( W
dF c U* WUI* d( qUF*U dOG c s dF d( W dOG U* WUI WLO dOGW (1) UNd W dOG WO (1) UNUI U* pK s WMO WUI WLO w UBIM Ue tQ
Wu W bu tLO s dOF r)wUuO d(U d( qUFLK eduOKWLO e w uLK (Positive Temperature coefficient) Uu WUILK d( qUF* uJUdJ Wd U v UNd W U R w WOIM UF* q UNd W UU UNUI
wzUdNJ UO qOJA b U& w rEM qJA UNF WOKL VFB U2 WOzuAFWLO qI w uLK (Negative Temperature coefficient) UU WUILK d( qUF* uJWO UNUI qI w WOOdJ qOU; uF u* U q UNd W UU UNUIu* iF d( qUF* WLO wU b' 5d( qFH WOzUdNJ WMA U s be* bu
UdNJ U w Wb*
ULd qUFLUM+0.0038uOML_+ 0.004uH+ 0.0045
XOd- 0.0004sM 0.0041
WJO UUuJ+0.000005
b'
WOU WF bU(RHOT
) WMU WUI* WLO U sJ1
RHOT
= R20
{1 + (THOT
- 20)}
YO
Wu20 W bM WUI* WLO R20ULK d( qUF* ( )
WUILK WOzUNM d( W THOT
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
30/243
U????????????
W u bM 7M s uMB wzUdN UB qOH WOzUdNJ WUI* V20 WdG d W bM qOH WUI XLK tKOGA UM Wu 2020 v UNd
Wu W qJ0.005
U 7M d( qUF* 50
U Wuq????????????????(
RHOT
= R20
{1 + (THOT
- 20)}
R2020
= 50 {1 + 0.005 (2020 - 20)} = 60
WUOF* UNUUI WOzUdNJ _
WOzUdNJ eN_ WUM w qb UL WOzUdNJ WUD lu qI w WOzUdNJ _ bpK u vK UNLO w bLF WUI _ cN UdO WOzUdNJ Ud; u; q
V UN_ UNO ud dO WUI* c uJ UU tU u tFDI WU
qUM pK b vK bN' u vK bN' u WLO bLF bB* bM j) Wb w tM q qL( bM j) WUN w bN' uJ
UOd w bN' u U u t tOK UF* s d U* UO WLO pK WUI.(%5) Ud; w (%3) Wb eN w WJA bN s (%2.5-1.5) t U U{
WuIM* WOzUdNJ WUD w UH
_ 5 v R Wd WU v WUD c s e qu% vK _ WUI qLF YOUQ _ c d9 c UO WLO WOUM WUOF* UUI* iF b' 5
6 4 2.5 2 1.5 1 23 lDI* WU36 24 18 16 13 11 dO dI* UO
WKL c UO WLO WOUM WUOF* UUI* b'
v R b pK d W lHd Ud0 uL* WLOI pK d U* UO WLO U& w b U qJA ozd uA wzUdN U9 b v wUU tHKG c UF UNB
bI bbL 23(2.5) U{ bbL 231.5) WOeM* bbL
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
31/243
UUI* u UOUb hzUB rOI WOzUdN UUI b eK WOdJ WOzUdNJ b qL oOIWOzUdN UO qL WdF WO rO UN WHK UJQ UUI* lMB c b c qL VUM
WLOI dOG WLOI WU UUI* UL 5Oz 5u v UUI* rI WuKF
Fixed Resistors WLOI WU UUI* dU dO qJA U dU qJA WUI* r vK VJ dOG WU WLO UN w UUI* w
WOzUA WOJK WOud UUI v UNFM U* UI UUI* c rI u
Carbon resistors WOudJ UUI*
qJA w `{u UL WOzUdNJ UNb l VUM YO WHK UQ WOudJ UUI* buUH pOdO u q WKu dO U u* udJ s Ze s UUI* c lMBsJ1 v bF0 WUI* Ud d d(U bL& r UOuD uJ U uKD* qJAU U* VB
qJA k WOU) _U UNKOu
WOzUAG WUI* WOudJ WUI* VOd qJA WOzUdNJ UNb l VUM UUI* U qJA
Film resistors WOzUAG UUI*
wuD qOJA qO D u WUI U s fU UA d WOzUAG UUI* rOLB VKDU* u dOG pc UAG c w wu e lDI WUILK WuKD* WLOI vK uB( r wew u W UUI* c bu qJA w `{u u UL UNLO wUU WUI* wd 5tAuOdJ qJOM wbFL UAG dbBI bO wbFL bO_ UA wudJ UAGUNM WHKJ vK wUU W d UNMJ WOudJ UUIL wU qJA YO s WOzUAG UUIL
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
32/243
Wirewound resistors WOJK UUI* ?
pK u lMB qJA w `{u UL eF qOJA qO vK pK s UH b s lMBd( UNUI qUF WFHd* WOuM UNUI V dJ b w dJ qJOM pzU s
WLOI iHM*WDK wUe D s WO WID vDG jO; ju dOQ s WUI* UuJ WUuk d( bb vK UNb 5 uOM*_ s d b0 nKG UNCFXML qd sWUI* r vK dU uU UNb _U WUI* WLO VJ UUI* s uM c w qJA
UI tAUM rOBS1852 WOUDd WOUOI WHu* w b; eOd UE lWd(
WOJK UUI* qJA WOJK WUI* VOd qJA
Surface Mount Resistors-SM Resistors WOD UUI*
`D* UL 5KJA duWUJ WOU WuD* UuK WLz UNKF U2 UNL dGB U9WOU v_ 5U) UU s uJ eOd UE UeOd w b WD* WUI*wuD_WUI*qJA dNE UL UH_ bnUC* qL dO_ WU WU) U WUI* WLO 9WU WOu WIK v WU{_U UI tdAMwUL) wuK eOd UE UeOd w b WOuD_
qJA dNE UL WUILK d( qUF* q9
UeOd d WOD UUI* qJA
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
33/243
Network Resistors WOJA UUI* ?
UNHOKG r WNUA* UUI* s WuL s U ww 5 u ULWKUJ* b WHK tA wU GWOdJ b w WOJA UUI* bqJA
WNUA* UUI* s dO b u% w
WOJA UUI* qJA
Variable Resistors WLOI dOG UUI* UNLO dOOG sJL dOGL UUILK U UHK ud eN w uBU rJ `OUH dFuB UMUJS wMF cN (1000) UNLO dOG WUI uI UbM UNOUHdb WuN
(1000) dHB sO d rO vK UNM
dOG* WUI* qL qJA
WUIL WLO vK ULNUu qB WUIL wUN L Ud d W dOGL WUILKvK sOUNM b l tUu qB UI dBM u d oeM e qB YU dD WOKJ
qJA w `{u UL WOKJ WUIL s WHK rOvK uHK pK s lMB WOD Wdz udJ s UWJ qJ vK UIL dBMF lMB
U d rOI du WHKJ WKOK w 1 s q WObL bI rz WOudJ u_U VKdu dQ 3 WDuL bI rz wN _ WuHKL u_ U UO 1 uKO1 sO
uKO 100 10 sO U d rOI
wjC Zb q WO{d bF qLF b dOG UQ dOG* UUI* duoO j{ v WU( bM b c oOb jC u oKG* uM uH* uMUJ W du
qJA k WUI*WLO w dOG b WUI* UH db ZMO YO b
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
34/243
dOG* WUI* qJA
YO rI u bN UOI(Potentiometer) bN UOI r UC dOGL WUIL vK oKDk udJ U vK oeML Wd pc (V
IN)qbL bN s qJ (V
OUT)d bN WLO b
wK UL qL WU w dL bN WLO b qJA
VOUT
= VIN
xR
2
R
qLFLogWO9Uu nB LinWOD U0 WOudJ bN'UzefOUI duWOFL eN_ w UN'U rJK Q dO_
bN' UOI qJA
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
35/243
WU) UUI* WOKL UIOD rz WU lM dD WU u s lMBUUI* qL s UNKL nK WOdJ b w WMOF
UUI* c s WUF
udO qJA udO WUI qJA k UN{UH d( W UHU uLK qJA UNUI dOG w WUI* w w d( Wb fL UNb sJ1 UL d( W UH s WUL( w b
Uu UNM bu d( W UO eN w bd Wb eN w rJd( W UHU UNLO qI w (NTC) VU d qUF WUI
d( W UHU UNLO e w (PTC) Vu d qUF WUI
UUI* c u qJA dNE
(VDR) bNK WFU uUH WUI
UNd vK dR* bN' U l WUI* c WLO qIUH s WOzUdNJ bF* WU U w UU bu vK WUI* c qu wzUdNJ bN' w TUH*bNK TUH UH b UbM tU d* UN' ls e h9 UOE( uUH WUI qI UN' wd 5
tb dJM TUH* bN'WU) UUI* u qJA
dNBL qLF WOud WOJK WUI ?UO U UbMF WOd WOU ULb_ UF UuK Ud UM WOJK WUI* WU w bM UO d lDI qBHM WKu vK UK dNB b v WUI* c s dI* b 2 s q UNLO dOG WUI b WOudJ WUI* WU w U WKu U( U sJ1 qDFbF UNb sJ1 WUI* c d% dI* b UO U UbM l s q dOG UNb
qDF
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
36/243
Light Dependent ResistorLDR uC vK bLF* WUI*
UU UNLO hUM WUI* c WOzu{dNJ dUMF b s b uC vK bLF* WUI*2 s d v qB b b WOU E w uC vK bLF* WUI* WLO uJ UNOK jU uC b
_ s U lC v UNUI iHM uCK dF UbM sJ UO
uOUJ bOd q uCK WU( WKu* t u* s uC vK bLF* UUI* lMBuC vK bLF* WUI* VOd qJA 5 CdSe e uOUJ bOMOKO CdSer qOu wdD e pOdO Ue s WU WI vK uCK WU U s WIO WI qJA
uCK WU( U* vK uC uI `L WOU cU t wJO wbF w l{u
qOu d
uCK WU U
WU bU
WOzuC WUI* e ?qJA WOzu{ WUI qJA WOzu{ WUI* lDI qJA
eN w UU qLF U* qO vKF UOdJ w bb UIOD uC vK bLF* WUILK
tUO u{ uu U d_ VKD YO qd* w VNK nU WO u_U rJ c
UUILK WOMH UHu* wU WOzUdN w WHU WUI b U UNUd V w UUILK WOMH UHu*
UOL uKOJ U WuKDL WLOI s dF WUIL
WOU WUFL s UN wQ WUIL Ub w uBI bI wbIL bI
P =
V2
R = I2
x R
U tM dF bLF* buU d( W w dOG qJ WUI* w dOG u d( W qUF
uOK*U e_U
tM dF se s WMOF b vK WMOF d X% qB c WUI* WLO w VKI u dI % Wu WM
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
37/243
UUI* eOd rE UU
UUI* u rE 5UE UM UNUNUH UNLO v dOA WOu ud WLKF WOzUAG WOudJ UUI* uJ
qJA dE wUL) wuK eOd wUd wuK eOd UL wuK eOd w sbLF
qJA
wUd wuK eOd WUILK _ rd UO WN s v_ WIK( b%WU WIK( b% WUILK wU rd WOU WIK( b% W b WFd WIK( U UH_ b dAF nUC* qJA k WdEM WUI* WLO w t uL* UH
wUd wuK eOd qJA
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
38/243
U????????????
cN v_ vK_ sb U UOd oU qJA w WMOL WUIL WLO UWLOI
q????????????????(
sO WUIL r vK WMOL u_ UIK v dEMU(4) bF qUI dH v_ WIK u
(7)bF qUI wHM WOU WIK u(100) nUCL qUI dL WU WIK u
5% UH W qUI w WFd WIK u sO UNCF VU U_ l{u
uKO4.7 4700 47100 WUIL WLOWLOIK vK_ b
4700 + 4700 x5
100= 4700 + 235 = 4935
WLOIK v_ b uKO
4700 - 4700 x5
100= 4700 - 235 = 465
wUL) wuK eOd
WOU WIK( b% WUILK _ rd UO WN s v_ WIK( b% wUd UEM w U( u ULdAF nUC* WFd WIK( b%WUILK YU rd b WU WIK( U WUILK wU rd`{uWdEM WUI* WLO w t uL* UH W b dO_ WU) WIK( UH_ b
UNUH UUI* WLO bb UEM c b WId qJA w 5* U*
BS1852 ud UE
WOU Wb_ d( WDu dAF nUC* WLO pc WdAF WKUH UJ bb% r UEM c wWLzUI c ULF WId WOU WK_ `{u
0.18 wMF R18 560 wMF 560R
WdA WKU nUCL(K)d( b YO uKO2.7 wMF2K7 uKO39 wMF 39K
UHd
1%F
2%G
5%J
10%K
20%M
b'
WdA WKU nUCL(M)d( b YO UO 1.0 wMF1M0
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
39/243
b' k UH v U wU{ d U( r r sWLzUI c ULF WId WOU WK_ `{u
5% UH 0.18 wMFR18J10% UH 560 wMF 560RK
UUILK WKCH* rOI uu* rOI b uJ tUHUC dA r WdAF rOI s K bF UUI* du
%10UNUH mK w UUI* w WUI* rOI b* qLAO b; UHU UuJ WKK q wE6 WKKU UC dF WOU WOU_ WOb WdAF rOI WKK UMeK
1.0, 1.5, 2.2, 3.3, 4.7, 6.8
UHUC* UF* b* u U* qO vKF rOI cN WdAF UHUC* du wKLF oOD wWOU rOI 2.2 WLOI WUI*
2.2,22,220.2.2K,22K,220K,2.2M
w10% UNUH mK w UUILK E12 WKKK WOU_ rOI1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.2, 2.7, 3.3, 3.9, 4.7, 5.6, 6.8, 8.2
w5% UNUH mK w UUILK E24 WKKK WOU_ rOI1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.7, 3.0
3.3, 3.6, 3.9, 4.3, 4.7, 5.1, 5.6, 6.2, 6.8, 7.5, 8.2, 9.1
UUI* qOu UFw W dD UUI* qOu sJ1
wu vK qOu dDU uu v_ WUI* wd b YO UNCF WKB UUI W qJA 5k WU WUI* s _ dD l qB WOU WUI* s wU dD WOU WUI* s _lOL w tH UO d YO UOK jI b U wu w bu t qJA s
b e lOL s UO lDI UUI* b Xd UUI*UL WOKJ WUJ* WUI* w jI b WUI0 UUI* bS p b c jO sJ1uL* (Total) WLKJ UBU wQ(T)d( YO(R
Td(U UN ed qJA w `{u u(
UO b dOG UUI* WuL s b b w UNF{ sJ1 w WUI*WUJ* WUI*U bBIwKJ
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
40/243
WOzUdNJ b WUJ* b
wu vK UUI* qOu qJA
w UL UNLO V q d VUM UUIL vK VT bBL bN u wu w
qJA(V
1= I
Tx R
1) v_ WUIL vK bN d bN u(V
2= I
Tx R
2) WOU WUIL vK bN u
(V3
= IT
x R3) WU WUIL vK bN u
wUUV
T=V
1+ V
2+ V
3UL bN dH d uLLK UU(V
T) bBL bN uJ
IT
RT
= IT
R1
+ IT
R2
+ IT
R3
RT
= R1
+ R2
+ R3
VOd w WKb UUILK d' uL* U wu b WUJ* WUI* WLO 5 cJ qJA k b c
wu vK UUI* qOu qJA
bK (RT) WUJ* WUI* (VT)bB* bN vK wu w wzUdNJ UO WLO bLFwU uM vK uU vK UM (I
T) b UO V
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
41/243
WUJ* WUI* bB* bN UO
IT
=V
T
RT
U????????????
V qJA w 5 UL wu vK (30) (20) (10) UUI* XKWOKJ WUI*
q????????????????(
RT
= R1
+ R2
+ R3
=10 + 20 + 30
= 60
U????????????
(6) UNLO WU (4) UNLO WOU (2) UNLO v_ UUI XKXu (6) UbN WUD wD sO wu vK
WOKJ WUI* V WOzUdNJ b r
wKJ UO V WUJL b r ?
q????????????????(
2 4 6 12
6V 6V
qJA
12 = 6 + 4 + 2 WOKJ WUI*
w jI b WUI0 UUI* bU WOzUdNJ b j WUJ* b ?WD* b c vL qJA w `{u UL WOKJ WUJ* WUI*
dO0.5 = 12 6 WOKJ WUI*wKJ bN' (IT) wKJUO
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
42/243
U????????????
Xu (220) dIL UNKOGA bN (100) UNM q b WNUA U{ `OUB WLUB q vK bN u V Xu(220) bB wd sO wu vK XK
q????????????????(
UU UNOK u u bBL bN S wu vK Wuu WNUA `OUBL ULXu 44 = 5220 UB q vK bN u
dIL UNKOGA bN vK qB r UN_ b WCHM uJ u `OUBL c U{ bXu(220)
u vK qOu UL u b U w lUB* UM* w WOzUdNJ WUDU WOzUdNJ UL_ WcG WUDK wOzd bB* wd 5 u vK WOzUdNJ UL_ qu YO qJA w `{uUF* j) UH j UL 5D WUu bB*U wzUdN qL q qu Xu (220) WOzUdNJ
Xu(220) fOzd bB* bN vK wzUdN qL q qB cN duOM
lUB* UM* w WOzUdNJ WUDU UL_ WcG qJA
(VT)
WOzUdNJ WUDK wOz bB wd 5 u vK Wuu UUI W qJA 5uJO bB* bN vK WUI q qB% cJ
WU WUIL bN WOU WUIL bN v_ WUIL bN bBL bN
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
43/243
qJA
UNLO V wJ VUM bK WuJ* UUI* vK u w bB* UO u UL
uJ uU bU qJA w UL
v_WUI* wKJ bN' (I1) _ WUI* UO
I1
=V
T
R1
WOU WUI* wKJ bN' (I2) WOU WUI* UO
I2 =
VT
R2
WU WUI* wKJ bN' (I3) WU WUI* UO
I3
=V
T
R3
WFd WUI* wKJ bN' (I4) WFd WUI* UO
I4 = VT
R4
WOKJ WUJ* WUI* (VT) bB* bN vK u w wKJ bB* UO WLO bLFWOdH UO uL U(IT) bB* UO bK
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
44/243
IT
= I1
+ I2
+ I3
+ I4
VT
RT
=V
1
R1
+V
2
R2
+V
3
R3
+ ...
1
RT
=
1
R1
+
1
R2
+
1
R3
+ ...
UUI* UuJF lL qU l u b WUJ* WUI* uKI WLO U d vMF0UUI* c s _ WLO dG s u b WUJ* WUI* WLO qI p s ZM Wuu*
5U 5U UM
S (R) b q WUI u vK (N) Ub WNUA* UUI* s WuL qOu bM
WUJ* WUI*R
T=
R
N
UU UNOK bB* UO u
S qJA w UL u vK 5UI qOu bM qU 5UI* rO d{ qU WUJ* WUI*
5UI* rO lL qJA
RT
=R
1x R
2
R1
+ R2
U????????????
WOzUdNJ WUI* V u vK (40)(60) 5UI* XK
q????????????????(
WUF* b sJ1 jI 5UI vK u% b U0
RT
=R
1x R
2
R1
+ R2
=60 x 40
60 + 40= 24
U????????????
w UL u vK 60 (R3) 200 (R
2) 300 (R
1) UUI* XK
V qJA
WOKJ WUI*
Xu(20) bN bB wd 5 WuL* XK WUI q d UO wKJ UO
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
45/243
300 200 6020V 20V
40
qJA
q????????????????(
1
RT
1
R1
+1
R2
+1
R3
1
300+
1
200+
1
60 WOKJ WUIL
WU( c w dG_ dA* nUC* UNUUI bOu uJ c lL WOKL VKDS (600) U
1
RT
2
600+
3
600+
10
600
15
600
vK qB WUFL c wI VKI
RT=
600
15= 40
wKJ UO
IT=
VT
RT
=220
40= 5.5A
WOdH UO ?
I1 =
VT
R1 =
220
300 = 0.73A
I2=
VT
R2
=220
200= 1.1A
I3=
VT
R3
=220
60= 3.67A
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
46/243
U????????????
WOKJWUIL V u vK Wuu (200) UNM q bI WU UUI l
q????????????????(
WUF* b sJ1 WU UUI* U0R
T=
R
N=
200
4= 50
Vd* qOu UUI* tO qJA w `{u UL u vK qOu wu vK qOu 5 lL' sJ1WU w (R
1) WUI* l wu vK Wuu WuL* c u vK Wuu(R
4) (R
3)(R
2)
Vd* qOuU dF p S U w u wu qOu 5 e*
K
WLO dO_ dI V WUI* h bM qJAUNL vK WK* WLOIK UdI WU
VdL qOu qJA
UUI* UD UU
UNd W UH v R U2 t uL* b( s Ud U* UO U WO U WUI* qDFWUI* qDF s ZM WOudJ WUI* XH WOJK WUILK uJ* pK tF lDIM c b( vWcG bB qB bF dO_ bU UNLO UOI WUI* qD UA r UNUJ w WuH YO dJ* ULF WO WLOI dOG vL d qD UM WUI* d b qB b sWLOI YO s UHu* fH UN dQ WHU WUI* b Vd% WUI* WLO lHd
uU uB_ bI _U
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
47/243
U??????????
qJA w WMOL WOzUdNJ bK WOKJ WUIL V
64
5 2.45
7.4
qJA
q????????????????(
qd vK qLF b cN WOKJ WUIL U VKDWUI w ULN sJL u vK Uuu R
3
R
2 sOUIL UL v_ uD
(RT1) WUJR
T1=
R1
x R2
R1
+ R2
=6 x 4
6 + 4= 2.4
w UFL sJL wu vK Uuu R1
R
T1 sOUUIL UL WOU uD
(RT) WUJ WUI
RT
= R1
+ RT1
= 5 + 2.4
= 7.4
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
48/243
b WK
...................... bu UI ...................................................................... w WOzUdNJ WUI*
.................................................................................. w qu WF vK U qu WUI bLF
....................................................................................................................w ULK WOuM WUI*
........................................................................................................... bu WOuM WUI* UI
................................. w tU u UF Wb qu* WUI U w b w WF
XU pK WUI V d (0.0178) UMK WOuM WUI* d (80) tu UM s pK
23 (2,5) tFDI WU 23 (1,5) tFDI WU
pUE V 5U U
................................................................................................................tQ dF d( qUF*
V UN_ UNO ud dO WOzUdNJ _ WUI
.................................................................... ....................................................................
.................................................... v R p S dI* UO s d UO qu w d
:w WU UUI* u
........................................ ? ........................................ ........................................
WOU UUI* u VOd r
dOG* ? WOJK WOudJ
:WOU UBU wMF U
.................................................................................. (PTC)
.................................................................................. (NTC)
.................................................................................. (VDR) ?
: WOU UUI* Ub d
.................................................................................. (PTC)
.................................................................................. (NTC)
.................................................................................. (VDR) ?
...................................................... dNBL WOudJ WUI*
(1000) v dH s dOG WUI vK uBK UNKOu WOHO r 1000 dOG WUI
U* WOdH WOzd uD) w WOzUdNJ bbL w pL d b s
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
49/243
WLO U wC dL wHM dH VOd vK w WOu UIK l UNOK WOud WUI
UNO UL WLO U WUI* c
c WLO U w w dL dL VOd vK w WOu UIK l UNOK WOud WUI
UNO UL WLO U WUI*bK WOKJ WUI* V WOzUdNJ b r wu vK (35) (25) (20) UUI* XK uKD*R3=15 R2=18R1=12 Xu (220) bB wd 5 wu vK XK UU W
WOKJ WUJ* WUI* V WOzUdNJ b r
b w U* UO V WUJ* b r ?
U q vK bN' u V ?
WCHM UNU{ b uJ Xu (220) bB wd 5 wu vK Wuu* `OUB* qK
wu vK XK (484) UNM q WUI 100Xu220 WNUA U{ OUB WF
uKD* Xu (220) bB wd 5
WUJ* WUI* V WOzUdNJ b r
UB q vK bN' u `OUB* d U* UO V ?
UB* vK bN' u UB* w U* UO UB qJ WOIOI( bI ?
WUJ* WUI* V WOzUdNJ b r u vK (120)(60)(30) UUI* XK
WUJ* WUI* V WOzUdNJ b r u vK (8) (12) 5UI* XK
uKD* (100) UNM q WUI WNUA uK UB sdA vK u WM q
WUJ* WUI* V
Xu (220) bB* bN U UB q w U* UO WLO wKJ UO WLO V
wOzd bB* wd 5 u vK WOzUdNJ eN_ qu lUB* UM* w qK
WUJ* WUI* V qJA w WMO* b w
25
5050
qJA
WUI (120) UNM q WLO UUI WuL du (50) UNLO WUI eN& nO
(10) UNLO d
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
50/243
b???????????????
uU
c uUI u uU iF UNCF vK WOzUdNJ b w WUIL UO bN rO bLFv W r cN wL bI ucL W WOzUdNJ bu jd w WF `{u
w UL UO b VUM wK U vK hM WF c nA c u wUL_ rUF tUI l UOJ quL wd sO bN d l Ud UUM qu
UO Ud V w uI u bN WOzUdNJ b w bN bB u buL WUD
WU WUIL WLO dH UO q bN q ULK UO bN ULK tOK UM wzUdNJWUI u S fJFU iHM UO d v R WOU WUI u S XU bN dS
lHd UO d v R WCHM
uU U
w uUI WOU UJ W UM
UO
I VR WUIL bN UOUO WLO vK WF c hM WUIL bN Wb UO WLO U WF c b
WUIL WLO vK WuI bN WLO U
WUI*R
V
IUO bN WUIL
WLO vK WF c hM UO bN Wb WUIL WLO U WF c b UO WLO vK WuI bN WLO U WUIL
bN' ?
V = R I UO WUIL bN wd sO bN WLO vK hM WUIL UO Wb bN WLO U WF c b
WUIL WLO w WUIL d UL UO WLO d{ qU U WUI
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
51/243
uU dz
UO bN sO WF dc WId qN
w WMOL uU dz b w WUIL qJAWLO pF j uU dz bU WuKDL WF dNE WuNL bu
qJA w `{u u UL WuNL WLOI
U
(6)UBL WUI XU S Xu (12) WOzUdNJ WFb UNu WUD qLF UO UBUBL c w UL UO b V
q
UNUODF q WOzUdNJ b rd(V=12) Xu (12) bN(R= 6) ( 6 ) WUIL
(I = ?) dO () U?O
R=6
I=?
12V e uU dzb WUFU WuKDL WF VJ
I VR
I 126 2A
uU qJA
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
52/243
U
dO (3) bI UO V Xu(220) bN bB s qLF ZK W U
U WUI bq
UNUODF q WOzUdNJ b rd(V=220) Xu (220) bN
(I = 3 A) d?O(3) U?O
(R = ?) ( ) WUILR=?
I=3A
V=220V
e uU dz WUFU WuKDL WF VJ
R V
I
R 2203 = 73
ld b WK
uU h d
UL dIL bN s vK bN wzUdN UB idF bM b U
UL dIL bN s q bN wzUdN UB idF bM b U
b V WOzUdNJ b r Xu (12) WUD s qLF (4)tUI UO UB
UBL w UL UOWOzUdNJ b r Xu (220) d bN bB s qLF (80) tUI ZK W U
U w UL UO b VbN d V WOzUdNJ b r dO tb UO Ud d (6) UNLO WUI
WUIL wd sO
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
53/243
WOzUdNJ bI WUD
s u UL b vMH WUD S dF u UL WUD UJ b w UdNJWOzuC WOzUOLOJ WOJOUJOL WUD UJ nK qu WOzUdNJ WUD U sJL d v qJs d UJ v WOzUdNJ WUD qu WOzUdNJ eN_ b UL WOzUdN WU v Wd
WOzUOLOJ WOJOUJOL WOzuC Wd WUD q bOHL WUD
WOzUdNJ WUD bOu
WUD U??B?? r??? s?? WOzUdNJ b??u??L?? dFd??O??Q???? d???U??? v??K?? U??N??K??L?? w??? b??L????F?? W??O??zU??d??N??J??buL UHK uL b YO wOUMGdNJWOzUdN WF u dOQU UNO buO wOUMG U q
qJA w `{u ULb Wd WOzUdNJ WUD bOu UD wU U WOLA WuM WUD d rH
U c??w??U?? j??G??{ U???WU UMOu qOGA w qLFbu qOGA Ub uI WL{b??u??L?? b??? ? U??L?? WOzUdNW??U??u?? W??D??u????L?? d??O??G??B??UD w U eb UdWOd WOzUdNJ W??U??D?? bOu
UL uN b
WOzUdNJ WUD lu qI
oKD u uD WUu pKNL v WOzUdNJ WUD bOu WD s WOzUdNJ WUD qIMb w UJA c b UduB UL qJA sO WOzUdNJ lu qIM UJ UNOK
pKNLU wNM WOzUdNJ bI bOu WD s
WOzUdNJ WUD UB s bB WOOUMGdNJ qJA
WOzUdNJ WUD bOu UD; WOU_ e_qJA
b???????????????
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
54/243
vK WOzUdNJ WUD lu qI UJ u%
qOGA vK qLF WU WOzU UMOu
bu*
5?? d b??N Z??M W?OzUdN bu
Xu uKO 10-6
Xu uKO 33 v bN' ld u ?
l rd Xu uKO 132
bI iOH p UO iH bN'
od s WHKJ qOKI _ w bN' u qOKI v WU{U qIM uD w uIH*
dG lDI WU b
ed* b* v WOHd oUM* d WOzUdNJ WUD qIM w WOzuN wUF jGC uD
WOUMB
Xu uKO 15-6 s d ju bN v lHd* bN' iH u vK u% WOd UD ?
WOUMB ed* b* u d WOzUdNJ WUD qIM ju bN uD
Xu 380 Xu 220 v iHM bN v ju* bN' iH u
iHM* bN'U pKN* e WOzu WO{ O ?
Electical Power)WOzUdNJ bI w qG qIM e d cqJA wj b vK d?? v WDI s bMB qIr pd w cL qGA WLO vDF qIMdsuOM bu qGA UI WOU WFU UWbL bu fH w u UC vL
WUD UOIqGAse
bI
bu WOU w cL qGA bI qGA c t r c bFL wN bI Ud fLO rUFK ULdJ u UC vL WOU w u w bI UO b
(W) dU uK ed WU W
WOzUdNJ WUD lu qI qJA
qJA
bIWUD
se
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
55/243
UdJ pd w WU G bN bB c WOzUdNJ b wUO l w WJKNL WOzUdNJ WUD bF vL b e d UOUI P dU UN edWOzUdNJ bI b?? e d wzUdNJWOzUdNJ bI Q Wd qL UO uI qL bN ULu bu
bNU UO d{ qU UbN' x UO bI
P = I x V
YOuU bI :P
dO_U UO b : I XuHU bN' :V
WOKL bu uKOJ b pc WOKLF UIOD WU rz UNS dOG b u U0(KW) 5d(U t ed 1000 U u bI UOI
UuU sL b V dO 5 bI UO V Xu 220 bN wzUdN s
uKOJ q
bN UO bI 1100 = 220 5 = uU bI
uKO 1.1 = 1000 1100 = uKOJU bI
s uJ b UN dI* qOGA bN bI WOzUdNJ eN_ UHu Wu vK U qqOu UI dbI U* qO vK UM vMO UN' t c UO WLO WdF tO ud*
bN' bI Wb UO WLO U sJ1 UN' c WUL( wzUIK lUI dNBM* UOWOU WFU WOzUdNJ UUU WO_ UL
bIbN
UO
qJA
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
56/243
UdH t c UO b V Xu 220 bN qLF uKO 5 tb wzUdN d
q
Xu 220
bN 5000 uKO 5 bI UO
bN bI UOdO 22.7 = 220 5000 UO
iF w d_ WOdJ dUMF UUI* u* w d qJA WOzUdNJ bI bs bbF w bOH dO uJ b UNMJ WOzUdNJ d_ UM* w UL bOH d( c uJ UO_WOdJ dUMF u; Ud; u* w UL U{ uJ U0 q d_ eN_
w b* bI s dF W U P = IVwU_ bI uU V = IR uU Z sJ1UL WF cN 5KJ UM dU qJA WUI*
WUI* UO Wb bI WUI* UO ld bI
P = I
2
V
WUI* bN' Wb bIWUI* bN' ld bI
P V2
R
Utb V Xu 220 bN 484 tUI wzUdN UB
484 WUI* q(Xu 220 bN'
bIWUI* bN' ld bI
100 = 484 (220 220) bI
WUI* w b* bI qJA
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
57/243
(Horse Power)UB( bI UF w wJOUJO* UB( bu UO_ iF w WOzUdNJ UC* Ud; b vDFc fLO q s bI UOI bu c XF{ bHP 5d(U UN ed 746
ULz UWU Ud; lOMB U w qLF UdOJ tU WOd; c TUJ UB r QqI ld u i UB( UNO ZM w746 UbI b s eM U bFLse s WUM b*4\3 U bu UB( Q dc VUM* s
UdI uKO
(Electical Energy)WJKN* WOzUdNJ WUD
YO UNb s WOzUdNJ eN_ b WdF0 WJKN* WOzUdNJ WUD V%se bI WUD
WUU se uKOJU bI (KWh) WU uKOJU WUD bI YOUOI b vK lUB* UM* w WOzd lu Wu u%kpKN* UNOK UM VU w WJKN* WOzUdNJ WUDw WOzUdNJ WUD N d_ WOzUdNJ eN_qJA
uN nOJ Wb 5 eN q WOUF bI eN_UO( w b WFzUA eN_ iF b `{u wU b'WOKLF
UNbI
U{ OUB100 v 10s d WHK bI du
WOzUdNJ UJL 2000-1000
WOeML W300
WOzUdNJ WbL 2200
WOzUdNJ d_ 3000
ueHK UN 80
WOzUdNJ WUD UO UN qJA
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
58/243
Uw WJKNL WOzUdNJ WUD V UU (8) bL qLF uKO (2) UNb WOzUdN Qb
UK (30)WU uKOJ dF U UNHOUJ dH c
q uKO (2) QbL bUU(8) qLF s
UK (30) WU uKOJ dFWU uKO WJKNL WUD
UK N nOUJse bI WUuKO WJKNL WUD
WU uKO16 = 8 2 =
WU uKO WJKNL WUDWUuKOJ dF WJKNL WUD WJKNL WUD nOUJUK 480 =16 30 WJKNL WUD nOUJ
b WK
WUML UF WLKJU dH
w WOzUdNJ bI w bI UO b
vK uU bI bI rI uKO v uU bI qu ?
? uKOJU bI bI dC v uKOJU bI qu
UF wJOUJO* UB( ?
? UB(U bI bI dC v UB(U bI qu
wU_ bI uUI mOB V
(220) bN U S dO (3) bI UO V WOeM W `D s bOK W s
uU tb V Xu
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
59/243
uU QbL b V dO (11)bI UO V Xu (220) bN qLF WOzUdN Qb uKOJ
c t c UO b V Xu(220) bN qLF uKO (4) tb wzUdN U
qLWUIL UO Wb bI wDF w WF V uU sL b V dO(5) bI UO tO d (50) tUI wzUdN s
uKOJWUIL bN Wb bI wDF w WF V
UBL b V Xu (220) bN (806) tUI wzUdN UB WJKNL WOzUdNJ WUD wDF w WF V
Ue WJKNL WOzUdNJ WUD UOI WOKLF bu d WOzUdNJ WUD V UOu WU (12 bL qLF uKO (1,5) UNb WU W
UK (30) WU uKOJ dF U UNHOUJ WJKNL
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
60/243
b???????????????
udO uU
b bN UO UqOK w uU b sJL t oU b w XE bIUM sJu wu vK Wuu UUI b b WUI vK u w WDO WOzUdNJdHL uU bU UNKOK sJL w bIFL WOzUdNJ b s dOJ
UuO Ud qFbIFL WOzUdNJ b qOK WOKL dO w dD sOuI s bbF UM bIFL WOzUdNJ b qOK udO wuU
uU rU _ uUI dF bIFL WOzUdNJ b qOK ULN UuU udO Uu rUF l{
qOBH s wA sOuUI sc dAM bNK udO uU wU uUI vL ULMOUOK udO
UOK _ udO uU w qOu dH WDI bI w WOzUdNJ UOK d uLL vK uUI c hMd uLL uI sJL YO j uB uUI c WUO sJL dH U WOzUdNJ b
bIF fH s WU UO uL U bI WMOF WDI v WUI UOKwuU w u??? d `KDB tuM V
UN lL w WODI uM U WOL v dOA udOWUML U UNzUDS pwzUdN bN UO qWU uJ Wu uJ UUN
kqJA v dE _ udO uU rNHW pUM ULMO bIF v tL bOu u 1 UO UM bIF fH UG 4UO 3 UO 2 UO UOd od t bu tS bIF v 1 UO qb UbM t
d_ UH od s UGL u uwK UL UUMJ WUF v c UMLd u
_ UO
wU UOYU UO
ld UO
_ udO uU qJA
4UO 3UO 2UO 1UOI1= I
2+ I
3+ I
4
I1
_ I2
_ I3_ I
4= 0
VU bIFK UGL UO Vu bIF v qb UO Ud UM UM k
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
61/243
U????? ??????? ??
qJA w I3UO U WLO b
q????????????????(
v UN (I3) (I1) UO dHbIF UG I
4 I
2 UO ULMObIF
uL UOK udO uU UMI U bI WMOF WDI v WUI UO
bIF fH s WU UO uL
I1= 6A I
3= ?
I2= 3A
I4= 5A
qJA
I1
+I3
= I2
+ I4
6 +I3
= 3 + 5
I3
= 8 - 6 = 2A
bNK wU udO uU WOzUdNJ b w WIKG WIK vK wzUdNJ bN rO lOL d uLL vK uUI c hM
dH UUUIL d{ qU d uLL uI sJL YO j uB uUI c WUO sJL
UNO WOzUdNJ WFb uIK d uLL U WOzUdNJ b w WIKG WIK w WU UOb VOd w uQ
emf = I x R
bFuUI c oOD UM Wd U v U VVDI v VU VDI s WUDK WOzUdNJ WFb uI Ud U UWUD w UO U s dEM iG UN VuL
UNO UO U fH uN WUIL wd sO bN
R1
V1
E1
E2
V2
R2
wU udO uU qJA
wzUdN UO WOzUdN WF u q S Vu* wb U& uWU UI U& Uc SUU uJ p nU U q Uu uJ WU UI U& w
qJA w WMO* WIK( vK bNK udO uU oD UM
E1- E
2= V
1+ V
2
E1- E
2= I (R
1+ R
2)
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
62/243
U????????????
qJA w WMO* b w WUI q w U* UO WLO V
R1
68
E1
12V 9VE2
R2
33
R3 22
I1
I2
I3
I3
bIF
qJA
q????????????????(
bIF vK UOK udO uU oOD
I1+ I
2= I
3
dHBdO WIK( vK bNK udO uU oOD
E1= I
1x R
1+ I
3x R
3
E1= I
1x R
1+ (I
1 +I2) x R
3
12=68 I
1+ 22 (I
1+
I2)
12=90 I
1+ 22 I
2........ (1)
dC)dHBWOU) dJ WIK( vK bNK udO uU oOD
12 - 9 = 68 I1
- 33 I2
3 = 68 I1 - 33 I2 ........ (2)
d{3 ? v_ WUF* dC uIM2 1 5O 5UF* q UMOK V vK qBM 2 ? WOU WUF*
36 = 270 I1
+ 66 I2
6 = 136 - 6 I2
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
63/243
vK qBM 5UF* 5U lL$ r
42 = 406 I1
I1
= 0.103A
v_ WUF* w (I1) WLO s uF r
12 = 90 x 0.103 + 22 I2
I2
= 0.124A
I3
= I1+
I2
= 0.103 + 0.124 = 0.227A
WKUOK _ udO uU h d
qJA w ld UO U& WLO V bNK wU udO uU h d
qJA w WMO* b w UO WLO V qJA w WMO* b w UO WLO V
I1= 4A I
3= 3A
I2= 2A
I4= ?
qJA
R1
8
12V 6V
R2
6
R3
4
R1
9V
R2
8
612V
qJA qJA
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
64/243
UFu*
b dUM b UNHu WOzUdNJ WUI* oU w XWOzUdNJ b dUM s d dBM vK dF WOzUdNJuI wzUdN dBM u lu*U (Capacitor). wzUdNJ lu* uwzUdN U qJ vK sA WOKL UM w WOzUdNJ WUD eUUFu* dAM b c w mdH WOKL UM w UN
WHK* UNBzUB UNuUFu qJ
lu* VOd uN q WU U ULNMO qBH 5u 5ObF 5u s tUJ j w lu* uJlu* wu s u qJ qu pOdO s u UJO* pO s u XeU lA* u
tUJ j w lu* VOd WId qJA 5 qOu d
lu* VOd qJA
lu* qL WO qJA w WMOL WOO{u udU WUFU luL mdH s WOJOUJO dIH c w gUMMUdJ s qUL b bu c luL vK oD dO bN k qJA wH
luL wu sO bN d bu wUU u q vK d
b?????????????????????
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
65/243
w sOL S UHL bMFV WUD uI qJAuK vK uuL d UdJ
UL VuL UND UU luLK uKFs UdJ s WU WOL lb uIluLK wKH uK u VU UNDtLO b b w UO dL pc WObI R WOU WUIL WUuWM tODF d UdJ uKF uKvK d UdJ U UL Wu
c R WU WM tODF wKH uKluL wu sO bN d bOu vqJA V WUD wD sO bNK UU tOu sO bN d `B v luL s dLbN `B UbM Xu 10 luL wd vK bN `B v b w UO d dL WUD bN luL bN sO d bu bF r t_ UO d nu WUD bN UU luL
luL kUO UHL sJL UuA luL tO B c Xu w t ? qJA sOuK s tuD t wzUdN U qJA uJ w luL wu sO uuL tM vK p bF
r bNK bBL dOB dH tb sJL b s luL qB bM VU uK v VuLsA UO pc k d d UF v tu uF YO wzUdN qL tK bM tM mdHluL wu sO WUF UL uu dE tH luL d dL WOU b w dL mdH
WOzUdNJ WF b tOK 5F bN oOD bM lu UNe lOD w WMA bI* UO w(Capacitance) WFbI (F) d(U UHK ed U rUF v W UH vL bu UI(C) d(U UN ed
:
WOU WFU lu* WFuuJ We* WMA
XuH u_ 5 bN' d= UH WF
C =Q
V
lu* mdH s WOKL qJA
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
66/243
nF UuUM F UdJO* b qLF c b UL{ uJ U (1) tF UFu ULK WOKLF UIOD w pF UuJO
U1 10-6 F UdJO*
U1 10-9
nF
UuUMU 1 10-12 pF UuJO
lu* w We* WUD uK v Vu* uK s tuD t wzUdN U qJ vK WOzUdNJ WUD lu* e5 bN' d WLO ld WF WLO d{ qU l Ud lu* w We* WUD VUMVU
WOU WUF*U vDFlu* wd
E = 0.5CV2
YOu'U WUI WUD WLO =E
UHU WUI WF =Clu* wd 5 bN' =V
UFu* u
5OU 5L v UFu* rOI sJ1WLOI WU UFu*
WLOI dOG UFu* WLOI WU UFu*
WdA q s WF b; lu* u WLOI XU lu*d bI tF bI tL vK q YO WFUBiF qJA 5 tOd vK oD uL* bN'b w Wb* WLOI WU UFuLK WFzUA UJ_
WOdJWUF U* uM UF WLOI WU UFu* u s
uOMu_ s 5I s uJ wu lu* XeU lLAU lA* u s WIO WI ULNMOkH% WOzUOLO U0 nKG r UF WuL* nKWO UFu qJA
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
67/243
WOU U q s p XeU uK2 wbF U w rJ dOG wbF U wWOu UFu* WF d bze Wu s lu* kH vK bU* u w eFUFu* bXu 600 bF U U UNKOGA Uu UdJO 4 UuJO 3000 5
lu* Ud; w qOGA UFuL WOuU s WOA u_ c b WOJO UFu* u* u iF s u `zUH s U{u WOJOdOu sdOu WFzUA WUF WOJO
5KdOu UudJOuU ju UJO* s WIO `zd s uJ UJO* lu WIO WID UN UJO* `zd vKD b WObF u 5
w lu* vL WObF* u_ q q WCH sUNM d WU WID nKG wCH UJO* lu WU( cqOu Ud
Uu UL UObF UI tON wDG pOdO s u s uM c uJ pOdO lu lu*
dOGB UNL dOJ UNF UFu* c eO2 s WOOdJ WOzUOLOJ UFu* uOMu_ s u w UI b s Vd UFu* s uM c Q qJA 5
uK q WUM WOzUOLO U0 WFA u s WI uOMu_ bO s WU WI wKHuK qJA dL WcG bN l lu* qOu bMF uK uOMu_ s u uOu_U tu UF ju u tOK Vd* uOM*_ bO `B luLK Vu* VDI wKH
luLK VU VDI uKF uK u WI qJA ULMO bOs uM c q bMF wzUOLOJ luLK Vu* VDI vK b WOHO qJA 5 d db' WOU d_ bN' WDI l Vu* dD qu WOdJ b w UFu*WDI* WOzUOLOJ UFu* b sJ1 UL tHK UH v R wzUOLOJ lu* WOD fJ
d* UO wsJ1 lu* wu wD u bO_ UI VOd WDI* dO WOzUOLOJ UFu* lMBd* bN' dL* bN' UB l UFu* c b
WO WKu dH UNMe bM UNHK UNOD 5 U d u WOzUOLOJ UFu* U stHK UF UH'
WOJO UFu qJ
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
68/243
VU VD
Vu VD
UwbF u
uOM* UwJO
wzUOLOJ lu* VOd qJA
w lu* vL uOMu_ s b uOUM b sJ1 WOOdJ uOUM UFu U9 UN WOOdJ uOMu_ UFu s WHKJ d w uOUM lu WU( cd( W dOG l UNF U UNL dGB uOMu_ UFu s UNdOE vK
se bM UNO d u
:(Variable capacitors) WLOI dOG* UFu*
dz qJ vK UM uOMu_ s Wu `zUH s UFu* s uM c uJ`zUH s WuL l qbU `zUHB cN `L WIdD bK qU u vK WUCOqJA w 5 UL uN w UFu* s uM c w WUF U* uJ WU* w UN WU dl{ V UNM WHK UF vK uB( sJ1 ud eN w UU UFu* c b lu* WF uJ WU `zUHB l UOK b `zUHB qb UbMF iF l UNCF UNKb u_
dGB UNLO bM WF uJ UOK uH* l{u v `zUHB b UbM U vLEF UNLO bM
Ue dOG UFu qJAb (Trimmer Capacitor) oOb jC lu rU dF dOG* UFu* s U u UM
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
69/243
od s U p rWuKD* WLOI j{ dG WF w WHOH dOOG b w WU( uJ UbMjC wd WDu 5uK 5 WU* dOG
UFuLK WOMH UHu* hzUB) c r uKD* ULF rz* lu* UO UNu0 r WMOF WOM hzUB UFuLK
WF r vK WuJ UuJO UuUM UdJO*U UNM dF* luLK WOL WLOI w
lu*
dI* WOKOGA WOuH
WID UON v R WLOI c U& lu* vK dLU UNDOK uL* uBI WOuH wr UF WI pL l Ud WLOI c VUM tHK v R U2 lu* wu 5 uu* WUFlu* r vK UNLO qO s d* dL* bNK WMU dI* WOKOGA WOuH s dOF
Wb UH ?Wu* WMU tM dF WOL WLOI s t uL* vB_ d u
d( W qUF b Wu W d( W dOG l lu* WF bI dOG u
d* UO ?W bM tM dFdI* WOKOGA WOuH jOK bM wzUdNJ UF w U dL* UO u
WMOF d
eF WUI
WMOF d W bM tM dF dI* WOKOGA WOuH jOK bM wzUdNJ eF WUI w
dI se s WMOF b vK b d w qB c Wu* WMUlu* WF WLO dOG u
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
70/243
UFu* qOu wK UL u vK wu vK UUI* UL UFu* qu
c UF WUL WHUC TUJ wu vK 5Fu q wu vK UFu* qOu uL TUJ UF WUL tO b luL LF wu vK 5uu* 5Fu* wMF5uK 5 WKUH WU* l UOJ UUM VUM WF U0 5Fu* w UF wUL
WOKJ WF WLO iOH v R UF WUL U S
wu vK UFu* qOu qJA
5Fu* vK WOzUdNJ WMA uJqJA w 5 u UL wu vK UFu q 5HJ* wu 5 bN' d uL UO (V
T)wKJ bN' d UWU
VT
= V1
+ V2
Q
CT
=Q
C1
+Q
C2
1
CT
=1
C1
+1
C2
uKI U W&UM WUJ* WF uKI SUFu bF wu vK qOu WU wd vMF0WuL* w lu dG WF s q WUJ* WF uJdHM* UFuLK WHK* UF s qWOU WFU vDF WUJ* WF WLO uKI Swu vK UFu* s n b q
1
CT
=1
C1
+1
C2
+1
C3
+ ...... +1
Cn
u vK UUI* U WUF* U c t qJA WUF* cN k
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
71/243
U????? ?????? ???
uKD* wu vK Wuu (C3= 2 F) (C
2=3 F) (C
1=4 F) UFu W
WuL* cN WOKJ WF U
q????????????????(1
CT
=1
C1
+1
C2
+1
C3
1
CT
=1
4+
1
3+
1
2=
13
12= 0.92 F
lu* u WU WHUC TUJ u vK 5Fu qOu u vK UFu* qOu uL TUJ Wu WU tO b luL LF u vK 5uu* 5Fu* wMF cU S lu* u WU l Ud UUM VUM WF U0 5Fu* wu wU
WOKJ WF U v R lu* u WU
u vK UFu* qJA
q wd 5 bN' d uJ WU( c wqJA w 5 u UL u vK UFu q 5Fu* wM uL* WU uJ WOKJ WOzUdNJ WMA U(V
T)bB* bN' UU ULNM
QT
=Q1
+ Q2
CTV
T=C
1V
T+ C
2V
T
C
T=C
1+ C
2
uL* U W&UM WUJ* WF S UFu bF wu vK qOu WU wd vMF0vDF WUJ* WF WLO Su vK UFu* s n b q dH* UFu* UF d'
WFUC
T= C
1+ C
2+ C
3+ ...... + C
n
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
72/243
vK Wuu* UUI* rO lL q lL& u vK Wuu* UFu* UF rO kWH bN' WLO UNOK oD u vK Wuu* UFu* UL wu
U????????????
WOKJ WF V u vK Wuu UdJO UNM q WF UFu WWuLLK
q????????????????(
CT
= C1+ C
2+ C
3
CT
= 5 + 5 + 5 = 15F
sAK wMe XU U_ RC rU dF w UUI UFu s WuJ* WOzUdNJ b q9 U tuUcc* WOdJ Uu* U UCM qOJA XOu s bbFK WMU
WUI lu mdH s WOKL wQ ULO UMM
sA WOKL
b UH* bMF qJA w UL WUI wzUdN bB WUu U lu* sAUdI dH `B v hUM YK UO dO UO b w d1 wzUdNJ bB* s sA lu*`B v UOb be r dH sA b bM lu* wd 5 bN' d uJ sA UN bM
sA WUN bM wzUdNJ bB* bN' UdI UU
R
Vs
Vc
Vs-V
c
C
se1RC 2RC 3RC 4RC 5RC
W
sA
bN vMM
UO vMM
lu* mdH s vMM qJA
sAK wMe XU bB* WOu WLO s 63.2% v WOd 5 bN' d qB v lu* sA se dF
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
73/243
WO WUF*U tLO vDF lu* sA wMe XUU
= RC
YOWOUU wMe XU R_U WUI* CUHU lu* WF
WLO s63.2% v lu* wd 5 WOuH qB YOlu* s vMM qJA 5wMe XU WLOI WOU WOMe dH WUN w wMe XU WLOI WU WOM d w bB* WOus 63.2% v qB WM lu* wd 5 WOuH WLO be u (2RC) U iIM s bF (5)
U WOM d d bF sJb U lu* s r sWdEM WOUM scJ wI* e'U2bB* WOu WLO s 99.3% v lu* wd 5 WOuH qB(5RC) sAK wMe XU UF{tKLQ UuA lu* U s UMMJ1
v UOb hUMU cQ r sA WOKL b bM UO dO uJO lu* s UO WMU UWOM d w wzb* UO s 37% v qB WM UO qI usA UN bM UdI dH `BU iIM s bF wMe XU WLOI WOU WOMe dH WUN w wMe XU WLOI WU
cJ wI* e' s d 37% v qB WM UO qI u(2RC)
U????????????
uKO(200) WUI* WLO UdJO lu* WF d qJA wWKU uB lu* sA se lu* sA wMe XU V
q????????????????(
= RC
= 200 x 10+3 x 2 x 10-6
= 0.4 S
WOU wKO 2 5 0.4 5 wMe XU sA s
mdH WOKL ?o lu s WMA mdH bM b U vK dFMUFu* s WOHO vK UMdF bF
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
74/243
5 sA U lu qOu r UbM tM tM mdH lu* b WUI wdlu* wd 5 bN' d cQ WUI*
5 u UL w vMM oUOb hUMUwd 5 WOuH qB YOqJA w
WLO s37% UdI 36.8% v lu*XU WLOI WU WOM d w wzb* bN'
5 bN' WLO qI u 2RC U s bF wMe XU WLOI WOU WOMe dH WUN wwMeU qJA lu* mdH r sWdEM WOUM scJ wI* e' s37% v qB WM lu* wdlu* wd 5 bN' qB 5RCsAK wMe XU UF{ 5 U WOM d d bF sJb
U qJAUdH lu* U s UMMJ1 U2 wzb* bN' WLO s
1%
vUFu* eOd
WbtF w UL WLO qOGA bN WF q t WOMH UHu* lu* r vK lDUHu* c WUJ d b U r uBI qOGA d WUNM d( U_ tO b wL u U UNM lu* r vK
wu u U
qLA rOI c tOK WuD tUuKF uJ UFu* rEFWF W pc lu* bM qLF c bN' WFcN ned b UdJO*U ULz WF uJ WF
UuUMU WF wMFVJ UO_ s dO w V d( tF rd vDF bN'
V d(b' w WMO* d( WUu lu* WF w UHWb WLO bb% r Wb
wU qJAU W{u d U vK WK_
p bF d r U W s uJ ed 5LO v UO s Uuu uJ lu* kw u ud c dOH W 5L
pc 2 U S dC qUF u YU rd UuJOU WF w UO s 5L cJ 1000 w WdC WF wMFO 3 U 100 w WdC WF wMF
se1RC 2RC 3RC 4RC 5RC
WmdH
bN vMM
CR
lu* mdH s vMM qJA
UFu* eOd qJA
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
75/243
d( U 10% wMF K d(U Wb b U_ l c d( 20%wMFO M
bM qLF c bN' b% d( l w U W ULd lu*
U????????????
p wMF UL 474K63 wU edU dR luq????????????????(
w lu* WF 10000 dC qUF uJO 4 u YU rd UM
UdJO 0.47 U c UuJO 47 x 10000 = 47000010 % w WF W K u W U_ bF c d(
63 bN' U* c w bN' b K d( bF 63 ULdUuJO 47 47 UO s 5L b$ Xu
UFu* UD
WO UD_ U/ b v WOdJ WOzUdNJ b w Wb* UFu* dF bu dBI
lu* idF s b ZM b c UF UON WO UF lu* wu UB s qDF c ZMc t uL* b( s td W UNO lHd d w tKOGA t UON WOu s vK WOuHqB b b WCHM WUI tUI UO bM lu* wDF YO UuO UFu* UD d s qDF
dH vWUI tQ dB lu*
tBzUB) UF ju bIH UbM U qDF c ZM tUI UO bM WU WUI wDFWUI tQ dBOWuH ?
wzUOLOJ luLK b UL UH td b UBH s U qDF c ZM
d( UHF 1%
G 2%
J 5%
K 10%
M 20%
N 30%
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
76/243
WF dOG s d WF WU( c w lu* wDFs p ZM uK qJA q dI* tF
WOB dE s qOGA d lu* WUI UOI qDF c UA sJ1 WF UO UN b s WU( c w b WLOIU UN' d WUI lu* WF UOIeN d db' lu* r vK WK*
u_ w du X WOLd WF UOqJA lu* hH dO_ b sJ1
WUI1F
s UNF be w UFuLK wzbqJA UHU UNLO b r Wb w WCHM"U p b WOU WLO bM X v wbdO_ UN WUD s lu* s WOKL sWODIU dO_ UN lu* qu U V
WOB ZzUM vK uBK WOBwLd WF UO UN qJA
WK
WOU qL' qL ................................................................ UNb WOzUdN dUM UFu*
.............................................................. s tUJ j w lu* uJw UFu* w wzUdN UF Wb* WUF u*?
................ ................ ................ ................ ............... ................
................................................................................. WOzUdNJ WF pc b dO b UNMJ ........................... w WOzUdNJ WF UO b ?
WOU WF UO b WOKLF UIOD w b............................Ue ............................ ............................Ue ............................ ............................Ue ............................
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
77/243
................ .................. ..................w qu W lu WF 5F ............. ................ l Ud ................. l UOJ VUM lu* WF
.................................................................... s wu lu* uJ
.............................................? se u lu* sA wMe XUluLK UF VOd `{u UODOD UL r wOdJ lu* VOd `{u UODOD UL r
dOG lu VDI* wOdJ lu* U e lu WOU UFu* u r U e
UNM d luLK WOMH UHu* r d
(6)
wU WF UdJO(4)
_ WF 5Fu q s W&UM WOKJ WF V
u vK r s wu vK UdJOV (2000) WUI d sA UdJO (7.4) tF lu sA wMe XU V
WKU uB tMA seWOU UFu* WUI UO bM UNOK uB( lu* dO_ UN d d
................................................UdJO (40) tLO UD_ s U lu UdJO (6) tLO UD_ s U w wOdJ lu
tOu UB UF UON v U2 t UON WOu s vK WOuH dF lu ?lu* r q lu* u s uBH td b UdJO tLO w lu
WOU UFuLK UH W WF WLO V ...............................................................(2n2k) tL vK uJ lu ..........................................................(22M1KV) tL vK uJ lu ................................................................. (104) tL vK uJ lu ?
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
78/243
b???????????????uUM* UO
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
79/243
WOOUMGdNJ
UNu wzUdNJ UO s W&UM WOOUMG* uI U* w WOOUMGdNJ u{u YWOOUMGdNJ WdEM qLF UOu b w _ eN_ s dOJ YO UNULF
WOOUMGLK WOU_ U* dc s b u; bu* Ud;U
WOOUMGLK WOU_ U*
WOOUMG* u* UNM WuJ* pzU XUuJ qJOM uH bb( q fOUMG* c uI dQ w u* w
WOOUMG* dO u*
Ue VA) uOM*_ UM q fOUMG* c uI dQ w u* w
wFOD fOUMG* ?
qJA w 5* u WFOD w uu* bb( UU b uUO w UOOMG WMb s dIU fOUMG* UbI od nA b
dGB
wFOD fOUMG* qJA wUMB fOUMG*
WO dD bQ WDMG* WOKL UNOK d& UNJzU s WdF* WOOUMG* u* b s lMB
pbU WDMG* d fOUMG0 WOOUMG U s VOC pb
dOQU WDMG* d fOUMG s dIU WOOUMG* U* l{u
b?????????????????????
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
80/243
UdNJU WDMG* UuO d_ w WIdD c WOOUMG U s VK u uHK qu w wzUdN UO ddL
WOKLF UO( w
U rzb fOUMG* WUM w XUuJ qJOM s W? vK u?% w uH pzU bUC WuN UbIH tMJ WuN tDMG sJLO UF bb(
fOUMG* UD ?d(U t ed wuM VD (N) d(U t ed wUL VD 5OOUMG 5D fOUMG qJ WOKLF U X btHBM u XN& ULK nFC tOD bM fOUMG* u edL (S)
U WHK* UD_ dUM WNUA* UD_
WO{_ WOOUMG* vK u qO1 r{ fOUMG s U w WO{_ dJ(N)wULA tD lI 11 UbI We _ ulI ULWO{_ dJK wdG' wuM' VDI s dIUdJK wdG' wULA VDI s dIU (S) wuM' tDU* ULKF uI qJA w `{u u UL WO{_
Ud UNH u _ v uF wOUMG*dNBM* wbF* _ VK w WOzUdN UOWO{_ WOOUMG* qJA
WKu t tS UOI dO d wOUMG VOC oK c vK UL UdI _ u U&U UuM UL
UU& 5F w WKu XKLF WIOI(
uH s WFO WFD s U w Wb( WKuWd( d uJ YO dOG u vK edL jMGL*WOOUMG* WO{_ UD_ v U dOA w UOI
WKu qJA
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
81/243
wOUMG* U* ?WOOUMG* U UNO dNE w fOUMG*U WDO; WIDM* u wOUMG* qI( U*
WOOUMG* uI uDw WOOUMG* uI uD wOUMG* U* qL
u ULO dOG wUL VD c c U* 5 WOL uDfOUMGLK wOUMG* qI( WIDM w Wd( d dwOUMG* U* qJA
l{ - sJ UN sJ1 wOUMG* qI( U* qJA w WOOUMG* uI uD tu qJA w `{u u UL UNu bb d d Ue udJ s WFD X% fOUMG
WOOUMG* uI uD d pMJ1 p bM WOOUMG* uI uD V bb( d
WOOUMG* uI uD eO2
r s WU) WOOUMG* uI uD t wuM' VDI v wULA VDI s wOUMGVDI s UNU qLJ wOUMG* r' q UqJA w 5 u UL wULA VDI v wuM'w WOOUMG* uI uD Q wMF c
qHI U t UNO j q WKB uDjMG2 VOCI WOOUMG* uI uD qJA
5 u UL UIKD lUI WOOUMG* uI uD fOUMG* r XOH - u v qJA w
lUI UH bN tKJ tuAlUI WOOUMG* uI uD qJA
WOOUMG* UD_ 5 dUM U u ZM WOOUMG* UD WOOUMG* uI uD qUH s
qJA w `{u u UL
UD WOOUMG* uI uD qUH qJA
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
82/243
WOOUMG* WUJ b wwOUMG U w U WDI bM wOUMG* U* u b s dF WOOUMG* WUJvL bu UI (B) d(U UN edld* d* WU* b d WIb* WOOUMG* uI uD
Tesla
wOUMG* iOH vL WDMG2 bb WFD w wOUMG* U* uD) wKJ uL* U(B) WOOUMG* WUJ d{ qU u(Weber) du bu UI d(U t ed (FLUX)
UNOK uL qJA wOUMG* iOH UNODG c (A) `D WU0
= B X A
U* WU vK wKJ wOUMG* iOH WL qU UFWOOUMG* WUJ UB =
A
U dF ld dd w WOOUMG* WUJ b
U???? ?????? ????
iOH WLO b2
r20
WU wDG wK2.5
tU dH w wOUMG UwKJ wOUMG*
q????????????????(
2.510-3 wK2.5= B
A=20cm2 =20
10000 =2010-4m
? =
= B A
= 2.5 x 10-3 x 20 x 10-4
= 50 x 10-7 = 5 x 10-6
= 5Wb
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
83/243
(Permeability) WOOUMG* WUH uI uD eOd dd9 vK U* b s dF wWUH qUF uH bb(U WOOUMG* uLK WOOUMG*
u* U WCHM WOOUMG* uI uD) UN{UF lHdWOOUMG WUH qUF UNK pO uNU WOOUMG* dOuNKK lHd WOOUMG* uI uD) UN{UF iHMqUF ULMO ddM 12.5710-7 U WUH qUF
d ddM 2400 u; bb WUH
WOOUMG* uI uD d9 qJAUN qN_ dL* w
bb WFD XF{ S UN qN_ U* w d* qCH UN WOOUMG* uI uD hzUB s
d t lL WOOUMG* uI uD S qJA w 5 u UL fOUMG* wOUMG* qI( wuN s qN d2 UN qJA bb( _ bb( WFD
qUF UddM12.5710-7 410-7tLO 0 edU UH eO( WUH qUF* ed
WOM WUH qUF 0 UH eO( WUH qUF d{ qU WDMGL* ULK WIKD* WUH
r)wOUMG* juK
=r
0
qUF UNK WOOUMG* u* U dH WUH qUF UdI UF WUH qUF UN WOOUMG* dO u*w b' w 5 u UL lHd WUH
WOOUMG* U*WOOUMG* ULK WOM WUH qUF
0.002W/m2 U U WU bM
wOUMG* bb(200
qJOM10078.5%s WuJ WJO
bb +21.5%qJO8000
+2%qJO 75%s WuJWJObb +18% U +5% d20000
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
84/243
WOOUMGLK Wc WdEM duE dOH WOOUMGLK Wc WdEM bfOUMG* bI pbU WDMG* q WHK* WOOUMG*
s p dO dDK t{dF bM WOOUMG* tuI rzbs q vK WdEM c hM WOOUMG* duEU* w t b dOG fOUMG w WOOUMG* U* uJ qJA w `{u UL WDMGL* dO WOOUMG*UF YO UNMO ULO WU wzuA qJA WN c WDMG bM UOU UOOUMG d UN dNE UOOUMGUd o w dD bS WOOUMG U s VOC
w UL tOd w WOOUMG* UNKB dNE t Vd qJA
fOUMG
Wd( U&
jMG2 dO VOC
jMG2 VOC
WOOUMG* U* VOd qJAWDMGL* dO WDMGL*
WOOUMGdNJ nA WOOUMG* UdNJ 5 bO W buUO d UbM t U w bO wU*_ rUF
UOOUMG U qu* c u bu qu w wzUdN
TUM ULK UO{u wK ULO qu* p qJ U ULNu* w wzUdNJ UO d s
rOI qu w wzUdNJ UO d u bu rOI qu w wzUdN UO d UbMtH qu* Ued dz qJA UOOUMG U qu* cuL u w uu uJ qu* c u vK b9
UbF ULK bUqu* s UMd ULK UI qu* vKU* uD U& Q ULK qJA w 5 u ULtMqON q squ* w U* UO U& vK bLF qu* ubOF U&U qu w qb UOK ed `KD rd WOKLU) UOK ed UL U UNKb dOG b dUM s
U UNKb dOG b dUM U&U qu* s
qu u U* uD qJAwzUdN UO tO d1
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
85/243
dM qu w U* UOK wOUMG* U* jOD sJ1qJA qu* c UNd udJ s WFD vK bb( d
qJA w 5 u UL uL
VUM qu* s dIU U WDI bM(B)
U* WU WU* l UOJqu* c w U* (I) U?O b l Udu ju UM{d (r)qu* 5 UNMO WuLFqu* s dIU U WDI bM WOOUMG* WUJ vDFdH
WFUUOK wOUMG* U* jOD qJA
rOI qu U* wzUdNJB =
0I
2r
U????????????
tb UO t d1 rOI pK s 350 Ub WU vK "UM wOUMG* U* WU bdO20
q????????????????(
B =12.5 x 10-7 x20
2 x 3.14 x 50 x 10-3
B = 800 x 10-6 = 800T
vMLO bO bU WOOUMG* uI uD U& bb WdF bUI cc qJA `{u rOI qu u bu*
b9 qu* vK vMLO bO iI pQ qO YO bUIWOI U& pbO qu* w U* UO d U&U pUN lqu* u wOUMG* U* U& v lU_U& bb vMLO bO bU qJArOI qu u wOUMG* U*
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
86/243
weK nK s "UM wOUMG* U* ?nK qJ vK qu w wzUdN UO d UbMqu* c u bu qJA w 5 u UL weK
fOUMG* tM c wOUMG* U* tA UOOUMG UU* UHK UNM w U* uD b YO rzbs "UM wOUMG* U* tu w tA bu U uJ
rzb fOUMG*
wOUMG* U* qJAweK nK s "UM
nK u wOUMG* U* u Ue d UM
UO Ue r v_ WIdD
UHK b U WOU WIdDed w bb VOC US r WU WIdDv R U2 qJA w 5 u UL nK*WUHM V dO qJA wOUMG* U* u UuD eOd v UD* bbK WFHd* WOOUMG*
wOUMG* U*wOUMG* U* b U qJA
nK* ed w bb VK UU
WO WFU qu weK nK ed bM(B)
wOUMG* U* WU vDFUO d qJ UHK b nK* VK U* WIKD* WUH (B)wOUMG* U* WU
B = x N x I
L
YOnK* VK U* WIKD* WUH
nKLK wKJ UHK b Nd*U nK* u L
dO_U nK* UO I
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
87/243
U????????????
WU bdO1 nK* w U* UO WLOWH 100 tUH b d 0.1 tu weK nKU nK* VK U* wM WUH qUF rK nK* ed bM wOUMG* U*
79.577
q????????????????(
B = x N x I
L
B =
r
0x N x I
L
B =79.577x12.57 x 10-7 x 100 x 1
0.1
B = 0.1 T
nKLK dO bO bU UO tO d nK WOD 5OF WdF bU UMqJA `{u nKLK dO bO bUI dF wzUdNvK dO bO iI pQ qO YO bUI c U* UO Ud U&U b lU t YO nK* uVDI vK UN l b uJ czbM nK* w
wuM' VDI u d dD uJ wULA
nK WOD 5OF vMLO bO bU qJAwzUdN UO tO d1
wOUMG U w qu vK dR* uI ?
l{ sJ wOUMG U qu* c u QAM qu w wzUdN UO d t pF du d qu* pd% v R 5U* 5 qUH qB d wOUMG U w qu* cs bOF U&U wzUdN UO qu* w d qJA w `{u u UL 5OOUMG 5D 5 l{U t% WOOUMG* uI uD nUJ U WO vK_ v d qu* S qb v dUMnUJ U WO qH_ v qu* c d U) v dUM U&U qu* w UO U& fJ
tu WOOUMG* uI uD
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
88/243
wOUMG U w qu vK dR* uI qJA
dLK vMLO dO bO bU w qu vK dR* uI U& bb WdF bU UM`{u dLK dO bO bUI dF wOUMG UU& v vDu l dOA YO bUI c qJAv vDu vK bUF WU l dOA qu* w UOWU vDu vK bUF UN l U* uD U&
qu* vK dR* uI U& vU& bb dO bO bU qJAwOUMG U w qu vK dR* uI
qu* vK dR* uI WLO wKU vK wOUMG U w UO qL qu vK dR* uI WLO bLF
Iqu* w U* UO WLO Bqu* tO uu* wOUMG* U* WU
Lqu* u wOUMG* U* qu* 5 We
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
89/243
WOU WFU qu vK dR* uI WLO vDF
suOMU dR* uIwOUMG* U* qu* 5 We VOd*Uqu* uUwOUMG* U* WUdO_U UO
F= I x B x L x Sin
dHB UNLO U900U* vK uL qu* U UN WLO vB mK uI k00wOUMG* U* uD) Uu qu* uJ UbM
U????????????
tU wOUMG U w qu* l{dO 15 bI UO qL d0.2 tu quU* uD qu* s We XU qu* vK dR* uI V 0.8
300wOUMG*
q????????????????(
F = I x B x L x Sin
F = 15 x 0.8 x 0.2 x Sin30
F = 15 x 0.8 x 0.2 x 0.5
F = 1.2 suO
wOUMGdNJ dOQ ed w(Electro Motive Force) WOzUdNJ WFb uI bOu b (1831) U U rUF nAUO UOI dOuUHK UN qB nK qJ vK qu0 rUF c UF bI (EMF) d_U UNO
qJA w `{u UL rz fOUMG s "U wOUMG U w nK* c d wzUdNJ
WOzUdNJ WFb uI bOu b qJA
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
90/243
dOuUHK' dR d wOUMG* U* uD lDI qu* d UbM t U rUF kdR uF nK* Wd nu UbM dOQU "U qu* c w WOE( WOzUdN WF u bOu vK fOUMG b WOM fH vK uB( sJ1 uI c vK dHB WDI v dOuUHK'fOUMG* pd% qu* XO sJ1 UL qJA w 5 u UL rzb fOUMG* s b wzUdN
d wOUMG U vK uBK UH WDu wzUdNJ fOUMG* nK w U* UO lODI qu* w wzUdN bN bOu wOUMGdNJ id Y( dOQU dUE c dF
5F wOUMG U 5 UNMO WO Wd u s "U
dOQU bu* WOzUdNJ WFb uI WLO vK dR* quF WO quF vKqu w dOQU bu* WOzUdNJ WFb uI WLO bLF
B
qr tO d c wOUMG* U* WUvwOm* U* uD qu* UN lDI w WdL qu u
q wOsG* U* uD qu* UN lDI w We
uUwOUMG* U* WU WOUd*UWdXuHUWdOQ WOzUdNJ WFb uIwOUMG* U* qu* 5 We VOd*Uqu*
E= V x L x B x Sin
dOQU bu* WOzUdNJ WFb uI U&
dOQU qu* w bu* WOzUdNJ WFb uI WOD WOM Wd( U& vK bLF UNM "UM UO U& wUUt lDI c U& wOUMG* U* uD qu* 5
wOUMG* U* uD qu*buLK dO vMLO bO bU qJA
WOzUdNJ WFb uI U& bb
l U w vK hM w buLK vMLO bO bU oD WOzUdNJ WFb uI U& 5OFQ wOUMG* U* U& v dOA UN vK bUF* WU l qu* Wd U& v dOA UNUL qu* w bu* WOzUdNJ WFb uI U& v dOAO WU UN vK bUF j_ l
qJA w `{u u
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
91/243
b WK
WOOUMG* w WOU_ U*
WOU UdH qL
............................................................................................................u*wWOOUMG*u*
...................................................................................................WOOUMG*u*dNs
.....................................................................................................u*wWOOUMG*dOu*
.................................................................................WOOUMG*dOu*vKWK_s
.........................................................................................................buwFODfOUMG* w d W WOOUMG* u* WDMG r
.............................? ............................. .............................
.........................................................................................................srzbfOUMG*lMB UL 5OOUMG 5D fOUMG qJ ............. d(U t ed .....................................VDI ............. d(U t ed .....................................VDI
...................................WHK*UD_................................WNUA*UD_ ..................................................................................WIDM*uwOUMG*qI(U* ..............................................................................................wWOOUMG*uIuD ?
WOOUMG* uI uD eO2 r ............................................................... ...............................................................
..................................buUI.....................................................wWOOUMG*WUJ
............................................................................... vKu*bsdFWOOUMG*WUHM
..............................................................................................WUHqUFUNWOOUMG*u*
.......................................................................................WUHqUFUNWOOUMG*dOu*rz fOUMGLK wOUMG* U* uD r
WOOUMGLK Wc WdEM rd l d
WOOUMGdNJ UOU
WOU UdH qL .................................................................................buquwwzUdNUOdUbM ....................................... qJvKrOIquubu*wOUMG*U*qJuJ
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
92/243
....................................................................................tAnK*tMcwOUMG*U* w W nK* tM c wOUMG* U* b U sJ1
.............................? ............................. ............................. WOU u* u wOUMG* U* uD r wzUdNJ fOUMGLK wOUMG* U* uD r
WOU u* vK dR* uI U& b dLK vMLO bO bU bU wOUMGdNJ qd* VOd 5 UD UOO{u UL r
wOUMGdNJ dOQ UU
WOU UdH qL ........................................................................................................uwOUMGdNJdOQ
WOU quF vK dOQ bN' WLO bLF .............................? ............................. ............................. .............................................................vMMldOG*UObutMcUObN' WKU r UbM U qJA w 5* dOG* UO bu nK UNM w bN' Wu vMM r ......................................................................................................................uU*dOQ
WOKLF UIOD w U* dOQ Ub d ......................................................................................................................
uwcdOQ
.................................................... YOuJUnKwbu*wJFdOQbN'WOD ....................................................................................................................................wWO(
UNUe Ue WO( UO b d nK* WO WLO b% w quF d
.............................? ............................. .............................
............................. .............................? ............................. WOzUdN UHK d U* wzUdNJ UO lD bM bu* wJF dOQ bN' UC d
wJFdOQ bN' Ub b d bI s w dO 0 v 10 s nK* c w U* UO UN dM 3 tO mK nK
nK* w bu* dOQ bN' WLO V WOU 0.005 WOU wKO 5
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
93/243
UHK*
UN UNM uK UJ b dO WOzUdNJ WOdJ b dUM b w UHKLWU wzUdN UN UIM XU nUN UN qL ud UHK duOLJU wdJb u U nKL uU UNUJ UNU UHKL Ub bF WUG WdL
tKL
wc Y( nK* eF wzUdN pK n bM bb VK wzu VK vK bb( d XdO VKvL U vK qB d UwzUdN UO d UbM nK*UU bu nK* pK w
VUM nK* u wOUMGU* wzUdNJ UO b l tb qJA w UL nK* wnKL u wOUMGL UL uD qJ
wOUMG* U* q UNe WOOUMG WU v WOzUdNJ WUD qu% vK qLF nK* U cJw U* wzUdNJ UO b w UBI U dOOG b bM VKI w eOd sJ1 c t jO;nK* w U* UO b e UbMF nK* c u dAM* wOUMG* U* b vK p fJFM nK
U* b w dOG wOUMG* U* b qI UO b iHM UbM wOUMG* U* b eV tH nK* UH lDI Wd wOUMG U uD u qJ vK tKO sJ1 wOUMG*U& wzUdNUO bOu v wUU R WdOQ WOzUdN WF u bOu v R c U U uU vK hM c eMO uU V vDF UO c U& nK* w U* wK_UO b w dOG fUFwOUMG* U* dOQ fUF wOUMG U bOu vK qLF UO bu WdOQ WOzUdNJ WFb uI
UO c bOu v c
b?????????????????????
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
94/243
fHM UO bOu vK WdOQ WOzUdNJ WFb uI WOD qLF wK_ UO b XBUM LWOD qLF wK_ UO b be wK_ UO hUM lM WU wUU wK_ UO U&UO be lM WU wUU wK_ UO U& fJF UO bOu vK WdOQ WOzUdNJ WFb uI
wK_nKLK wc Y(U vL nK* w U* wzUdNJ UO b w dOG lM vK qLF w dUE U* b dOG UbM tQ d WIdD wc Y( ndF sJ1 c L edU wc Y( qUF* edob dOG bF l UbI VUM WdOQ WOzUdN Wd u UNO bu tU WOzUdN dz wOUMG*
seK WMU (Joseph Henry) wJd rUF v W (Henry) dM wL UO bu nKLK wc Y( UIUO b dOG UbM Xu UbI WdOQ WOzUdN Wd u tO bu nK* wc Y( tQ dMN dFUHKLK dMdJO s WOdJ b w Y( WLOI b* b* nK WOUdO bF0 tO U*w Wb* UHKLK dMN b s U b v WOUF d UB eN w Wb*dMN e b UMU cN WOdJ bK WMU dO b dMN U tOK uI UJ
w
dM 10-3U (mH) dM wKO* dM 10-6 U ( H) dM dJO*
nK* WO WLO w dR* quF c bLF c UNUO sJ1 UNM l W&UM WO( bI b% UHK* WOd w WOOz qu b UM w wzUdNJ UO s b bI s "UM wOUMG* ob bI vK WF quF
d WUq WUnK* UH b
nK* UH b ULKtu bu* wOUMG* U* b
nK* c WO w U wUU
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
95/243
d WUq WU
nK* lDI WU nK* lDI WU ULK
tu bu* wOUMG* U* b nK* c WO w U wUU
q WU d WUnK* u
U* b XK nK* u ULKw UBI wUU tu bu* wOUMG*
nK* c WO
bb VKu VK
d WUq WU
VKI U
UNOK n w U* WUH XU ULKuJ p d WOU( XU vK nK*WUHM VKIK d wOUMG* ob
vK
UL nK* WO( WLO vK dR ULNUO sJ1 d U UMnK* tOK uHK* VUI qJ
nK* UNM uJ w UID b nK* n WId
WOU WF s wdI qJA nK* WO( WLO U sJ1
RS=
N2 A
l
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
96/243
YOdMNU WUI nK* WO L
rOI* pKK nK* UH b N
VKI U* WUHM qUF ld* d*U nK* WU A
d*U UI nK* u ju l
R???????????????
r uD r dD nB ju0 bb VK vK uHK WH tUH b nK WO V
UNUb UHK* u w u_ c Uu UHK* u iF qJA 5
dOG nKXdO VKVK nKXdOVK nKbbVK nKwzu
UHKLK WHKL u_ u qJ
wzu VK nK uHK dOG WUI u gOuU eF* UM s pK s U u wzuN VKI nK*
RF Wud d WOdJ b w qLF dH XOUJ s WuD vK
bb VK nK qLF dK oU b eF* bb( `zd s VK u uHK nK* pK uJUB dz w dL bN v dOG* bN' qu% w bOu WOKL bF `d* dz w
XMuKH
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
97/243
XdO VK nK VK vK uHK* nK* b bbK WNUA WOOUMG u WAWOe U XdOHsJ1 YO WDu* d WKd w ued ud UN' wKb wzuN lM w XdOH
q WOOUMG dO U s uMB pH WDu nK* q XdOH VKI pd wc t dOOGpOd vK UL d WIdD UHK* nOMB sJ1 WE
WO( WOzUdNJ WFb uI WLO s "UM wOUMG* U* b w dOG v R seK WMU nK* w U* UO b w dOG bOu v wUU R WdOQ WOzUdN WF u bOu v R wOUMG* U* b w dOG UO c
nK* w U* wK_UO b w dOG fUF U& wzUdNUOemf = -N
d
dtWOU WFU nK w dOQU bu* WO( WOzUdNJ WFb uI WLO vDF
U* b w dOG YO dt WOMe dH iOH ob w dOG bI q9 d YO
l Ud VUM se wzUdNJ UO b w dOG U sJLO diUO b w dOG s "U
emfdi
dt WOU WFU p s dF bu* WO( WOzUdNJ WFb uI
emf = -Ldi
dt
wU qJAU UNU U sJ1 wnK* WO q1 L XU YO
U????????????????
dO dH v 2 s b w U* UO UN dM 4 UbI WO WOzUdN WOJF WOzUdNJ WFb uI bI V WOU 0.005 WOU wKO 5 bI s w
b w bu*
q????????????????(emf = -L
di
dt
emf = - 42-0
0.0005
= -1600 V
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
98/243
u bOu v R b UFHd UdOQ bN ZM UHK* w UOzU UO UON Q U* c dNEnK d v quD b* vK UN{dF WOOUMG* luI `OUH* w qOu UI 5 wzUdN
qO vKF WLOI lHd wzUdN bN U WOzUdNJ eN_ s bbF w dUE c b
wUF bN' U UF nK w UO lODI UO w UF UE w u* uI U*d UFL w dA bOu
wu vK UHK* qOu uUI s V% L
tWOKJ WU; S qJA w 5 u UL wu vK UHK* qOu bM
Lt= L
1+ L
2+ L
3
L1
L2
L3
wu vK UHKL qOu qJ
u vK UHK* qOu uUI s V% Lt WOKJ WU; S qJA w 5 u UL u vK UHK* qOu bM
w
L1
L2
L3
Lt
1
Lt
1L
1
1L
2
1L
3
u vK UHKL qOu qJ
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
99/243
dL* UO w nK* w qJA V WOU b b u dL* UO w nK* uK vK dFK
RL vL
L RS
V
WUI nK qJ
w UNKOK% UN w Vd U bu
UH* bM v WU(
b vK WUD bN oOD vK qLF UMU l{u w UH* bM vLEF WLOI t WLO vK v uF dHB WLO s dOGU bU U* wzUdNJ UO b b
WO WUI* s q WLO vK bLF b WOM d uU s V% UOKnK*dHB WLO s uF tb dOG wOUMG U bOu vK nK* qLF WKd* c
UNLO w UI WOJ WdOQ WOzUdN WF u bOu v R wOUMG* U* b w dOG uU V WUI* vK oD* bN' U dH wzb UO ubB* bN bI WOzb
dH U w dOG fUF U& wzUdNUO bOu v wUU R WdOQ WOzUdNJ WFb uI c
nK* w U* wK_UO bbN' hUMU nK* vK oD* bN' b b w U* wK wzUdNJ UO b U l
WUI* vK oD* bN' bB* bN nK* vK oD*wd vK oD* bN' `B WLO vK v b w U* wK wzUdNJ UO b qB UbM
dH nK*
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
100/243
nKLK wMe XU vL WOzUNM tLO s 63.2% v b w U* UO uu se =L/R WF s vDF
WOUU UUI nKLK wMe XU
YOdMNU UUI nK* Y LU WUI dzbK WO WUI* R
UO WLO dI bMWOU WU(
b nK* S pc WOM U& bI* w WU nK* u bu* wOUMG* U* b vIUO d* WFU2 W
UH* bM WU WU(b vK dB b vK qLF UMU l{u w UH* bM
dHB WLO v Uu vLEF WLOI s dOGU bU U* wzUdNJ UO b b Uu wOUMG* U* b dOG WKd* c
WOJ WdOQ WOzUdN WF u bOu v R wOUMG* U* b w dOG w dOG fUF U& wzUdNUO bOu v wUU R WdOQ WOzUdNJ WFb uI c
nK* w U* wK_UO bdHB WLO v u wK UO b hUM dOQ v RO c
nK* w We* WUD
WOU WFU nK* w We* WUD vDFE =
1
2L I
nJ* nK* 5 WUI
nK*
nK*U se l dOG WLOI XU tO U* UO U dH U nK* vK bN' (DC) dU* UOK WMU dB
nK* w UNMe sJ1 WUD s b WOL
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
101/243
dH bI s w nK* w U* UO dOOG sJL* dO s dHB U tUI wU nK* d vK c UNe tMJ WUD b nK*
nJ* UOU
nJ*U se l dOG WLOI XU WOK bN' d U dHB U nJ* w U* UO (DC) dU* UOK WMU WuH
nJ* w UNMe sJ1 WUD s b WOL dH bI s w nJ* vK bN' dOOG sJL* dO s
b WOU tUI wU nJ* d vK UNe tMJ WUD b nJ*
WK
eMO uU hM U vK nK* WO WLO w dR* quF b
w dO dH v 1 s b w U* UO UN dM 2 UbI WO WOzUdN w bu* WOJF WOzUdNJ WFb uI bI V WOU 0.01 WOU wKO 10 bI s
b
pU qK WU nK* b q
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
102/243
UM* UOK WOU_ U*
UM* UO dAM b c w (DC) dL* UO l wOz qJA UMKUF WIU b wUM* UO bu s WOOz uB tOK qB clUB* uO w ULF lzUA (AC)
tBzUB UdL* UO s UO c eO1 c ULUdNJ Wd WDK bzUFgUMUM* UO bOu WOHO eO2 hzUB 5M U c vK b c w VO$
uD d d q t WIKF* WOU_ rOUH*
dL* UO s UM* UO eO1 c U WOU UIM w dL* UO s UM* UO nK
dLL bN bB WOD U V p se dL U WLOI XU dLL UO qJA tUd U fJFO UML UO U U XU dLL UO qJA
jI b U& w d dL* UO qJAfJFM UML bN bB wd WOD qJA tUd U fJFO UML UO UdLU dOG UML bN UOK WOEK WLOI UL VU VuL sO qJAd sOL tUd U fJF UdNJ Wd WDK t Ue c UML UO se l
bu WOU w
b?????????????????????
-
8/3/2019 Electricity Use Theory G11
103/243
qJA tUd U& fJF UM* UO qJA
uI w WOdJ bOu dLL UO bu UUD s dLL UO vK qBbu s WOOz uB tOK qBM UML UO U dL UO v UF UML UO qu
UML UO bOu WOHO UI dAM UdNJ Wd WDK bzUF UML UOb WuN p UML bN iH ld WOOUMGdNJ uL b sJL v dF d v u s dLL UO qu eN bF U bI w dzUU WLE w UML UO UL v c wOzd V u c UHJ WCHM bIF
rUF U lOL w WOzUdNJ WUD lu qI
( Wavef