Electricity in wires is a flow of electrons along the wire. As the electrons move along the wire...
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![Page 1: Electricity in wires is a flow of electrons along the wire. As the electrons move along the wire they collide with the metal atoms. These collision make.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081502/551b9320550346167e8b5379/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Electricity in wires is a flow of electrons along the wire. As the electrons move along the wire they collide with the metal atoms. These collision make the atoms vibrate more…which makes the metal hotter.
Resistance is a measure of how much a material tries to stop electricity passing through it.
4.3 Resistance
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R (ohm) = V (volt) I (amp)
Resistance (R) of a component = p.d across component (V) the current through it (I)
Electrical resistance is the opposition to the flow of electrons.
It is caused by the repeated collisions between charge carriers andfixed positive ions in a metal conductor
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Ohm’s law:The pd across a metallic conductor is proportional to the current through it,provided the physical conditions do not change
Q. For the resistor opposite calculate:a) the resistance at this currentb) the new pd when the current is 50 micro Amp
12V
2mAR ohm
a) R = V = I
4.3 Resistance
![Page 4: Electricity in wires is a flow of electrons along the wire. As the electrons move along the wire they collide with the metal atoms. These collision make.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081502/551b9320550346167e8b5379/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Ohm’s law:The pd across a metallic conductor is proportional to the current through it,provided the physical conditions do not change
Q. For the resistor opposite calculate:a) the resistance at this currentb) the new pd when the current is 50 micro Amp
12V
2mAR ohm
a) R = V = 12 = 6000 Ohm I 2.0 x 10-3
4.3 Resistance
![Page 5: Electricity in wires is a flow of electrons along the wire. As the electrons move along the wire they collide with the metal atoms. These collision make.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081502/551b9320550346167e8b5379/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
http://phet.colorado.edu/simulations/index.php?cat=Physics
http://www.batesville.k12.in.us/physics/PhyNet/e&m/current/ECurrent_Notes.htm
Ohm’s law:The pd across a metallic conductor is proportional to the current through it,provided the physical conditions do not change
Q. For the resistor opposite calculate:a) the resistance at this currentb) the new pd when the current is 50 micro Amp
12V
2mAR ohm
a) R = V = 12 = 6000 Ohm I 2.0 x 10-3
b) V = I R = 50x10-6 x 6000 = 0.3 V
4.3 Resistance
![Page 6: Electricity in wires is a flow of electrons along the wire. As the electrons move along the wire they collide with the metal atoms. These collision make.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081502/551b9320550346167e8b5379/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
4.3 Resistance
Measurement of resistance:
A
V
Record the pd across R for increasing values of current.
( change r to change the circuit current ()
r
R
![Page 7: Electricity in wires is a flow of electrons along the wire. As the electrons move along the wire they collide with the metal atoms. These collision make.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081502/551b9320550346167e8b5379/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
4.3 Resistance
Measurement of resistance:
A
V
Record the pd across R for increasing values of current.
( change r to change the circuit current ()
r
The ammeter has avery low resistance ( 0.2 ohm)
The voltmeter has avery high resistance ( 20,000 ohm)
Why?
R
![Page 8: Electricity in wires is a flow of electrons along the wire. As the electrons move along the wire they collide with the metal atoms. These collision make.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081502/551b9320550346167e8b5379/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
4.3 Resistance
Measurement of resistance:
A
V
Record the pd across R for increasing values of current.
( change r to change the circuit current ()
r
The ammeter has avery low resistance ( 0.2 ohm)
The voltmeter has avery high resistance ( 20,000 ohm)
Why?
Pd / V
I / A
Gradient = V
I
Gradient = resistance
R
![Page 9: Electricity in wires is a flow of electrons along the wire. As the electrons move along the wire they collide with the metal atoms. These collision make.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081502/551b9320550346167e8b5379/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
4.1 Resistance
Resistivity relates to the material rather than a specific component
R L
R 1 A
Metal rod
L
A = Area of cross section (m2)
![Page 10: Electricity in wires is a flow of electrons along the wire. As the electrons move along the wire they collide with the metal atoms. These collision make.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081502/551b9320550346167e8b5379/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
4.1 Resistance
Resistivity relates to the material rather than a specific component
R L
R 1 A
R = L A
Metal rod
L
A = Area of cross section (m2)
![Page 11: Electricity in wires is a flow of electrons along the wire. As the electrons move along the wire they collide with the metal atoms. These collision make.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081502/551b9320550346167e8b5379/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
4.1 Resistance
Resistivity relates to the material rather than a specific component
R L
R 1 A
Metal rod
L
A = Area of cross section (m2)R = L A
L /m
R /ohm
![Page 12: Electricity in wires is a flow of electrons along the wire. As the electrons move along the wire they collide with the metal atoms. These collision make.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081502/551b9320550346167e8b5379/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
4.1 Resistance
Resistivity relates to the material rather than a specific component
R L
R 1 A
Metal rod
L
A = Area of cross section (m2)R = L A
L /m
R /ohm
Gradient = A
![Page 13: Electricity in wires is a flow of electrons along the wire. As the electrons move along the wire they collide with the metal atoms. These collision make.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081502/551b9320550346167e8b5379/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
4.1 Resistance
Resistivity relates to the material rather than a specific component
R L
R 1 A
Metal rod
L
A = Area of cross section (m2)
= R A L
Ohm m2 1 = ohm metre m
Units:
R = L A
L /m
R /ohm
Gradient = A
![Page 14: Electricity in wires is a flow of electrons along the wire. As the electrons move along the wire they collide with the metal atoms. These collision make.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081502/551b9320550346167e8b5379/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
4.1 Resistance
Superconductivity
This is the property of a material which is at or below a critical temperature Tc where it has zero resistivity .
Implications:* Zero resistance* no pd exists across a superconductor with a current flowing * the current has no heating effects
tempTc
![Page 15: Electricity in wires is a flow of electrons along the wire. As the electrons move along the wire they collide with the metal atoms. These collision make.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081502/551b9320550346167e8b5379/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
4.1 Resistance
Superconductivity
Implications:* Zero resistance* no pd exists across a superconductor with a current flowing * the current has no heating effects
Applications:* high power electromagnets with strong magnetic fields* power cables can transfer energy without wasting energy
This is the property of a material which is at or below a critical temperature Tc where it has zero resistivity .
tempTc
![Page 16: Electricity in wires is a flow of electrons along the wire. As the electrons move along the wire they collide with the metal atoms. These collision make.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081502/551b9320550346167e8b5379/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Superconductivity
tempTc
Properties of a superconductor:
* material losses the effect above the critical temperature Tc.
![Page 17: Electricity in wires is a flow of electrons along the wire. As the electrons move along the wire they collide with the metal atoms. These collision make.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081502/551b9320550346167e8b5379/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Superconductivity
tempTc
Properties of a superconductor:
* material losses the effect above the critical temperature Tc.
* If Tc is above 77K ( -196 C) it’s a high temperature superconductor
![Page 18: Electricity in wires is a flow of electrons along the wire. As the electrons move along the wire they collide with the metal atoms. These collision make.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081502/551b9320550346167e8b5379/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Superconductivity
tempTc
Properties of a superconductor:
* material losses the effect above the critical temperature Tc.
* If Tc is above 77K ( -196 C) it’s a high temperature superconductor
current Tc max = 150 K - 123C
![Page 19: Electricity in wires is a flow of electrons along the wire. As the electrons move along the wire they collide with the metal atoms. These collision make.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081502/551b9320550346167e8b5379/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Electricity in wires is a flow of electrons along the wire. As the electrons move along the wire they collide with the metal atoms. These collision make.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081502/551b9320550346167e8b5379/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Electricity in wires is a flow of electrons along the wire. As the electrons move along the wire they collide with the metal atoms. These collision make.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081502/551b9320550346167e8b5379/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Electricity in wires is a flow of electrons along the wire. As the electrons move along the wire they collide with the metal atoms. These collision make.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081502/551b9320550346167e8b5379/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)