Electricity Billing System

8/18/2019 Electricity Billing System

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CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW

A scheme of Electricity billing system called “PREPAID ENERGY METER

WIT TARI!! INDI"AT#R$ can facilitate in im%ro&ed cash flo'

management in energy (tilities and can red(ces %roblem associated 'ith

billing cons(mer li&ing in isolated area and red(ces de%loyment of man%o'er

for ta)ing meter readings* E&ery cons(mer can b(y a memory card +is nothing

b(t an EEPR#M I", 'ith a %ass'ord stored inside it (sing a M" %rogram*

The memory card is a&ailable at &ario(s ranges +ie* Rs -./ Rs 0../ Rs 1..

etc2,*In o(r %ro3ect 'e ha&e gi&en the name for memory card as smart card*

When the cons(mer insert a smart card into the card reader 'hich is connected

in “%re%aid energy meter 'ith tariff indicator$ )it* Then the card reader 'ill

read the stored information and delete the information from the EEPR#M I"

+smart card, (sing the M" %rogram* 4o that the smart card cannot be re(sed by

others* 4(%%ose if a cons(mer b(ys a card for Rs*-.56 he 5 she can insert this

amo(nt thro(gh the card reader so that %re%aid energy meter 'ith tariff

indicator )it 'ill be acti&ated* According to the %o'er cons(m%tion the

amo(nt 'ill be red(ced* When the amo(nt is o&er/ the relay 'ills

a(tomatically sh(tdo'n the 'hole system* In o(r %ro3ect 'e also ha&e a

%ro&ision to gi&e an alarm so(nd to cons(mer before the 'hole amo(nt is

red(ced*

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The sco%e of the %ro3ect 'or) is to introd(ce ad&anced technology in

con&erting dc &oltage in to ac &oltage and introd(cing %re%aid energy metering

conce%t*

The energy meter (sed in this %ro3ect 'or) %rod(ces %(lses according to theload and this meter is con&erted as %re%aid energy meter (sing smart card/

hence this meter can be called smart energy meter*This )ind of smart energy meters also can be installed at each and e&ery ho(se/

'here the state electricity de%artment going to s(%%ly the con&entional energy*

No' a day7s energy Meas(rement and electric energy %ilferage detection has

become %rime im%ortance for the state electricity de%artment*

With the hel% of this %ro3ect 'or) lot of Man%o'er can be red(ced and %o'er

%ilferage can be controlled* The o&erall system can be called as AMR

+A(tomatic Meter reading, system/ the main ad&antage of AMR system is that

the cons(med energy %rice can be calc(lated and at the same time %rice

+amo(nt in r(%ees, can be dis%layed a(tomatically*!inally the sim%lest form of smart metering is a dis%lay meter/ 'hich allo's

cons(mers to monitor cons(m%tion in money terms rather than )Wh*

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1.2 Why Prepayment – Energy Supp!er"

• Pay before (se

•

8ee% c(stomers on s(%%ly

• Reco&er money o'ed +debt,

• 9o'er #&erheads

• No bill %rod(ction

• No bill distrib(tion

• No need to chase %ayments

• No f(rther actions s(ch as disconnections

1.# Why Prepayment – The Cu$t%mer"

• No :ills

• No hidden s(r%rises

• No ha&ing to find the money

• No billing errors

• No socially (nacce%table

• Disconnections

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CHAPTER&2

'(OC) DIA*RA+ , ITS DESCRIPTION

2.1 '(OC) DIA*RA+- Car pr%grammer

When 'e gi&e the dial a code from ; )ey%ad then the (nit

%rice ? recharge amo(nt are stored in side the EEPR#M AT1;".1*

If card is com%letely recharged then and then the green led 'ill glo'

and if it fails then the red led 'ill glo' for a long %eriod

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2.2 '(OC) DIA*RA+- Prepa! Energy +eter

When 'e enter a charged card in to a card reader of o(r main circ(it/

micro controller 'ill ta)e data and store it inside a memory of

microcontroller

Micro controller also ta)es the %(lses from the energymeter &ia

o%toco(%ler I" M"T1E and co(nts the %(lses (%to =1.. beca(se of the

meter s%ecifications are =1.. %(lses58Wh

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And 'hene&er the %(lse co(nt reaches the =1.. then it decreases the

charged amo(nt and it 'ill increases the meter reading by 0 and dis%lays

it on the 9"D screen*

And 'hene&er the chaged amo(nt reading reaches the minim(m amo(nt

then it 'ill send %(lse to the @9N 1..= dri&er Ic and it 'ill t(rn of the

relay*and 'hen relay off then the %o'er 'ill off*

If the (ser do not recharge the card then 'e 'ill not get the energy*

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CHAPTER – #

SCHE+ATIC DIA*RA+

#.1 C!r/u!t De$/r!pt!%n

There are mainly t'o ty%es of circ(its

#.1.1 Car pr%grammer- "ard %rogrammer is based on AT BCc1.-0 controller* it recharges the

card to Rs*-./0../0-./1../1-. etc2by (sing the ; )ey%ad 'e

can get the card %rogrammed "ard is sim%ly an AT1;".1 EEPR#M chi%* it is a 16'ire 4erial

Interface chi%*

H%0 t% pr%gram a ne0 /ar"

1. %r ma!ng a un!t pr!/e /ar 3%r R$ 2.45

0*Insert the card into the Programmer

Dial 0


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Insert the card into the Programmer

Dial 1


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01 &5=. A Relay

#.2. CIRCUIT DIA*RA+

#.2.1. CARD PRO*RA++ER CIRCUIT

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#.2.2. +AIN CIRCUIT DIA*RA+

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CHAPTER&4

PRO*RA++IN* IN ASSE+'(7 (AN*UA*E

PRO*AR+IN*- PREPAID ENER*7 +ETER

R:. E@ ... H 4elect Register :an) .

R:0 E@ ..B H 4elect Register :an) 0 ***%o)e to P4W to (se

HP#RT DE"9ERATI#N

4DA0 E@ P1*0 H4DAPIN-

4"90 E@ P1*. H4"9PIN

WT"MD E@ 0.0..00.: HWRITE DATA "#MMAND Note =

RD"MD E@ 0.0..000: HREAD DATA "#MMAND Note =

WT"MD0 E@ 0.0.....: HWRITE DATA "#MMAND Note =

RD"MD0 E@ 0.0....0: HREAD DATA "#MMAND Note =

RE9AY E@ P1*J

:@KKER E@ P1*;

H


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AOMP MAIN

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"A99 AMTLRE"ARGE

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"A99 4EPLDI4P

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"A99 DE9AYY

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"A99 READLEEPR#M

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DA A

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AOMP D:0

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DA A

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M# R;/.- H4tarting Address IN EEPR#M

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M# :@KKL"#@NT/.1

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4ET: T:IT

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M# R/0 H 4T#RE 1 :YTE4

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ON" 9#P1

4ET: "ARRY

9#P1 ON: A"/9#P0

4ET: :"D"ARRY

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9#P0 ON: "ARRY/9#P=

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9#P= "9R "

ON: "ARRY/9#P;

4ET: "

9#P; RET

HREAD P@94E "#@NTER !R#M MEM#RY

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READL:A9AN"E M# R0/:A9AN"E H GET DATA IN :YTE4+RAM,

M# R;/0- HDATA ADDRE44 IN EEPR#M

M# R/0 H N@M:ER #! :YTE4

"A99 READLEEPR#M

RET

READL"#@NTER M# R0/"#@NTER H GET DATA IN :YTE4+RAM,

M# R;/.E H DATA ADDRE44 IN EEPR#M


"A99 READLEEPR#M

RET

READLPRI"E M# R0/PRI"E H GET DATA IN :YTE4+RAM,

M# R;/0. H DATA ADDRE44 IN EEPR#M


"A99 READLEEPR#M

RET

4EPLDI4P0 M# A/AM#@NT

AN9 A/.!.

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"ONE A/../DAP0

M# A/AM#@NT

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ADD A/=.

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AN9 A/.!

ADD A/=.

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RET

DAP= "ONE A/../DAP1 H"8 1 DIGIT

M# A/AM#@NTQ0

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M# A/TEMP

AN9 A/.!

ADD A/=.

M# R;/A

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RET

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AMTLRE"ARGE M# READL:YTE/.0

M# READL:YTEQ0/..

M# READL:YTEQ1/0.

M# R0/READL:YTE Hstore "#@NT

M# R/= H4T#RE 1 :YTE4

M# A/WT"MD0 H9#AD WRITE "#MMAND

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M# A/1. HGET 9#W :YTE ADDRE44

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:9P M# A/R0 HGET DATA

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IN" R0 HIN"REMENT DATA P#INTER

DONK R/:9P H9##P TI99 D#NE

"A99 4T#P H4END 4T#P "#NDITI#N

"A99 DE9AY

RET

4T#REL@NITLPRI"E M# READL:YTE/..

M# READL:YTEQ0/.0

M# READL:YTEQ1/..



M# A/WT"MD0 H 9#AD WRITE "#MMAND

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M# A/1. H GET 9#W :YTE ADDRE44

"A99 #@T H4END IT

:A9P M# A/R0 HGET DATA

"A99 #@T H4END IT


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DONK R/:A9P H9##P TI99 D#NE


"A99 DE9AY

RET

RE4ETL:A9AN"E

M# :A9AN"E/.!!

M# R0/:A9AN"E Hstore "#@NT

M# R;/0- H4tarting Address IN EEPR#M


"A99 4T#RELEEPR#M

"A99 DE9AY

RET

RE4ETLPRI"E

M# PRI"E/.1

M# PRI"EQ0/..

M# R0/PRI"E Hstore "#@NT

M# R;/0. H4tarting Address IN EEPR#M


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"A99 DE9AY

RET

RE4ETL"#@NTER

M# "#@NTER/..

M# "#@NTERQ0/0.

M# R0/"#@NTER Hstore "#@NT



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"A99 4T#RELEEPR#M

"A99 DE9AY

RET

RE4ETLAMT

M# AM#@NT/.. H

M# AM#@NTQ0/.-

M# AM#@NTQ1/..

M# R0/AM#@NTHstore READING

M# R;/.A H4tarting Address IN EEPR#M


"A99 4T#RELEEPR#M

"A99 DE9AY

RET

RE4ETLREADING

M# READING/..

M# READINGQ0/.-

M# R0/READINGHstore READING

M# R;/.- H4tarting Address IN EEPR#M


"A99 4T#RELEEPR#M

"A99 DE9AY

RET

DE9AYY M# !0/.!

4EP= M# !1/.f!

4EP1 M# !=/.!!

4EP0 DONK !=/4EP0

DONK !1/4EP1

"A99 "ARDLREAD

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M# A/READL:YTE

"ONE A/.!!/D4P0

"9R T:IT0

D4P=DONK !0/4EP=

RET

DE9AYY4 M# !0/.!

4-P= M# !1/.f!

4-P1 M# !=/.!!

4-P0 DONK !=/4-P0

DONK !1/4-P1

DONK !0/4-P=

RET

D4P0O: T:IT0/D4P=A

"A99 TIT9E=

"A99 DE9AY4

"A99 DE9AY4

"A99 "ARDLREAD

M# A/READL:YTE

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M# PRI"E/READL:YTEQ0

M# PRI"EQ0/READL:YTEQ1

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M# R;/0. H4tarting Address IN EEPR#M


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"A99 DE9AY4

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4ET: T:IT0

AOMP RE4ETL"IP

D4P1 "ONE A/.0/D4P=

"A99 TIT9E- HNEW RE"ARGE

M# R0/AM#@NT HGET DATA IN :YTE4+RAM,

M# R;/.A HDATA ADDRE44 IN EEPR#M

M# R/.=h HN@M:ER #! :YTE4

"A99 READLEEPR#M

M# A/AM#@NT

ADD A/READL:YTEQ0

DA A

M# AM#@NT/A

M# A/AM#@NTQ0

ADD" A/READL:YTEQ1

DA A

M# AM#@NTQ0/A

M# R0/AM#@NT Hstore READING

M# R;/.A H4tarting Address IN EEPR#M

M# R/.=h H4T#RE 1 :YTE4

"A99 4T#RELEEPR#M

"A99 DE9AY4

4ET: T:IT0

"A99 RE4ETL:A9AN"E

RE4ETL"IP

M# READL:YTE/.AA HERA4E AM#@NT

M# READL:YTEQ0/.!!

M# READL:YTEQ1/.!!

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M# A/WT"MD0 H9#AD WRITE "#MMAND

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"A99 #@T H4END IT

::9P M# A/R0 HGET DATA

"A99 #@T H4END IT


DONK R/::9P H9##P TI99 D#NE


"A99 DE9AY

RET

D4P= "ONE A/.AA/D4P;

"A99 TIT9E HNEW RE"ARGE

"A99 DE9AY4

4ET: T:IT0

D4P; RET

DE9AYM# R/.!!

RE0 M# RJ/.!!

RE N#P

DONK RJ/RE

DONK R/RE0

RET

"ARDLREAD

M# R0/READL:YTE H GET DATA IN :YTE4+RAM,

M# R/= HN@M:ER #! :YTE4

M# A/WT"MD0 H9#AD WRITE "#MMAND T# 4END

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"A99 #@T4 H4END IT


"A99 #@T H4END IT

M# A/RD"MD0 H9#AD READ "#MMAND

"A99 #@T4 H4END IT

:D9P "A99 IN HREAD DATA

M# R0/a H4T#RE DATA


DONK R/A9P HDE"REMENT 9##P "#@NTER

"A99 4T#P HI! D#NE/ I44@E 4T#P "#NDITI#N

RET HD#NE/ EIT R#@TINE

A9P "9R 4DA0 HN#T D#NE/ I44@E A"8

4ET: 4"90

N#P HN#TE 0

N#P

N#P

N#P HN#TE 1

N#P

"9R 4"90

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HADDRE44

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M# A/R; HGET 9#W :YTE ADDRE44

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M# A/RD"MD H9#AD READ "#MMAND

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"A99 #@T4 H4END IT

:RD9P"A99 IN HREAD DATA

M# R0/a H4T#RE DATA


DONK R/A89P HDE"REMENT 9##P "#@NTER

"A99 4T#P HI! D#NE/ I44@E 4T#P "#NDITI#N

RET HD#NE/ EIT R#@TINE

A89P "9R 4DA0 HN#T D#NE/ I44@E A"8

4ET: 4"90

N#P HN#TE 0

N#P

N#P

N#P HN#TE 1

N#P

"9R 4"90

OMP :RD9P H"#NTIN@E WIT READ4

H4T#RE DATA IN EEPR#M

4T#RELEEPR#M

M# A/WT"MD H9#AD WRITE "#MMAND

"A99 #@T4 H4END IT

M# A/R; HGET 9#W :YTE ADDRE44

"A99 #@T H4END IT

:T9P M# A/R0 HGET DATA

"A99 #@T H4END IT


DONK R/:T9P H9##P TI99 D#NE


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RET

HDI4P9AY R#@TINE4

TIT9E0

M# DPTR/M4AG0

"A99 9"DLM4G

RET

M4AG0

D: 0/B;/PREPAID/."1/ENERGY METER/..

DI4PLREADING

M# DPTR/M4AG1

"A99 9"DLM4G

RET

M4AG1

D: 0/B1/METER READING/."/..

AMTLREADING

M# DPTR/M4AG=

"A99 9"DLM4G

RET

M4AG=

D: 0/B0/:A9AN"E AM#@NT/."=/Rs*/..

"#@NTLREADING

M# DPTR/M4AG;

"A99 9"DLM4G

RET

M4AG;

D: 0/B1/P@94E "#@NT/."/..

@NITLPRI"E

M# DPTR/M4AG0;

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"A99 9"DLM4G

RET

M4AG0;

D: 0/B=/@NIT PRI"E/.";/Rs /..

RE"AGRE

M# DPTR/M4AG-

"A99 9"DLM4G

RET

M4AG-

D: 0/B./Please Recharge/."1/yo(r Acco(nt/..

TIT9E=

M# DPTR/M4AG

"A99 9"DLM4G

RET

M4AG

D: 0/B;/Ne' "ard/."0/


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TIT9E

M# DPTR/M4AGC

"A99 9"DLM4G

RET

M4AGC

D: 0/B1/INA9ID "ARD/."./


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"9R 9"DLR4 H 9"D REGI4TER 4E9E"T 9INE

"9R 9"DLE H ENA:9E 9INE

"9R 9"DLD:J H 4ET :IT PATTERN !#R***

"9R 9"DLD: H *** P#WER6#N6RE4ET

4ET: 9"DLD:-

4ET: 9"DLD:;

4ET: 9"DLE H 4TART ENA:9E P@94E

"9R 9"DLE H END ENA:9E P@94E

M# A/ ; H DE9AY ; MI99I4E"#ND4

"A99 MDE9AY



M# A/ 0 H DE9AY 0 MI99I4E"#ND

"A99 MDE9AY




"A99 MDE9AY

"9R 9"DLD:; H 4PE"I!Y ;6:IT #PERATI#N




"A99 MDE9AY

M# R;/ "#N!IG H !@N"TI#N 4ET

"A99 WR9"D"#M;

M# R;/ .B H DI4P9AY #!!

"A99 WR9"D"#M;

M# R;/ 0 H "9EAR DI4P9AY/ #ME "@R4#R

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"A99 WR9"D"#M;

M# R;/ENTRYM#DE H 4ET ENTRY M#DE

A"A99 WR9"D"#M;

OMP INIT9"D;

H 4@: RE"EIE4 A "#MMAND W#RD T# TE 9"D

H "#MMAND M@4T :E P9A"ED IN R; :Y "A99ING PR#GRAM

WR9"D"#M;

"9R 9"DLE

"9R 9"DLR4 H 4E9E"T READ "#MMAND

P@4 A"" H 4AE A""@M@9AT#R

M# A/ R; H P@T DATA :YTE IN A""

M# "/ A""*; H 9#AD IG NI::9E #N DATA :@4

M# 9"DLD:;/ " H #NE :IT AT A TIME @4ING***

M# "/ A""*- H :IT M#E #PERAT#IN4

M# 9"DLD:-/ "

M# "/ A""*

M# 9"DLD:/ "

M# "/ A""*J

M# 9"DLD:J/ "

4ET: 9"DLE H P@94E TE ENA:9E 9INE

"9R 9"DLE

M# "/ A""*. H 4IMI9AR9Y/ 9#AD 9#W NI::9E

M# 9"DLD:;/ "

M# "/ A""*0

M# 9"DLD:-/ "

M# "/ A""*1

M# 9"DLD:/ "

M# "/ A""*=

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M# 9"DLD:J/ "

"9R 9"DLE


"9R 9"DLE

"A99 MADE9AY

P#P A""

RET

H 4@: T# RE"EIE A DATA W#RD T# TE 9"D

H DATA M@4T :E P9A"ED IN R; :Y "A99ING PR#GRAM

WR9"DDATA

"9R 9"DLE

4ET: 9"DLR4 H 4E9E"T READ DATA

P@4 A"" H 4AE A""@M@9AT#R

M# A/ R; H P@T DATA :YTE IN A""

M# "/ A""*; H 9#AD IG NI::9E #N DATA :@4

M# 9"DLD:;/ " H #NE :IT AT A TIME @4ING***

M# "/ A""*- H :IT M#E #PERAT#IN4

M# 9"DLD:-/ "

M# "/ A""*

M# 9"DLD:/ "

M# "/ A""*J

M# 9"DLD:J/ "


"9R 9"DLE

M# "/ A""*. H 4IMI9AR9Y/ 9#AD 9#W NI::9E

M# 9"DLD:;/ "

M# "/ A""*0

M# 9"DLD:-/ "

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M# "/ A""*1

M# 9"DLD:/ "

M# "/ A""*=

M# 9"DLD:J/ "

"9R 9"DLE


"9R 9"DLE

N#P

N#P

P#P A""

RET

H4@: TA8E4 TE 4TRING IMMEDIATE9Y !#99#WING TE "A99 HAND

H DI4P9AY4 #N TE 9"D* 4TRING M@4T :E TERMINATED WIT A

H N@99 +.,*

9"DLM4G

"9R A H "lear Inde>

M#" A/AQDPTR H Get byte %ointed by D%tr

IN" DPTR H Point to the ne>t byte

OK 9"DLMsgC H Ret(rn if fo(nd the Fero +end of stringF,

"ONE A/.0/9cdLMsg0 H "hec) if is a "lear "ommand

M# R;/A

"A99 WR9"D"#M; HIf yes/ RE"EIE it as command to 9"D

OMP 9"DLM4G HGo get ne>t byte from stringF

9cdLMsg0 "ONE A/.!!/!99 H"hec) for dis%laying f(ll character

M# R;/A

"A99 WR9"DDATA

OMP 9"DLM4G

!99 "ONE A/.B.h/SQ= H Data or Address If U B.h then is address*

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O" 9cdLMsgLData H "arry 'ill be set if A V B.h +Data,

M# R;/A

"A99 WR9"D"#M; H "arry not set if AUB./ it is address

OMP 9cdLMsg H Go get ne>t byte from stringF

9cdLMsgLData

M# R;/A

"A99 WR9"DDATA H It 'as data/ RE"EIE it to 9cd

OMP 9cdLMsg H Go get ne>t byte from stringF

9cdLMsgC

RET H Ret(rn to "aller

H 0 MI99I4E"#ND DE9AY R#@TINE

MDE9AY

P@4 A""

M# A/.A

MDL#9P

IN" A

N#P

N#P

N#P

N#P

N#P

N#P

N#P

N#P

ONK MDL#9P

N#P

P#P A""

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RET

MADE9AY

P@4 A""

M# A/.=

MADL#9P

IN" A

N#P

N#P

N#P

N#P

N#P

N#P

N#P

N#P

ONK MADL#9P

N#P

P#P A""

RET

DE9AY4 H#ne second delay ro(tine

M# R/ .. H%(t . in register R +R .,

M# R-/ .; H%(t - in register R- +R- ;,

9##P:

IN" R Hincrease R by one +R R Q0,

A"A99 DE9AYM4 H call the ro(tine abo&e* It 'ill r(n and ret(rn to here*

M# A/ R Hmo&e &al(e in R to A

ONK 9##P: Hif A is not ./ go to 9##P:

DE" R- Hdecrease R- by one* +R- R- 60,

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M# A/ R- Hmo&e &al(e in R- to A

ONK 9##P: Hif A is not . then go to 9##P:*

RET

DE9AYM4 Hmillisecond delay ro(tine H

M# RJ/.. H%(t &al(e of . in register RJ

9##PA

IN" RJ Hincrease RJ by one +RJ RJ Q0,

M# A/RJ Hmo&e &al(e in RJ to Acc(mlator +also )no'n as A,

"ONE A/.!!/9##PA Hcom%are A to !! he> +1-,* If not e(al go to

H 9##PA

RET Hret(rn to the %oint that this ro(tine 'as called from

HTI4 R#@TINE 4END4 #@T "#NTENT4 #! TE A""@M@9AT#R

H to the EEPR#M and incl(des 4TART condition* Refer to the data sheets

H for disc(ssion of 4TART and 4T#P conditions*

#@T4 M# R1/B H9##P "#@NT 66 E@A9 T# :IT "#@NT

4ET: 4DA0 HIN4@RE DATA I4 I

4ET: 4"90 HIN4@RE "9#"8 I4 I

N#P HN#TE 0

N#P

N#P

"9R 4DA0 H4TART "#NDITI#N 66 DATA .

N#P HN#TE 0

N#P

N#P

"9R 4"90 H"9#"8 .

#T49P R9" A H4I!T :IT

ON" :IT94

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N#P

"9R 4"90 H"9#"8 9#W

DONK R1/#T9P HDE"REMENT "#@NTER

4ET: 4DA0 HT@RN PIN INT# INP@T

N#P HN#TE 0

4ET: 4"90 H"9#"8 A"8

N#P HN#TE 0

N#P

N#P

"9R 4"90

RET

4T#P "9R 4DA0 H4T#P "#NDITI#N 4ET DATA 9#W

N#P HN#TE 0

N#P

N#P

4ET: 4"90 H4ET "9#"8 I

N#P HN#TE 0

N#P

N#P

4ET: 4DA0 H4ET DATA IG

RET

HTI4 R#@TINE READ4 A :YTE #! DATA !R#M EEPR#M

H !rom EEPR#M c(rrent address %ointer*

H Ret(rns the data byte in R0

"READ M# A/RD"MD H9#AD READ "#MMAND

"A99 #@T4 H4END IT

"A99 IN HREAD DATA

M# R0/A H4T#RE DATA

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RET

H TI4 R#@TINE READ4 IN A :YTE !R#M TE EEPR#M

H and stores it in the acc(m(lator

IN M# R1/B H9##P "#@NT

4ET: 4DA0 H4ET DATA :IT IG !#R INP@T

IN9P "9R 4"90 H"9#"8 9#W

N#P HN#TE 0

N#P

N#P

N#P

4ET: 4"90 H"9#"8 IG

"9R " H"9EAR "ARRY

ON: 4DA0/IN90 HO@MP I! DATA .

"P9 " H4ET "ARRY I! DATA 0

IN90 R9" A HR#TATE DATA INT# A""@M@9AT#R

DONK R1/IN9P HDE"REMENT "#@NTER

"9R 4"90 H"9#"8 9#W

RET

H This ro(tine test for WRITE D#NE condition

H by testing for an A"8*

H This ro(tine can be r(n as soon as a 4T#P condition

H has been generated after the last data byte has been sent

H to the EEPR#M* The ro(tine loo%s (ntil an A"8 is recei&ed from

H the EEPR#M* No A"8 'ill be recei&ed (ntil the EEPR#M is done 'ith

H the 'rite o%eration*

A"8T4T M# A/WT"MD H 9#AD WRITE "#MMAND T# 4END

H ADDRE44

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M# R1/B H9##P "#@NT 66 E@A9 T# :IT "#@NT

"9R 4DA0 H4TART "#NDITI#N 66 DATA .

N#P HN#TE 0

N#P

N#P

"9R 4"90 H"9#"8 .

A8T9P R9" A H4I!T :IT

ON" A8T94

4ET: 4DA0 HDATA 0

OMP A8T90 H"#NTIN@E

A8T94 "9R 4DA0 HDATA .

A8T90 4ET: 4"90 H"9#"8 I

N#P HN#TE 0

N#P

N#P

"9R 4"90 H"9#"8 9#W

DONK R1/A8T9P HDE"REMENT "#@NTER

4ET: 4DA0 HT@RN PIN INT# INP@T

N#P HN#TE 0

4ET: 4"90 H"9#"8 A"8

N#P HN#TE 0

N#P

N#P

ON: 4DA0/EIT HEIT I! A"8 +WRITE D#NE,

OMP A"8T4T H4TART #ER

EIT "9R 4"90 H"9#"8 9#W

"9R 4DA0 HDATA 9#W

N#P HN#TE 0

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N#P

N#P

4ET: 4"90 H"9#"8 IG

N#P

N#P

4ET: 4DA0 H4T#P "#NDITI#N

RET

END

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CHAPTER&8

ADVANTA*ES , DISADVANTA*ES

8.1 ADVANTA*ES-

The Pre%aid Energy Meter for India* described in this Pro3ect has many

ad&antages*

Red(ced "hance of Meter Tam%ering The %ro3ect (ses electronic

energy meters 'ith b(ilt in tam%er detection facility 'hich eliminates

any chance of mechanical tam%ering

Red(ced Meter Reading "osts 4ince the b(rden of tra&eling to read and

recharge the energy meters is eliminated by (sing 'ireless media/ the

costs are significantly red(ced*

:etter Energy @sage 4ince the energy billing is %re %aid/ the cons(mers

'ill no' (se electricity in a better %lanned manner thereby red(cing

'astage*

!ast Resol(tion of Acco(nt (eries As there can be no meter reading

transcri%tion errors/ c(stomer com%laints 'ill be lo'er*

Im%ro&ed "(stomer "are !acilities The c(stomer can get f(ll details of

his energy cons(m%tion as a database for e&ery c(stomer is being

maintained*

Ada%table to "hange in Po'er Tariff The energy meter 'ill be

%rocesses only (nits and not r(%ees +money,* Th(s 'hen there is a

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change in %o'er tariff there is no need to chang the meter code* The

o%erator at the s(bstation 'ill calc(late the n(mber of (nits based on the

e>isting tariff and recharge the meters in terms of 8Wh*

:etter Energy Management 4ince the load %attern of a %artic(lar area

and c(stomers is a&ailable thro(gh the database/ it facilitates load

shedding in case of energy shortfall* The system 'ill enable easy energy

a(dits*

Red(ction in Po'er Theft :eca(se of the real time theft detection

system %o'er thefts can be drastically red(ced or remo&ed*

8.2 DISADVANTA*ES-

The main disad&antage of the system is/ beca(se of h(ge electronic

hard'are in&ol&ed in the system/ the o&erall system cons(mes more

electric energy

X Remedy

When the system is con&erted into engineering mod(le/ the b(l)y

hard'are can be con&erted into a small6integrated chi%* When the

hard'are is minimiFed nat(rally the system cons(mes less %o'er*

4ince it is a %rototy%e mod(le/ beca(se of h(ge hard'are the system

occ(%ies more s%ace*

The cons(mer or the electrical de%artment has to s%end more amo(nts

for installing this )ind of smart energy meters* Economically it is not

ad&ised*

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The %resent energy billing system %ro&ides em%loyment for nearly B60.

%eo%le in e&ery distrib(tion station for 3obs li)e billing/ %rocessing etc*

The %resently installed energy meters sho(ld be either modified or

re%laced 'ith the ne' meter/ 'hich cons(mes time/ labor and money*

The %re%aid system 'ill lea&e the c(stomer 'itho(t %o'er/ if he co(ld

not recharge his meter in time d(e to some (na&oidable reason*

The %re%aid system 'ill %ro&ide %o'er only to those 'ho can afford to

%re%ay*

"om%ared to the ad&antages/ the abo&e disad&antages are minimal in

their im%act*

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CHAPTER&9

APP(ICATION

The Pre%aid Energy Meter designed in this %a%er co(ld find a%%lication

in e&ery state distrib(tion com%any for energy billing a%art from intelligent

load shedding and theft detection* It can also be e>tended for metering and

monitoring other (tility commodities/ s(ch as Internet access/ %re%aid

drin)ing 'ater/ etc*

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CHAPTER&:

UTURE SCOPE

The Pre%aid Energy Meter for India/ has the %otential to change the f(t(re of

the energy billing system in India* It co(ld hel% the energy distrib(tion

com%anies red(ce costs and increase %rofits/ im%ro&e billing acc(racy and

efficiency/ and contrib(te to the energy s(stainability

The recharge method (sed here can be re%laced 'ith the G4M Modemsand can be e>tended to ma)e the energy billing system more 'ide

s%read and ma)e it one system for the entire state*

The mode of %ayment by the cons(mers can be e>tended to credit cards/

internet based %ayments/ ATM "enters etc* This ma)es the recharging

system sim%ler and eliminating the need for c(stomers to go to the

recharge centers allo'ing the (ser any time recharge*

Instead of recharging the chi%/ the readily a&ailable recharge cards

+smart cards, (sed in cell %hones can be introd(ced 'hich 'ill enable

easier recharging of meters* These cards can be made a&ailable at all

s(%er mar)ets/ grocery sho%s etc*

With these e>tensions c(stomers can be relie&ed of the b(rden of

recharging the meter only at the recharging centres* @sing these other

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mechanisms/ they can recharge their meters at their con&enience and

ma)ing the system m(ch more (ser friendly*

CONC(USION

Pre%aid energy meter 'ith tariff indicator is a conce%t to minimiFe the

Electricity theft 'ith a cost efficient manner*

The (sers are not bo(nd to %ay e>cesses amo(nt of money/ (sers ha&e to

%ay according to their re(irement*

It can red(ce %roblem associated 'ith billing cons(mer li&ing in isolated

area and red(ces de%loyment of man%o'er for ta)ing meter

readings*

Pre%aid energy meter 'ith tariff indicator is more reliable and (ser

friendly

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'I'(IO*RAPH7

Re3eren/e '%%$

o The B.-0microcontroller and embedded systems

M@AMMAD A9I MAKIDI OANI"E GI99I4PIE MAKIDI

o The B.-0 microcontroller 8ENNET O* AYA9A

We;$!te

o '''*datasheets;(*com

o '''*B.-0*com

o '''*google*com

o '''*%rimegro(%india*com

o '''*indianengineer*'ord%ress*com

o '''*'i)i%edia*org

APPENDI<

A1. C%mp%nent C%$t Deta!$

SeminarsTopics.com

http://www.datasheets4u.com/http://www.8051.com/http://www.google.com/http://www.primegroupindia.com/http://www.indianengineer.wordpress.com/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.datasheets4u.com/http://www.8051.com/http://www.google.com/http://www.primegroupindia.com/http://www.indianengineer.wordpress.com/http://www.wikipedia.org/


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CO+PONENTS RAN*E PRI=E>R$.?

Resister :o> All Ty%es =.*..

0


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;*. to -*- #%erating Range

!(lly 4tatic #%eration . F to == MF

Three6le&el Program Memory 9oc)

B6bit Internal RAM

=1 Programmable I5# 9ines

Three 06bit Timer5"o(nters

Eight Interr(%t 4o(rces

!(ll D(%le> @ART 4erial "hannel

9o'6%o'er Idle and Po'er6do'n Modes

Interr(%t Reco&ery from Po'er6do'n Mode

Watchdog Timer

D(al Data Pointer

Po'er6off !lag

A2.2 De$/r!pt!%n-

The ATBC4-1 is a lo'6%o'er/ high6%erformance "M#4 B6bit microcontroller

'ith B8 bytes of in6system %rogrammable !lash memory* The de&ice is

man(fact(red (sing Atmel7s high6density non&olatile memory technology and

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is com%atible 'ith the ind(stry6 standard B."-0 instr(ction set and %ino(t* The

on6chi% !lash allo's the %rogram memory to be re%rogrammed in6system or

by a con&entional non&olatile memory %rogrammer* :y combining a &ersatile

B6bit "P@ 'ith in6system %rogrammable !lash on a monolithic chi%/ the Atmel

ATBC4-1 is a %o'erf(l microcontroller 'hich %ro&ides a highly6fle>ible and

cost6effecti&e sol(tion to many embedded control a%%lications* The ATBC4-1

%ro&ides the follo'ing standard feat(res B8 bytes of !lash/ 1- bytes of

RAM/ =1 I5# lines/ Watchdog timer/ t'o data %ointers/ three 06bit

timer5co(nters/ a si>6&ector t'o6le&el interr(%t architect(re/ a f(ll d(%le> serial

%ort/ on6chi% oscillator/ and cloc) circ(itry* In addition/ the ATBC4-1 is

designed 'ith static logic for o%eration do'n to Fero fre(ency and s(%%orts

t'o soft'are selectable %o'er sa&ing modes* The Idle Mode sto%s the "P@

'hile allo'ing the RAM/ timer5co(nters/ serial %ort/ and interr(%t system to

contin(e f(nctioning* The Po'er6do'n mode sa&es the RAM contents b(t

freeFes the oscillator/ disabling all other chi% f(nctions (ntil the ne>t interr(%t

or hard'are reset*

A2.# '%/ D!agram-

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A2.6 P!n D!$/r!pt!%n-&

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VCC- 4(%%ly &oltage*

*ND- Gro(nd*

P%rt 5- Port . is an B6bit o%en drain bidirectional I5# %ort* As an o(t%(t

%ort/ each %in can sin) eight TT9 in%(ts* When 0s are 'ritten to %ort .

%ins/ the %ins can be (sed as highim%edance in%(ts* Port . can also be

config(red to be the m(lti%le>ed lo'order address5data b(s d(ring

accesses to e>ternal %rogram and data memory* In this mode/ P. has

internal %(ll(%s* Port . also recei&es the code bytes d(ring !lash

%rogramming and o(t%(ts the code bytes d(ring %rogram &erification*

E>ternal %(ll(%s are re(ired d(ring %rogram &erification*

P%rt 1- Port 0 is an B6bit bidirectional I5# %ort 'ith internal %(ll(%s*

The Port 0 o(t%(t b(ffers can sin)5so(rce fo(r TT9 in%(ts* When 0s are

'ritten to Port 0 %ins/ they are %(lled high by the internal %(ll(%s and

can be (sed as in%(ts* As in%(ts/ Port 0 %ins that are e>ternally being

%(lled lo' 'ill so(rce c(rrent +II9, beca(se of the internal %(ll(%s* In

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addition/ P0*. and P0*0 can be config(red to be the timer5co(nter 1

e>ternal co(nt in%(t +P0*.5T1, and the timer5co(nter 1 trigger in%(t

+P0*05T1E,/ res%ecti&ely/ as sho'n in the follo'ing table* Port 0 also

recei&es the lo'6order address bytes d(ring !lash %rogramming and

&erification*

P%rt 2- Port 1 is an B6bit bidirectional I5# %ort 'ith internal %(ll(%s*

The Port 1 o(t%(t b(ffers can sin)5so(rce fo(r TT9 in%(ts* When 0s are

'ritten to Port 1 %ins/ they are %(lled high by the internal %(ll(%s and

can be (sed as in%(ts* As in%(ts/ Port 1 %ins that are e>ternally being

%(lled lo' 'ill so(rce c(rrent +II9, beca(se of the internal %(ll(%s* Port

1 emits the high6order address byte d(ring fetches from e>ternal

%rogram memory and d(ring accesses to e>ternal data memory that (se

06bit addresses +M# DPTR,* In this a%%lication/ Port 1 (ses

strong internal %(ll6(%s 'hen emitting 0s* D(ring accesses to e>ternal

data memory that (se B6bit addresses +M# RI,/ Port 1 emits the

contents of the P1 4%ecial !(nction Register* Port 1 also recei&es the

high6order address bits and some control signals d(ring !lash

%rogramming and &erification*

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P%rt #- Port = is an B6bit bidirectional I5# %ort 'ith internal %(ll(%s*

The Port = o(t%(t b(ffers can sin)5so(rce fo(r TT9 in%(ts* When 0s are

'ritten to Port = %ins/ they are %(lled high by the internal %(ll(%s and

can be (sed as in%(ts* As in%(ts/ Port = %ins that are e>ternally being

%(lled lo' 'ill so(rce c(rrent +II9, beca(se of the %(ll(%s* Port = also

ser&es the f(nctions of &ario(s s%ecial feat(res of the ATBC4-1/ as

sho'n in the follo'ing table* Port = also recei&es some control signals

for !lash %rogramming and &erification*

RST- Reset in%(t* A high on this %in for t'o machine cycles 'hile the

oscillator is r(nning resets the de&ice* This %in dri&es igh for C

oscillator %eriods after the Watchdog times o(t* The DI4RT# bit in 4!R

A@R +address BE, can be (sed to disable this feat(re* In the defa(lt

state of bit DI4RT#/ the RE4ET IG o(t feat(re is enabled*

A(EPRO*- Address 9atch Enable +A9E, is an o(t%(t %(lse for

latching the lo' byte of the address d(ring accesses to e>ternal memory*

This %in is also the %rogram %(lse in%(t +PR#G, d(ring !lash

%rogramming* In normal o%eration/ A9E is emitted at a constant rate of

05 the oscillator fre(ency and may be (sed for e>ternal timing or

cloc)ing %(r%oses* Note/ ho'e&er/ that one A9E %(lse is s)i%%ed d(ring

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each access to e>ternal data memory* If desired/ A9E o%eration can be

disabled by setting bit . of 4!R location BE* With the bit set/ A9E is

acti&e only d(ring a M# or M#" instr(ction* #ther'ise/ the %in

is'ea)ly %(lled high* 4etting the A9E6disable bit has no effect if the

microcontroller is in e>ternal e>ec(tion mode*

PSENProgram 4tore Enable +P4EN, is the read strobe to e>ternal

%rogram memory* When the ATBC4-1 is e>ec(ting code from e>ternal

%rogram memory/ P4EN is acti&ated t'ice each machine cycle/ e>ce%t

that t'o P4EN acti&ations are s)i%%ed d(ring each access to e>ternal

data memory*

EAVPPE>ternal Access Enable* EA m(st be stra%%ed to GND in order

to enable the de&ice to fetch code from e>ternal %rogram memory

locations starting at .... (% to !!!!* Note/ ho'e&er/ that if loc) bit

0 is %rogrammed/ EA 'ill be internally latched on reset* EA sho(ld be

stra%%ed to "" for internal %rogram e>ec(tions* This %in also recei&es

the 016&olt %rogramming enable &oltage +PP, d(ring !lash

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feat(res* In that case/ the reset or inacti&e &al(es of the ne' bits 'ill

al'ays be .*

T!mer 2 Reg!$ter$- "ontrol and stat(s bits are contained in registers

T1"#N +sho'n in Table 1, and T1M#D +sho'n in Table =, for Timer 1*

The register %air +R"AP1/ R"AP19, are the "a%t(re5Reload registers

for Timer 1 in 06bit ca%t(re mode or 06bit a(to6reload mode*

Interrupt Reg!$ter$-The indi&id(al interr(%t enable bits are in the IE

register* T'o %riorities can be set for each of the si> interr(%t so(rces in

the IP register*

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Dua Data P%!nter Reg!$ter$- To facilitate accessing both internal and

e>ternal data memory/ t'o ban)s of 06bit Data Pointer Registers are

%ro&ided DP. at 4!R address locations B16B= and DP0 at B;6B-*

:it DP4 . in 4!R A@R0 selects DP. and DP4 0 selects DP0* The

(ser sho(ld al'ays initialiFe the DP4 bit to the a%%ro%riate &al(e before

accessing the res%ecti&e Data Pointer Register*

P%0er O33 ag- The Po'er #ff !lag +P#!, is located at bit ;

+P"#N*;, in the P"#N 4!R* P#! is set to “0$ d(ring %o'er (%* It can

be set and rest (nder soft'are control and is not affected by reset*

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A#. DATA SHEET O AT:@C2541-

A#.1 eature$

"om%atible 'ith M"4[6-0Prod(cts

18 :ytes of Re%rogrammable !lash Memory \ End(rance 0./...

Write5Erase "ycles

1*J to #%erating Range

!(lly 4tatic #%eration . F to 1; MF

T'o6le&el Program Memory 9oc) ] 01B > B6bit Internal RAM

0- Programmable I5# 9ines

T'o 06bit Timer5"o(nters

4i> Interr(%t 4o(rces

Programmable 4erial @ART "hannel

Direct 9ED Dri&e #(t%(ts

#n6chi% Analog "om%arator

9o'6%o'er Idle and Po'er6do'n Modes

Green +Pb5alide6free, Pac)aging #%tion

A#.2 De$/r!pt!%n-

The ATBC"1.-0 is a lo'6&oltage/ high6%erformance "M#4 B6bit

microcom%(ter 'ith 18 bytes of !lash %rogrammable and erasable read6only

memory +PER#M,* The de&ice is man(fact(red (sing Atmel7s high6density

non&olatile memory technology and is com%atible 'ith the ind(stry6standard

M"46-0 instr(ction set* :y combining a &ersatile B6bit "P@ 'ith !lash on a

monolithic chi%/ the Atmel ATBC"1.-0 is a %o'er6f(l microcom%(ter 'hich

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%ro&ides a highly6fle>ible and cost6effecti&e sol(tion to many embedded

control a%%lications* The ATBC"1.-0 %ro&ides the follo'ing standard feat(res

18 bytes of !lash/ 01B bytes of RAM/ 0- I5# lines/ t'o 06bit timer5co(nters/

a fi&e &ector t'o6le&el interr(%t architect(re/ a f(ll d(%le> serial %ort/ a

%recision analog com%arator/ on6chi% oscillator and cloc) circ(itry* In addition/

the ATBC"1.-0 is designed 'ith static logic for o%era6tion do'n to Fero

fre(ency and s(%%orts t'o soft'are selectable %o'er sa&ing modes* The Idle

Mode sto%s the "P@ 'hile allo'ing the RAM/ timer5co(nters/ serial %ort and

interr(%t system to contin(e f(nctioning* The %o'er6do'n mode sa&es the

RAM contents b(t freeFes the oscillator disabling all other chi% f(nctions (ntil

the ne>t hard'are reset*

A#.# '%/ D!agram-

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A#.6 P!n De$/r!pt!%n-

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VCC- 4(%%ly &oltage*

*ND- Gro(nd*

P%rt 1- The Port 0 is an B6bit bi6directional I5# %ort* Port %ins P0*1 to

P0*J %ro&ide internal %(ll6(%s* P0*. and P0*0 re(ire e>ternal %(ll6(%s*

P0*. and P0*0 also ser&e as the %ositi&e in%(t +AIN., and the negati&e

in%(t +AIN0,/ res%ecti&ely/ of the on6chi% %recision analog com%arator*

The Port 0 o(t6%(t b(ffers can sin) 1. mA and can dri&e 9ED dis%lays

directly* When 0s are 'ritten to Port 0 %ins/ they can be (sed as in%(ts*

When %ins P0*1 to P0*J are (sed as in%(ts and are e>ternally %(lled lo'/

they 'ill so(rce c(rrent +II9, beca(se of the internal %(ll6(%s* Port 0

also recei&es code data d(ring !lash %rogramming and &erification*

P%rt #- Port = %ins P=*. to P=*-/ P=*J are se&en bi6directional I5# %ins

'ith internal %(ll6(%s* P=* is hard6'ired as an in%(t to the o(t%(t of the

on6chi% com%arator and is not accessible as a gen6eral6%(r%ose I5# %in*

The Port = o(t%(t b(ffers can sin) 1. mA* When 0s are 'ritten to Port =

%ins they are %(lled high by the internal %(ll6(%s and can be (sed as

in%(ts* As in%(ts/ Port = %ins that are e>ternally being %(lled lo' 'ill

so(rce c(rrent +II9, beca(se of the %(ll6(%s* Port = also ser&es the

f(nctions of &ario(s s%ecial feat(res of the ATBC"1.-0 as listed belo'

RST- Reset in%(t* All I5# %ins are reset to 0s as soon as R4T goes high*

olding the R4T %in high for t'o machine cycles 'hile the oscillator is

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r(nning resets the de&ice* Each machine cycle ta)es 01 oscillator or

cloc) cycles*

ternal cloc) so(rce/ TA91 sho(ld be left (nconnected 'hile TA90

is dri&en as sho'n in !ig(re -61* There are no re(ire6ments on the d(ty

cycle of the e>ternal cloc) signal/ since the in%(t to the internal cloc)ing

circ(itry is thro(gh a di&ide6by6t'o fli%6flo%/ b(t minim(m and

ma>im(m &oltage high and lo' time s%ecifications m(st be obser&ed*

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ne' feat(res* In that case/ the reset or inacti&e &al(es of the ne' bits

'ill al'ays be .*

A6. DATA SHEET O AT26C526-

A6.1 eature$-

9o'6&oltage and 4tandard6&oltage #%eration

o 1*J+"" 1*J to -*-,

o 0*B +"" 0*B to -*-,

Internally #rganiFed 01B > B +08,/ 1- > B +18,/ -01 > B +;8,/

0.1; > B +B8, or 1.;B > B +08,

4chmitt Trigger/ !iltered In%(ts for Noise 4(%%ression

:idirectional Data Transfer Protocol

0.. )F +0*B, and ;.. )F +1*J/ -, "om%atibility

Write Protect Pin for ard'are Data Protection

B6byte Page +08/ 18,/ 06byte Page +;8/ B8/ 08, Write Modes /Partial

Page Writes Allo'ed

4elf6timed Write "ycle +- ms ma>,

igh6reliability

End(rance 0 Million Write "ycles

Data Retention 0.. Years

A(tomoti&e De&ices A&ailable

B6lead OEDE" PDIP/ B6lead OEDE" 4#I"/ B6lead @ltra Thin Mini6MAP

+M9P 1>=,/ -6lead

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4#T1=/ B6lead T44#P and B6ball d:GA1 Pac)ages

Die 4ales Wafer !orm/ Waffle Pac) and :(m%ed Wafers

A6.2 De$/r!pt!%n-

The AT1;".0A5.15.;5.BA50A %ro&ides 0.1;51.;B5;.C5B0C150=B; bits of

serial electrically erasable and %rogrammable read6only memory +EEPR#M,

organiFed as 01B51-5-0150.1;51.;B 'ords of B bits each* The de&ice iso%timiFed for (se in many ind(strial and commercial a%%lications 'here lo'6

%o'er and lo'6&oltage o%eration are essential* The

AT1;".0A5.15.;5.BA50A is a&ailable in s%ace6sa&ing B6lead PDIP/ B6lead

OEDE" 4#I"/ B6lead @ltra Thin Mini6MAP +M9P 1>=,/ -6lead 4#T1=

+AT1;".0A5AT1;".15AT1;".;,/ B6lead T44#P/ and B6ball d:GA1 %ac)ages

and is accessed &ia a T'o6'ire serial interface* In addition/ the entire family is

a&ailable in 1*J +1*J to -*-, and 0*B +0*B to -*-, &ersions*

A6.# '%/ D!agram-

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P!n De$/r!pt!%n-

SERIA( C(OC) >SC(?- The 4"9 in%(t is (sed to %ositi&e edge cloc)

data into each EEPR#M de&ice and negati&e edge cloc) data o(t of

each de&ice*

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SERIA( DATA >SDA?- The 4DA %in is bidirectional for serial data

transfer* This %in is o%en6drain dri&en and may be 'ire6#Red 'ith any

n(mber of other o%en6drain or o%encollector de&ices*

DEVICEPA*E ADDRESSES >A2B A1B A5?- The A1/ A0 and A. %ins

are de&ice address in%(ts that are hard 'ired for the AT1;".0A and the

AT1;".1* As many as eight 08518 de&ices may be addressed on a

single b(s system +de&ice addressing is disc(ssed in detail (nder the

De&ice Addressing section,* The AT1;".; (ses the A1 and A0 in%(ts

for hard 'ire addressing and a total of fo(r ;8 de&ices may be

addressed on a single b(s system* The A. %in is a no connect and can be

connected to gro(nd* The AT1;".BA only (ses the A1 in%(t for

hard'ire addressing and a total of t'o B8 de&ices may be addressed on

a single b(s system* The A. and A0 %ins are no connects and can be

connected to gro(nd* The AT1;"0A does not (se the de&ice address

%ins/ 'hich limits the n(mber of de&ices on a single b(s to one* The A./

A0 and A1 %ins are no connects and can be connected to gro(nd*

WRITE PROTECT >WP?- The AT1;".0A5.15.;5.BA50A has a

Write Protect %in that %ro&ides hard'are data %rotection* The Write

Protect %in allo's normal Read5Write o%erations 'hen connected to

gro(nd +GND,* When the Write Protect %in is connected to ""/ the

'rite %rotection feat(re is enabled and o%erates as sho'n in Table 1*

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A4. DATA SHEET O U(N255#-

IG #9TAGE AND IG "@RRENT DAR9INGT#N TRAN4I4T#R

ARRAY

A4.1 DESCRIPTION-

The @9N1..= is a monolithic high &oltage and high c(rrent Darlington

transistor arrays* It consists of se&en NPN darlington %airs that feat(res high6

&oltage o(t%(ts 'ith common6cathode clam% diode for s'itching ind(cti&e

loads* The collector6c(rrent rating of a single darlington %air is -..mA* The

darlington %airs may be %arrlleled for higher c(rrent ca%ability* A%%lications

incl(de relay dri&ers/hammer dri&ers/ lam%dri&ers/dis%lay dri&ers+9ED gas

discharge,/line dri&ers/ and logic b(ffers*

The @9N1..= has a 1*J)W series base resistor for each darlington %air

for o%eration directly 'ith TT9 or - "M#4 de&ices*

A4.2 EATURES-

-..mA rated collector c(rrent+4ingle o(t%(t,

igh6&oltage o(t%(ts -.

In%(ts com%atibale 'ith &ario(s ty%es of logic*

Relay dri&er a%%lication*

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A8. Data $heet %3 +CT2E >Opt%/%uperB Ph%t%tran$!$t%r OutputB

W!th 'a$e C%nne/t!%n?

Figure 2.2 IC MCT2E

A8.1 eature$-

Interfaces 'ith common logic families

In%(t6o(t%(t co(%ling ca%acitance V .*- %!

Ind(stry 4tandard D(al6in line 6%in %ac)age

-=.. RM4 isolation test &oltage

A8.2 De$/r!pt!%n-

4tandard 4ingle "hannel Phototransistor "o(%lers* The M"T15 M"TE family

is an Ind(stry 4tandard 4ingle "hannel Phototransistor*Each o%toco(%ler

consists of galli(m arsenide infrared 9ED and a silicon NPN %hototransistor*

A8.# A;$%ute +a!mum Rat!ng$-

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Tam% 1- ^"/ (nless other'ise s%ecified4tresses in e>cess of the absol(te

Ma>im(m Ratings can ca(se %ermanent damage to the de&ice* !(nctional

o%eration of the de&ice is not im%lied at these or any other conditions in e>cess

of those gi&en in the o%erational sections of this doc(ment* E>%os(re to

absol(te Ma>im(m Rating for e>tended %eriods of the time can ad&ersely

affect reliability*

A8.6 Pa/age D!men$!%n$ !n In/he$ >mm?

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Electricity Billing System

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