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Benjamin Franklinconducted extensive researchon electricity in the 18thcentury, as documented byJoseph Priestley (1767)

History and Present Status of Electricity , with whomFranklin carried on extendedcorrespondence.

Michael Faraday'sdiscoveries formed thefoundation of electric motechnology

electricity. According to a controversial theory, the Parthians may have had knowledge of electro based on the 1936 discovery of the Baghdad Battery, which resembles a galvanic cell, though it whether the artifact was electrical in nature.[8]

Electricity would remain little more than an intellectual curiosity fomillennia until 1600, when the English scientist William Gilbert macareful study of electricity and magnetism, distinguishing the lodest

effect from static electricity produced by rubbing amber.[6]

He coined the New Latin wordelectricus ("of amber" or "like amber", from ἤλεκτροelektron , the Greek word for "amber") to refer to the property of attrasmall objects after being rubbed.[9] This association gave rise to the Enwords "electric" and "electricity", which made their first appearancein Thomas Browne's Pseudodoxia Epidemica of 1646.[10]

Further work was conducted by Otto von Guericke, Robert Boyle, SGray and C. F. du Fay. In the 18th century, Benjamin Franklin conduextensive research in electricity, selling his possessions to fund his w

June 1752 he is reputed to have attached a metal key to the bottom dampened kite string and flown the kite in a storm-threatened sky.[11] Asuccession of sparks jumping from the key to the back of his hand sthat lightning was indeed electrical in nature.[12] He also explained theapparently paradoxical behavior [13] of the Leyden jar as a device for stolarge amounts of electrical charge in terms of electricity consisting o positive and negative charges.

In 1791, Luigi Galvani published hisdiscovery of bioelectromagnetics,

demonstrating that electricity was the medium by which neurons passedsignals to the muscles.[14] Alessandro Volta's battery, or voltaic pile, of 1800, made from alternating layers of zinc and copper, provided scientistswith a more reliable source of electrical energy than the electrostaticmachines previously used.[14] The recognition of electromagnetism, theunity of electric and magnetic phenomena, is due to Hans Christian Ørstedand André-Marie Ampère in 1819-1820; Michael Faraday invented theelectric motor in 1821, and Georg Ohm mathematically analysed theelectrical circuit in 1827.[14] Electricity and magnetism (and light) were

definitively linked by James Clerk Maxwell, in particular in his "OnPhysical Lines of Force" in 1861 and 1862.[15]

While the early 19th century had seen rapid progress in electrical science,the late 19th century would see the greatest progress in electricalengineering. Through such people as Alexander Graham Bell, Ottó Bláthy,Thomas Edison, Galileo Ferraris, Oliver Heaviside, Ányos Jedlik, William Thomson, 1st Baron KCharles Algernon Parsons, Werner von Siemens, Joseph Swan, Nikola Tesla and George Westingelectricity turned from a scientific curiosity into an essential tool for modern life, becoming a driof the Second Industrial Revolution.[16]

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