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![Page 1: Electrical Vehicles Effects on Residential Distribution Systems Research Assistant: Paul Haley Research Supervisor: Dr. Leszeck Czarnecki August 31, 2012.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e4b5503460f94b3fd22/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Electrical Vehicles Effects on Residential Distribution Systems
Research Assistant: Paul HaleyResearch Supervisor: Dr. Leszeck Czarnecki
August 31, 2012
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
![Page 2: Electrical Vehicles Effects on Residential Distribution Systems Research Assistant: Paul Haley Research Supervisor: Dr. Leszeck Czarnecki August 31, 2012.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e4b5503460f94b3fd22/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Motivation
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
![Page 3: Electrical Vehicles Effects on Residential Distribution Systems Research Assistant: Paul Haley Research Supervisor: Dr. Leszeck Czarnecki August 31, 2012.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e4b5503460f94b3fd22/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Motivation
• Government and environmental groups endorse EVs.– energy efficiency– dependence on oil– CO2 emissions
• EVs are competitors in the market
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
![Page 4: Electrical Vehicles Effects on Residential Distribution Systems Research Assistant: Paul Haley Research Supervisor: Dr. Leszeck Czarnecki August 31, 2012.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e4b5503460f94b3fd22/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Motivation
• EV battery chargers are large loads.– 2 to 4 kW– Possible reduction of voltage profile
• EVs use AC/DC converters to charge batteries.– Possible increase in voltage harmonic distortion
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
![Page 5: Electrical Vehicles Effects on Residential Distribution Systems Research Assistant: Paul Haley Research Supervisor: Dr. Leszeck Czarnecki August 31, 2012.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e4b5503460f94b3fd22/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Objectives
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
![Page 6: Electrical Vehicles Effects on Residential Distribution Systems Research Assistant: Paul Haley Research Supervisor: Dr. Leszeck Czarnecki August 31, 2012.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e4b5503460f94b3fd22/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Objectives
• Estimate the environmental impact of EVs– Compare energy flow of EVs and GVs– Use efficiency data from best sources accessible
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
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Objectives
• Evaluate the effects of EV chargers on residential distribution systems– Measure EV battery charging cycle– Model selected residential system
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
![Page 8: Electrical Vehicles Effects on Residential Distribution Systems Research Assistant: Paul Haley Research Supervisor: Dr. Leszeck Czarnecki August 31, 2012.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e4b5503460f94b3fd22/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Objectives
• Research the current state of the EV market– Compile data from various literature
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
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Conclusions
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
![Page 10: Electrical Vehicles Effects on Residential Distribution Systems Research Assistant: Paul Haley Research Supervisor: Dr. Leszeck Czarnecki August 31, 2012.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e4b5503460f94b3fd22/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Conclusions
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
• From an environmental perspective, EVs are beneficial.– The use of EVs is more efficient than GVs. – Use of EVs will reduce burning of carbon-rich fossil
fuels.
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Conclusions
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
• EVs not likely to cause problems in residential distribution systems in the near future
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Conclusions
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
• At current prices, EVs cannot compete with GVs, especially hybrids.– Only 0.01% of vehicles in U.S. are EVs.
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Environmental Effects of EVs
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
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Efficiency Comparison
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
• Compared efficiencies of the all steps of energy transfer for GVs and EVs.
• Due to many unknown factors the estimated efficiencies are debatable.
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Efficiency Comparison
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
• Electric car efficiency calculation involves four parts.– Charger and Inverter: 85% each– Battery: 94%– Motor: 90%
• EV energy efficiency: 61%
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Efficiency Comparison
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
• Final Result– EVs use 74% of the energy used by GVs to do the
same amount of work.
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Efficiency and Environmental Impact
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
• EVs are more efficient.
• Energy from fossils in U.S. is 69.3%.
• EVs burn 51% of the CO2 producing fossils that GVs consume.
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Impact of EV Chargers on Residential Distribution Systems
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
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Measurements during EV Charging Cycle
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
• Low distortion• Nearly unity power factor
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Measurements during EV Charging Cycle
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
• Current RMS relatively constant
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Residential Power System Modeling
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
• Expensive neighborhood – more likely to have EVs in the near future
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Residential Power System Modeling
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
![Page 23: Electrical Vehicles Effects on Residential Distribution Systems Research Assistant: Paul Haley Research Supervisor: Dr. Leszeck Czarnecki August 31, 2012.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032804/56649e4b5503460f94b3fd22/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Residential Power System Modeling
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
• Computer model run for worst case– 20% current THD per charger– 95% power factor– 100% EV penetration charged simultaneously
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Residential Power System Modeling
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
• Voltage RMS at end of feeder: 95%• Voltage THD at end of feeder: 6%• Computer modeling repeated for varying
penetration levels– At 60% penetration voltage THD reached 5%.
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Residential Power System Modeling
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
• These worst case parameters are unlikely.• No problems expected in the near future.
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Current EV Market
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
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EVs & PHEVs on the Market
• Nissan Leaf: 75 miles/charge - $35,200
• Mitsubishi i MiEV:62 miles/charge - $29,125
• Chevy Volt:35 miles/charge - $39,145
• Government incentive: $7,500
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
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EVs: Consumers Perspective
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
• Limited range• Lack of convenient charging infrastructure• Best suited as second car for family• PHEVs more convenient for most consumers
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PHEVs: Consumers Perspective
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
• Chevy Volt vs. Chevy Cruze– Amortization Time with Incentive:
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Government and Political Forces
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
• Federal and state incentives not permanent• Future cost of EVs uncertain
– China’s monopoly on lithium and neodymium
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Review
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
• EVs are environmentally beneficial.– Could reduce burning of fossil fuels by half
• EVs should not cause problems in residential distribution systems in the near future.
• At current prices, EVs cannot compete with GVs.
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Thank you!
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering