ELECTRICAL STORMS IN TESLA’S COLORADO SPRINGS NOTES

7/29/2019 ELECTRICAL STORMS IN TESLAS COLORADO SPRINGS NOTES

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ELECTRICAL STORMS IN TESLAS

COLORADO SPRINGS NOTES

(& THE TRANSMISSION OF ENERGY W/O WIRES)by

J.M. Hardesty, K.L. Corum and J.F. Corum, Ph.D.

http://www.nedyn.com/rf_history.html

Tesla Science Center Conference

Long Island, NY Nov. 5, 2011


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WHO WAS HE?


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Dr. Nikola Tesla: Professional Credentials

Baccalaureate Degrees: Graz Polytechnic Institute (Math/Phys/ME)

Graduate Studies: Prague (Physics)

Honors & Degrees (13): Columbia, Yale, Vienna, Prague, Paris, Sophia, PAW (Berlin) Vice-President IEEE, Life Fellow IEEE, Fellow AAAS, IEE (British), Am. Philo. Soc.,

Edison Medal, Elliott Cresson Medal,

Nominated for an Undivided Noble Prize in Physics (1937)

Inventions: (250+ US Patents)

1. Induction Motor

2. Polyphase Power Distribution System

3. High Frequency (RF) Generators4. Tesla Coil

5. High Frequency Effects & Phenomena

6. Robotics

7. Digital Logic Gates (AND Circuit)

8. The Wireless RF System: Radio (System of 4 Tuned Circuits)

9. Voltage Magnification via Standing Waves

His great conception of the rotating magnetic field is one ofthe greatest feats ofimagination ever achieved by the human mind.

He solved the greatest problem in Electrical Engineering of his time. The evolution of electric power from the discovery of Faraday to the installation of the

Tesla polyphase system is the most tremendous event in all engineering history. Honored by: Kelvin, Helmholtz, Crookes, Dewer, Rayleigh, Bohr, Rutherford, Bragg,

Compton, Millikan, Einstein, Armstrong, De Forest, Kennelly, Appleton, Bush


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Dr. Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)

Dr. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)


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As to the transmission of power through,

space, that is a matter which I consideredcertain, absolutely certain, years ago.(May 18, 1917)

Counsel

What was the distance of the receiver from the sending station

in the [1899] Colorado test? Could you give the number of

miles approximately?Tesla

Oh, 10 miles or so.

(1916 Transcript, pp. 172-173)


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Issues to be Resolved

Tesla divided his time among:1. Receiver design/construction

2. High Voltage RF Transmitter design

3. Electrical Discharge Phenomena4. Static/Storm/Cosmic signal reception

How did he get from these to convincinghimself of the practicality of efficient(industrial) wireless power transmission?


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NY World

March 8, 1896


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Colorado Springs Lab from Pikes Peak


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Prospect Lake

Prospect Lake


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Experimental Station fullydeveloped.

Activity (power delivery)

one hundred thousand

horsepower.

Teslas Lab(by moonlight)


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Lightning at Colorado Springs

Colorado is a country famous for the natural displays of

electric force. Tesla, 1904


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But the most curious feature is the appearance of fire balls.

Dec. 31, 1899


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owing to the power of the streamers, the luminous portion of

the same becomes a veritable fire ball. Dec. 31, 1899

f f


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I never saw fire balls, but as compensation for my disappointmen

I succeeded later in determining the mode of their formation and

producing them artificially. March 5, 1904


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Owing to some interference of the oscillations, veritable balls

of fire are apt to leap out to a great distance Feb. 9, 1901


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The streamers were very powerful

and the spots were about an inch or

more in diameter, actual fire balls.

Dec. 31, 1899


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QRN 1

ATMOSPHERIC NOISE:

COSMIC STATIC

(THE ORIGINS OF RADIO ASTRONOMY)


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1896-1897


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1899


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A highly sensitive, self-restorative device, controlling a

recording instrument, was included in the secondary circuit,

while the primary was connected to the ground and an

elevated terminal of adjustable capacity. The variations of

potential gave rise to electric surgings in the primary; these

generated secondary currents, which in turn affected the

sensitive device and recorder in proportion to their intensity.

The earth was found to be, literally, alive with electrical

vibrations, and soon I was deeply absorbed in the interesting

investigation. March 4, 1905


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Karl G. Jansky (1931)


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1. Local thunderstorms

2. Distant thunderstorms

3. A steady hiss, the origin

of which is not known

Three kinds of Static:

An Epic in the History of Science . . .


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Jansky Data: Feb. 24, 1932

Peaks (indicated by black arrows) occurring every 20

minutes as the antenna swept through the plane of

our galaxy. Note that the direction of each peak shiftedfrom nearly south (S) to southwest (SW) in about 2

hours. These peaks gave the first indication of radio

waves originating from beyond the Earth.


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John D. Kraus(W8JK)


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Spectral Distribution of E-Field Noise


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WINDOWS:IONOSPHERIC TRANSPARENCY


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WINDOWS:IONOSPHERIC TRANSPARENCY


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Grote Reber

(W9GFZ)

VHF/UHF Cosmic Static LF/MF


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OSU Radio Observatory (1952)


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Ohio State Sky Map (250 Mhz)


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Jodrell Bank - 1957


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Even now, at times,

I can vividly recall the

incident, and see my

apparatus as though it

were actually before me.

My first observations

positively terrified me,

as there was present in

them something

mysterious, not to say

supernatural, and I was

alone in my laboratory at

night.


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. . .

4 6 6 1 ---

. . . my ear barely caught signals coming in regular succession


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NAA CUTLER, MAINE 24 kHz

Static NAA Envelope Detector

NAA Tesla Receiver


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Are they dots? Or, are they dashes?

4 6 6 1

---- ------ ------ . ----....


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. ..

1 2 3 . . . . ---

I caught signals which I interpreted as meaning 1-2-3


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PATHOLOGICAL SCIENCE


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Sketches of Mars (1883 and 1897)


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Lowell Observatory

"Even these star-gazers stonisht are... and curse their lying bookes.

Edmund Spenser, Faerie Queene, Bk. 7, Canto 7

Oftentimes to win us to our harm the instruments of darkness tell us truths


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Joseph Weber (U of Md) Percival Lowell (Flagstaff)

Oftentimes, to win us to our harm, the instruments of darkness tell us truths.

Banquo (Macbeth, Act I Sc.3)


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Signals that came in distinct

separated pulses and followed

Venus across the sky. - Kraus

Donato Creti Prof. John Kraus (1956)


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Jupiter Donato Creti Venus


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QRN - 2

ATMOSPHERIC NOISE:

LIGHTNING


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REPLICATING

TESLAS OBSERVATION

OF GLOBAL

STATIONARY WAVES

(See: Aug. 4, 1899 and Sept. 9-10, 1899)


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Experimental Station in

another phase ofdevelopment. Discovery

of Stationary Waves

made July 3, 1899.

Teslas Lab(from West side)


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Basic Coherer Receiver


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The Coherer


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Application of Condenser Method


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Teslas June 1899 Coherer RCVR


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The Four Modes of Coherer Operation

1. Branley Resistance collapses when input

signal exceeds i-v knee

2. Lodge restorer (tapper)

3. Bose anticipates point-contact diode

4. Tesla(a) Condenser Method of magnifying

effects (insert break + Tesla coil)

(b) Self-Exciting Method:(locally generated RF injection + FB)


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Teslas Notes: September 1899

Nickel chip coherer


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Time Base

1897/1898: #609,251


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Tesla (March 5, 1904)

In the latter part of the month [June] I noticed several timesthat my instruments were affected stronger by discharges

taking place at great distances than by those near by.

One night, as I was walking home, meditating over these

experiences, I was suddenly staggered by a thought.

It was on the third of July the date I shall neverforget. A dense mass of strongly charged clouds gathered

in the west, and towards the evening a violent storm brokeloose which, after spending much of its fury in the

mountains, was driven away with great velocity over the

plains.


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Heavy and long persisting arcs formed almost in regular

time intervals. . . The apparatus indications became fainter

and fainter with the increasing distance of the storm, until

they ceased altogether. . . Surely enough, in a little while theindications again began, grew stronger and stronger and,

after passing through a maximum, gradually decreased and

ceased once more. Many times, in regularly recurring

intervals, the same actions were repeated until the stormhad retreated to a distance of about three hundred

kilometers. Nor did these strange actions stop then, but

continued to manifest themselves with undiminished

force. Subsequently, similar observations were also made

by my assistant, Fritz Lowenstein. No doubt, whatever

remained: I was observing stationary waves.

As the source of disturbances moved away the receiving

circuit came successively upon their nodes and loops.


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Observations of Passing Lightning Storms

May 29, 1994


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TESLAS OBSERVATIONS

The frequency should be smaller than20 thousand per second . . .

The wave-train should continue for 1/12th

or 0.08484 seconds, which is the timetaken in passing to and returning from the

region diametrically opposite the pole

over the earths surface . . .

The efficiency of transmission can be as

high as 96% or 97% . . .


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RECENT EXPERIMENTAL

RESULTS


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(1) Measured Data Thornton NH May 29 1994


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(1) Measured Data: Thornton, NH May 29, 1994

Interpretation


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Interpretation

The outgoing and returning currents

clash and form nodes and loops

( Tesla, January 1905)

Interpretation


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Interpretation



A spherical

transmission line:

Interpretation


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Interpretation



No doubt, whatever, remained. I was observing stationary waves. -Tesla


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Tesla -

Fowler

Memo

(7/16/25)

But Wait Theres More


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But Wait There s More

The outgoing and returning currents clash and form nodes and loops

. . . To traverse the entire distance of about twenty-five thousand

miles, equal to the circumference of the globe, the current requires a

certain time interval, which I have approximately ascertained.

(Tesla, January 1905)

What was that

propagation time?


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(2) Propagation Time: Set-Up

Plymouth, NH June 27, 2005


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Propagation Time: Measurement

(3) Propagation Loss: Echo Amplitude Observation


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(3) Propagation Loss: Echo Amplitude Observation

Propagation Loss (to Antipode & Back)


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Propagation Loss (to Antipode & Back)

1 10 100 1 103

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Frequency (kHz)

dB


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Propagation Efficiency vs. Frequency

SUMMARY


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SUMMARY

1.

2.

3.

4.

Conclusion: We think we are seeingwhat Tesla said he saw.

%7.3%10008484.0

08484.0088.0

t

%3.1%100714.0

705.0714.0 A

Moving Loops & Nodes Are Observed

Knee Frequency (Stay below 25 kHz)


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THE NEXT ISSUE . . .

HOW DO YOU EXCITE THISWAVE?

It is now certain that they can be produced with an oscillator.

(This is of immense importance.) Nikola Tesla, July 4, 1899


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ANALYSIS

OF

BASE-DRIVEN

HELICAL OSCILLATORS

Tesla Coil: A Distributed Resonator


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Tesla Coil: A Distributed Resonator

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 10001 10

5

5 104

0

5 104

1 105

Zin f( )

0

f 103

BC: Anisotropic Sheath

Soln: Surface Wave Modes

5.05.2

201

1

o

f

D

s

D

V

Dn

VZ

g

fc

358.060

Vmax S Vmin

Nov. 1, 1899


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Helical Resonator

Physical MeasurementsD = 8.25 ft

H = 106 inches

S = 1 inch

N = 106 Turns

#6 copper wire

fo

= 94 kHz (122 kHz w/o CT)

L = 0.020 henries

CT = 92 pF

Theoretically PredictedVf= 0.0042

Zo = 6380 ohms = 71 degrees

l = 0.0263 Nepers

Zbase = 160 ohms

Vbase = 250 kV

Vtop = 9.5 MV


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Resonance: Lumped and Distributed


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In examining the


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In examining the

photographs of his

experimental station

it is apparent to

experts that Tesla

did not employ

apparatus essential

to the launching of

such waves.


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I conceived the idea of

producing such waves in

the earth by artificial

means . . . #787,412

Lectures at Columbia & Philadelphia


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Seibts Experiment


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Seibts Experiment

Experiment to illustrate the


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Plate XXVI, CSN, pp. 351-357

Experiment to illustrate the

transmission of electrical

energy through the earthwithout wire. Lower end

connected to ground.

(June 1900; Fig. 4, pp. 186, 206)

That little lamp is nothing

spectacular but this is a

great experiment, markingan epoch in the art.

(Tesla to Counsel, 1916, p. 96.)

EM Wave Propagation (RF)


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p g ( )

Dr Franklin


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Dr. Franklin

AU GENIE DE FRANKLIN

(To the Genius of Franklin )

(Engraving by Jean-Honor

Fragonard)

(1778)

Eripuit Coelo Fulmen Sceptrumque

Tyrannis

He snatched lightning from the sky

and the scepter from the tyrant

Turgot

Sommerfeld/Zenneck Surface Waves


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Sommerfeld/Zenneck Surface Waves(Formal Maxwell Solution: 1907/09)

Tesla (1916):

Note, for instance, the

mathematical treatise of

Sommerfeld, who showsthat my theory is correct,

that I was right in my

explanations of the

phenomena, and that theprofession was

completely mislead.

1923

Pathological: Weyl Norton Burrows


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Pathological: Weyl, Norton, Burrows

Hermann Kenneth A. Charles R.

Weyl Norton Burrows

FCC


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FCC

Ground Wave

Propagation

(K.A. Norton)

Distinction Between the Zenneck Surface Wave and


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the Norton Ground Wave (Radiation)

1 103

0.01 0.1 1 10120

100

80

60

40

20

0

N rkm

S rkm

rkm

Burrows Seneca Lake Experiments


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Burrows Seneca Lake Experiments


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p

THEORETICAL PREDICTIONS


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THEORETICAL PREDICTIONS

BURROWS MEASURED DATA


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Hertzian Dipole Radiating Over a Lossy


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p g y

Earth or Sea: Some Early and Late 20th

Century Controversiesby Prof. R.E. Collin (CWRU)

There is no sign error in the

1909 Sommerfeld solution.

(April 2004)

Tesla


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Tesla

Some day I am going toAmerica and harness

Niagara Falls . . .(ONeill, p. 24: 30 years earlier)

UNSOLVED MYSTERIES

C(h) Mystery

Brushless DC

Parametric RegenerationPower Systems

Wireless Power


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TESLAS STATIC FILTER


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Filter Tuning via Coupling: k


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Dr. Nikola Tesla (July 10, 1856 - January 7, 1943)

Some experimenters


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pwho have gone after mehave found a difficulty.

They say, No wecannot [replicate it].

. . . Well, it is not myfault.I never had theslightest difficulty

Anyone who has no

more than my skill cando it.

NIKOLA TESLA

Richard Feynman


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Richard Feynman

Power networks

of the future mayhave little

resemblance to

those of today.

It would seem as though the Creator, Himself, had electrically

designed the planet just for [this] purpose

Nik l T l 1905


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Nikola Tesla, 1905

See the excitement coming . . .

SUMMARY

PIKES PEAK

AutoharpExperiment


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PLANETARY

VLF + HF SIGNALS

(Tesla-Reber-Kraus)

RADIO ASTRONOMY

Cosmic Static(Tesla-Jansky-Reber)

QRN: ATMOSPHERICS

STATICS

(Tesla-Jansky)

EXPERIMENT

(Burrows)

WEYL(1918)

NORTON CORRECTION (1935)

(RADIATION + GROUND WAVE)

GLOBAL

WIRELESS POWER

(WARDENCLYFFE)

1. STANDING WAVES

2. TIME DELAY

3. ATTENUATION

SOMMERFELD (1909)

(RADIATION + GROUND WAVE)

+

(ZENNECK SURFACE WAVE)

- THEORY -

(1907/1909)

(WAVE EQUATION +

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS)

WAVE PROPAGATION:

- EXPERIMENTS -(1899)

QRN: ATMOSPHERICS

LIGHTNING STORMS

(Tesla)

RECEIVERS -

BASE-FED

RESONATORS

BALL LIGHTNING

FIREBALLS ?(The Magnifying Transmitter)

TRANSMITTERS

Damped Wave

CW

COLORADO SPRINGS

LAB - 1899

Autoharp Experiment

(March 1896)

Great Pyramid


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De Fonvielle, Thunder and Lightning, 1886:

Werner Siemens was surprised by a storm

whilest upon the highest platform of the

pyramid at Giseh. He noticed that a flow of

hissing charge escaped from his finger

whenever he extended it toward the

heavens, which caused his Arab guides no

little astonishment. The celebrated physicist,taking hold of a gourd, which had a metallic

button, amused himself by drawing a few

sparks from it. This spectacle was more than

his guides could bear. (How could they

remain in the service of an enchanter who

could play with thunder and draw lightningfrom his pockets?) In spite of everything

Siemens could say, the Bedouins took to

their heels descended with dangerous

ELECTRICAL STORMS IN TESLA’S COLORADO SPRINGS NOTES

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