Electrical Power Engineering 1010

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Training Systems or

Electrical Power EngineeringThe Smart Power Engineering Lab


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Contents

Qualications Through Quality

Training Systems or Electrical Power Engineering ........................................................................................................................... 4

Animated Presentation o Complex Training Material

Project-based Training Media Adaptable to any Training System .................................................................................................. 5

From Power Generation Through to Consumption

The Intelligent Electrical Power Grid o the Future .......................................................................................................................... 6

Networked Systems in the Power Engineering Lab ......................................................................................................................... 8

Well-equipped or the Future ....................................................................................................................................................... 10

SCADA Power-LAB Sotware ........................................................................................................................................................ 11

The Entire System at a Glance ................................................................................................................................................. 12

More Than Just a Training System

The Power Engineering Lab is a Complete Solution ...................................................................................................................... 14


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Contents

Fundamentals o Power Engineering ...................................................................................................................................... 16

DC, AC and Three-phase Technology (UniTrain-I) .......................................................................................................................... 20

Magnetism/Electromagnetism (UniTrain-I) ..................................................................................................................................... 23

Measurements with the Multimeter (UniTrain-I) ............................................................................................................................ 24

Mains Systems and Models (UniTrain-I) ......................................................................................................................................... 25

Current and Voltage Transormers ................................................................................................................................................ 26

Power Generation ..................................................................................................................................................................... 28

Three-phase Synchronous Generators (UniTrain-I) ......................................................................................................................... 32

Automatic Generator Control and Synchronisation ....................................................................................................................... 33

Generator Protection ................................................................................................................................................................... 35

Renewable Power Generation ................................................................................................................................................. 38

Photovoltaics (UniTrain-I) .............................................................................................................................................................. 42

Advanced Photovoltaics ................................................................................................................................................................44

Wind Power Plants ........................................................................................................................................................................48

Fuel Cell Technology (UniTrain-I) ................................................................................................................................................... 54

Advanced Fuel Cell Technology .................................................................................................................................................... 56

Transormers .............................................................................................................................................................................. 58

Three-phase Transormers (UniTrain-I) ........................................................................................................................................... 62

Investigating Transormers ............................................................................................................................................................ 63

Transormer Protection ................................................................................................................................................................. 64

Power Transmission .................................................................................................................................................................. 66

Investigations on Three-phase Transmission Lines ......................................................................................................................... 70

Parallel and Series Connection o Transmission Lines .................................................................................................................... 71

Transmission Line with Earth-ault Compensation ......................................................................................................................... 72

Transmission Systems with Synchronous Generator ...................................................................................................................... 73

Line Protection ............................................................................................................................................................................. 74

Power Distribution .................................................................................................................................................................... 78

Three-phase Double Busbar System .............................................................................................................................................. 82

Overcurrent Protection or Double Busbars ................................................................................................................................... 83

Power management ................................................................................................................................................................. 84

Complex loads, Power Consumption Metering and Peak Load Monitoring ....................................................................................88

Dynamic Loads .............................................................................................................................................................................. 89

Manually-operated and Automatic Reactive Power Compensation ................................................................................................90

Protection o Electric Loads ........................................................................................................................................................... 91


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Qualications Through Quality

Training Systems or Electrical Power Engineering

Advances in technology

The transition in the energy industry away rom coal, oil and

nuclear power towards renewable energy sources is gaining

momentum. Today, technology is so advanced that solar energy,

wind power, hydrogen power and biomass can be exploited as

environmentally riendly energy sources.

In order or this trend to continue, well-trained technicians and

specialists are needed all over the world.

In the wake o so-called intelligent (smart) power grids, people

all over the world are talking about power generation, transmis-

sion and distribution as well as the protection o power enginee-

ring acilities and the economic exploitation o energy.

are having a huge impact on trainingand education

Now, the Lucas-Nlle training system on power engineering

gives instructors the opportunity to demonstrate and convey

the technological context o power engineering to students in a

graphic and practice-oriented ashion.

Electrical power engineering includes the areas o power gene-

ration, transmission, distribution and electrical energy utilisation

as well as saety protective measures used in these areas.

The system is so extremely versatile that it can be adapted to

t all o the wide-ranging training requirements applicable to

skilled workers, technicians or even engineers.

Your benetsComprehensive, well-rounded program spanning power

generation and distribution techniques all the way to energy

usage and consumption

Integration o renewable energies into conventional power

engineering

System monitoring and controlling using SCADA

(Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)

Modularly designed experiment panel system or the step-

by-step, experiment-based exploration o system interde-

pendencies

Bus structure o all voltage levels permits rapid and trans-

parent experiment setup

Realistic simulation model o a 380-kV transmission line

with 300-km and 150-km sections

Use o conventional industrial components in cutting-edge

digital technology

High work-saety standards through the exclusive use o

saety sockets and saety connecting leads

Protective technology measures or all areas o power engi-neering

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Manuals

Manuals provide, in addition to detailed descriptions o the

experiments, also numerous projects, examples, exercises and

solutions.

Project-based Training Media Adaptable to any Training System

Multimedia courses

Many experiment instructions are available in the orm o mul-

timedia courses. This permits direct access to the measurement

results o many dierent instruments. The multimedia courses

contain:

Questions to monitor knowledge level and learning

Interactive experiment setups

Navigation bars

Animated sections devoted

to theory

Animated Presentationof Complex Training Contents

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From Power GenerationThrough to Consumption

Extremelyhigh voltage

High voltage

The Smart Electrical Power Grid o the Future

Using the Lucas-Nlle equipment sets, it is possible to model an entire power supply grid rom power generation

all the way to ultimate consumption.

Nuclear power plant

Coal-burning power plant

Industrial centre

Industrial power plant Medium-load power plant

Substation

Hydroelectric power plant

Tr

ansmissionnetwork

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Lowvoltage

Distributionne

twork

10001010101010110

Wind power plant Solar power plant

Smart-grid control centre

Municipal gridLocal grid

Industrial consumerIndustrial consumer

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Networked Systems in the Power Engineering Laboratory

The smart labThe power engineering equipment sets rom Lucas-Nlle GmbH can be combined with each other as required. Accordingly, you can,

or example, take the power obtained rom renewable energy sources and transmit this power via a line model, use a transormer

to step it up or down and distribute it to any number o consumers using the double busbar. Additionally, the bus systems o the

measurement and protective equipment can all be interconnected, centrally evaluated and controlled using SCADA or Power-LAB

sotware. Accordingly, all o the obstacles to the design and investigation o intelligent power grids in the lab have been overcome.

Generation

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Transmission Distribution Consumption

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Well Equipped or the Future

Intelligent power mains or thesmart grid

In the uture, new technology will better equip the power grid

or the demands o tomorrow. More fexible grid management

should make the increasing proportion o renewable energy

sources compatible with conventional inrastructures associated

with the power stations.

The variety and number o these decentralised power plantsrequire a revision in how we manage power grids the so-called

intelligent or smart grid:

Improving coordination o energy requirements and generation

Using modern IT technology, like internet, sensors, control

systems and wireless transmission devices

Smart metering digital current meters measure current

consumption at end points o the grid

Shiting household consumption away rom peak load periods

Starting fexible applications such as washing machines outside

the peak load periods initiated by the utility provider

The training systems rom Lucas-Nlle have been designed

in anticipation o these developments:

Smart measuring instruments which avail o various communi-

cation interaces (e.g. LAN, RS485, USB) and control elements

SCADA Power-LAB sotware or the intelligent control and

evaluation o the smart grid

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Lucas-NlleLucas-Nlle

Power-LAB Sotware

By Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), we mean the monitoring, control and data acquisition o technical processes

as they happen in real time. In electrical power engineering, SCADA is used to cover the entire spectrum rom power generation,

transmission including protection measures and power utilisation.

SCADA provides technicians with the opportunity o tracking and entering data into these processes. Measurement values are dis-

played on the screen in real time. Control signals can be modied during these processes. The SCADA system can also control these

processes automatically. The recording o so many measurement values permits not only better uture planning but also economic

optimisation. The system can also be remotely controlled using local access networks (LAN).

Your benetsAll o the Lucas-Nlle power engineering equipment components can be arranged as symbols on the screen

Measured values and operating states are displayed

Important parameters and signals can be controlled by the sotware

The measurement values o the equipment can be recorded and displayed in a time graph, evaluated and exported

Realisation and analysis o intelligent power grids (smart grid)

Automatic busbar change

SCADA

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The Entire System at a Glance

Generator protection

Generator-differential protection Overcurrent time protection Unbalanced load protection Reverse-power protection Over/undervoltage protection Stator-earth fault protection Rotor-earth fault protection

Transformer protection

Transformer-differential protection Time overcurrent protection

SCADA SCADA

SCADA SCADA

Protection of powerengineering facilities

Investigations on powerengineering facilities

Fundamentals ofelectrical engineering

EGP

Power generation

Three-phase synchronous generators Synchronisation circuits Automatic power factor and

power control

Renewable power generation

Wind power Photovoltaics Fuel cells

EUG

Transformers

Transformer operating at no-loadand with short circuit

Transformer with ohmic,

inductive and capacitive load Parallel operation of transformers Current distribution for various

vector groups

EUT

Basics of electrical engineering

DC technology AC technology Three-phase technology Magnetism/electromagnetism Measurements with the multimeter

ETP

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Line protection

Over/undervoltage protection Directional protection Overcurrent time protection Earth-fault protection Protection of parallel lines Distance protection

Busbar protection

Overcurrent protection fordouble busbars

Protection for electrical loads

Protection for electrical machines Motor management relays

SCADA SCADA SCADA

SCADA SCADA SCADA

Power transmission

Investigations on three-phase lines Investigations on parallel lines Investigations on lines with

earth-fault compensation Investigations on transmission

systems with synchronous generator

EUL

Power distribution

Three-phase double busbar system Manually operated busbar change Automatic busbar change with PC

EPD

Power grids and grid models

Transient processes in DC andAC grids

DC power grids

ENU

Current and voltage transformers

Current transformer for protectiveequipment

Voltage transformer for protectiveequipment

EUB

Power consumption

Complex loads Reactive power compensation Power consumption measurement

Peak load monitoring Energy management

EUC

ELP EDP ECP

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The Power Engineering Lab is a Complete Solution

More Than Just a Training System

Modern training media are used to graphically

present complex learning material

Renewable energies:

Wind power, uel cells, photovoltaics

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Fundamentals o

Power Engineering

DC Technology (UniTrain-I) ..................................................... 20

AC Technology (UniTrain-I) ..................................................... 21

Three-phase Technology (UniTrain-I) ....................................... 22

Magnetism / Electromagnetism (UniTrain-I) ............................. 23Measurements with the Multimeter (UniTrain-I) ...................... 24

Power Grids and Grid Models (UniTrain-I) ............................... 25

Current and Voltage Transormers .......................................... 26


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Fundamentals of Power Engineering

Fundamentals o Power Engineering

Multimedia-based and Practice-oriented Introduction to Power Engineering

Using the multimedia-based experiment and training system UniTrain-I, the student is guided through experiments and theoretical

sections accompanied by clearly structured course sotware which is enhanced by texts, graphics, animations and progress tests.

In addition to the learning sotware, the course comes with a set o experiment cards on which practical assignments are perormed.

With the aid o numerous experiments and animations, the UniTrain-I multimedia course gives the student insight into the latest

important issues relating to power engineering. The undamentals o DC, AC and three-phase technology as well as processes in dis-

tribution networks are some o the subjects dealt with in the various courses. Typical processes that occur in the generation and dis-

tribution o electrical power receive particularly close attention and are reproduced in the experiments using sae extra-low voltages.

Your benetsSystem trains theory and practice at same time and location

Student motivation boosted thanks to PC and new media

Structured course design leads to rapid learning success

Quick understanding achieved through animation-backed

theory

Hands-on practical skill through autonomous experimenting

Continuous eedback provided by comprehension questions

and tests

Guided ault nding using integrated ault simulator

Sae due to the use o protective extra-low voltage

Very wide selection o courses

Sample solutions or the instructor

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UniTrain-I system

Comprehensive, portable laboratory

Multimedia-based courses

High-tech measurement and control interace

Trains theory and practice at same time and location

LabSoft learning and experimenting software

Wide selection o courses

Comprehensive background theory

Animations

Interactive experiments with instruction guide

Free navigation

Documentation o measurement results

Tests available in the language o your choice

Integrated meters and power supply units

Multimeter, ammeter, voltmeter

2-channel storage oscilloscope

Function and signal generator

Three-old power supply unit or AC and DC Three-phase power supply unit

... and many more instruments

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DC Technology

Current, Voltage and Resistance Circuitry

Current, voltage, resistance learning the hands-on, practical side o the undamentals o electrical engineering. This colourul course

covers the basic laws o electrical engineering which are explored in numerous and easily understood experiments, animations and

texts.

Training contentsBasic concepts: electrical charge, electrical eld, current, voltage, resistance and power

How to work with power sources and measuring instruments

Experiment-based verication o Ohms and Kirchos laws

Measurements on series and parallel circuits as well as voltage dividers

Recording the characteristics o variable resistors (LDR, NTC, PTC, VDR)

Investigating the coil and capacitor inside a DC circuit

Troubleshooting


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AC Technology

Inductance, Capacitance, Oscillating Circuit / Transormer

How do coils and capacitors respond when an AC current is applied? What is an oscillating circuit and how does a transormer work?

Training contentsParameters o periodic and sinusoidal signals

How to work with vector diagrams

Determine reactance o coils and capacitors using

experiments

How to explain active, reactive and apparent power

Determine the requency response o simple lter circuits

Electrical oscillating circuit: resonance, quality, bandwidth

and cut-o requency

Measurement o the requency response o series and

parallel resonant circuits

Load, no-load and short-circuit measurements

Frequency response o transormers and transducers

Troubleshooting


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Three-phase Technology

Star-delta Circuit Conguration, Three-phase Generator

Three-phase systems are o critical importance in power engineering and drive technology, both in terms o generation and the

transmission o electrical power as well as the operation o high-powered industrial machinery.

Training contentsMeasurements o phase-to-phase and line-to-line variables in the three-phase mains

Experiment-based determination o laws between line-to-line and phase-to-phase voltages

Ohmic and capacitive loads in star and delta circuit conguration

Phase-shit between line and phase voltage

Measurement o the compensation currents in the neutral conductor

Eects o breaks in the neutral conductor

Current and voltage measurements o balanced and unbalanced loads

Power measurement at a three-phase load

UniTrain-I three-phase technology equipment setLucas-Nlle


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Magnetism / Electromagnetism

Magnetic eld, induction, components

Magnetism and electricity are very closely related. Many components in electrical engineering take advantage o electromagnetic

eects.

Training contentsMagnetism: magnetic poles, magnetic eld, eld lines and

eld intensity

Hard and sot magnetic materials, hysteresis

Investigation o the magnetic eld o a current carrying

conductor

Investigation o the magnetic eld o an inductor (air-core

coil, coil with core)

Electromagnetic induction and Lorentz orce

Design and operation o a transormer

Investigation o a transormer operating under various loads

Design and unction o electromagnetic components:

relays, reed switches, Hall-type switches

Investigation o application circuits

UniTrain-I magnetism/electromagnetism equipment setLucas-Nlle


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Measurements with the Multimeter

Current Measurement, Voltage Measurement, Resistors and Diodes

Taking measurements correctly and working saely in this course, training involves how to work saely with a conventional

multimeter on the basis o numerous measurement exercises and animations.

Training contentsFamiliarisation with the operating elements o the multimeter

Potential risks when measuring electrical circuits

Measuring electrical DC and AC voltages with the multimeter

Measuring electrical DC and AC currents with the multimeter

Measuring resistors and diodes

Zero balance and continuity testing

Measurement range adjustment

Identication o potential ault sources during measurements

Determination o components in an unspecied circuit using current and voltage measurements

UniTrain-I measurements using the multimeter equipment setLucas-Nlle


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Power Grids and Grid Models

Transient Processes in DC and AC Power Grids

Networks or grids used in the distribution o electrical power consist structurally o transmission lines connected in parallel or serial

conguration. In existing low-, medium- and high-voltage grids, there are two dierent processes that arise: stationary (constant

loads) and transient phenomena. Transient processes arise due to short circuits or other aults.

Switching operations can also lead to transient processes under certain circumstances. These typical processes, which require special

consideration during the generation and distribution o electrical power, are simulated and dealt with in experiments run with

protective extra-low voltages.

Training contentsLearning about the signicance o switching processes in

power grids

Listing the eects (hazards) o switching processes in power

grids

Experiment-based investigation o the current and voltage

characteristics in response to switching on a DC voltage

Investigation o the infuence o various loads (R, L, C) on

the signal characteristic

Experiment-based investigation o the current and voltagecharacteristics in response to switching on an AC voltage

Investigation o the infuence o the on and o switching

time

Signal characteristic measurements at various switch-o

times

Determination o the optimum switching time

Analysis o on and o switching processes and their eects

on complex loads (R, L, C) at dierent switching times

UniTrain-I transient processes equipment setLucas-Nlle


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Current and Voltage Transormers

Current Transormer or Protective Equipment

A wide spectrum o current and voltage transormers are used or various requirements in electrical power engineering. The

experiments include a practical hands-on investigation o transer response, over-current actor, absolute and phase angle error, as,

or example, under varying loads. In addition to this, standard operation requirements, short-circuit and asymmetrical aults can also

be explored.

Sample experiment Current transformer EUB 1

Training contentsSecondary transormer current as a unction o the primary current

Eect o the load on current ratio error

Check rated overcurrent actor

Transormer circuit in three-wire system

Transormer circuit in our-wire system

Determine zero residual current

EUB 1 equipment setLucas-Nlle


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Voltage Transormer or Protective Equipment

Sample experiment Voltage transformer EUB 2

The protection o system acilities and components is not only dependent on selective protection equipment but also on the

detection and measurement o the lowest ault currents and voltages. Various types o measurement circuits have to be used or

dierent star-point circuit congurations in order to correctly detect and localise potential ault types.

Training contentsVoltage transormer characteristics

Calculation o voltage aults and class o accuracy

Eect o loads on the transormation ratio

Three-phase voltage transormer in a healthy grid

Three-phase voltage transormer in a grid with earth-ault on the primary side

EUB 2 equipment setLucas-Nlle


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Source: Woodward SEG


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Power Generation

Synchronous Machines (UniTrain-I) ......................................... 32

Automatic Generator Control and Synchronisation ................. 33

Generator Protection ............................................................. 35


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Three-phase synchronous generators

In addition to the basic experiments on three-phase synchronous generators, the experiments in this area also cover manually-opera-

ted and automatic synchronisation circuits as well as automatic power actor control (cos-phi control) and power control. For that

reason, this module can be used to simulate both on-grid and o-grid power plant operation. Furthermore, generators need eective

protection against internal and external aults. The deployment o a variety o protective equipment is a prerequisite or this.

Power Generation

Power Generation

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Training systems

Our training systems cover the ollowing topic areas: UniTrain-I three-phase synchronous generators

Automatic generator control and synchronisation training

panel system

Generator protection training panel system

Servo machine test bench

An essential component o power engineering equipment sets

is the servo machine test bench a complete testing system

designed or the examination o electrical machines and gen-

erators. It consists o the digital control unit, a servo drive and

the ActiveServo sotware package. The system combines state-o-the-art technology with simple operation. In addition to the

drive and brake, working machine models can also be emulated

realistically. As such, machines, generators and drives can be in-

vestigated under industrial-like conditions inside the laboratory.

Three-phase synchronous generators

Electrical power is primarily generated using three-phase gen-

erators. This applies to both power stations as well as power

generating units and wind generators.

These generators must be protected against internal and exter-

nal aults using a wide range o protective devices.

Power Generation

Source: Woodward SEG

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Synchronous Machines

Slip-ring Rotor Machine, Synchronous Machine, Reluctance Machine

Reluctance motors are the motors o the uture. Today, three-phase machines with synchronous and slip-ring rotors are already in

widespread use.

Training contentsExplanation o the technology and its practical applications

Exploration o the basic physics needed to understand the technology

Starting machines with start resistors as well as variable requency

Open-loop speed control

Conduct various experiments on:

- Connection o motors with slip-ring rotors

- Infuence o open or wired rotor windings

- Eect o dierent exciter voltages

UniTrain-I synchronous machines equipment setLucas-Nlle

Power Generation

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Automatic Generator Controland Synchronisation

Manually operated Synchronising Circuits

Sample experiment Manually operated synchronising circuits EUG 1

Electrical power is primarily generated by three-phase generators. This applies both or power stations as well as power and wind

generators. In addition to perorming basic experiments on the three-phase synchronous generator, other experiments cover the topic

o manually operated synchronising circuits.

Training contentsDark synchronising circuit

Light synchronising circuit

Cyclic synchronising circuit

Active power generation

Inductive reactive power generation

Capacitive reactive power generation

EUG 1 equipment setLucas-Nlle

Power Generation

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Automatic Generator Controland Synchronisation

Automatic synchronising circuits, automatic power control and power

actor control

Besides the experiments on automatic synchronisation circuits, there are also experiments included on automatic power actor

(cos-phi) and power regulation. Consequently, a power station can be simulated in o-grid and on-grid operation.

Sample experiment Automatic synchronising circuits EUG 2

Training contentsAutomatic synchroniser circuits

Putting into operation and parameter-

isation o the automation unit

Synchronisation in test mode

Synchronisation to the real power grid

Response o the automation unit to

aulty programming

Automatic power actor control

Parameterisation o the automatic

cos-phi controller

Synchronisation o the generator to

the power grid

Cos-phi control o the synchronous

generator

Cos-phi control o the power grid

Automatic power control

Parameterisation o the automatic

power controller

Synchronisation o the generator to

the power grid

Response o power controller to chan-

ge in control variable and disturbance

variable

Power controller sensitivity and direc-

tion o action

EUG 2 equipment setLucas-Nlle

Power Generation

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Generator Protection

Multiunction Relays

Sample experiment Generator protection EGP 1

Eective protection o generators against internal and external aults requires that a wide variety o protective devices be deployed.

The time overcurrent protection constitutes the reserve protection or the generator and can also be used or the detection o

external aults, such as short circuits and overload, or example. Earth-ault occurrences are detected with the stator-earth ault

protection. The investigation o reverse power and unbalanced load protection as well as overvoltage/undervoltage protection

concludes the experiment series titled EGP on generator protection.

Training contentsTime overcurrent protection

Operating response and release response or single-pole

and three-pole aults

Determining the tripping times

Unbalanced load protection

Operating and release response to unbalanced load

Determining the reset ratio and the tripping times

Determining the relay characteristic TA = (unbalance)

Reverse power protection

Synchronisation o the generator to the power grid

Detection and disabling o the generator in the case o

reverse power fow

Overvoltage and undervoltage protection

Reactions to phase ailure

Detection o starting and tripping times

Stator-earth ault protection

Detection o system voltages under normal operating condi-

tions or stator-earth ault occurrence

Measurement o tripping times

Calculation o the earth-ault current

EGP 1 equipment setLucas-Nlle

Power Generation

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Generator Protection

Generator Dierential Protection

Generator dierential protection which detects internal aults such as short-circuit, turn-to-turn and winding-to-rame shorts or

double earth aults, serves as primary protection.

Generator differential protection EGP 2

Training contents Calculating protection operating values

Fault recognition within the protection range

Testing tripping and reset or aults occurring inside and outside the protection range

Disconnection and de-excitation o the generator

Measurement o the operating (pick-up) currents o the protection device or symmetrical and asymmetrical aults

Comparison o measured values to set values


Power Generation

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Rotor Earth-ault Protection

Generator protection - rotor earth-fault protection EGP 3

The rotor earth-ault protection is used to determine earth aults in the exciter circuit o synchronous machines.

Training contents Putting the synchronous generator into operation

Investigation o normal operating conditions and rotor earth-ault occurrences

Measurement o the rotor earth-ault current

Rotor earth-ault relay during earth-ault operation:

- Connection and testing o the earth-ault relay

- Setting dierent rotor earth aults

- Testing the ault signal and disconnection


Power Generation

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Renewable Power Generation

Photovoltaics (UniTrain-I) ........................................................ 42

Advanced Photovoltaics ......................................................... 44

Wind Power Plants ................................................................. 48

Small Wind Power Plants ....................................................... 52Fuel Cell Technology (UniTrain-I) ............................................. 54

Advanced Fuel Cell Technology .............................................. 56


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Inexhaustible, Sustainable, Real the Future is Green

The move away rom coal, oil and nuclear power to renewable orms o energy is gaining momentum. Today, technology has evolved

to a point where solar energy, wind power, hydrogen uel and biomass can be exploited as environmentally riendly energy sources.

In order to sustain this trend, the search is on to nd and train well-qualied technical sta worldwide.

Technologies are continuing to change rapidly, as are related requirements or training. Lucas-Nlle has the training systems to meet

increasingly complex educational demands.



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Fuel cells Long term energy storage elements

Used in zero-emission vehicles

Used widely as a standby power source

Used by co-generation units

A clean uture with wind energy

Forecast or Germany: By 2030, 25% o electricity will be

produced by means o wind power.

A 3.0-megawatt wind arm annually saves 13,000 barrels o

oil or 10,000 tons o CO2.

Sunny prospects with photovoltaics

Abu Dhabi has announced it will invest about two billion US

dollars in technology or manuacturing thin-lm photovoltaic

modules in Masdar.

The USAs largest solar power plant with a rated output o 25

megawatts is being established in Silicon Valley.

Photovoltaic acilities capable o generating a total o ve

gigawatts have already been realized in Germany. This output

is equivalent to that o ve modern power plant units. By2020, photovoltaic power generation capacity is to be increa-

sed gradually to 40 GW.


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UniTrain-I photovoltaics equipment setLucas-Nlle

Sunny prospects with the photovoltaics course

In times o soaring energy costs and increased environmental awareness, photovoltaic technology constitutes a very interesting alter-

native to traditional power generation. With the photovoltaics course, you can not only research the undamentals o solar cells, but

also simulate operation o a photovoltaic system in direct or storage mode.

Training contents Functions and operating principles o solar cells

Recording the characteristics o a solar module

Dependency o a solar modules current and voltage on

temperature, irradiance and angle o incidence

Series, parallel and other types o circuit or solar cells

Manuacture o solar cells

Various types o solar cell

Design o a rechargeable solar cell

Various types o solar plant

Setup o an o-grid power system with rechargeable

solar cells

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Multimedia course consolidates the experiment

Your benets Theoretical knowledge and practical know-how are conveyed using the UniTrain-I multimedia course

Complete equipment set including all relevant components

PC-supported evaluation o measurement data

System operates with 12 V

System supports ault simulation

UniTrain-I Photovoltaics equipment setLucas-Nlle


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Advanced Photovoltaics

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EPH 2 equipment setLucas-Nlle

Project Work with Industrial Components

Training contentsInvestigating solar modules

Testing the optimum alignment o solar modules

Recording the characteristics o solar modules

Investigating response to partial shading

Investigating how bypass diodes operate

Learning about various types o wiring or solar modules

Setting up photovoltaic systems or o-grid operation

Installing PV systems

Setting up and testing an o-grid PV system in direct mode

Setting up and testing an o-grid PV system in storage

mode

Setting up and testing an o-grid PV system or generating

230-V alternating voltage

Setting up photovoltaic systems for grid-parallel operation

Installing, setting up and testing a PV system with network

eed

Measuring the energy produced by a PV system

Determining a grid-connected inverters eciency Investigating a PV systems response to mains ailure

The training system permits realistic simulation o paths taken by the sun. Emulators make it possible to conduct practical experi-

ments in the laboratory without the sun.

Permitting PC-supported evaluation o measurement data, the advanced photovoltaics multimedia course is designed to convey both

theoretical inormation and practical know-how.

Sample experiment Advanced photovoltaics EPH 2


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Advanced Photovoltaics


A Little Sunshine or your Lab

Interactive Lab Assistant Step-by-step instructions in multimedia ormat

Explanation o physical principles using easily comprehensible

animations

Quiz and assessment tools or testing progress made during

the course


Virtual measuring instruments can be started directly rom the

experiment manual

Solar module with altitude emulator The suns angle can be adjusted as a unction o position

(latitude), date and time

The solar modules inclination can be adjusted

10-W polycrystalline solar module

500-W halogen lamp with dimmer

Realistic emulation o the suns path


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Solar emulator Three independent solar emulators permit experiments even

without sunlight

Adjustable light intensity or each emulator

Bypass diodes are included or connection into the circuits

120 VA power

Industrial components Solar charge controller

O-grid inverter

Grid-connected inverter

Simple operation and investigation o industrial components

Your benets Theoretical knowledge and practical know-how are conveyed using the Interactive Lab Assistant

Use o industrial components

Flexible experimentation by means o a real solar module or solar simulation model


Integration into energy technology systems


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Wind Power Plants

Lucas-Nlle


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Double-ed Induction Generator (DFIG)

Training contents Understanding the design and operation o modern wind

power plants

Exploring physical undamentals rom wind to shat

Learning about dierent wind power plant concepts

Setting up and operating a double-ed asynchronous wind

generator

Operating the generator at varying wind orce levels as well

as adjustable output voltages and requencies

Determining optimum operating points under changing

wind conditions

Investigating responses to ault-ride-through grid mal-

unctions

EWG 1 equipment setLucas-Nlle

This equipment set is designed or investigating modern wind power plants incorporating double-ed induction generators. The wind

can be emulated realistically by means o a servo machine test stand and WindSim sotware. A PC can be connected or convenient

operation and visualization during the experiments. The associated multimedia course titled Interactive Lab Assistant imparts theory

besides supporting experiment procedures and evaluation o measurement data.

Sample experiment Wind power plant EWG 1


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Wind Power Plants


Fresh Wind in the Laboratory



animations


the course



experiment manual

Wind emulatorWind and airoil geometry serve to drive the generators at a

real wind power plant. In the laboratory, this task is perormed

instead with the help o a servo machine test stand and Wind-

Sim sotware. This permits precise laboratory simulation o

conditions prevailing at a real wind power plant.

Realistic emulation o wind and airoil geometry

Speed and torque are matched automatically to wind strength

and pitch

Independently adjustable pitch and wind strength

Wind proles can be specied Mechanical and electrical variables can be recorded


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Double-ed induction generator with control unit Control unit with two controlled inverters

Generator control in sub-synchronous and super-synchronous modes

Integrated power switch or connecting the generator to the network

Automatic control o active and apparent power, requency and voltage

Manual and automatic synchronization

Measurement and display o all system variables

Experiments on ault-ride-through


Wind power and mechanical design o wind power plants can be emulated accurately and in detail using the servo machine

test stand

The microcontroller-operated control unit or the double-ed induction generator permits user-riendly operation and

visualisation during experimentation

State-o-the-art technology incorporating ault-ride-through

Integration into energy technology systems


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Small Wind Power Plants

Decentralized Electricity Supply

Training contents Understanding the design and operation o small, modern

wind power plants

Exploring physical undamentals rom wind to shat

Learning about dierent wind power plant concepts

Setting up and operating a small wind power generator

Operation at varying wind orces in storage mode

Energy storage

System optimization

Setting up an o-grid system or generating 230-V alter-

nating voltage

Investigating hybrid systems or autonomous power supply

using wind power and photovoltaic systems

Small wind power plants with outputs ranging up to 5 kW are deployed today or decentralized electricity supply. These plants

generate direct voltages. The energy can be stored in batteries via charge controllers. Inverters produce alternating voltages to supply

electrical consumers in the grid.

The eects o wind power and the mechanical design o wind power plants can be emulated down to the last detail using the servo

machine test stand and the WindSim sotware.


Sample experiment Small wind power plant EWG 2


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Convincing Product Characteristics


Wind power and mechanical design o wind power plants can be emulated accurately and in detail using the servo machine

test stand

The laboratory generators response is identical to that o one orming part o a real system

The realistic, small wind power plant is suitable or outdoor operation and includes an integrable mast set



animations


the course



experiment manual

Synchronous generator Wind power and mechanical design o wind power plants can

be emulated accurately and in detail using the servo machine

test stand

The laboratory generators response is identical to that o one

orming part o a real system

The small wind power plant is suitable or outdoor operation


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Fuel Cell Technology

Design and Operation o Fuel Cells

Training contents Functions and operating principles o uel cells

Recording the characteristics o a uel cell

Understanding the electrochemical processes o electrolysis

(Faradays rst and second laws)

Determining a uel cells Faraday and energy eciencies

Series and parallel connections o uel cells

Power aspects o uel cells

Functions and operating principles o electrolysers

Recording an electrolysers UI-characteristic

Determining an electrolysers Faraday and energy

eciencies

Renewable energies are already considered a solution or dealing with expected energy shortages in the 21st century. The hydrogen-

based uel cell is part o this solution. As a complementary technology, it will be used in uture energy systems to generate clean

energy rom renewable hydrogen.

UniTrain-I fuel cell equipment setLucas-Nlle


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Multimedia Course Consolidates the Experiment

UniTrain-I fuel cell equipment setLucas-Nlle


Compact device with PEM double uel cell and PEM electrolyser including a gas storage element

Sae handling o hydrogen

2V/2.5A or supplying power to the integrated electrolyser

Diverse loads (lamps, ans)

Variable load or recording characteristics


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Advanced Fuel Cell Technology

Independent Electricity Supply with Fuel Cells

Training contents Design and operation o a uel cell

Design and operation o an electrolyser

Design and operation o a metal hydride storage cell

Fuel cells thermodynamics

Fuel cells characteristic and power curve

Eciency

Components needed or autonomous power supply

Power electronics and voltage conversion

Generation o electrical energy using uel cells continues to develop into a signicant area with diverse potential applications in elec-

trical and automotive engineering. Allowing sae handling o hydrogen and uel cells, this experimentation system can be used or

a number o interesting investigations and is suited or demonstrations as well as practical lab work. The Interactive Lab Assistant

includes animated theory, experiment guidelines and result evaluation elds.

EHY 1 equipment setLucas-Nlle

Sample experiment 50-VA fuel cell stack with loads EHY 1


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Fuel cell stack 50-VA stack

Hydrogen supply fow meter

Variable-speed an or uel cell ventilation

Measurement o all relevant variables


Simple introduction to the subject o uel cells

Sae experimentation with hydrogen

50-VA uel cell stack

Connection or pressurized hydrogen tank

High-perormance electrolyser

Wide variety o loads

Variable load or recording characteristics

50-VA fuel cell stack



animations


the course



experiment manual

EHY 1 equipment setLucas-Nlle


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Transormers

Three-phase Transormers (UniTrain-I) ..................................... 62

Investigating Transormers ..................................................... 63

Transormer Protection ........................................................... 64


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Transorming and Protecting

In power engineering, transormers are used to connect the various voltage echelons o the power grid to each other. In transormer

stations, electricity rom the regional distribution grid with a medium voltage level o 10 to 36 kV is transormed to supply power to

low-voltage end customers in the local grid where 400 V or 230 V is used. The heart o a transormer station is the transormer itsel

which also requires protective equipment. By carrying out hands-on measurements and ault simulations with the training system, it

is possible to gain an understanding o these complex systems in the classroom.

Lucas-Nlle

Transormers

Transformers

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Training systems

Our training systems cover the ollowing topic areas: UniTrain-I three-phase transormer

Transormer investigations training panel system

Transormer protection training panel system

Transormer protection

Dierential protection or transormers (starting rom approx.

1 MVA), combined with time overcurrent protection, can be

investigated using measurement techniques in normal operation,

ault occurrences in various winding circuit congurations (star,

delta), in various vector groups and as a unction o star-pointtreatment (foating, direct or earthed using earth coils). In the

case o dierential currents, the tripping criteria is determined

based on characteristic sensitivity.

Transormers

Transormers are electrical machines which serve to transorm

alternating or three-phase currents to higher or lower voltages.

Three-phase transormers are o particular importance in the

transmission o electrical power.

In power engineering, transormers are used to connect die-

rent voltage levels within the power grid to each other.

Lucas-Nlle

Transformers

Source: SIEMENS

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Three-phase Transormers

Models, Connection Types, Load Response

Transormers are electrical machines which serve to transorm alternating or three-phase currents to higher or lower voltage levels.

Three-phase transormers are o special importance in the transmission o electrical power.

Training contentsLearning about the transormer principle and equivalent circuit diagram

Investigating the load response o single-phase transormers in single- and our-quadrant operation

Recording current and voltage with and without loads

Investigating the transormation ratio

Investigating loads or dierent vector groups

Investigating dierent vector groups in connection with unbalanced loads

Determining the short-circuit voltage

UniTrain-I three-phase transformer equipment setLucas-Nlle

Transformers

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Investigating Transormers

Transormers

In power engineering, transormers are used to connect dierent voltage levels o the power grid to each other. In the experiments,

the transormers equivalent circuit diagram is examined and its parameters are determined by means o measurements.

Training contentsMultiphase transormer operating at no-load and short-circuit

Multiphase transormer with ohmic, inductive and capacitive load

Parallel operation o multiphase transormers

Current distribution or dierent vector groups

Determining zero impedance

Investigating the transormation ratio

EUT equipment setLucas-Nlle

Transformers

Sample experiment Investigating transformers EUT

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Transormer Protection

Transormer Dierential Protection

Dierential protection or transormers (starting rom approx. 1 MVA), combined with time overcurrent protection, can be

investigated using measurement techniques in normal operation and ault occurrences in various winding circuit congurations

(star, delta), and in various vector groups and as a unction o star-point treatment (foating, direct or earthed using earth coils).

Training contentsDetection and disconnection o transormer or internal aults

Detection o peak inrush currents (RUSH) without disconnection

Faulty tripping due to incorrectly dimensioned transormers

Selection o tripping characteristics with dierential currents taken into account

ETP 1 equipment setLucas-Nlle

Transformers

Sample experiment Transformer differential protection ETP 1

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Time Overcurrent Protection

The time overcurrent protection supplements the saety protection measures contained in transormer dierential protection.

It protects the transormers against short circuits outside the protection range and against overloading.

Training contentsSetting the parameters o the time overcurrent relay while taking the current transormation into consideration

Detection o operating values or symmetrical and asymmetrical aults

False tripping o the protective device during transormers switch-on response

Transormer switch-on response in terms o protection

ETP 2 equipment setLucas-Nlle

Transformers

Sample experiment Time overcurrent protection ETP 2

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Power Transmission

Investigation o Three-phase Transmission Lines ..................... 70

Parallel and Series Connection o Transmission Lines .............. 71

Transmission Line with Earth-ault Compensation ................... 72

Transmission Systems with a Synchronous Generator ............. 73Line Protection ....................................................................... 74


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Transmission Lines and Measures to Protect Them

High-voltage networks are usually operated with voltages in the region o 110 kV to 380 kV, whereby urban areas and large-scale

industrial acilities are supplied with 110 kV, and 380 kV is used or long-distance transmission lines. The line simulation system

is designed or operation at model voltages between 110 V and 380 V. Various voltage levels and line lengths can be selected via

corresponding overlay masks. Examinations with the training system can be perormed o-load, in normal operating mode, in the

presence o a short-circuit or earth ault, with or without earth-ault compensation. The system also permits assembly o complex

networks by connecting the line simulation models in parallel or series. The voltage can be supplied via a xed grid or synchronous

generator.

Lucas-Nlle

Power Transmission

Power Transmission

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Training systems

Our training systems cover the ollowing topics:

Experiment panel group - Transmission lines

Experiment panel group - Line protection

Lucas-Nlle

Innovative protection technology

In practice, medium-voltage and high-voltage networks are

equipped with protective mechanisms connected via current and

voltage transormers.

Use o compact, original relays incorporating cutting-edge

digital technology

Use o industrial saety relays rom prestigious international

manuacturers

Monitoring o protective eatures by means o SCADA

(Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)

A relay test option permits the relays to be checked individually

High-voltage lines

Your benets:

For your saety, the 380-kV transmission lines are investigated

and connected at a low-voltage level without detracting rom

the characteristics o a real high-voltage line.

Realistic simulation o a 380-kV transmission line with a length

o 300 km or 150 km

Innovative switchover between line lengths by means o over-

lay masks Earth-ault compensation by means o a Petersen coil

Ability to simulate symmetric and asymmetric aults

Power Transmission

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Transmission Lines

Investigations on Three-phase Transmission Lines

For your saety, the 380-kV transmission lines are investigated and connected at a low-voltage level without detracting rom the cha-

racteristics o a real high-voltage line. This realistic simulation o a 380-kV transmission line switches over automatically between line

lengths o 300 km and 150 km once the overlay mask has been put into place.

Training contentsVoltage increases on open-circuit lines

Voltage drop as a unction o line length

Voltage drop as a unction o cos-phi

Capacitive and inductive power losses on a line as a unction o U and I

Phase shit on a line

EUL 1 equipment setLucas-Nlle

Sample experiment Investigations on three-phase lines EUL 1

Power Transmission

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Parallel and Series Connection o Transmission Lines

Joint use o several line simulation models connected in parallel or series permits complex networks to be assembled.

Training contentsDistribution o power and current among parallel-connected lines o equal length

Distribution o power and current among parallel-connected lines o unequal length

Distribution o power and current among series-connected lines o equal length

Distribution o power and current among series-connected lines o unequal length

Load distribution, power fow

Voltage distribution

Quantitative and qualitative evaluations o operational relationships


Sample experiment Investigations on parallel lines EUL 2

Power Transmission

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Transmission Lines

Transmission Line with Earth-ault Compensation

Earth-ault compensation in electric power supply networks is designed to oset earth leakages occurring in outer conductors.

Restricted to three-phase systems, earth-ault compensation makes use o a special Petersen coil named ater its inventor and which

is also known as an earth-ault quenching coil. This coil compensates the electric current at the earth-ault point, thereby preventing

consequential malunctions in the electrical system.

Training contentsEarth ault on a line with an isolated star point

Response to earth aults

Earth-ault compensation


Sample experiment Investigations on lines with earth-fault compensation EUL 3

Power Transmission

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Transmission Systems with a Synchronous Generator

The objective here is to measure characteristic power transmission parameters on simulated, three-phase, parallel-connected lines ed

via a xed network or a generator, and perorm quantitative as well as qualitative assessments o operational relationships.

Training contentsPower and current distribution in a line network ed by a generator

Parallel operation o a generator and line via the network

Control o active power eed

Control o reactive power eed


Sample experiment Investigations on transmission systems with a synchronous generator EUL 4

Power Transmission

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Line Protection

Overcurrent Time Protection or Lines

Items covered in this experiment series include overcurrent time relays whose time characteristic is independent o the current and

which are usually employed on single-wire (branch) lines.

Training contentsDesigning and parameterising overcurrent time protection

Determining the reset ratio in the case o single-, double- and triple-pole short circuit

Determining a relays shortest release time

Checking a circuit breakers release behaviour in the event o a ailure

ELP 1 equipment setLucas-Nlle

Sample experiment Overcurrent time protection for lines ELP 1

Power Transmission

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Auxiliary Line Protection Equipment

ELP 2/3/4/5 equipment setLucas-Nlle

ELP 2 Directional overcurrent time protection

Training contents

Designing and parametrizing overcurrent time protection

Determining the reset ratio in the case o single-, double-

and triple-pole short circuit

Forward and reverse protection

ELP 3 Overvoltage and undervoltage protectionTraining contents

Determining rise and all times

Determining the reset ratio

Determining the inherent time

Setting and testing various characteristics

ELP 4 Directional power protection

Training contents


Implementing protection against reverse loads

Interaction with overcurrent time relays

ELP 5 Earth-ault voltage protection

Training contents

Measuring voltages in a sound, three-phase network

Measuring voltages in a three-phase network experiencing

earth aults


Determining the inherent time

Relay responses to momentary and permanent earth aults

Power Transmission

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Line Protection

Protection o Parallel-connected Lines

Used mainly or protecting parallel-connected lines, the directional overcurrent protection relay is tested through ault simulation

here, besides being analyzed and investigated experimentally in terms o selectivity and speed.

Networked via a bus system, the protective relays can be operated and evaluated by means o the SCADA Power-LAB sotware.

Training contentsProtecting parallel-connected lines with dierent overcurrent time relays

Parallel operation in the ault-ree state

Determining minimum response values or non-directional overcurrent time relays

Determining directions o protection or directional overcurrent time relays

Determining minimum response values or directional overcurrent time relays

Time grading or overcurrent time relays

Checking selectivity through combined overcurrent and directional measurements

Networking protective measures


Sample experiment Protection of parallel lines ELP 6

Power Transmission

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High-speed Distance Protection

Various aults can be analyzed in the case o the high-speed distance protection relay employed or more complex networks. This

type o protection permits aults to be isolated in dependence o their distance. Besides preparation o a grading schedule, selectivity

can be set and tested in a practical manner.

Training contentsPreparation o a grading schedule

Relay parameterisation

Tests o triggering characteristics in the event o various aults inside and outside the lines protective domain

Operating a distance protection relay with current and voltage transormers

Tests o triggering characteristics in the event o various aults inside and outside the protective domain:

- Distance protection

- Overcurrent time protection

- Voltage protection

- Frequency protectionAutomatic reactivation


Sample experiment High-speed distance protection ELP 7

Power Transmission

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Electric Power Distribution

Three-phase Double Busbar System ........................................ 82

Overcurrent Protection or Busbars ......................................... 83


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Busbars at high-voltage switching stations

Electrical power at large switching stations is distributed almost exclusively using double busbar systems. These stations incorporate

switching matrices or connecting the two busbars, the incoming and outgoing eeder cubicles as well as the measurement elds.

The incoming and outgoing eeder cubicles as well as the switching matrices are urnished with circuit breakers and one disconnector

or each busbar terminal. For saety reasons, a particular switching logic must be strictly adhered to here. The double busbar model

incorporates all unctions o practical relevance. Integrated instruments or measuring currents and voltages permit direct analyses o

switching operations.

Lucas-Nlle



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Training systems

Our training systems cover the ollowing topics: Experiment panel group - Three-phase double busbar system

Experiment panel group - Overcurrent protection or busbars

Lucas-Nlle

SCADA

Devices are monitored and controlled by means o the SCADA

(Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system. All devices

belonging to Lucas-Nlles energy technology programme can

be arranged as desktop icons and linked together. Measurement

values and operating states are indicated. Important parametersand signals can be controlled via the sotware. Measurement

values and operating states can be recorded, displayed as

unctions o time, and analyzed. Automatic switchover between

busbars can be perormed via the PC.

Double busbar systems

The compact modules named Incoming and outgoing eeder

cubicles and Switching matrix oer the ollowing advan-

tages:

Flexible arrangement o the various elds

Operation and monitoring rom a PC

Networking capability thanks to an RS-485 interace

Manual operation

Integrated microcontroller or preventing incorrect operation

Registration o all characteristic parameters such as current,

voltage and switching states


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Three-phase Double Busbar System

Central Distribution and Control

Busbars serve as central distributors o electrical energy, all incoming and outgoing lines being connected to the busbars. Busbars

comprise incoming and outgoing eeder cubicles, switching matrices and converter panels.

As part o Lucas-Nlles equipment sets, these unctions are grouped into switching elds containing circuit breakers, disconnectors

and data loggers.

Training contentsBasic circuits o a three-pole, double busbar system

Three-phase, double busbar system with load

Busbar changeover without interruption o the branch

Preparation o algorithms or various switching operations

Busbar coupling

EPD equipment setLucas-Nlle

Sample experiment Three-phase double busbar system EPD


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Overcurrent Protection or Busbars

Due to the busbars dierential protection, the input and output currents are added up via a current transormer. In the case o

dierential currents, the characteristic sensitivity serves as a basis or determining trigger criteria.

Training contentsRegistration o currents in normal operating mode

Registration o currents in the event o single-, double- or triple-pole short circuit

Faults outside the protective domain

EPD equipment setLucas-Nlle

Sample experiment Overcurrent protection for busbars EPD


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Energy Management

Complex Loads, Power Consumption Measurement

and Peak Load Monitoring ..................................................... 88

Dynamic Loads ....................................................................... 89

Manual and Automatic Compensation o Reactive Power ...... 90Protection o Electric Loads .................................................... 91


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Intelligent networks and loads

For economic and environmental reasons, a rational use o energy is becoming increasingly important. Exercises on manual and

automatic compensation o reactive power as well as experiments on reducing peak loads through measurements with active-current

and maximum-demand meters demonstrate how the load on a mains supply network can be reduced and evenly distributed over a

24-hour period. An analysis o the power supply grid and connected consumers (loads) is necessary or eective use o the involved

measurement techniques. Accordingly, each experiment permits a detailed investigation o static, dynamic, symmetric and asym-

metric loads. Protection o electrical consumers is another important training subject.

Lucas-Nlle

Energy Management

Energy Management

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Training systems

Our training systems cover the ollowing topics:

Experiment panel group - Complex loads, energy consumpti-

on measurement and peak load monitoring

Experiment panel group - Dynamic loads

Experiment panel group - Manual and automatic compensa-

tion o reactive power

Experiment panel group - Protection o electric machines

Experiment panel group - Motor protection / management

Lucas-Nlle

Protecting electrical consumers

Malunctions in electrical systems resulting rom short circuits,

overload etc. must be prevented or at least restricted by means

o appropriate protective measures, and the aulty devices

disconnected selectively rom the network. For the protective

eatures to be properly implemented and correctly dimensioned,it is necessary to know their trigger characteristics and times, as

well as their operational characteristics. This experiment series

provides detailed treatment o how to protect three-phase

motors by means o a motor protection switch, temperature

monitoring in the coils, and triggering via a thermistor device.

An experiment on ull motor protection with a digital device can

also be conducted. The handling and parametrization o the

digital motor protection device are the ocus o training in this

experiment.

Smart metering

All energy technology kits contain intelligent measuring devices

possessing a variety o communication interaces (e.g. LAN,

RS485, USB) and control elements. Consequently, consumers

can not only be monitored, but also intelligently controlled. An

automatic load management program can be realized with the

eatures listed below:

Monitoring o the specied power limit

Enabling and disabling o consumers in accordance with a

dened priority list

Activation o consumers during minimum load periods

Energy Management

Source: SIEMENS

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Energy management

Complex Loads, Power Consumption Measurement and Peak Load

Monitoring

Experiments on reducing peak loads through measurements with active-current and maximum-demand meters demonstrate how the

load on a mains supply network can be reduced and evenly distributed over a 24-hour period. An analysis o the power supply grid and

connected consumers (loads) is necessary or eective use o the measurement techniques involved. Accordingly, each experiment

permits a detailed investigation o static, dynamic, symmetric and asymmetric loads.

Training contentsThree-phase consumers with star and delta connections (R, L, C, RL, RC and RLC loads)

Measurement with active and reactive energy meters:

- or symmetric and asymmetric RL loads

- in the event o a phase ailure

- in the event o over-compensation (RC load)

- or active loads

- in the event o energy-fow reversal

Determination o the rst and second power maxima

Determination o the power maximum in the event o an asymmetric load

Recording o load proles

EUC 1 equipment setLucas-Nlle

Sample experiment Measuring the power consumption of complex loads EUC 1

Energy Management

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Dynamic Loads

In this case, a three-phase asynchronous motor coupled with the servo machine test stand is used as a dynamic load. The active and

reactive powers (motors cos-phi) depend on the motor load and are thereore not constant. The servo machine test stand can be used

to drive the asynchronous motor, thereby eeding active power into the three-phase network.

Training contentsDynamic, three-phase load (asynchronous motor)

Power measurement in the case o energy-fow reversal


Sample experiment Investigations on dynamic loads EUC 2

Energy Management

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Energy Management

Manual and Automatic Compensation o Reactive Power

Reactive power compensation in alternating voltage networks is designed to reduce undesirable reactive current and resultant reac-

tive power o consumers. In this process, capacitive loads are connected to all inductive loads via a central eed point. The opposing,

capacitive reactive power arising here is ideally o the same magnitude as the installed, inductive reactive power. This reduces unde-

sirable reactive currents, and none o the systems needed to supply the reactive current has to be over-dimensioned.

Training contentsOperating an asynchronous machine and recording its characteristic parameters

Calculating parameters or compensation capacitors

Compensation using various capacitors

Determining stage power

Manual compensation o reactive power

Automatic identication o a reactive power controllers connections

Automatic compensation o reactive power


Sample experiment Automatic compensation of reactive power EUC 3

Energy Management

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EEM 4.6 equipment setLucas-Nlle

Protection o Electric Loads

Three-phase Asynchronous Machines

Squirrel-cage motors are designed or operation under constant load conditions. Changes in load or excessively high starting currents

can cause such motors to heat up beyond permitted levels. Sensors are thereore used to monitor the motors temperature and

current consumption.

As required, these sensors activate protective eatures such as the motor protection switch, motor protection relay and thermistor

relay.

Sample experiment Protection of electric machines EEM 4.6

Training contentsSelecting, installing and setting various motor protection systems

Motor protection switch

Motor protection relay

Thermistor protection

Eect o various operating modes on motor heating

Trigger characteristics o protective systems

Protection against impermissible load states

Energy Management

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EDT 51 equipment setLucas-Nlle

Protection o Electric Loads

Eective Motor Protection Preventive Maintenance

Used as part o modern automation technology, motor management systems make it possible to optimally protect, control and monitor

drives and related equipment. Parameters such as motor temperature, voltage and current can be registered in this way. Linkage to

higher-level process automation via eld bus systems (e.g. PROFIBUS) makes the motors operation more transparent. As a result, the

motors utilization level and energy consumption can be monitored without having to perorm in-situ measurements.

Sample experiment Motor management relay EDT 51

Training contentsPC-supported operation o a motor management system

Programming o unctions such as direct start, star-delta start, reversible-pole motor start, motor protection

Parametrization o overload variables and switch-o response under various loads

Measurement o dynamic processes during starting

Preventive maintenance

Energy Management

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Lucas-Nlle

Training Systemsor Electronic Equipment

Supplementary experiments on electrical power engineering can be

Electrical Power Engineering 1010

Documents

Transcript of Electrical Power Engineering 1010