UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND INFORMATION

ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL POWER DISPATCH ANALYTICS: A CASE STUDY OF KENYA NATIONAL POWER GRID.

CREATE A WEB INTERFACE AND DATABASE THAT ALLOWS A USER TO BUILD A DYNAMIC DISPLAY OF THE

KENYA POWER TRANSMISSION ANALYTICS.

PROJECT INDEX: PRJ 033

SUBMITTED BY:

MOGENI PETER ORINA

F17/1415/2011

SUPERVISOR: PROF. MWANGI MBUTHIA

EXAMINER: MR. S. OGABA

PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 2015.

SUBMITTED ON: 17TH MAY 2016

DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY

NAME OF STUDENT: Mogeni Peter Orina

REGISTRATION NUMBER: F17/1415/2011

COLLEGE: Architecture and Engineering

FACULTY/SCHOOL/INSTITUTE: Engineering

DEPARTMENT: Electrical and Information Engineering

COURSE NAME: Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronic Engineering.

TITLE OF WORK: Electrical Power Dispatch Analytics: A case study of Kenya National Power Grid: Create a Web Interface and Database that allows a user to build a Dynamic Display of the Kenya Power Transmission Analytics

1. I understand what plagiarism is, and I am aware of the university policy in this regard. 2. I declare that this final year project report is my original work and has not been submitted

elsewhere for examination, award of a degree or publication. Other people's work used in this project is properly acknowledged and referenced in agreement with the University of Nairobi's requirements.

3. I have not sought or used the services of any professional agencies to produce this work. 4. I have not allowed, and shall not allow anyone to copy my work with the intention of

passing it off as his/her work. 5. I understand that any false claim in respect of this project shall result in disciplinary

action, per University anti-plagiarism policy. 6.

Signature: ………………………………………… Date …………………………………….

CERTIFICATION This report has been submitted to the Department of Electrical and Information Engineering of

the University of Nairobi with my approval as supervisor:

Prof. Mwangi Mbuthia

Signature:………………………………………….

Date:……………………………………………..

DEDICATION I dedicate this project to my dear family for their love, support, and encouragement throughout

my academic journey.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Second, I wish to thank my colleagues and friends. I would like to acknowledge OnesmusOsero

for his help in both technical and personal aspects. I would also like to appreciate Khaemba

Samuel, Karugu James, Noreen Mogaka and Diana Mcligeyo for their contribution towards the

accomplishment of this project. Finally, my particular thanks go to my parents and siblings,

without their love, support and encouragement, I could not finish my undergraduate study.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY ........................................................................................2

CERTIFICATION ......................................................................................................................3

DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...........................................................................................................5

LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................8

LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................9

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.................................................................................................... 10

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. 11

CHAPTER ONE ....................................................................................................................... 12

1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 12

1.1.1 Kenya Electricity Generation Capacity ...................................................................... 13

1.1.2 Electrical Power Dispatch .......................................................................................... 13

1.1.3 Transmission Analytics ............................................................................................. 14

1.1.4 Power Dispatch Analytics.......................................................................................... 14

1.1.5 Economic Dispatch.................................................................................................... 14

1.1.6 Solution to Economic Dispatch.................................................................................. 14

1.1.7Conventional optimization methods ............................................................................ 15

1.2 Project Statement ............................................................................................................. 16

1.3 Project Objective ............................................................................................................. 16

1.5 Project Justification.......................................................................................................... 17

1.6 Project Organization ........................................................................................................ 18

CHAPTER TWO ...................................................................................................................... 19

2 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................... 19

2.1 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................. 19

2.1.1 The evolution of the Power Grid. ............................................................................... 19

2.1.2 Benefits of grid interconnections ............................................................................... 19

2.1.3 The Kenya Power Transmission System .................................................................... 20

2.2 Benefits of High Voltage Transmission ............................................................................ 23

2.3 Comparison and Evaluation of Similar Projects In The Past ............................................. 24

2.4 Project requirements in fulfilling the specific and overall objectives ................................ 25

CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................... 27

3 METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN ........................................................................................ 27

3.1 PROBLEM FORMULATION. ........................................................................................ 27

3.1.1 Newton-Raphson method .......................................................................................... 27

3.2 Project implementation Newton-Raphson ........................................................................ 31

3.2.1 Line Loading Algorithm ............................................................................................ 32

3.2.2 Pypower .................................................................................................................... 33

3.3 The Web Interface Design ............................................................................................... 36

3.4 Overall Project flows Chart .............................................................................................. 41

CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................................. 42

4 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 42

4.1 Power flow results ........................................................................................................... 47

4.2 Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 47

CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................................. 48

5.0 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 48

5.1 Recommendation and future study ................................................................................... 48

REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 49

APPENDIX .............................................................................................................................. 51

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. block diagram of a typical AC Electrical power supply system ................................. 22

Figure 2. Web application called GTCView. ........................................................................... 25

Figure 3. Approach for modeling a system using Python ......................................................... 32

Figure 4. Home Form .............................................................................................................. 37

Figure 5. Asset web interface. ................................................................................................. 37

Figure 6. Add new Transmission line interface ........................................................................ 38

Figure 7. Delete transmission line interface ............................................................................. 39

Figure 8. Update transmission line interface ............................................................................ 39

Figure 9. Transmission Analytics ............................................................................................ 40

Figure 10. Program flow-chart.................................................................................................. 41

Figure 11. Buses Records interface........................................................................................... 43

Figure 12. Generators Records interface ................................................................................... 44

Figure 13. Transmission lines Records interface ....................................................................... 46

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Bus Records Table ...................................................................................................... 42

Table 2. Generators Records table ............................................................................................ 43

Table 3 Transmission lines Records table ................................................................................ 45

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

OPF Optimal Power Flow

MW Megawatts

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

GIS Geographic Information System

ArcIMS Arc Internet Map Server

SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition

NR Newton-Raphson Power Flow

ABSTRACT Power Systems are established in order to facilitate transfer of power to the respective load

centers with reliability, security and economy using sound technical and commercial principles.

The nature of electrical energy is such that it is produced and consumed on a real-time basis

whereby production and consumption should have an ideally instantaneous balance. In order to

arrive at this balance, all network parameters need to be determined so as to achieve effective

power transfer. This is achieved through carrying out load flow studies in the power system.

With the increased use of internet and digitation of many organizational processes. The

traditional methods of calculation of load on a standalone computer has thus become impractical

and thus the need to come up with a web-based application that can calculate power flow for any

grid network provided the parameters are input through a web interface form. The web

application can be made accessible world-wide by the use of the internet and therefore

empowering power generating and transmission facilities to use it from whichever location they

might be.In addition to provide them with crucial analytics that are key to decision making

regarding electrical power dispatch.

CHAPTER ONE

1 INTRODUCTION

In Kenya, the energy sector is dominated by imported petroleum used mainly in the modern

sector, wood fuel, which is widely used by rural communities, the urban middle class and in the

informal sector. Regarding energy supply, wood fuel provides about 68% of the total energy

requirements, petroleum energy 20%, electricity 9%, and other sources account for the remaining

3%. Commercial energy consumption is dominated by oil followed by electrical power and coal

accounting for the remaining 30%.

The key bodies involved in the energy industry in Kenya are as follows:-

I. The Ministry of Energy and Petroleum which is in charge of making and articulating

energy policies to create an enabling environment for efficient operation and growth of

the sector. It sets the strategic direction for the growth of the industry and provides a

long-term vision for all area players.[1]

II. The Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) is responsible for regulation of the energy

sector.[2] Its functions include licensing, retail and bulk tariff setting and oversight,

coordination of the development of Indicative Energy Plans, monitoring, and

enforcement of industry regulations

III. The Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen) is the leading player in

electricity generation, with a current installed capacity of 1,580MW as per March 2015.

The Company accounts for about 71.3% of the installed capacity from various power

generation sources that include hydropower, thermal, geothermal and wind.

IV. Independent Power Producers (IPPs) are private investors in the power sector involved

in generation either on a large scale or for the development of renewable energy under

the Feed-in -Tariff Policy.[2] Some of the current players comprise IberAfrica, Tsavo,

Or-power, Rabai, menti, Gikira and Mumias. Collectively, they account for about 29%

of the country’s installed capacity.

V. The Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC) is the sole off-taker in the power

market in the country and is governed by the State Corporations Act. It is currently the

only retailer as well as the system operator in addition to running the bulk of the

transmission system as well as the entire distribution network

VI. Kenya Electricity Transmission Company (KETRACO) is a state Corporation 100%

owned by the Government of Kenya. With a mandate to plan, design, construct, own,

operate and maintain the new high voltage (132kV and above) electricity transmission

infrastructure that will form the backbone of the National Transmission Grid & regional

grid connections. [2]

1.1.1 Kenya Electricity Generation Capacity

The interconnected grid power system in Kenya had a total installed and operating a capacity of

2,177 MW as at March 2015; made up of 820.6 MW of hydro, 717MW of thermal, 588 MW of

geothermal, 25.5 MW of the wind, 26MW from cogeneration. There was also 26.0MW in

isolated mini-grids. The total productive capacity was 2,127 MW during normal hydrology of

which 2,106MW was from the interconnected system. Hydro accounts for around 37.7% of the

total energy supply. Registered interconnected national sustained peak demand was 1,512MW

recorded in February 2015.

1.1.2 Electrical Power Dispatch

The provision of electrical power from the generating sources to the consumer through the

national grid while making serious considerations between supply and demand. In a centralized

power system, a balance is made to ensure that flashovers or surges are not experienced. The

balance between supply and demand powers is called power balance. Typically fluctuation

between supply and consumption is indicated by power frequency. When the load demand is

higher than supplied power, the frequency drops from the nominal value 50 hertz, and when

supply is greater than load demand, the frequency increase above the nominal value 50 hertz.

In making power dispatch considerations, a number of factors are surveyed, such as: -

• The generating cost

• Transmission losses since they have both energy and capacity cost components.

• Power consumer

Over the past decades, power demand has increased tremendously leading to inefficiencies of the

existing grid due to wear and tear and overloading of the grid. This has resulted in KETRACO to

invest in new transmission lines and associated substations, both in Nairobi and in other parts of

the country. These new Bulk supply points will relieve loading on existing overloaded assets.

1.1.3 Transmission Analytics

Analytics stands for systematic computation of data using written algorithms and statistical

operations that decipher a complex phenomenon to convey meaningful information, with the aim

of the quantifying performance of a given parameter.

1.1.4 Power Dispatch Analytics

This is the manipulation or raw data acquired from the transmission grid to assist network

operators to come up with critical decisions concerning balance between the power supply and

demand. This is a necessary tool for generating and transmitting companies to:-

• Monitor load flows

• Maintain power stability

• Minimize transmission losses

• Ensure power quality

• Plan for future dispatch

Power dispatch brings about economic consideration and thus the creation of economic dispatch.

1.1.5 Economic Dispatch

“This is the operation of generation facilities to produce energy at the lowest cost to reliably

serve consumers, recognizing any operation limits of generation and transmission facilities.”

1.1.6 Solution to Economic Dispatch

Optimization of power systems solves the problem of economic dispatch. Optimization is the art

of achieving the best possible solution to a problem with a variety of competing and conflicting

parameters. Optimization is the tendency to search for the best solution under defined

circumstances. In mathematical terms, optimization is seeking the best option with imposed

constraints.

There are a variety of methods used for optimization to solve power systems operational

challenges.

The methods can be classified into the following groups:

i. Conventional Optimization methods

ii. Intelligence searches methods

1.1.7Conventional optimization methods

The traditional optimization methods include:

• Lagrange multiplier method

• Newton-Raphson

• Trust region optimization

• Line search

• Quadratic Programming

• Gradient method

• Quasi-Newton method

• Nonlinear Programming

• Newton Method

• Generalized Reduced Gradient Method

• Mixed Integer Programming (MIP)

• Network Flow Programming(NFP)

Intelligent Search Methods

This include:

• Ant Colony

• Evolutionary Algorithms

• Tabu Search

• Simulated Annealing

• Neural Network (NN)

• Particle Swam Optimization (PSO)

Web interface

A graphical frontend that a user interacts with software running on a web server using a

computer. The user interface is the web browser and the web page it downloaded from the

server. [3]

Dynamic Display

A web interface that can display different web content with changes rendered from the server

side to the end user viewing the updated information.

Database

An organized collection of data, arranged in such a manner to allow easy access, management,

and updating. A database is composed of schemas, tables, queries, reports and other functions.

1.2 Project Statement Create a web interface and database that allows a user to build a dynamic display of the Kenya

power transmission analytics.

1.3 Project Objective This project requires extensive knowledge of the transmission line parameters and analytics. It

demands extensive knowledge of the Kenya national electricity grid.

The overall objective of the project will be:-

I. To create a fully functional web interface. The web interface should be dynamic and have

the capability to compute and display analytics.

II. To create an organized relational database to store transmission data and analytics

The specific objectives of the project will be:-

I. To develop an algorithm to solve power flow in transmission

II. To develop an algorithm to solve transmission line loading

1.5 Project Justification The concept of this project is to come up with a system that will break down the complexities of

the Kenyan electrical power grid. Currently, information concerning the transmission of power is

documented in line schematics stored in archives minimizing efficient management of these

assets in the following ways;-

i. Updating the one-line schematic maps after adjustments to the transmission line is

cumbersome

ii. Locating of these assets can be overwhelming considering the many maps available

for the large power system grid.

This project is informed of the shortcoming experienced by the national network. This project

proposes a plan to visualize the Kenyan national power grid to solve the problem. The dynamic

web interface should display the electricity grid. It should contain all parameters pertaining each

power transmission asset. The project intends to achieve the following:-

i. Better asset management, the system will store the vast data of each particular

transmission line on the grid. To keep track of the numerous power lines and their

health.

ii. Better planning of future power dispatch, the location of new transmission lines and

power substations.

iii. Easy access to information by network operators, planners, dispatch persons and

network analytics personnel.

iv. Operational visibility of the transmission line will be improved.

1.6 Project Organization The project report is organized into five chapters as follows;

In Chapter1, a brief introduction to Electrical power dispatch, methods of optimizations, Project

Objectives and Project statement and justification outlined.

In Chapter 2, a literature review on transmission analytics in particular power flow studies,

solution methods used in solving non-linear algebraic equations that bring about complexities in

an interconnected network

In Chapter 3, identification of data necessary for the formulation of transmission analytics.

Methodologies proposed for use in developing a dynamic display of the Kenya power

transmission network on the web interface.

In Chapter 4, the results of the dynamic web interface display of the transmission grid analysis

and discussions.

In Chapter 5, the conclusion and recommendations for further research.

CHAPTER TWO 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 BACKGROUND 2.1.1 The evolution of the Power Grid. Electricity grid interconnections have played a vital role in the history of electric power systems.

Most national and regional power systems that exist today began many decades ago as isolated

systems, often as a single generator in a large city. As power systems expanded out from their

urban cores, interconnections among neighboring systems became increasingly common. [4]

Groups of utilities began to form power pools, allowing them to trade electricity and share

capacity reserves.

One of the great electrical engineering achievements of the 20th century has been the evolution of

large synchronous alternating current (AC) power grids, in which all the interconnected systems

maintain the same precise electrical frequency.[4] Synchronous interconnections among

countries are expanding in Central and South America, North and Sub-Saharan Africa, and the

Middle East.[4]

As the synchronous AC networks have reached continental scale, the use of high-voltage direct

current (HVDC) interconnections is also rapidly expanding as a result of technical progress over

the last two decades. HVDC permits the asynchronous interconnection of networks that operate

at different frequencies or are otherwise incompatible, allowing them to exchange power without

requiring the tight coordination of a synchronous system.[4] HVDC has other advantages as

well, especially for transmitting large amounts of power over very long distances.

2.1.2 Benefits of grid interconnections • Improving reliability and pooling reserves: The amount of reserve capacity that must be

built by individual networks to ensure reliable operation when supplies are short can be

reduced by sharing reserves within an interconnected network.[4]

• Reduced investment in generating capacity: Individual systems can reduce their

generating capacity requirement, or postpone the need to add new capacity if they can

share the generating resources of an interconnected system.[4]

• Improving load factor and increasing load diversity: Systems operate most economically

when the level of power demand is steady over time, as opposed to having high peaks.

Reduced load factors (the ratio of average to peak power demand) mean that utilities

must construct generation capacity to meet peak requirements, but that this capacity sits

idle much of the time. Systems can improve poor load factors by interconnecting to other

systems with different types of loads, or loads with different daily or seasonal patterns

that complement their own.

• Economies of scale in new construction: Unit costs of new generation and transmission

capacity decline with increasing level, up to a point. Sharing resources in an

interconnected power system can allow the construction of larger facilities with lower

unit costs

• The diversity of generation mix and supply security: Interconnections between systems

that use different technologies and fuels to generate electricity provide greater protection

if one kind of production becomes limited (e.g., hydroelectricity in a year with little

rainfall). Historically, this complementarity has been a strong incentive for

interconnection between hydro-dominated systems and thermal-dominated systems. A

larger and more diverse generation mix also implies more diversity in the types of forced

outages that occur, improving reliability.

• Economic exchange: Interconnection allows the dispatch of the least expensive

generating units within the interconnected area, providing overall cost savings that can be

divided among the component systems. Alternatively, it allows inexpensive power from

one system to be sold to systems with more expensive power.

• Environmental dispatch and new plant siting: Interconnections can allow generating units

with lower environmental impacts to be used more, and units with higher results to be

used less.

• Coordination of maintenance schedules: Interconnections permit planned outages of

generating and transmission facilities for maintenance to be coordinated so that overall

cost and reliability for the interconnected network is optimized.[5]

2.1.3 The Kenya Power Transmission System An electrical power system consists of a generation system, a transmission system, a sub-

transmission system, and a distribution system. The generation and transmission systems make

up the bulk power supply, and the sub-transmission and distribution systems are considered to be

the last means to transfer the electrical energy to the ultimate customer.

Bulk power transmission is made up of a high-voltage network, generally 132kV and above a

voltage, designed to interconnect power plants and electric utility systems and to transmit power

from the plants to major load centers. In the Kenya, 132 and 220 kV are the most common

transmission grid voltages. However, ongoing projects are upgrading high energy transmission to

400kV. One such project includes the Mariakani – Isinya double circuit transmission line. The

482km line is currently fitted with 400kV capacity transmission line but operated at 220kV.

Kenya's electricity supply industry structure is the single buyer model where all generators sell

power in bulk to KPLC for dispatch and onward transmission and distribution to consumers.[6]

Currently, the transmission network is shared between KPLC and KETRACO. The total

transmission network (220kV and 132kV) for KPLC stood at 3,947kms by June 2014.

KETRACO transmission system (220kV and 132kV) held at 756.5kms by December 2014.

The generation voltage is usually 11kv. For economic reasons and losses reduction, it is stepped

up to 132kV and 220kV for transmission with the aid of 3-phase transformers. The primary

transmission lines transmit electrical power from generating stations to high load centers,

hundreds of kilometers away. At primary substations, the voltage is stepped down to 66kV and

33kV, after that transmitted to a secondary substation where it is further stepped down to 11kV

before being supplied to distribution substations.

DIST SUB “B” DIST SUB “G” DIST SUB “E” DIST SUB “A”

DIST SUB “C”

Transmission substation C 220kV

220kV

33 kV

11 kV DIST. CIRCUIT NO. 101

DIST. CIRCUIT NO. 102 11 kV

11 kV DIST. CIRCUIT NO. 103

415V

POLE MOUNTED TRANSFORMERS

SERVICE LINES, WATT-HOUR METER

33 kV

Gen Sta 3.

11kV

Transmission substation B

DIST SUB “D” 220kV

33 kV

Transmission substation A

DIST SUB “H”

Gen Sta 2.

11kV

Gen Sta 1.

11kV

DIST SUB “F”

220kV

Figure 1. block diagram of a typical AC Electrical power supply system

2.2 Benefits of High Voltage Transmission The primary purpose of transmission is to transmit bulk electricity energy from the generation

centers to high load centers hundreds or thousands of kilometers away. There are some main

advantages of high voltage transmission which are as follows:-

1. Control against generation outages. The transmission system should typically permit

access to alternative economic energy sources to replace lost sources.

2. Efficient bulk power markets. Bulk power needs should be met by the lowest-cost

generation, instead of by higher-cost electricity purchases to prevent violation of

transmission loading constraints. (The difference between the actual price of electricity at

the point of usage and the lowest price on the grid is called the congestion cost.)

3. Operational flexibility. The transmission system should permit for the economic

scheduling of maintenance outages and for the economic reconfiguration of the grid when

unforeseen events take place.

4. Hedge against fuel price changes. The transmission system should permit purchases to

access generation economically from diversified fuel resources as a hedge against fuel

disruptions due to various causes.

5. Low-cost access to renewable energy. The transmission system should usually permit

developers to build renewable energy sources without the need for expensive

transmission upgrades.

The amount of power on any electric line at any given moment depends on generation

production and dispatch, customer use, the status of other transmission lines and their associated

equipment, and weather.[7]

Information is a fundamental element in power transmission along the grid. Correct information

and analytics will aid in proper decision making by the network operators, power dispatch team

and the fault isolation team. The first objective of the project, designing a web interface that can

display transmission analytics. This purpose of this web interface should be adequately

informative.

2.3 Comparison and Evaluation of Similar Projects In The Past Intelligently building a transmission line network requires precise planning, costing, scheduling,

and so forth. Use of GIS for selecting suitable areas, finding the optimum path, creating the

profile analysis, engineering design of towers and wires, surveying support, and estimating costs.

Research in relaying transmission line analytics through a web page has previously been studied,

and this has led to the emergence of different approaches to solving the issue of providing such

information over the internet. Below is a discussion of the various approaches made in the past.

Georgia Transmission Corporation

At Georgia Transmission Corporation (GTC), using GIS-based Web applications is part of the

daily routine of employees throughout the company. GTC is a not-for-profit cooperative owned

by and serving 39 electric membership corporations in Georgia. [8]

The company uses Web-based applications that enable it to make this data more readily

accessible to a greater number of company employees.

The primary GIS contractor for GTC, to develop this Web application that provides browser-

based user access to information. Integration of GTC's GIS and the existing corporate database

into a standard application interface increases the practical use of information across the

organization.

One of the goals in designing GTCView was to take information and characteristics about the

location of facilities and integrate them with other attribute databases. GTCView links four rela-

tional databases for GIS use. Its primary feature is an interactive map from which the user can

make textual queries and access relational databases, allowing for map design.

For example, the planning department is asked to supply energy to a target area by building a

new facility and routing electricity to it. Obviously, it is more cost-effective to build a facility

that is near the target area. If the planning department wants to determine the load need for a new

field, it can access databases through GTCView. The user enters the location of the new area and

performs a distance query such as the site of all 115-kilovolt transmission lines within 50 miles

of the site. GIS produces both a map and a list of those transmission lines.

The Web-based application allows the user to create custom maps without being a cartographer.

The symbology is available and easy to use, a map template sets the stage, and the employee

creates the map. More than 100 employees are using GTCView. The tool makes users self-

sufficient in producing maps and GIS-empowered to do more with them. With a geographic

perspective, employees put GIS to work from fulfilling a request order to getting a budget

approved.

Figure 2. Web application called GTCView.

2.4 Project requirements in fulfilling the specific and overall objectives

I. Interactive web page interface

This will make the system beuser-friendly and be more informative. A user-friendly

interface will make easy usage of the system by network operators.

II. Secure web interface

A secure web interface to maintain the data integrity of the system. The system is such that

there should be no external invasion of data stored in the system database. A high integrity

system increases reliability to the network and makes it robust. The case of Ukraine Electric

Grid SCADA Hack is a perfect lesson on the necessity of a secure system

The project aims at accomplishing the following:-

ü Reducing transmission losses

ü Improving power quality Ferranti Effect Overvoltage etc

ü Improving reliability of the grid Stability

ü Improving data management, evaluating risks faced by the grid Voltage

Collapse

ü Improving the planning and analysis when setting up new transmission

lines

ü Improving asset management

ü Improving network analysis

ü Spatial analysis of the powerline network congestion Power flow

CHAPTER THREE

3 METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN 3.1 PROBLEM FORMULATION. This section gives the details of the formulation of the problem and provides a detailed proposal

for the solution of the project objectives. The specific problem issues addressed is the

transmission analytics, dynamic web interface and database creation.

Transmission analytics

For successful operations of any power systems requires transmission analytics. This data is vital

in critical decision making. To run reliable electrical systems, it requires that:

ü generation must supply the demand (load) plus the losses,

ü bus voltage magnitudes must remain close to rated values,

ü generators must operate within specified real and reactive power limits,

ü Transmission lines and transformers should not be overloaded for long periods.[9]

Therefore, it is important that voltages and power flow in an electrical system can be determined

for a given set of loading and operating conditions. This is known as the power flow problem.

Power flow analysis is used extensively in the planning, design and operation of electrical

systems. [9]

One of the objectives of the project is developing an algorithm to solve power flow problem in

transmission; Newton-Raphson method is the proposed solution to address the transmission

analytics problem. The power flow solution will thereby provide the required data for solving of

another project objective of calculating line loading.

3.1.1 Newton-Raphson method The fundamental idea behind Newton-Raphson is to use sequential linearization. General form of

problem:

Find an x such that:

����= 0

where � is a vector of functions �1 ··· �� in the variables �1 ··· ��.

The steps for solving a problem using NR are as follows:

I. For each guess of ��,�(�) define

∆���� = �� -�(�)

II. Represent �(��) by a Taylor series about �(�)

�����= �������+��(����)

�� ∆������+ 12

������ �������

+ ℎ��ℎ����������� �

III. Approximate ����� by neglecting all terms except the first two

�����= 0 ≅ �������+ +��(����)

�� ∆����

IV. Use this linear approximation to solve for:∆����

∆���� = − ���(����)

���

��

�������

V. solve for a new estimate of ��

������ = ����+ ∆����

VI. The error decreases quite quickly When close to the solution the -- method has quadratic

convergence

VII. The Stopping criteria are when ���������< �

VIII. All Results are dependent upon the initial guess.

NR Application to Power Flow;

We first need to rewrite complex power equations as equations with real coefficients:

�� = �� + ��� = ����∗ where,

�� = Net apparent power entering a bus

�� = Net real power entering a bus

�� = Net reactive power entering a bus

�� = Voltage at a typical bus

�� = ����∗ = ���� �����

��

���

�∗

= ��� ���∗��

∗�

���

These can be derived by defining

��� = ��� + ����

The Newton-Raphson algorithm can only handle real equations and variables, so the complex

equations are split into their real and imaginary parts, and the voltage variables are taken as V

and θ. This gives

�� = |��|���� = |��|∠��

��� = ��− ��

�� = �� + ��� = ��� ���∗��

∗�

���

= ��

���

|��||��|�����(��� + ����)

= ��

���

|��||��|�cos ��� + �sin ����(��� + ����)

Resolving into the real and imaginary parts

�� = ��

���

|��||��|���� cos ��� + ��� sin ����= ���− ���

�� = ��

���

|��||��|���� sin ��� − ��� cos ����= ���− ���

These two equations are called the power flow equations, and they form the fundamental

building block from the power flow problem is solved.

Thereafter:

��,��� = ���− ���

��,��� = ���− ���

��,��������,��� are the net scheduled reactive, and real power injected at any particular bus

respectively. Therefore denoting the calculated value of �� by ��,���� leads to the definition of

mismatch, ∆��.

∆�� = ��,��� − ��,����

Likewise for reactive power

∆�� = ��,��� − ��,����

A mismatch occurs the course of solving power flow problem where calculated values of

������� do not coincide with the scheduled values. If the calculated values of

��,���������,���� perfectly match then the mismatches ∆�����∆�� are zero at that particular

bus, and we write the power balance equations.

In the Newton-Raphson power flow, Newton's method is used to determine the voltage

magnitude and angle at each bus in the electrical system. We need to solve the power balance

equations. The slack bus is assumed to be the first bus (with a fixed voltage angle/magnitude).

We then need to determine the voltage angle/magnitude at the other buses. [10] Writing the

power flow equation in one form of equation will give

�∆�∆��

�= − �

�����

���|�|

�����

���|�|

��

�

. �∆�∆|�||�|

��

Where the Jacobian is �� ��

����

�|�|�

����

���|�|

��

�

∆�� = ��(���) − ��

(�)

∆�� = ��(���) − ��

(�)

The Jacobian, and forms the derivative (tangent, gradient) of the power flow equations. Voltages

and angles (� + 1) are updated after each iteration and used for the following step.

Equations ���|�|

���� ���|�|

� Simplify the equations and results in fewer computations. There are

� − 1 equations for ∆� and � − #�� − 1 equations for∆�. The Jacobian is a square sparse

matrix.Iterative process continues until mismatch is below threshold, that is, (max�∆��, ∆���=

�< ���� ��)

3.2 Project implementation Newton-Raphson In the identification of NR as the method of solving power flow solution, the NR method has to

be implemented by a computer software by developing a software algorithm to compute input

data. In addressing this problem, python was identified as the preferred programming language.

Python is a widely used high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming

language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability, and its syntax allows programmers

to express concepts in fewer lines of code than would be possible in languages such as C++ or

Java.[11] The language provides constructs intended to enable clear programs on both a small

and large scale.

Python supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative and

functional programming or procedural styles. It features a dynamic type system and automatic

memory management and has a vast and comprehensive standard library. Because of its

extensive libraries, individual open source libraries were identified that could be instrumental in

the problem formulations. This include:-

• NumPy

• SciPy

• Matplotlib

• PyPower

In general, Power System design, analysis and control involve complex mathematical

computations exhibiting exhaustive nature. Because of its comprehensive nature, it became a

hardball for scientists and engineers to solve power system problems, even using a computer.

The reason that most of the power system engineers and researchers use a commercial software

package like MATLAB, which is a closed software package.

Python is a safely, dynamically and strongly typed open source language which can be

competitive with MATLAB and Octave.To get functionalities of MATLAB and Octave in

Python, the NumPy, SciPy and Matplotlib packages should be used. Scipy is a package that has

the goal of providing all the other functionality of MATLAB, including those in the MATLAB

toolboxes. There is also a handful of IDE's available for Python, most of which are for free.

Open source software package

3.2.1 Line Loading Algorithm To calculate the percentage line loading the following algorithm is used;-

MVA( Apparent Power) in transmission = √� � � + � ���� . Therefore % line loading will be

calculated as follows � ���������� ������������

∗ 100

Data

Physical system

Hypothesis and simplification

Models

Equations

Numerical solutions

Available algorithms

Adjustments

Figure 3. Approach for modeling a system using Python

3.2.2 Pypower The Pypower was developed by the Power Systems Engineering Research Center PSERC, which

is a port of MATPOWER to the Python programming language. Pypowerprovides a simple yet

powerful tool for Power Engineering that is not tied to proprietary software and can be used and

extended with ease.[12] Pypower library forms the core of the backend code that will solve the

NR problem.

Data input by the user is packaged and saved. After that is it converted to a format file that can

be read by pypower module. The software calculates for analytics; after that, a link is established

between the backend and the frontend to display the results.

Database Design

A database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts with

the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-

purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and

administration of databases.[13]

One of the-the primary objectives of this project is to create a database that can store

transmission data analytics. A database is an organized collection of data. It is the collection of

schemas, tables, queries, reports, views and other objects.There are several types of database

management systems available on the internet for use.

For this project, Sqlite3 DBMS will provide the database for storing the transmission data

analytics. SQLite is an in-process library that implements a self-contained, serverless, zero-

configuration, transactional SQL database engine. The code for SQLite is in the public domain

and is thus free for use for any purpose, commercial or private. SQLite is the most widely

deployed database in the world with more applications than we can count, including several

high-profile projects.[14]

Most SQL database engines are implemented as a separate server process. Programs that want to

access the database communicate with the server using some inter-process communication

(typically TCP/IP) to send requests to the server and to receive back results. SQLite does not

work this way. With SQLite, the process that wants to access the database reads and writes

directly from the database files on disk. There is no intermediary server process.[15]

There are advantages and disadvantages to being server-less. The main advantage is that there is

no separate server process to install, setup, configure, initialize, manage, and troubleshoot. One

reason why SQLite is a "zero-configuration" database engine. Programs that use SQLite require

no administrative support for setting up the database engine before they are run. Any program

that can access the disk can use an SQLite database.

Data Identification and Collection

The following data has been identified as the required data for development of the database. The

database shall consist of the following tables:-

1. Generators Table

2. Buses Table

3. Transmission lines Table

Each table is made up of many fields. The Generators Table shall bear the following fields and

data types:-

FIELDS Data Type Data Length

Generator ID (genID) Integer 16-bit

Bus connection (busconn) Integer 16-bit

Real Power Gen (genPG) Integer 16-bit

Reactive Power Gen (genQG) Integer 16-bit

Max reactive power

(genQmax)

Integer 16-bit

Min reactive power

(genQmin)

Integer 16-bit

Max Real power (genPmax) Integer 16-bit

Min Real power (genPmin) Integer 16-bit

voltage mag. setpoint

(genVg)

Real 16-bit

Base MVA (mbase) Integer 16-bit

Generator status (genstatus) Integer 16-bit

The Buses Table contain the following fields

FIELDS Data Type Data Length

Bus ID (busID) Integer 16-bit

Bus type (bustype) Varchar 12-bit

Bus Location (busloc) Text 16-bit

Bus Coordinates (buschoord) Varchar 16-bit

Base KV (baseKV) Integer 16-bit

Real Power Demand (busPd) integer 16-bit

Reactive Power

Demand(busPd)

Integer 16-BIT

Voltage magnitude (busVm) Float 32-bit

Status (busStatus) Bit 1-bit

The Transmission line Table consists of the following fields

FIELDS Data type Data Length

Line ID Integer 16-bit

Bus connection from

(connFR)

Integer 16-bit

Bus connection to (ConnTo) Integer 16-bit

Line Resistance (lineRes) Float 32-bit

Line Reactance (lineReac) Float 32-bit

line charging susceptance Float 32-bit

Line Mva Rating Integer 16-bit

Line Length Float 16-bit

Line status Integer 16-bit

The generator, bus and transmission status field indicate whether the asset is operational or off.

1 indicating the asset is in service and 0 to indicate the device is out of service.

3.3 The Web Interface Design In web design, the following considerations were made;-

The web interface should be dynamic, i.e., A web interface that contains data that keeps

changing. The data can input by the user or by the website administrator. There exist two types

of dynamic web pages which are:-

1. Client-side dynamic web page

2. Server-side dynamic web page

A client-side dynamic web page processes the web page using HTML scripting running in the

browser as it loads while the server-side dynamic web page is a web page whose construction is

controlled by an application server processing server-side scripts.[16]

In this project, server-side scripting is used to change the supplied page source between pages,

adjusting the sequence or reload of the web pages or web content provided to the browser. Server

responses are determined by conditions such as data posted in a HTML form, parameters in the

URL, the type of browser being used, the passage of time, or a database or server state.

In executing server-side scripting, CGI method is implemented. Common Gateway Interface

(CGI) is a standard way for web servers to interface with executable programs installed on the

server that generates web pages dynamically. Such programs are known as CGI scripts or only

CGIs; they are usually written in a scripting language, but can be written in any programming

language.[17]

The following forms were created to fulfill the objective of the project.

The Home Form

Figure 4. Home Form

This is the first page that pops up when the web interface is up and running it contains links to

access other web interface resources. The mapping tab has been integrated for future use.

Asset form

Figure 5. Asset web interface.

This Asset page interface allows the user to input bus, generator and transmission lines data as

specified in the database fields. The Web interface will initialize the save button once add button

has been pressed. The user selects which field he/she would like to input the data from the buses

generators and transmission line tabs indicated in fig 5.

The buses, generators, and the transmission lines forms include functionalities such as update

and delete of records. This is imperative for data modification that had previous inputs. This

makes the program robust and flexible. It brings out the real aspect of dynamism.

Add New Transmission Line Form

Figure 6. Add new Transmission line interface

This form is responsible for creating a platform for a user to input a new transmission line data.

The data is thereby saved in a database after submission. The buses and generators web page

have the same form too, to aid the user in data entry.

Delete Transmission Line data

Figure 7. Delete transmission line interface

This form's role is to give the user a platform to delete stored transmission line data. The buses

and generators' field have equally the same form to remove any data from the database.

Update Form

Figure 8. Update transmission line interface

For any real database management system, there should exist a function to create, delete and

update of existing data. This form provides the services of updating existing transmission lines

data. The buses and generators form equally have the same form in their functions.

Transmission Analytics Form

Figure 9. Transmission Analytics

This form does the transmission line analytics. Depending on data input by the user in the assets

fields, the transmission analytics form calculates power flow using Newton-Raphson and

displays the results immediately on the web interface.

3.4 Overall Project flows Chart

Fig 3.6 Overall Project flow chart

YES

Solve power flows using Newton-Raphson method

Results converged?

Max iteration?

Calculate line loading Print pf solution and line % loading

End

Start

Load web interface

Data input, i.e., gen, bus, and tx line

Store data in database

Generate Case data for calculations

ITER= ITER+1

YES

Figure 10. Program flow-chart

CHAPTER 4

4 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS Following the project objective, a fully functional dynamic web interface was developed using

Python programming language. In the Results section, a case study was chosen and the following

data populated. The case study contains dummy data for illustration of the program algorithm.

Table 1. Bus Table

Bu

s

ID

Bus

type

Bus

location

Co-ordinates Base

KV P.

Demand

(MW)

Q.

Demand

(MVAR

)

V. Mag

(p.u)

Status

0

PV

Mombasa

4.0435S,39.6682E

230

200.0 124.0 1.0 1

1

PV Kamburu

0.8092N,37.6861E

230

50.0 30.99 1.0 1

2

PV Ngong

1.3562S,

36.6688E

230

50.0 31.0 1.0 1

3

PQ suswa

1.1761S,

36.3489E

230

50.0 31.0 1.0 1

4

PQ Kiambu

1.1748S,36.8304E

230

120.0 74.37 1.0 1

5

PV Olkaria

0.8867S,

36.2694E

230

100.0 61.97 1.0 1

6

PV Nyeri

0.4278S,

36.9434E

230

100.0 61.97 1.0 1

7

SLAC

K

Kindaruma

0.8000S,

37.8167E

230

30.0 18.59 1.0 1

8

PQ Narok

1.0875S,

35.8771E

230

40.0 24.79 1.0 1

9 PQ Embakasi 1.3327S, 230 300.0 185.0 1.0 1

36.9004E

The buses data was entered into the web interface as shown in Table 4.0. The data was stored

and displayed as shown in fig 11

Figure 11. Buses Records interface

After that the generators data was input as shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Generators Records table

Gen

ID

Bus

No.

Pg Og Max

Qg

Min

Qg

Voltag

e M

Max

Pg

Min

Pg

Base

MVA

Status

0 0 193 100 200 -200 1.02

193 100 100 1

1 1 94 94 100 -100 1.02

94 40 100 1

2 2 20 5 10 -10 1.02

25 5 100 1

4 7 200 150 250 -250 1.0 200 100 100 1

5 6 165 100 200 -200 1.02

200 100 100 1

3 5 500 300 500 -500 1.02

600 400 100 1

Table 2.0

The data was displayed on the web interface as shown in fig 12

Figure 12. Generators Records interface

Thereafter the transmission lines data was input as shown in table 3

Table 3 Transmission lines table

Tx ID From

(bus)

To

(bus)

Resistanc

e (p.u)

Reactanc

e (p.u)

Susceptan

ce.(p.u)

MVA

limits

Length

(km)

Status

0 0 1

0.015

0.125

0.125 250 100.0 1

1 0 9

0.014

0.123

0.245 250 180.0 1

2 4 5

0.014

0.214

0.236 250 400.0 1

3 5 3

0.014

0.236

0.236 250 100.0 1

4 6 7

0.011

0.211

0.2 250 300.0 1

5 7 9

0.015

0.236

0.011 250 200.0 1

6 3 8

0.015

0.221

0.244 250 200.0 1

7 2 4

0.011

0.215

0.152 250 111.0 1

8 5 9

0.014

0.236

0.236 250 500.0 1

9 5 6

0.014

0.222

0.222 250 156.0 1

10

2 5

0.014

0.234

0.249 250 180.0 1

The data was then displayed on the website interface as shown in fig 13

Figure 13. Transmission lines Records interface

4.1 Power flow results Following the input of the generators, buses and transmission lines’ data in the web interface.

The program algorithm was invoked to calculate power flow solution for the tabulated data. The

following comprehensive results were displayed as shown in fig 4.4

4.2 Analysis From the results posted on fig 4.5, several references can be made out of it. The data clearly

shows analytics necessary to make informative decisions by network operators. For example.

The line between the bus(5) Olkaria and Embakasi bus(9) is experiencing severe reactive power

losses. Therefore, investigations can be launched to find out the reason. The equally line from

bus (5) olkaria to the bus (6) Nyeri is underloaded at 1.61%. This shows that transmission line is

underutilized thus it’s a poor capital investment on the line.

CHAPTER 5

5.0 CONCLUSION NR was used to generate values of real and reactive power flow in the entire network and losses

incurred by the transmission lines. The data obtained was further used to calculate percentage

line loading. This is crucial in helping power network operators make informed decisions. The

method showed network constraints and pointed on areas that need reinforcement or

improvement. NR power flow solution is found to be reliable as it yields results that converge to

a global optimum.

The use of Python programming language software allowed the incorporation of power flow

analysis using already developed mathematical libraries, which the project is built upon, such as

pypower. This reduced the complexity of coding a new power flow algorithm in python. The

web interface developed is robust, efficient and relatively easy to use. It has the capability to

solve and power flow problem irrespective of the number of buses, generators, and transmission

lines. This capability was tested using the IEEE bus system in particular case300; therefore, this

program is suitable for real and practical applications for systems that require transmission

analytics.

5.1 Recommendation and future study

Further study in this area could try the implementation of a GIS-based system using the data

stored in the database of each asset. The use of map coordinates to map the transmission assets

on the Kenyan thereby bring visualization of the entire Kenyan power grid with each line

displaying the analytics already solved by this website. Also, take the advantage of the power

flow solutions obtained to solve the economic dispatch problem using the optimal power flow

technique. All this can be visualized on a map.

REFERENCES

[1]"Afrigen Energy Limited | Power Projects Firm."

http://afrigenenergy.com/energy-sector.php. Accessed on Web. 17 May. 2016.

[2] "POWER TO TRANSFORM KENYA - The i Guides."

http://admin.theiguides.org/Media/Documents/Kenya_Energy_Prospectus.pdf. Accessed on

Web. 17 May. 2016.

[3]"Web interface Definition from PC Magazine Encyclopedia."

http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/60249/web-interface. Accessed on Web. 17 May.

2016.

[4] "Technical Aspects of Grid Interconnection - energypedia.info."

https://energypedia.info/wiki/Technical_Aspects_of_Grid_Interconnection. Accessed on Web. 17

May. 2016.

[5] "Cross-Border Interconnections on Every Continent - GENI."

http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/research/cross-border-interconnections/Cross-Bo. Accessed

on Web. 17 May. 2016.

[6] "Ministry of Energy Consultancy Services for Development of ..."

http://www.sasakenya.com/ministry-of-energy-consultancy-services-for-development. Accessed

on Web. 17 May. 2016.

[7]"Electric Transmission ..." https://psc.wi.gov/thelibrary/publications/electric/electric09.pdf.

Accessed on Web. 17 May. 2016.

[8]"B1100-07401 GTC Upgrades Its Communications and Reduces ..."

https://psc.wi.gov/thelibrary/publications/electric/electric09.pdfAccessed on Web. 17 May.

2016.

[9]"Power Flow Analysis - CiteSeerX."

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.128.239&rep=rep1&am. Accessed on

Web. 17 May. 2016.

[10]"ECE530 Fall 2014 Lecture Slides 4 - ECE 530 - Analysis ..."

<https://www.coursehero.com/file/11164571/ECE530-Fall-2014-Lecture-Slides-4/. Accessed on

Web. 17 May. 2016 >.

[11] "Python (programming language) - Wikipedia, the free ..."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_%28programming_language%29. Accessed on Web. 17

May. 2016.

[12] "Welcome — Pylon Home." http://pythonhosted.org/Pylon/. Accessed on Web. 17 May.

2016.

[13] "Database - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_management_system. Accessed on Web. 17 May. 2016.

[14]"SQLite: About SQLite." http://www.sqlite.org/about.html. Accessed on Web. 17 May.

2016.

[15]"Distinctive Features Of SQLite." https://www.sqlite.org/different.html. Accessed on Web.

17 May. 2016.

[16]"Dynamic web page - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_web_page. Accessed on Web. 17 May. 2016.

[17] “Common Gateway Interface - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface. Accessed on Web. 17 May. 2016.

APPENDIX The following python code was used for generation of power flow solution and calculation of line loading.

print("Content-Type:text/html\n\n")

print

print

#change directory to [/Anaconda2]

#----------------------------------------------

# case file path/case4gs.py

#----------------------------------------------

# output file path/pfOut.txt

#----------------------------------------------

# path: /xampp/htdocs/powerSystems/

#----------------------------------------------

print "<html>"

print "<head>"

print "<title>Power Systems</title>"

print "<meta name='viewport' content=width=device-width,initial-scale=1'>"

print "<link rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' href='css/navBar.css'/>"

print "<link rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' href='css/table.css'/>"

print "</head>"

print "<body style='background-color:#E0FFFF;'>"

print "<ul>"

print "<li><a href='index.py'>HOME</a></li>"

print "<li><a href='assets.py'>ASSETS</a></li>"

print "<li><a class='active' href='transmissionAnalytics.py'>TRANSMISSION ANALYTICS</a></li>"

print "<li><a href='mapping.py'>MAPPING</a></li>"

print "<li><a href='contact.py'>CONTACT</a></li>"

print "</ul><hr>"

print "<hr>"

print "<p style='font-size:120%'>"

import os

from pypower.api import *

outfName = '/xampp/htdocs/powerSystems/pfOut.txt'

#save current dir

initDir = os.getcwd()

#change dir

os.chdir("/Anaconda2")

#load case

ppc = loadcase('/xampp/htdocs/powerSystems/case4gs.py')

#runpf

rPf = runpf(casedata=ppc , fname=outfName)

#return to init dir

os.chdir(initDir)

print "</p>"

print "<hr>"

#-------------------------------------------#

# DISPLAY RESULTS #

#-------------------------------------------#

#open pfOut.txt and fetch its contents

fileLines = []

def printData(fLines):

print "<p ><table style='margin-left:1px;'>"

for eachRec in fLines:

print "<tr>"

if eachRec:

print "<td><pre>"

print eachRec

print "</pre>"

print "</table></p><hr>"

def printHeader(header):

if header == 'system':

print "<pre style='font-size:120%;'><BR>"

print "How many? How much? P (MW) Q (MVAr) "

print "--------------------- ------------------- ------------- -----------------"

print "</pre>"

elif header == 'systemMin':

print "<pre style='font-size:120%;'><BR>"

print " Minimum Maximum "

print " ------------------------- -------------------------------- "

print "</pre>"

elif header == 'bus':

print "<pre style='font-size:120%;'><BR>"

print "=============================================================================================="

print "| Bus Data |"

print "=============================================================================================="

print "</pre>"

else:

print "<pre style='font-size:120%;'><BR>"

print "=================================================================================================="

print "| Transmission Analytics "

print "=================================================================================================="

print "</pre>"

def establishDel(fData , startTag , endTag):

startDel = None

endDel = None

for eachRecData in fData:

if eachRecData.find(startTag) != -1:

startDel = fData.index(eachRecData)

if eachRecData.find(endTag) != -1:

endDel = fData.index(eachRecData)

if startDel and endDel:

break

return (startDel , endDel)

#--------------------------------------#

with open("pfOut.txt",'r') as fr:

fdata = [line.strip('\n') for line in fr.readlines()]

resultsPf = fdata

for eachLine in resultsPf:

if eachLine:

fileLines.append(eachLine)

#--------------------------------------#

# DISP SYSTEM SUMMARY #

#--------------------------------------#

printHeader('system')

startIdx , endIdx = establishDel(fileLines , "many?" , "Minimum")

printData(fileLines[startIdx+2:endIdx])

#--------------------------------------#

# DISP SYSTEM [MIN] #

#--------------------------------------#

printHeader('systemMin')

startIdx , endIdx = establishDel(fileLines , "Minimum" , "Q Losses")

printData(fileLines[startIdx+2:endIdx+1])

#--------------------------------------#

# DISP BUS #

#--------------------------------------#

printHeader('bus')

startIdx , endIdx = establishDel(fileLines , "Bus Data" , "Branch Data")

printData(fileLines[startIdx+2:endIdx-1])

#--------------------------------------#

# DISP BRANCH #

#--------------------------------------#

startIdx = endIdx

printHeader('branch')

printData(fileLines[startIdx+2:])

#-------------------------------------------#

print "</p>"

print "<p style='font-size:110%;'>"

print "Go Back To <a href='transmissionAnalytics.py' style='color :#4CAF50;'>Analytics</a></p>"

print "</body>"

print "</html>"