Electrical ENG Basics

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Esc201A:

Introduction to Electronics

Adrish Banerjee

Dept. of Electrical EngineeringIIT Kanpur

30 July 2012

Acknowledgements

Prof. Baquer Mazhari, EE department

Prof. A. R. Harish, EE department

Prof. Aloke Dutta, EE department

Prof. Y. N. Singh, EE department

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Outline

Introduction

Course Overview

Course Books

Circuit Fundamentals: A Recap

3

Introduction

Lectures

M W F 8.00-9.00 a.m. L7 (LHC)

Tutorials

Th 8.00-9.00 a.m. TB101-TB112

Laboratory

M T Th F 2.00-5.00 p.m. Core Labs 102

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5

CL 102B

Introduction

Instructor

Adrish Banerjee

e.mail: [email protected]

Ph: 7991

ACES-305A

Department of Electrical Engineering,I.I.T. Kanpur

Meeting by appointment

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Introduction

Lab Coordinator

K. S. Venkatesh

E.mail: [email protected]

Ph: 7468

ACES 207

Department of Electrical Engineering

I.I.T. Kanpur

Meeting by appointment

7

TutorsSection Tutorial Tutor Laboratory Tutor

O1 M. J. Akhtar (mjakhtar) M. J. Akhtar (mjakhtar)

O2 Ankita Gangwar (ankgang) Ruchir Gupta (rgupta)

O12 K. S. Venkatesh (venkats) Y. N. Singh (ynsingh)

O13 Shafi Qureshi (qureshi) Pallavi Athe (apallavi)

O14 Baquer Mazhari (baquer) Baquer Mazhari ( baquer)

O32 Rajesh Bhatt (bhatt) Raju Ranjan (rajuran)

O33 Yogesh Chauhan (yogesh) Yogesh Chauhan (yogesh)

O34 K. Vasudevan (vasu) K. Vasudevan (vasu)

O35 Kumar Vaibhav Srivastava (kvs) Kumar Vaibhav Srivastava (kvs)

O36 Vipul Arora (vipular) Trivesh Kumar (trivesh)

O41 Sumana Gupta (sumana) Sumana Gupta (sumana)

O42 Rajesh Hegde (rhegde) Syed Mazahir Hussain Rizvi (syed)

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Marks Distribution

S.No. Description Marks

1. Two Quizzes (45 minutes each) 30 marks

2. One Mid-Semester Examination 40 marks

3. One End-Semester Examination 70 marks

4. Tutorial mini 10-minutes problem 20 marks

5. One Laboratory Examination 20 marks

6. Weekly Laboratory Performance 20 marks

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Examination Schedule

Tutorial mini 10 minutes problem every Thursday in the

first 10 minutes of the tutorial

1st Quiz: Thursday, 23rd August 2012, 8.05-8.50 a.m. during

tutorial hours in the respective tutorial classrooms.

Mid-semester examination: Week of 17th-21st September,

2012.

2nd

Quiz: Thursday, 18th

October, 2012, 8.05-8.50 a.m.during tutorial hours in the respective tutorial classrooms.

Laboratory Examination: Week of 5th-9th November, 2012.

End-semester Examination: 19th -29th November, 2012.

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Laboratory Schedule

S.No. Day of the week Sections

1. Monday O2, O41, O42

2. Tuesday O1, O12, O35

3. Thursday O32, O33, O36

4. Friday O13, O14, O34

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Laboratory Schedule

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Course Outline

Electrical Circuits

Circuit Analysis (Nodal, Mesh, Superposition,

Thevenins and Nortons Theorem)

Transient analysis of RC, RL and RLC circuits

Sinusoidal steady state analysis of RC, RL and RLC

circuits

Transfer function and frequency response of RC,

RL and RLC circuits.

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Course Outline

Analog Circuits

Diode and diode circuits

Power supply

MOSFETs and simple MOSFET circuits

Operational Amplifier circuits and waveform

generators

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Course Outline

Digital Circuits

Logic gates, logic minimization

Combinational circuits

Flip flops

Sequential circuits

Counters, shift registers

Data convertors (ADC, DAC)

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Books

Electrical Circuits

Engineering Circuit Analysis by Hayt, Kemmerly,

Durbin, 7th edition, Tata McGraw Hill.

Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering by L. S.

Bobrow, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press.

Principles and Applications of Electrical

Engineering by Rizzoni, 5th edition, Tata McGraw

Hill

Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic

Circuits by Agarwal, Lang, Elsevier.16


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Books

Analog Circuits

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory by

Boylestad, Nashelsky, 10th edition, Pearson.

Microelectronics Circuits, by Sedra/Smith, 5th

edition, Oxford University Press

Microelectronics by Millman, Grabel, 2nd edition,

Tata McGraw Hill.

Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic

Circuits by Agarwal, Lang, Elsevier.

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Books

Digital Circuits

Digital Design by Mano, Ciletti, 4th edition,

Pearson

Digital Principles and Applications, by Leach,

Malvino, 5th edition, Tata McGraw Hilll.

Digital Systems: Principles and Applications by

Tocci, Widmer, Moss, 10th edition, Pearson.

Digital Design: Principles and Practices by Wakerly,

4th Edition, Pearson.

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Circuit Fundamentals

Charge, Current, Voltage, Power, and Energy

Ohms Law

KCL

KVL

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Electrical Current

The time rate of flow of electrical charge

The units are amperes (A), which are equivalent to

coulombs per second (C/s)

Andr-Marie Ampre

1775-1836Current has a magnitude and a direction 20


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Direct Current (DC) & Alternating Current (AC)

When current is constant with time, we say that we have direct current,

abbreviated as DC.

On the other hand, a current that varies with time, reversing direction

periodically, is called alternating current, abbreviated as AC

~

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Voltage

Voltage difference is a Source of current flow

Units of Voltage: Volts (V)

Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio

Anastasio Volta 1745-1827

1 2V V V+ =

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Electrical Systems are made of Voltage sources, wires and a variety of

electrical elements

Resistor Capacitor Inductor

Transformer

Diode

Transistor23

Connection of several circuit elements in closed paths by conductors

Electrical Circuit

Before we learn how to analyze and design circuits, we must become familiar with

some basic circuit elements.

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Resistance

( ) ( )v t R i t =

The constant, R, is called the resistance of the component and is measured

in units of Ohm ()

Ohms law

R

Resistor Symbol:25

Conductance

( ) ( )v t R i t = ( )

( ) ( )v t

i t G v t R

= =

G = 1/R is called conductance and its unit

is Siemens (S)

Ernst Werner von Siemens

1816-1892

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vR

i

iG

v

=

=

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Any electrical element which obeys ohms law

can be modeled as a resistor

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Can we model an electric bulb as a resistor?

( ) ( )v t R i t = Ohms law


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Electric Bulb

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Electric Bulb

Even though characteristics are non-linear, over a certain

range, the bulb can be thought of as a resistor30


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Power and Energy

X

12V

0V

Q The charge loses energy = Q x 12 Joules

This energy is taken from the voltage

source and delivered to the circuit

element

A charge of 1 coulomb receives or delivers an energy of

1 joule in moving through a voltage of 1 volt.

dqdwv =

31

2

1

( ) ( )

t

t

d wP t w p t d t

d t= =

Power:

dq

dwv =

)()()( titvdt

dq

dq

dw

dt

dwtP ===

32

dt

dqi =


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X

V1

V2

Power

I

1 2( )P V V I=

If V1 > V2 then P is positive and it means that power is being

delivered to the electrical element X

If V1 < V2 then P is negative and it means that power is being

extracted from the electrical element X.

X is a source of power ! 33

Note on the direction of current

X2A

-2AX

Similarly for the voltage between two points

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X

12V

6V

Examples

1A P = ?

1 2( )

(1 2 6 ) 1 6

P V V I

W

=

= =

X

12V

6V

1AP = ?

1 2( )

(1 2 6 ) 1 6

P V V I

W

=

= =

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X

6V

12V

1A

P = ?

1 2( )

( 6 1 2 ) 1 6

P V V I

W

=

= =

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There is only one battery in the circuit. Can you find which element is a

battery?

A battery is a source of power, so P is negative

Answer is C

Is energy conserved in this circuit?37

2.5 V 2.5 V

2.5 V 2.5 V5 V2 A

1 A1 A

+ +

+

++

- -

---

Power dissipated in a Resistor

R

+

-

v

i v i R=

v i=

2vP=

2

P i R=

vi =

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Circuit Analysis

R2

R3

R4VS

R1

IX

What is current in R2 ?

Procedure:

Use Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) and Kirchhoff's Current law

(KCL) to transform the circuit into a set of equations whose

solution gives the required voltage or current value 39

Fuse

Engineering Analysis

Real-life System

Abstract Model

Mathematicalproblem

Fuse

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Nodes and loops

Node: A point where 2 or more circuit elements are connected.

R2

R3

R4VS

R1

IX

41

A loop is formed by tracing a closed path through circuit

elements without passing through any intermediate node more

than once

R2

R3

R4VS

R1

IX

This is not a valid loop !

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Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)

Sum of currents entering a node is equal to sum of currents

leaving a node

1 2 3i i i+ =43

Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)

Net current entering a node is zero

1

0N

ji =

Current entering a node is considered negative and current

leaving a node is considered as positive

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0321 =+ iii


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3 4i i=

4ai A= 2bi A= 45

8c

i A= 46


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The sum of currents entering/leaving a closed surface is zero.

KCL: More general formulation

i1

i2

i3

i4

R2

R3

R4VS

R1

IX

47

04321 =+ iiii

Series Circuit

Two elements are connected in series if there is no other

element connected to the node joining them

A, B and C are in series

The elements have the same current going through them

a b ci i i= = 48


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A and B are in series E, F and G are in series

49

The algebraic sum of the voltages equals zero for any

closed path (loop) in an electrical circuit

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)

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Example

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KVL and Conservation of Energy

X

V1

V2

Q

The charge loses energy = Q x (V1-V2) Joules

Energy gained Energy lost

KVL: law of conservation of Energ52


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Parallel Circuits

Two elements are connected in parallel if both ends of one

element are connected directly to corresponding ends of

the other

A and B are connected in parallel

D, E and F are connected in parallel

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The voltage across parallel elements are equal (both magnitude

and polarity)

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cba vvv ==


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Example

3 5 0 8c c

v v V + = =

( 1 0 ) 0 2c e ev v v V + = =

55

Use KVL , KCL and Ohms law to solve the given problem

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+

5V

-

+

5V

-

1A

+

v2=5V

-

0.5A

Use ohms law : v = I x R

i1 = ?

Apply KCL at the indicated node

1 1 5 1 2 .5v i V= =

1 21 2 .5 5 1 7 .5

xv v v V = + = + =

+ v1

-

57

Aii 5.20115.0 11 ==

Electrical ENG Basics

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