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NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR VEHICLES

Breno Gomes1, Yago Pacheco2,

ecem!er ", 2#1$

%BSTR%CT

  This work is about Supercapacitor, a visibly growing up technology interms of energy for vehicles as an alternative to fossil fuels. There is somenew good stuff in alternative energy, but supercapacitor stands out mainly indetermined cases. This work also has some examples of applications of supercapacitors in vehicles that are already being used today, and whatexpect for the future of this technology.

&EY WORS

Electric Vehicle, Mada, Volvo, Technology, Supercapacitor, Train, !us, "#Eloop,$ltracapacitor.

INTRO'CTION

  %hat is &Supercapacitor'( Supercapacitors, also known asultracapacitors or double#layer capacitors, are capacitors with have highcapacitance. Supercapacitors have capacitance values between )***** + to)*** and work usually with voltages between ).- to ./V.

0ctually, supercapacitors were first noticed in )123 by 4eneral Electricengineers experimenting with devices using porous carbon electrode, but 5ustnow the ultracapacitors are having their use growing up increasingly, mainlyin the recent years, because of the global call to reduce pollution, advancesin nanomaterials and the necessity of new methods of energy to substitutethe non#renewable energy today used in large scale

B%TTERY ( S'PERC%P%CITOR 

  6ifferent from batteries that rely on a chemical reaction, ultra capacitorsstore energy in an electric field. This is the way that allow them to chargeand discharge much faster than batteries. The batteries lifetime is veryrestricted by the chemical process, on the other side, supercapacitors cansurvive a lot of charge and discharge cycles. Supercapacitors have alsoalmost no internal resistance, and it allowing them to work at efficiency upto 1/7. Supercapacitors also do not use harmful chemicals or toxic metals.

WHY TO 'SE S'PERC%P%CITORS)

) 6epartment of Electrical Engineering, 8alifornia State $niversity, 9ong !each, 80 1*/:*, ;hone< =2>-?

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  %ith so many different new technologies, why should we invest heavily in thisspecific method( Today this technology is 5ust starting, and it is applicable mainly in twospecifics cases< The start#stop and the regenerative braking systems.  The first one enable an engine to shut down when the car is sitting in a traffic or when it comes to a stop at a light, for example. The ultracapacitors at this moment

 provide a short burst of energy that restarts the motor.  Aegenerative braking is more used today, the main idea is that the system shouldcapture the kinetic energy of a moving car during the braking that generally would belost and then release it again during the acceleration or in other systems, such as backup

 power for sounds systems in the cars.  Supercapacitors are ideal for these two cases because< Supercapacitors deliver waymore power for weight than lithium#ion batteriesB today the efficiency is up to 1/7B theyare very tolerant of high temperaturesB charge almost instantlyB and for power discharges

 below )2 secs, they are one of the cheapest technologies available today. "tCs pro5ected

that at least half of the new cars will be coming with these systems by -*--.

*%+% %N IELOOP TECHNOLOGY

igure )< Mada i#Eloop System=http<DDwww-.mada.comDenDtechnologyDenvDi#eloopD?

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"#Eloop is the name of the technology used by Mada in some of their cars.This invention is a brake energy regeneration system which means it stores energy thatusually is wasted through heat by the brakes during a brake period."#Eloop process starts at the brake. %hen braking the alternator convert mechanical

energy into electricity and then it is uickly stored in the Electric 6ouble 9ayer 8apacitor =Supercapacitor?. 0fter that a 68D68 converter the energy from )- volts to -2volts in order to transfer the electricity to a battery or use it in others systems.

Mada claims that "#Eloop can save )*7 of gas, a uantity that uses be spentto produce electricity for lamps, audio system and climate control.

VOLVO

igure -< Fumber of electric car sales per year from -**/ to -*): = http<DDwww.ibtimes.comDglobal#electric#car#market#about#:#all#electric#passenger#cars#were#bought#-*):#say#)/23>3*?

Volvo developed car parts that actually are not ordinary replacement pieces."n fact, they are well designed supercapacitors made to replace body parts of the vehicleand the battery. The new material is capable of store energy wasted during brake periods.Some advantages of this kind of parts are they reduce the consumption through reducingapproximately )27 of the carCs weight from the roof, trunk, underhood and batterie and

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they are capable of store energy from braking. They are light because they are made bycarbon#fiber and the dielectric is fiberglass.

The disadvantages are the cost of the material, straightly related to the highcost of carbon fiber. 0nother issue for this technology is the possibility of the car stopworking or catch fire due to a dent on any of the 8arbon#fiber supercapacitor parts.

C%P%CITOR B'S

  Today, one of the most successful applications with supercapacitors is the known as8apa!us that is a new form of an electric bus. "t is an autonomous vehicle, in otherswords, it runs without continuous overhead lines by using power stored in large onboardsupercapacitors. The supercapacitors are uickly recharged always that the bus stops at adetermined bus stop which has the recharger.  Some bus already runs in Shanghai since -**>. The buses should have very

 predictable routes and need to stop regularly every :./km = miles? or less. This way theuickly recharging is allowed at the bus stops. The buses can also capture energy fromthe braking. "t is planned that the stations can be euipped with solar panels, and is

 predicted that the new ones will have a range of charge around -* miles.  0ccording to Sinautec= one of the companies working with this technology? duringthe whole lifetime theses buses saves G-**,*** in fuel. "t also uses less :*7 electricitythan the others electric buses, and, of course, the 8apa!us pollute way less.

igure < Capabus recharging at the bus stop

=https<DDen.wikipedia.orgDwikiD8apaHvehicle?

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igure :< S"F0$TE8 $ltracapacitor !us in Shanghai=http<DDwww.technologyreview.comDnewsD:)233Dnext#stop#ultracapacitor#busesD?

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-CHIN%.CSR +H'+HO' ELECTRIC LOCO*OTIVE

igure 2< Electric 9ocomotive. Supercapacitor blocks located at the roof =http<DDwww.railwaygaette.comDnewsDurbanDsingle#viewDviewDsupercapacitor#light#metro#train#

unveiled.html?

The train of the picture above is a locomotive developed by 8SA IhuhouElectric 9ocomotive in association with the 8hinese 0cademy of Engineering. The maincharacteristic of this vehicle is that it runs only using electricity stored in supercapacitorslocated at the roof of the train.The train works in the following manner< the blocks of supercapacitor are recharged at a

station while passengers are boarding, and it takes no longer than * seconds. 0fter that,the train is capable of run - km at the velocity of /* kmDh and carrying -* passengers.

CONCL'SIONS

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0s seen in this paper, the supercapacitor is a technology which seems to bevery useful and could be more useful yet in the futures, mainly in public transportationdue to its capability of uick recharge combined with the fact that public transportvehicles have the behave of stop very often to board passengers. Thus, there is a delaywhile the passengers are boarding when the supercapacitor in the vehicles are uickly

recharged, what is perfect to implement start#stop systems technology.

REFERENCES

&Volvo %orking on Structural 8arbon#iber Super#8apacitor Technology to Aeplace

!atteries'

Jhttp<DDblog.caranddriver.comDvolvo#working#on#structural#carbon#fiber#super#capacitor#technology#to#replace#batteriesD

'!rake Energy Aegeneration System'Jhttp<DDwww-.mada.comDenDtechnologyDenvDi#eloopDK

'Fext Stop< $ltracapacitor !uses'Jhttp<DDwww.technologyreview.comDnewsD:)233Dnext#stop#ultracapacitor#busesDKJhttps<DDwww.youtube.comDwatch(vL99>Fy$)gkK

'Supercapacitor light metro train unveiled'Jhttp<DDwww.railwaygaette.comDnewsDurbanDsingle#viewDviewDsupercapacitor#light#metro#train#unveiled.htmlK

'Nybrid Vehicles'Jhttps<DDen.wikipedia.orgDwikiDNybridHvehicleK

'Supercapacitors'Jhttps<DDen.wikipedia.orgDwikiDSupercapacitorK

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