Electric Force and Electric field
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Transcript of Electric Force and Electric field
Electric Force and Electric field
1. There are two types of electric charge (positive and negative)
Electric Force and Electric field
2. Static charges can be produced by the action of friction on an insulator
Electric force and electric field
3. Conductors contain many free electrons inside them (electrons not associated with one particular atom)
Electric Force and Electric field
4. Charge is conserved. The total charge of an isolated system cannot change.
I’m indestructible!
So am I!
Coulomb’s law
F = kq1q2
r2
The constant k is sometimes written as
k = 1/4πεo
where εo is called the permittivity of free space.
Calculations using Coulomb’s law
The force between two charges is 20.0 N. If one charge is doubled, the other charge tripled, and the distance between them is halved, what is the resultant force between them?
q1q2
r
r/2
2q1 3q2
F = 20N
F = ? N
Calculations using Coulomb’s law
F = kq1q2/r2 = 20.0N
x = k2q13q2/(r/2)2 = 6kq1q2/(r2/4) = 24kq1q2/r2
x = 24F = 24 x 20.0 = 480 Nq1
q2
r
r/2
2q1 3q2
F = 20.0N
x = 480 N
Electric field
An area or region where a charge feels a force is called an electric field.
The electric field strength at any point in space is defined as the force per unit charge (on a small positive test charge) at that point.
E = F/q (in N.C-1)
Electric field around a point charge
If we have two charges q1 and q2 distance r apart
F = kq1q2/r2
Looking at the force on q1 due to q2, F = Eq1
F = kq1q2/r2 = Eq1
E (field due to q2) = kq2/r2
q1 q2
NOT in data book
Electric field
Electric field is a vector, and any calculations regarding fields (especially involving adding the fields from more than one charge) must use vector addition.
q1 q2
Resultant field
Field due to q1
Field due to q2
Electric field patterns
An electric field can be represented by lines and arrows on a diagram , in a similar ways to magnetic field lines.
The closer the lines are together, the stronger the force felt.This is an
example of a radial field
Field around a charged metal sphere
E = 0 inside the sphere
Field around two point charges
Field around two point charges
Field between charged parallel plates
Uniform field E = V/dV
d
“Edge effects”
NOT in data book
Remember!
The force F on a charge q in a field E is
F = Eq
Gravitational Force and Field
We already know that;
1. Masses attract each other
Gravitational Force and Field
We will know that;
2. Mass/energy is conserved
(E = mc2)
Gravitational Force and Field
The force between masses was formulated (discovered?) by Isaac Newton in 1687
Newton’s law of universal gravitation
F = Gm1m2
r2
The constant G is known as “Big G” and is equal to 6.667 x 10-11 Nm2kg-2
Newton’s law of universal gravitation
F = Gm1m2
r2
For large objects like the earth, r is the distance to the centre of mass
Calculations using Newton’s law
What is the force of attraction between Pascal and Chris?
2 m
63kg ? 70kg ?
Calculations using Newton’s law
F = Gm1m2 = 6.667 x 10-11 x 63 x 70 = 7.3 x 10-8 N
r2 22
2 m
63kg ? 70kg ?
Force of gravity due to earth on Pascal?
F = Gm1m2 = 6.667 x 10-11 x 63 x 6 x 1024 = 615 N (= mg)
r2 (6400 x 103)2
63kg ?
R = 6400 km, m = 6 x 1024 kg
Pascal’s weight
Force of gravity due to earth on Pascal?
F = Gm1m2 = 6.667 x 10-11 x 63 x 6 x 1024 = 615 N (= mg)
r2 (6400 x 103)2
In other words, for any planet;
g = Gmp
rp2
Gravitational field
An area or region where a mass feels a gravitational force is called a gravitational field.
The gravitational field strength at any point in space is defined as the force per unit mass (on a small test mass) at that point.
g = F/m (in N.kg-1)
Gravitational field around a point mass
If we have two masses m1 and m2 distance r apart
F = Gm1m2/r2
Looking at the force on m1 due to m2, F = gm1
F = Gm1m2/r2 = gm1
g (field due to m2) = Gm2/r2
m1 m2
Gravitational field around a point mass
If we have two masses m1 and m2 distance r apart
F = Gm1m2/r2
Looking at the force on m1 due to m2, F = gm1
F = Gm1m2/r2 = gm1
g (field due to m2) = Gm2/r2
m1 m2
I told you, for any planet;
g = Gmp
rp2
Don’t forget that for a non point mass, r is the
distance to the centre of mass
Gravitational field
Gravitational field is a vector, and any calculations regarding fields (especially involving adding the fields from more than one mass) must use vector addition.
m1 m2
Field due to m1
Field due to m2
Resultant Field
Gravitational field patterns
A gravitational field can be represented by lines and arrows on a diagram, in a similar ways to magnetic field lines.
Gravitational field patterns
A gravitational field can be represented by lines and arrows on a diagram, in a similar ways to magnetic field lines.
This is an example of a radial field
The closer the lines are together, the stronger the force felt.
Note, gravity is ALWAYS attractive
Field around a uniform spherical mass
Field close to the earth’s surface
Uniform
ALL magnets have two poles
NORTH seeking pole
SOUTH seeking pole
Opposite poles attract and like poles repel
Magnetic materials
Iron (steel), Cobalt and Nickel
Magnetic induction
When a magnetic material is close to a magnet, it becomes a magnet itself
We say it has induced magnetism
NS
NSmagnet
Soft Magnetism
Pure iron is a soft magnetic material
It is easy to magnetise but loses its magnetism easily
NS
before after
Iron nail
SN
NS
Not a magnet
N
Hard Magnetism
Steel is a hard magnetic material
It is harder to magnetise, but keeps its magnetism (it is used to make magnets!)
NS
before after
Steel paper clip
NNS
It’s a magnet!
N
S
S N
Magnetic field
Magnets and electric currents produce magnetic fields around them.
In a magnetic field, another magnet, a magnetic material or a moving charge will experience a magnetic force.
www.physchem.co.za
Magnetic field lines
The closer the field lines are, the stronger the magnetic force felt
The arrows show the direction a compass needle would point at that point in the field.
Note that magnetic field is a vector quantity
Moving charges (currents)
Moving charges (electric currents) also produce a magnetic field
http://www.sciencebuddies.org
Conventional current – electrons flow in the opposite direction
Magnetic field around a straight wire
Stronger field closer to wire
Magnetic field around a flat circular coil
http://physicsed.buffalostate.edu
Magnetic field around a solenoid
The Motor Effect
When a current is placed in a magnetic field it will experience a force. This is called the motor effect.
The Motor Effect
The direction of the force on a current in a magnetic field is given by Flemming’s left hand rule.
Centre finger = Conventional Current
First finger = Field direction
Thumb = Motion
D.C.Motor
Commutator ensures that every half rotaion the current direction reverses in the coil
Defining Magnetic Field B
The size of the force on a wire in a field depends on the size of the field (B), the length of wire in the field (L) and the current in the wire (I)
Defining Magnetic Field B
In other words , F α BIL, or F = kBIL
Defining Magnetic Field B
F = kBIL
We can make k = 1 by defining the Tesla as the magnetic field when the force on 1 m of wire carrying a current of 1 A is 1 N.
Force on a current in a field
Thus the force on a length L of wire carrying a current I in a magnetic field B is given by F = BILsinθ where θ is the angle between the current and the magnetic field.
The force on a moving charge in a magnetic field
Since a current experiences a force in a magnetic field, and a current is just made of moving charges, moving charges themselves must experience a force in a magnetic field.
www.nearingzero.net
The force on a moving charge in a magnetic field
Given that F = BILsinθ
F = B(q/Δt)vΔt = Bvqsinθ
v
q
The force on a moving charge in a magnetic field
The fact that this force is always at right angles to the velocity means that the charge will move in a circle (if the speed is constant)
v
qNote; If the force is perpendicular to the motion, no work is done.