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Volkswagen chose 2014 to get into the EV business in a big way, with five electric vehicles slated for production this year. VW Group Chairman Dr Martin Winterkorn announced that the company’s various marques, which include Porsche and Audi, had plans for producing over forty electrified vehicles within the next four years. The first three entrants were indeed impressive: The Porsche 918 set new records for EV hybrid performance (0-60 in 2.6 seconds) and price: $865,000. The plug-in hybrid Audi A3 Sportback e-tron is expected to compete with the BMW i3 Rex and Chevy Volt. VW’s e-Golf is a credible response to the Nissan Leaf and Ford Focus Electric. It may also gain some attention from those considering the all-electric B Class Electric Drive, due from Mercedes Benz this summer.

Korea’s entrant in the emissions-free driving competition came by way of Kia, who unveiled an EV version of the popular Soul. The electric version is quieter and smoother than its gas burning sibling, making this small family wagon a likely hit.

Even the commercial truck and van market finally got electric options. VIA Motors, after years of development, announced that it would begin production of plug in hybrid versions of GM’s Crew Cab Truck, Passenger and Cargo Vans. As if to underscore their seriousness about finally going into production, the company appointed Bob Lutz as Chairman of the Board. Lutz, the former vice chairman of General Motors, is often referred to as the “father of the Chevy Volt” due to his early support of the project.

The EV market has nearly doubled every year since 2010. Over 220,000 plug-in electric cars have been sold in the United States as of June 2014. There are three reasons to believe that this strong growth will continue until the passenger vehicle internal combustion engine is entirely replaced by electric drive.

The first is that the California Air Resources board requires that major automakers produce an increasing number of Zero Emissions Vehicles each year or pay other automakers like Tesla to do it for them. These regulations will likely get more stringent; in March 2012 Governor Jerry Brown signed an executive order requiring state agencies to work toward the achievement of 1 million ZEVs on California roads by 2020 and 1.5 million by 2025. Fourteen other states have adopted or are in the process of adopting California’s strict standards, and the EPA is collaborating with California regulators on stricter national emissions standards for 2017-2025.

The second is that Lithium-ion batteries are getting cheaper by at least 8% per year. Tesla aims to accelerate that with the establishment of the largest battery factory in the world. New Li-on chemistries like lithium-sulfur and lithium-silicon have been developed that have between two to four times the energy density of current batteries. These could be in production within the next five years. EVs may be on price parity with ICEs by 2020.

Finally, Tesla is a technology innovator who appears to have not only the technical chops to redefine consumers expectations of automobiles, but the vision to redefine the auto sales and service experience, and even the refueling paradigm. Tesla’s strong sales and soaring stock price is a clear signal that consumers and investors alike are bullish on the potential of EVs to displace ICEs as the dominant form of personal transportation.

These three influences; regulatory, technology and disruptive competition, are sure to prompt major automakers’ boards and investors to hold executive management to a new standard of performance on meeting the challenge of zero emissions transportation. With the technical feasibility of electric drive being firmly established, nothing will prompt the development and production of electric vehicles faster than investors voting with their proxy cards and their wallets.

Christopher Alan

On the cover: Volkswagen e-Golf - Photo: Volkswagen. Inset: Mercedes-Benz B-Class ED - Photo: Mercedes-Benz

From the Editor

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1Electric Vehicles Porsche 918 Spyder . . . . . . . . 1 BMW i8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Tesla Roadster . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Detroit Electric SP:01 . . . . .4

Fisker Karma . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Porsche Panamera . . . . . . . .6

Tesla Model S . . . . . . . . . . . .8

VIA Van . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 VIA Truck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Cadillac ELR . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 BMW ActiveE . . . . . . . . . . . .12

BMW i3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Audi A3 e-tron . . . . . . . . . . .14

Mercedes Benz B-Class ED 15 Toyota RAV4 EV . . . . . . . . .16

Volkswagen e-Golf . . . . . . . 17 KIA Soul EV . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Honda Accord PHEV . . . . . .20

Chevrolet Volt . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Ford Fusion Energi . . . . . . .22

Ford Focus Electric . . . . . . . 23 Nissan Leaf . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

Toyota Prius Plug-in . . . . . . . 25 Ford C-MAX Energi . . . . . . .26

Scion iQ EV . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Fiat 500e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Chevrolet Spark EV . . . . . . 29 Honda Fit EV . . . . . . . . . . . .30

Wheego LiFe . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Smart ED . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

Coda Sedan . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Mitsubishi iMiEV . . . . . . . . .34

Reviews Cadillac ELR . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Residential Chargers . . . . . .39

Articles Utility Discounts EV TOU . 41 Public Charge Stations . . . . 45

Tesla Model S Road Trips . . 47 Solar Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Electric Car Guest Drive . . . . . 51 Request EV Drive Invitation . . 55

Porsche felt compelled to see how far they could take the new paradigm of automotive powertrains. The three propulsion unit configuration of the 918 Spyder – 127 hp front electric motor electronically

coupled to a 154 hp rear electric motor which is connected through a 7 gear transmission to a 608 hp aluminum-block V8 direct-injection internal combustion engine for a total of 887 hp represented the pinnacle of that engineering exercise.

The all carbon fiber monocoque chassis is supported by a suspension that incorporates electric traction management, electronically controlled active suspension management, rear axle torque vectoring and all-wheel steering. This package, wrapped in a carbon fiber skin, delivers performance eclipsing every other production car. It beats Porsche’s own previous high water mark setter, the unapologetic street legal race car the Carrera GT, around the Nurburgring Nordschleife (North Loop) race track by a full 10 seconds, eons in motorsport terms. The 918’s lap record there of 6 minutes 57 seconds bests all but the most competitive purpose-built race cars.

The achievement is doubly impressive considering that not only is this car street legal, but in all-electric driving mode, energy frugal, refined and quiet enough to truly appreciate the fidelity of the 11-speaker Burmester stereo system. On short jaunts, it achieves a combined electric/gas fuel efficiency of 67 mpg.

Porsche 918 Spyder

SPECS

ChargingPower Rating: 3.6kWCharge Time L1: 7Charge Time L2: 2Charge Time DC: 0.41Connector: PUA

CapacityPassengers: 2Doors: 2

DimensionsCurb Weight: 3,715Length: 182.8Width: 76.4Height: 45.9

BatteryCapacity: 6.8 kWhVoltage: 385Cooling: Liquid AC

Drivetrain (Electric)HP/FtLb: 286+608/940Drive Type: AWD TV

RangeEV Range: 18MPGe: 67e/22g

Performance0-60 mph: 6.9/2.7 secTop Speed: 93/211 mphCoD: 0.36

AcquisitionMSRP: $ 847,97536 Month Lease: --Availability: 2014Global Units: 918

Photos by: Porsche

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2014Plug-in Hybrid

BMW i8

SPECS

Photos by: BMW

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2014 – 2015Plug-in Hybrid

ChargingPower Rating: 3 kWCharge Time L1: 3.5Charge Time L2: 1.5Charge Time DC: NAConnector: J1772

CapacityPassengers: 2+2Doors: 2


BatteryCapacity: 7.2 kWhVoltage: --Cooling: R134a AC

DrivetrainHP/T: 131+236/250+320Drive Type: AWD

RangeRange: 15/330MPG: 76e/28g

Performance0-60 mph: 4.2 secTop Speed: 75e/155tCoD: 0.26

AcquisitionMSRP: $ 135,70036 Month Lease: $--Availability: 2014Units thru 6/14: ---

W hen not being flogged to deliver its 4.2 second 0-60 sprint or spurred to its 155 mph electronically-limited top speed, the BMW i8 is capable of delivering 76 MPGe and has a carbon dioxide emission

rating of 198 grams per mile. A 131 hp electric motor is located in the front axle powering the front wheels. The rear wheels are powered by a turbocharged 1.5-litre 3-cylinder gasoline engine producing 231 hp and 236 lb·ft of torque through a six speed automatic transmission. The combined powerplant output is 362 hp. The i8’s LifeDrive architecture, consisting of an aluminum chassis for the powertrain and a CFRP passenger cell, saves 50% weight over steel. The layout produces a 50:50 weight distribution.

BMW’s “Layering” design principal integrates function and form: the channels assist cooling and the achievement of a remarkable 0.26 coefficient of drag. The scissor doors, swinging forward and up, give the i8 an extra cool factor and improve ingress ergonomics.

Tesla Roadster

SPECS

ChargingPower Rating: 16.8Charge Time L1: 48Charge Time L2: 4Charge Time DC: NAConnector: UMC



BatteryCapacity: 53 kWhVoltage: 375Cooling: Liquid

DrivetrainHP/FtLb: 302/295Drive Type: RWD

RangeEV Range: 245MPGe: 120

Performance0-60 mph: 3.7 secTop Speed: 125 mphCoD: 0.35

AcquisitionUsed: ~$ 88,000Lease: NAAvailability: 2008Units thru 2012: 2,500

Photos by: Tesla Motors

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2008 – 2012Battery Electric

Aside from sexy styling provided by the Lotus-supplied carbon-fiber body, field-leading acceleration (0-60 in 3.7 seconds) and 245 mile range, the Tesla Roadster is most notable for kick-starting the EV resurgence. By giving the lie to any outdated preconceptions anyone ever had about EVs, Tesla ignited the EV revolution that now counts 32 highway capable passenger vehicles in production for US markets. Prior to the Tesla Roadster, there were zero. This achievement alone is enough to earn Tesla a spot atop the roster of whatever EV Hall of Fame that comes to pass.

Although the Roadster is no longer in production, it does have a very active secondary market. Tesla Motors maintains a list of pre-owned Roadsters on their web site and offers a 37 month, 37,000 mile warranty on the vehicles it sells. In July 2014, Tesla announced a 400 mile range battery upgrade.

You’ll be forgiven if you mistake the new Detroit Electric SP:01 for a Tesla Roadster as it flashes by, although a side-by-side comparison makes the difference between them, and with the Lotus Elise that inspired both of them, quite clear. The new American automaker, reviving a brand that was famous 100 years ago, steps into the temporary market gap left by Tesla’s suspension of the Roadster for a slinky, high performance two seat EV.

The SP:01 appears to have the attributes to take on the role: 0-60 in 3.7 seconds, 155 mph top speed, range north of 150 miles. But the company goes a little further, positioning the vehicle as a “mobile energy unit” with the integration of bi-directional charge and discharge electronics they call ‘360 Powerback’ which allows the car to function as a very large portable UPS when your local utility goes on the fritz. If you’re in the market for the answer to a rolling blackout, this may be your ticket.

In August, the company admitted that they were experiencing “headwinds” and planned to move production overseas. Although the company is still taking reservations on their web site it appears that a great deal of patience will be required as was the case with the earliest Tesla orders. Caution may also be warranted.

Detroit Electric SP:01

SPECS

Photos by: Detroit Electric

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2015Battery Electric

ChargingPower Rating: 7.7 kWCharge Time L1: 25.7Charge Time L2: 4.3Charge Time DC: --Connector: J1772


DimensionsCurb Weight: 2,403Length: 153Width: 69Height: 44

BatteryCapacity: 37 kWhVoltage: --Cooling: Air


RangeEV Range: 180MPGe: --

Performance0-60 mph: 3.7 secTop Speed: 155 mphCoD: --

AcquisitionMSRP: $ 135,00036 Month Lease: --Availability: 2015Units thru 2014: --

The Fisker Karma is a luxury sports sedan that compares most closely with the Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid. Fisker calls the plug-in hybrid powertrain QDrive which pairs a turbocharged direct injection

2.0-liter turbo four-cylinder engine with a 175kW generator. The Karma packs 403 horsepower and 951 lb-ft of torque, translating into zero-to-60 mph in 6.3 seconds and an electronically limited top speed of 125 mph.

Fisker Automotive went bankrupt in 2013. Wanxiang America, owner of the well-respected battery manufacturer A123 Systems, purchased Fisker’s assets and announced their intention to restart production. Previously owned Karmas are also frequently available for sale through private parties and dealerships.

Fisker Karma

SPECS

ChargingPower Rating: 3.3Charge Time L1: 12Charge Time L2: 6Charge Time DC: NAConnector: J1772


DimensionsCurb Weight: 5,300Length: 196.8Width: 84Height: 52.5

BatteryCapacity: 20 kWhVoltage: 336Cooling: Air




AcquisitionUsed: ~ $ 60,00036 Month Lease: NAAvailability: 2011Units thru 2012: 1,600

Photos by: Fisker Automotive

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Just as Fisker was winding down production of its low slung, sexy sports sedan, Porsche jumped into the breach with the plug-in Panamera S E-Hybrid. With a similar price, sporty styling and electric-only driving capability, the

new E-Hybrid will appeal to the driver not ready to give up sports car performance while retaining some eco self respect. The Porsche’s 9.4 kWh battery qualifies for a $4,585 Federal credit and California’s $1,500 Clean Vehicle Rebate.

Porsche opted for a modest 20 miles electric-only range. Top electric speed is 84 mph. When the afterburner kicks in, the Panamera S E-Hybrid tops out at 167 mph, although it’s unlikely that you’ll be able to take advantage of this anywhere other than the Bonneville Salt Flats. The Panamera S E-Hybrid uses the eight-speed Tiptronic S automatic. After the dust has settled, the battery will require about two and a half hours to recharge.

An updated adaptive cruise control system is offered with Porsche Active Safe. According to Porsche, “This system visually and audibly alerts the driver in the event of a sudden decrease in following distance and briefly tugs on the brakes. It can also intervene in the braking process and apply increased braking pressure in an emergency braking situation.” If all this automation lulls you into a somnambulistic trance, another new feature, camera-based lane departure warning will gently remind you to resume your driving diligence.

SPECS

Photos by: Porsche

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ChargingPower Rating: 3.76 kWCharge Time L1: 6.5Charge Time L2: 2.5Charge Time DC: NAConnector: J1772



BatteryCapacity: 9.4 kWhVoltage: --Cooling: --

Drivetrain (Electric)HP/FtLb: 95/229Drive Type: RWD



AcquisitionMSRP: $ 99,99536 Month Lease: $1,703Availability: 2014Units thru 6/14: 567

Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid

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Designed from the ground up as a battery electric car, the Tesla Model S sedan is one of the most revolutionary vehicles on the market, with both owner reports and editorial reports delivering glowing praise of the car’s fit,

finish and performance. The car’s silky-smooth response and ride have won universal accolades. The energy-frugal Tesla Model S doesn’t sacrifice performance; its maximum horsepower is an impressive 416 with an super-car level 443 ft lbs of torque. The Tesla Model S Performance version has the capability to go zero to 60 in just 4.2 seconds. The 85kWh battery warranty is an industry-leading “unconditional” 8 years, unlimited miles.

The Tesla Model S made history as it was named the 2013 Motor Trend Car of the Year, being the first time an electric car has ever earned that title beating out a field that included ten other top contenders. The Motor Trend award is not the first recognition the Tesla Model S has received; Time Magazine also named it one of the 25 Best Inventions of the Year. Tesla Model S’ ground breaking technology, standard setting performance, and its sexy, luxury sport car look has put not just the electric car market on notice, but the entire automobile industry.

SPECS

Photos by: Tesla Motors

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ChargingPower Rating: 10-20 kWCharge Time L1: 27Charge Time L2: 4Charge Time DC: 0.75Connector: UMC


DimensionsCurb Weight: 4,647Length: 196Width: 77.3Height: 56.5

BatteryCapacity: 60-85 kWhVoltage: 375Cooling: Liquid

Drivetrain (Electric)HP/T: 302-416/317-443Drive Type: RWD

RangeEV Range: 208-265MPGe: 89

Performance0-60 mph: 4.2-5.9 secTop Speed: 120-130 mphCoD: 0.24

AcquisitionMSRP: $ 69,900-$120k36 Month Lease: $1,012Availability: 2012Units thru 6/14: 27,650

Tesla Model S

Designed to deliver 35 miles of all-electric range, the Via Van can save fleets up to $5,000 per year in fuel savings, and up to double that if the vehicle can be recharged mid-day and has a duty cycle of

70 or more miles. Based on Chevy’s 3/4 ton van chassis, the vehicle has a payload capacity of 2,800 lbs for cargo or 2,000 lbs in passenger van configuration. The VIA van is a series hybrid, with no conventional transmission. The 4.3L EcoTec 3 Gen V engine drives a VR100 100kW electrical generator directly, which provides power for the traction motor. Combined electric and gas range is 400 miles on a 15 gallon tank. The battery and genset can provide worksite or emergency power of 120-240v @ 50 amps up to 14.4 kW. Although the aquisition cost of about $80k is quite a premium over the $28k gasoline powered Chevy van it’s based on, California and five other states have clean air incentives starting at $10,500 plus $7,500 on the federal level. Some areas of California have up to $18,000 in state incentives. Depending on the daily mileage, the van could start paying $5,000-$10,000 annual dividends within six years of purchase.

VIA Van

SPECS

ChargingPower Rating: 3.3 kWCharge Time L1: 10Charge Time L2: 3Charge Time DC: NAConnector: J1772

CapacityPassengers: 2-12Doors: 4

DimensionsCurb Weight: 7,250Length: 224.1Width: --Height: --




Performance0-60 mph: -- secTop Speed: --mphCoD: --

AcquisitionMSRP: ~ $ 79,00036 Month Lease: $752Availability: 2015Units thru 6/14: ---

9

2015Plug-in Series Hybrid

Photos by: VIA Motors

L ike the VIA Van to the left, the VIA Truck can travel the first 35 miles of a work day on its electric motor, saving the operator about $14 per day, up to $5,000 per year in fuel savings. Based on Chevy’s 1/2 ton

chassis the truck has a 1,000 lb payload capacity with 7,200 GVW. The VR190 traction motor produces 415 Nm peak, 210 Nm continuous. The generator produces150 kW peak, 100 kW continuous power. The VTrux has no conventional transmission, the 4.3 liter v6 gasoline engine gasoline only drives the generator. A 550 watt SolTRUX Solar bed cover option provides up to 10 miles additional electric range per day. Via Motors will launch this product by building the biggest, heaviest version of the VTrux, a four-wheel-drive crew cab. Two-wheel-drive and standard cab versions will follow later. Like the van, the truck has a power export capability for worksite power. A utility grade output module is planned for the future and will be designed to provide 50 kW of mobile emergency power to keep critical facilities online.

VIA Truck SPEC

S

Photos by: VIA Motors

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2015Plug-in Series Hybrid


CapacityPassengers: 2-4Doors: 2-4



DrivetrainHP/FtLb: 255/306Drive Type: RWD/AWD


Performance0-60 mph: -- secTop Speed: --mphCoD: --

AcquisitionMSRP: ~ $ 79,00036 Month Lease: $752Availability: 2015Units thru 6/14: ---

Based on the EV technology GM calls Voltec, but dressed up in a brand new suit, the 2014 Cadillac ELR coupe brings another ecological driving option to the luxury market. As a two door plug-in hybrid, the

ELR may not be a direct competitor with the four door all-electric Tesla Model S, but its $75,995 MSRP place it at the deep end of the pool with the Tesla Model S, X and the Porsche sedans.

Although the ELR is derived from the Volt, there are differences other than angular, sleek styling. The coupe’s 1.6-inch wider track and tires contribute to a slightly larger frontal area. The 1.4-liter engine and 16-kWhr battery are similar, but the electric motor now produces 157 hp and 295 lb-ft of torque, up from the Volt’s 149/273. This drops 0-60-mph acceleration times to around 8 seconds. Despite a curb-weight gain of almost 300 pounds and wider tires, the ELR can travel 35 miles in all-electric mode. Recent manufacturer and dealer discounts have dropped $12k-$20k off the ELR price, making the ELR substantially more attractive to drivers requiring gas hybrid extended range in a luxury electric vehicle.

Cadillac ELR

SPECS

ChargingPower Rating: 3.3Charge Time L1: 11.25Charge Time L2: 4.5Charge Time DC: NAConnector: J1772



BatteryCapacity: 16.5 kWhVoltage: 360Cooling: Liquid

Drivetrain (Electric) HP/FtLb: 157/295Drive Type: FWD

RangeRange: 35e/340tMPGe: 82

Performance0-60 mph: 8 secTop Speed: 100 mphCoD: 0.305

AcquisitionMSRP: $ 75,995*36 Month Lease: $499Availability: 2014Units thru 6/14: 396

Photos by: Cadillac

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2014 – 2015Plug-in Series Hybrid

1,100 BMW ActiveE’s were produced in 2011 for a two year limited field trial which is currently underway. About 700 of these have been deployed in the US. The scope of this field trial is impressive; the number

of units is almost identical to GM’s entire 3 year EV1 production run from 1996-1999. The cars were available for lease at $499 per month with a $2,250 down payment.

The BMW ActiveE is based on the BMW 1 Series Coupé. Three blocks of high-voltage batteries occupy the space taken up by the former drive system: the engine compartment, the transmission tunnel and the fuel tank, maintaining a weight distribution of 50/50. The electric motor sits directly on the rear axle and requires no clutch or transmission. Although no longer available for lease, the ActiveE can be used through BMW’s DriveNow car sharing program in San Francisco and Oakland California.

SPECS

Photos by: BMW

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ChargingPower Rating: 7.7 kWCharge Time L1: 20Charge Time L2: 4.5Charge Time DC: NAConnector: J1772


DimensionsCurb Weight: 4,001Length: 171.7Width: 68.8Height: 56





AcquisitionMSRP: NA36 Month Lease: $499Availability: 2012Units thru 6/14: 700

BMW ActiveE

BMW’s commitment to environmentally responsible luxury performance vehicles is evident not only by its wind-powered Leipzig plant where the zero emissions battery-electric i3 is produced, but in

attention to the smallest details such as the responsibly sourced eucalyptus wood used in the dashboard.

The standout innovation is the carbon fiber from BMW and SGL’s Moses Lake hydro powered facility used to make the car’s Life cell chassis which sits atop the aluminum Drive frame. The ensemble, referred to by BMW as their LifeDrive concept, drops 1,200 lbs off the vehicle and makes this purpose-built EV one of the most efficient, sophisticated and innovative entrants in the field. The i3 achieves an astounding 124 MPGe. Advanced features like totally automated self-parking provide a premium driving experience.

In addition the battery electric i3, BMW also offers a range extended version with a 1.4 liter 34 hp gasoline engine genset and 2.4 gallon tank that give the BMW i3 REx a total range of 186 miles.

BMW i3

SPECS

ChargingPower Rating: 7 kWCharge Time L1: 15.25Charge Time L2: 4Charge Time DC: 0.5Connector: SAE Combo





RangeRange: 81e/186tMPGe: 124


AcquisitionUsed: $ 41,35036 Month Lease: $494Availability: 2014Units thru 6/14: 694

Photos by: BMW

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2014 – 2015Battery Electric, REx

Audi’s A3 Sportback e-tron delivers about 20 all-electric miles after which it will use a combination of gas and electric power to drive the front wheels. As if to reinforce the philisophical differences with

its super-efficient BMW i3 REx rival, the A3 can travel almost 580 miles on its 40-liter gasoline fuel tank. Power from the 8.8kWh lithium-ion battery pack and 101hp electric motor is delivered through a six-speed automatic transmission. The driver can control the electric motor-gas engine power blend. ‘Hybrid Charge’ mode borrows power from the TFSI engine and uses it to charge the battery. Driving two hours in this mode will enable the battery to reach full state-of-charge. ‘Hybrid Auto’ mode will enable the car to use gasoline and electricity together, shutting off the engine when it’s not needed. Audi claims fuel economy of more than 70mpg is possible. The electric charger socket is sensibly positioned in the front of the car and cleverly hidden behind the Audi badge on the grille.

Audi A3 e-tron

SPECS

ChargingPower Rating: --Charge Time L1: 8Charge Time L2: 2.6Charge Time DC: --Connector: --



BatteryCapacity: 8.8 kWhVoltage: 390Cooling: --

Drivetrain (Electric)HP/FtLb: 100/--Drive Type: FWD

RangeRange: 30e/550tMPGe: --


AcquisitionMSRP: $ 44,00036 Month Lease: $ --Availability: Q2 2015Units thru 6/14: ---

Photos by: Audi

14

2015Plug-in Hybrid

The B-Class ED may have more in common with Toyota’s RAV 4 EV than BMW’s i3, although its position as a premium brand four door hatchback that emphasizes comfort squares it off against the i3. Like

the RAV4 EV, the B-Class ED has about 30% more range than most other BEVs. Its 36 kWh battery can be range-charged like the Tesla Model S from which the B-Class ED borrows battery and motor technology. Toyota and Diamler source the drive train components for their EVs from Tesla.

The B-Class ED features the latest high-tech options like a collision-warning system with adaptive brake assist. Active park assist will parallel park the car automatically. Other options include blind-spot assist and lane-keeping assist.

The dashboard display screen looks like a 5.8-inch touch screen tablet attached to the dash, which controls the audio and navigation systems. The optional COMAND Online system allows owners to check battery and charge status remotely using a computer or smartphone. As with other EVs in its price range, you can pre-heat or cool the interior based on a timer or remote control.

Mercedes B-Class ED

SPECS

ChargingPower Rating: 7 kWCharge Time L1: 19.5Charge Time L2: 4Charge Time DC: NAConnector: J1772


DimensionsCurb Weight: 3,858Length: 168.1Width: 70Height: 63.1

BatteryCapacity: 36 kWhVoltage: 386Cooling: --

DrivetrainHP/FtLb: 177/251Drive Type: FWD

RangeEV Range: 87-104MPGe: 84


AcquisitionMSRP: $ 41,45036 Month Lease: --Availability: 2014Units thru 6/14: ---

Photos by: Mercedes-Benz

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The second generation Toyota RAV4 EV is the result of the Toyota and Tesla Motors collaboration to create a SUV that will conform to California’s zero emission requirements. The RAV 4 EV is powered

by a Tesla electric powertrain offering up to 273 lb-ft of torque. Top speed in normal mode is 85 mph, with a sport mode that will achieve 100 mph. Range is a respectable 103 miles. An onboard 240v 10kW charger provides a 6 hour recharge to the 41.8kWh battery, a significant boost vs the 6.6kW charger typical in this price range.

SUV-lovers who want an EV without sacrificing utility, interior space or convenience may find the RAV4 EV an interesting option. Toyota began offering large discounts off the $49,800 base price beginning in April 2013, stimulating demand. The remaining units may go fast; in May 2014, Toyota announced the end of life for the EV model, which had a 2,600 unit production run.

SPECS

16


ChargingPower Rating: 10 kWCharge Time L1: 44Charge Time L2: 6Charge Time DC: NAConnector: J1772







AcquisitionMSRP: $ 49,800*36 Month Lease: $299Availability: 2012Units thru 6/14: 1,644

Toyota RAV4 EV

Photos by: Toyota

Originally intended to replace the iconic Beetle in 1974, the hatchback Volkswagen Golf has been a familiar sight on US roads for forty years. Now in its seventh generation and sporting five doors, a

substantially more refined Golf has become the platform for VW’s first US electric vehicle. A little known fact is that VW has built electric versions of the Golf as far back as that first Golf Mk1 version in the 1970s. It’s anticipated that this electric version will benefit from those 40 years of experience. VW has included features that indicate it is serious about fielding a competitive entry: LED headlights and running lights, an energy efficient heat pump for temperature control, user adjustable regenerative braking and driving efficiency profiles. Like other EVs, VW also offers a full-featured smart phone app that can pre-heat and cool the cabin, manage charging and track trips and energy use. The battery, at 24 kWh, is standard fare with air cooling VW says is sufficient for its Panasonic NMC cells. Like the motor and transmission, it was developed in-house and is made at a Volkswagen factory in Germany, a good sign that VW is making a substantial investment and commitment to the technology rather than simply farming it out to suppliers. The e-Golf’s fast DC charging capability uses the SAE Combo connector (CCS). While not as widely supported as the CHAdeMO standard used by Asian automakers, it will soon have a fair number of sites available as it is the same connector used by BMW for the i3 and Chevy in the Spark. Most fast-charge manufacturers are selling dual-standard chargers with both connectors.

Volkswagen e-Golf

SPECS

ChargingPower Rating: 7.2Charge Time L1: 20Charge Time L2: 4Charge Time DC: 30Connector: SAE Combo


DimensionsCurb Weight: 3090Length: 166Width: 70Height: 58





AcquisitionMSRP: $36,26536 Month Lease: $299Availability: Q4 2014Units thru 6/14: ---

Photos by: Volkswagen

17


A lthough Kia does not plan to manufacture the Soul EV in large volumes, its addition to the US market fills a gap in the small crossover segment and will appeal to people who prefer the taller ride height

of a mini-suv. The inclusion of CHAdeMO DC fast charging, which allows an 80% refill in under 30 minutes, give it an advantage over the Ford Focus Electric and Mercedes Benz B-Class ED that some prospective buyers will compare it to. The Kia Soul EV engineering team has provided the hatchback with some other features that make it compare well with its EV rivals: energy-saving features including a heat pump environmental control, smart air intake control system and an individual ventilation system. These efficiencies, slight aero teaks to the exterior, and a 27 kWh battery, slightly larger than standard-issue 24 kWh, should give the Soul the promised 10 mile range advantage over the Focus Electric and Leaf. Like the Leaf, Kia has sensibly positioned the charge ports in the middle of the front grille for easy access, especially when using public chargers where the cord might have to reach past another parking spot.

Kia Soul EV SPEC

S

Photos by: Kia

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ChargingPower Rating: 6 kWhCharge Time L1: 19Charge Time L2: 5Charge Time DC: 33Connector: J1772

CHAdeMO


DimensionsCurb Weight: 3,247Length: 163Width: 70.86Height: 63





AcquisitionMSRP: $ -----36 Month Lease: $---Availability: Q4 2014Units thru 6/14: ---

Honda has never been enthusiastic about battery electric vehicles, and the price and availablity of its Accord Plug-In reflect that outlook. The plug-in version of the Accord gets only 13 miles of EV-only

range yet commands a $10,000 premium over the non plug-in hybrid version. The all-electric range of the Honda Accord is less than the Ford Energi offerings and less than half the all-electric range of the Chevy Volt, yet is priced much higher than either of these other very capable cars.

Like the plug-in Prius, the plug-in Accord Hybrid relies on its gas engine for higher speeds. The car will run on electric power up to about 40 mph and then shifts into hybrid mode, switching on the 2.4-liter direct-injection four-cylinder engine. The Accord Plug-In allows drivers to choose between three different driving modes: all electric, hybrid driving; which directs power to the wheels from the electric motor and the four-cylinder engine, and series-hybrid which recharges the battery. The Accord Plug-In is estimated to achieve 115 MPGe, among the highest for similar sized hybrid sedans, but the price premium and extremely limited availabilty make this car interesting to a very limited audience.

SPECS

Photos by: Honda

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ChargingPower Rating: 3.3 kWCharge Time L1: 2.5Charge Time L2: 1Charge Time DC: NAConnector: J1772



BatteryCapacity: 6.7 kWhVoltage: 320Cooling: Air

Drivetrain (Electric)HP/FtLb: 124/--Drive Type: FWD

RangeEV Range: 13e/520tMPGe: 115

Performance0-60 mph: 5.2 secTop Speed (EV): 62 mphCoD: --

AcquisitionMSRP: $ 39,78036 Month Lease: $429Availability: 2013Units thru 6/14: 526

Honda Accord PHEV

GM created a great deal of excitement in the EV enthusiast community with the unveiling of the production Volt in 2008. GM’s approach to an electric car, series hybrid, in which the main propulsion

is from the electric motor with the gas engine turning a generator that charges the batteries, offered “true electric” alternative to the mild hybrids then available. GM had the deep technical bench to offer a well engineered solution that provided the performance American drivers demand yet true green cred. Their solution, which allows the gas engine to provide direct drive to the wheels when needed, is the most sophisticated approach on the market. Under most driving scenarios, on trips under 40 miles, the gas engine is not used at all, providing all-electric driving ecology and 98 MPGe economy.

National 36 month leases are available for $269 with $2,679 down which we consider a deal. Some dealers will do even better for 2014 model year vehicles which have been sitting in inventory for a while.

Chevrolet Volt

SPECS








AcquisitionMSRP: $ 34,17036 Month Lease: $269Availability: 2011Units thru 6/14: 54,226

Photos by: Chevrolet

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2011 – 2015Plug-in Series Hybrid

The Fusion Energi is Ford’s best-selling bid to stay competitive against other mid-class hybrid electric sedans. The plug-in hybrid Fusion Energi can travel up to 21 miles in electric-only mode, about 60%

more than the Honda Accord Plug-in. Using its permanent magnet, AC synchronous motor and a high-voltage lithium-ion battery it can achieve an electric-only top speed of up to 85 mph. An EV mode button switches the drivetrain to all-electric mode when enough battery charge is available. For longer trips, the Energi uses a 2.0-liter DOHC inline four-cylinder engine capable of 141 hp and 129 lb-ft of torque. The hybrid drive system is capable of a total 188 hp output. EPA ratings are 108 MPGe for city driving, 92 MPGe highway.

The Fusion EV models have several sophisticated power saving features. EV+ mode actually recognizes when you are nearing home and allows you to stay in electric mode longer, anticipating an upcoming recharge. Eco cruise control relaxes acceleration to obtain maximum electric range.

SPECS

Photos by: Ford

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ChargingPower Rating: 3 kWCharge Time L1: 7Charge Time L2: 2.5Charge Time DC: NAConnector: J1772




Drivetrain (Electric)HP/FtLb: 118/117Drive Type: FWD


Performance0-60 mph: 8 secTop Speed (EV): 85 mphCoD: 0.275


Ford Fusion Energi

People who find the Nissan Leaf’s avant-garde styling unappealing may find the Focus Electric a better fit. The car does not flaunt its ecological cred with distinct design, just a quieter presence as it rolls by.

Styling differences aside, the primary technical differences between the Focus Electric and its closest competition is that Ford opted for a liquid cooled and heated battery pack, which allows the car to be operated in more extreme temperature ranges without degrading the battery life.

A 6.6 kW on-board charger provides a three and a half hour charge time, about half that of vehicles with 3.3 kW chargers. For people who drive more than 70 miles in a day, need quick pit stops, or want to charge within the 12 am - 5 am super-off-peak utility rate, it’s a significant advantage.

The remaining significant point of comparison between the two all-electric four door sedans is price. After federal and CA state incentives, the Focus Electric will cost about $25,200. Ford offers a $249/month lease with $2,479 due at signing. Some dealers provide additional discounts. In California and other states that offer clean-air rebates, the effective monthly cost is somewhere between $50 and $100, compared to a gasoline powered Focus that requires $1,600-$1,900 in fuel per year.

Ford Focus Electric

SPECS









Photos by: Ford

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Nissan is on track to sell over 70,000 units in the US through December 2014, making the Leaf the top-selling all-electric car. Nissan’s decision to develop an all-electric car was a gutsy, forward thinking

move which has the rest of the industry playing catch-up. Lease deals put the total cost of driving the Leaf somewhere between $50 and $100 per month after accounting for state rebates and fuel cost savings compared to a comparable gas-burning car. Extra perks like HOV lane stickers make the Leaf and other all-electric vehicles even more popular in areas with carpool lanes.

Fast DC Charging using the car’s optional CHAdeMO port allows an 80-percent battery recharge in approximately 30 minutes. Nissan has lead the field with more quick charger installations than any other automaker. Nissan continues to improve the car each year. A new battery chemistry in the 2015 model year improves battery longevity in hot climates. An updated battery warranty covers excessive capacity loss.

Nissan recently surveyed potential Leaf purchasers about the value of greater range, leading to speculation that a Leaf with higher capacity batteries will be available within the next few years.

SPECS

24


ChargingPower Rating: 3-6 kWCharge Time L1: 16Charge Time L2: 4Charge Time DC: 0.5Connector: J1772

CHAdeMO


DimensionsCurb Weight: 3.354Length: 175Width: 69.7Height: 61






Nissan Leaf

Photos by: Nissan

The Toyota Prius has never been about its performance or styling, but rather maximum fuel economy. Toyota bumps combined MPG(e) from 50 to 95 with the new Prius Plug-In, which is powered solely

by electricity about 39 percent of typical drive time. A selectable electric driving mode (EV mode) keeps the car from using the gasoline engine. The maximum electric-only speed is 62 mph. Electric-only range is only 11 miles, making petroleum refueling stops required for most commuters, especially those who can not charge while the car is parked at work. As a result, the fuel operating costs will be higher than a comparable battery electric or hybrid with greater all-electric range.

The 4.4 kWh Panasonic lithium-ion batteries batteries can be fully charged in three hours from a household 110-volt outlet or an hour and a half from a 220-volt plug. Toyota’s plug-in hybrid is only on sale in 15 coastal states but has already sold 9,300 units so far this year, making it one of the top-selling electric cars.

Toyota Prius Plug-in

SPECS

ChargingPower Rating: 3 kWCharge Time L1: 3Charge Time L2: 1.5Charge Time DC: NAConnector: J1772





RangeEV Range: 11e/540tMPGe: 95e/50g

Performance0-60 mph: 10.7 secTop Speed (EV): 62 mphCoD: 0.25


Photos by: Toyota

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F ord squares off against the Plug-in Prius with its C-Max Energi, a plug-in hybrid that delivers 21 miles of all-electric range, about double that of the Prius. At 100 MPGe, it outreaches the Prius by 5%. In

addition to a longer stride, the C-Max Energi delivers 14% greater horsepower from the electric motor and an additional 43 ponies from the 2.0L I-4 HEV, a +44% margin. The drive system delivers a combined total of 188 bhp, a surprising amount of power for what is ostensibly an economy compact but feels and drives more like a crossover. A tall cabin provides the driver and passengers with ample headroom.

The C-Max Energi is no mild hybrid; a button on the dashboard allows drivers to select “EV Now,” providing all-electric power up to 85 mph. The MyFord Touch infotainment system with SYNC smart phone connectivity are full-featured information systems that offer sophisticated charging management, trip planning and audio entertainment selections. Reverse sensing, camera and active park assist are available.

SPECS

Photos by: Ford, Adam Decker

26






Drivetrain (Electric)HP/FtLb: 91/--Drive Type: RWD

RangeEV Range: 19MPGe: 88e/



Ford C-MAX Energi

Toyota’s Scion marque has decided to comply with California’s zero emission requirement by producing a limited production Scion iQ EV exclusively for car-sharing programs rather than a mass-market car.

The car’s base price of $45,000 make it attractive only to such an application, considering its limited range and utility compared to far more capable and well-appointed rivals.

Toyota has shown a marked reluctance to put large batteries in its electric vehicles, especially disappointing in a small vehicle with a $45k base price. The iQ EV features Toyota’s newly developed high-output 12 kWh lithium-ion battery. In ideal driving conditions, the 12 kWh battery provides up to 50 miles of range on a full charge. The vehicle can be fully charged in approximately 3 hours at 240V. The iQ EV is available through the Dash car share service offered by City CarShare in Pleasanton CA.

Scion iQ EV

SPECS



DimensionsCurb Weight: 2,407Length: 123Width: 66Height: 59.3





AcquisitionMSRP: $ 45,00036 Month Lease: NAAvailability: FleetUnits thru 6/14: 90

Photos by: Scion

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The 2013 Fiat 500e is a welcome addition to the range of small, energy-efficient EVs that have good performance - in this case a 0-60 time of 9 seconds, about 22% better than the Smart ED. But the best

performance of the iconic Italian classic might be in its price - only $21,800 after incentives which is about the same as its gas powered counterpart. The lease deal is equally attractive: $999 down, $199 per month. The $2,500 California clean air rebate is available on the 36 month lease, making this a free car for the first seven months, and likely thereafter considering fuel cost savings. As if that wasn’t enough, Fiat tosses in 12 days of free car rental per year for those occasions when you need to travel further than the 500e’s 87 mile range without making four hour pit stops.

At 116 MPGe, it is one of the most efficient battery electric vehicles available. The Bosch-supplied power train has been tuned to give very light regen upon deceleration. The greater torque of the electric motor is evident on acceleration, with the 500e beating even the performance 500 Abarth model off the line. Better weight distribution and a lower center of gravity make the 500e the solid all-around performer its sporty looks promise.

SPECS

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Fiat 500e

Photos by: Chrysler Group

T he Chevrolet Spark EV, GM’s entry into the rapidly expanding all-electric fray is the smallest car Chevy has ever sold in the US, although it is larger than the Smart ED, Scion iQ EV and Fiat 500e.

At $16,685 assuming Federal and State credits, the Spark is one of the least expensive all-electric cars available. Although the standard charger is a rather slow 3.3kW requiring 7 hours to fully charge, a SAE Combo quick charger is available as a $750 option which will provide an 80% charge in about 20 minutes.

The original internal combusion version of the Spark had been criticized for a lack of power. The new Spark EV remedies this with an electric motor that generates a rated 327 ft-lb of torque, although a more modest 130 hp. The manufacturer quotes a 0-60 time of 7.2 seconds, which is considerably better than the gas Spark’s 11.3 seconds. Leases are available from $199 month with $999 due at signing.

Chevrolet Spark EV

SPECS

ChargingPower Rating: 3.3 kWCharge Time L1: 17Charge Time L2: 7Charge Time DC: .33Connector: J1772

SAE Combo



BatteryCapacity: 19-21 kWhVoltage: 360Cooling: Liquid




AcquisitionMSRP: $ 26,68536 Month Lease: 199Availability: 2014Units thru 6/14: 539

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Photos by: General Motors

Although the Honda Fit EV is a zero-emissions “compliance car” available only on lease in limited markets, it nonetheless has a few features that make it an interesting consideration for EV drivers

who can find one. The car earned a combined 118MPGe from the EPA, making it one of the most energy efficient cars available.

Unlike many electrics which lose punch at higher speeds, Honda has decided to make the Fit EV a performer, borrowing the 123 hp, 189 lb-ft motor and low-friction gearbox from the larger FCX Clarity. Driving reviews by top auto mags confirm that the Fit EV has the best performance compared to similar EV sedans.

The Fit EV has a 6.6 kW onboard charger, dropping 240v charge time of its 20kW battery to just 3 hours. Honda says that the Toshiba SCiB batteries can be recharged up to 4,000 times, more than 2.5 times that of other Li-ion batteries.

A zero down unlimited mileage lease for $249 that includes insurance and a 240v home charge station has made the Fit EV popular. Since Honda will only produce 1,100 total, 44 per month, they are hard to get. One way you can drive the Fit EV is through Portland’s Zipcar service.

SPECS

Photos by: Honda

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AcquisitionMSRP: NA36 Month Lease: $249Availability: LimitedUnits thru 6/14: 662

Honda Fit EV

The Wheego Life is an American built EV with a chassis from China’s Shuanghuan Automobile that seeks to gain a foothold in North American markets. This long shot offers a two seat compact most

similar to the Smart ED at a cost $7,245 greater than the Smart and a full $10,000 greater than the four seat Mitsubishi iMiEV. The car is intended as a city runabout – its 65mph top speed will limit travel on US freeways where real-world speeds typically average 75.

We’re not sure what makes this car worth considering at this stage of the competition other than slightly greater range. With a 30kWh battery, its range is 100 miles vs the Smart ED’s 87 and the Mitsibishi iMiEV’s 62. Unlike the iMiEV, there is no quick charge capability. At a premium price and with underwhelming performance the LiFe delivers too little too late.

Wheego LiFe

SPECS






RangeEV Range: 100MPGe: 106.6

Performance0-60 mph: -- secTop Speed: 65 mphCoD: --

AcquisitionMSRP: $ 32,99536 Month Lease: --Availability: 2011Units thru 6/14: ---

Photos by: Wheego

31


The 2013 Smart ForTwo ED is a significant advance over previous models. The first upgrade is its improved battery, which now has an average life span of 10 years. The ForTwo ED also received a

substantial power upgrade. This 3rd generation EV has a constant cruising output of 47 hp and a max output of 74 hp. The ForTwo ED’s acceleration from 0 to 62 mph (100 kmh) is a respectable 11.5 seconds, less than half that of its predecessor. Top speed is now 75 mph, which make freeway driving much more practical the the 65 mph limit of the previous edition. Most welcome to fans of the tiny city car will be the elimination of the clunky gearbox found in gas versions. The ED accelerates smoothly from 0-75 without changing gears.

A lease can be had for just $139 per month, making the Smart ED one of the least expensive EVs available.

SPECS

Photos by: Smart

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BatteryCapacity: 17.6 kWhVoltage: --Cooling: --





Smart Fortwo ED

The Coda is a 4-door, 5-passenger mid-class sedan. The Pininfarina-designed body on a Mitsubishi chassis is powered by a UQM PowerPhase 134 hp, 221 lb-ft electric motor paired with a 31 kWh lithium ion iron phosphate battery. The Lishen battery, at 31 kWh, has 29% greater capacity than the Nissan Leaf. A fast charge option is not available but the car does have a 6kW charger, so empty-to full 240v charges may be completed overnight during the time-of-use super off peak window.

Coda declared bankruptcy in 2013, but several cars were purchased from the trustee and are available for sale from Thunderstruck Motors in Santa Rosa CA. There are also used cars available on AutoTrader and eBay periodically. The low cost of this 100 mile range car, some of which came outfitted with leather interiors and GPS navigation by Alpine may be worthy of consideration for bargain hunters who don’t mind limited service options. Thunderstruck Motors provides spare parts and repair services.

Coda Sedan


SPECS








AcquisitionUsed: ~$18,00036 Month Lease: NAAvailability: UsedUnits thru 6/14: 117

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Photos by: Coda

Mitsubishi’s price of $15,495 for the 2014 i-MiEV after Federal tax credit make it the lowest cost electric car available. After some state and county rebates the i-MiEV can be had for as little as $10,495. Mitsubishi offers $0 APR for 60 months, making it an amazing bargain if you have a short commute and can get by on the 62 mile range. Unlike most other low-cost EVs on the market, Mitsubishi makes DC Quick Charge standard, so if there are CHAdeMO chargers in your area, the 16 kWh battery might not be much of a limitation. Most of the people who purchased earlier versions report that the i-MiEVs have been reliable and they are happy with the cars, which have a decent amount of cargo space. For students, retirees and people with short commutes looking for cheap transportation, this is probably one of the best automotive deals of all time, considering that the cost for fuel and maintenance will be less than 1/4 that of a comparable gas car.

Photos by: Mitsubishi

SP

EC

S

ChargingPower Rating kW: 3.3Charge Time L1: 14Charge Time L2: 7Charge Time DC: 0.5Connector: J1772

CHAdeMO







AcquisitionMSRP: $22,995Lease: N/A, $0 APRAvailability: 2014Units thru 6/14: 1,794

Mitsubishi i-MiEV


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35 | 2014 | v4

Electric Car Insider

35 | 2014 | Q1


Cadillac ExtraLongRange

v4 | 2014 | 36


Q1 | 2014 | 36


C adillac’s ELR generated a lot of interest when it first debuted as the Converj concept in 2009. Since the production ELR went on sale in last 2013, sales

have been sluggish, primarily because of the $76,000 price tag. A controversial Superbowl advertisement, which to many seemed arrogant and xenophobic, probably didn’t help move the cars off dealer lots either.

But the Cadillac has attractive lines, especially in silhouette, and like all Cadillacs, comes with both a plush interior and some of GM’s newest high-tech innovations. It’s a significant upgrade from the Chevy Volt that preceded it. So when David Barthmuss, Cadillac’s Western region group manager for communications offered me an opportunity to drive the ELR for a week, I was interested.

The ELR draws inevitable comparisons to the Tesla Model S, which can be had for about the same price. It was hard to avoid those comparisons because I drive a Model S and that car sets a pretty high bar, not just for an electric car, but for any car.

The ELR is a series hybrid. When the battery is fully charged, the engine does not run, so the Cadillac has that delightful silent, smooth glide that EVs share. In hybrid mode the engine spins a generator which provides power to the electric motors which turn the wheels. At high speed or under full load, the engine also provides power to the wheels. As expected, in the ELR the ride is even smoother and quieter than most EVs.

The ELR’s 4,070 lb weight is about average for an American car, which is heavy by historic standards. The ELR is about 276 lbs heavier than the Volt. The car is solid on the road, and felt responsive to taps on the accelerator, posting an 8 second 0-60 time. But it doesn’t have the silky, agile feeling of the Model S which one friend described as “like riding a panther”. The Tesla, despite being 577 lbs heavier, can sprint to 60 in several seconds less, and the performance version can manage the feat in half the time of the ELR. It’s not a capability you need often but the feeling of nimbleness is always there.

The ELR delivers a ride that’s more like sitting in a

The ELR makes the case for hybrid drive

Road Trip ReadyCadillac ExtraLongRange

cont inued next page

37 | 2014 | v4


One of the things you can count on in a Cadillac is a plush, comfortable interior and the ELR fully upholds Cadillac’s reputation .

La-Z-Boy recliner. Very comfy. The seats are better padded and more comfortable than the very firm Model S plank. The feeling went well with the rest of the ELRs ride and handling which shares the “wrapped in gauze” impression I usually get when driving a Cadillac.

The ELR accentuates that feeling with active noise canceling. As Doug Koons, Lead Noise and Vibration Engineer of the ELR described it, the system “uses the vehicle’s audio system to play out-of-phase wave canceling tones to mitigate unwanted engine noise.” The technique gives the car part of its hush quiet ride, but when the 84 hp, 1.4 liter four cylinder kicked in at the end of the all-electric range and revved up to full speed to power the car up a hill, the sound and vibration were quite evident. It was surprising for such an expensive, high-tech vehicle and I was again compelled to compare it to the Model S, which even when I’m flogging it, never seems to give me the impression that it’s even working hard.

Like the Volt, the ELR has a pronounced center tunnel to accommodate the T shaped battery. That gives the seats a snug “cockpit” feel. The center console extends from the armrest up to the dash and provides a distinct separation between the driver and the passenger.

The Cadillac CUE infotainment system makes a big audio production of turning on and booting up. The sound effects were kind of impressive the first time, but mostly annoying after that and I found myself looking for a way to turn the startup bells and whistles off.

The buttons on the console are high-tech “capacitive touch”; they’re blended into the console and do not depress, but pulse when pressed. The touch-sensitive screen goes one further. It senses when your hand is near and changes display mode, showing different options and anticipating your touch commands. The screen supports the multi-touch commands common on smartphones and tablets. The speech recognition is sophisticated and even

allows text messages to be sent and received by voice. The instrumentation looks high-tech but there’s a

lot going on and that makes it a bit harder to figure it all out especially at freeway speed. There are a lot of colorful icons to keep track of and it called to mind Mies van der Rohe’s dictum “less is more”.

The high-tech wizardry that really impressed me was the driver assist features. These go well beyond what the Tesla is currently capable of. Unfortunately, instead of helping to justify part of the ELR’s price premium, they are all extra-cost options.

The adaptive cruise control was the feature I like the best and provides real value. In any kind of traffic, ordinary cruise control has very limited utility because you have to keep adjusting it to keep pace with traffic. Adaptive cruise control slows the car down for you as you approach slowing traffic, then speeds up again when the traffic ahead does. After experiencing it in the ELR, I was annoyed that the Tesla didn’t have this feature and recalled why I so rarely use cruise control when driving it.

Another highly useful feature is the side mirror mounted traffic warning lights that alert you to vehicles lurking in your blind spot.

The lane departure warning, which gently buzzes your left or right thigh if you begin to change lanes without signaling, is helpful, giving you the effect of Botts Dots raised pavement markers even on roads that don’t have them.

Multiple driving modes, which the ELR shares with the Volt, is a common feature on plug-in hybrids and most EVs today. The controls allow you to select one of four modes. Tour is the default. Sport mode accentuates throttle, steering and suspension responsiveness. Mountain mode revs the gas engine up to keep the battery charged prior to climbing long grades. Hold mode keeps the engine running so that battery charge is preserved for later use.

v4 | 2014 | 38


One other innovation seen in some newer EVs is the addition of paddle shifters. The steering wheel mounted finger controls allow the driver to decelerate using motor regen instead of applying the brakes. The brake lights still come one, but instead of wearing out your brake pads, the kinetic energy of the car is fed into the battery, extending the cars all-electric range.

The two door, 2+2 seating configuration of the ELR limits comfortable seating for the back seat passengers to children and gymnasts. The dimensions of the trunk storage space are small compared with most other cars in the ELR’s class, but sufficient for suitcases and golf clubs.

The most striking feature of the car is its exterior design. The car definitely gets looks, whether gliding quietly by or parked. Cadillac calls its design language “Art & Science” and that pretty much sums it up. The black ELR I drove looked like it had been chiseled out of solid onyx, yet was unmistakably high-tech, with gem-like headlights and taillights. The 20” turbine aluminum allow rims have a modern appeal. The angular and attractive side profile is not quite equalled in beauty by the front view, whose enormous shutter grille seems anachronistic in an era of aerodynamic efficiency and smooth curves.

The standout capability of the car is the fact that it can run on either electricity or gasoline. When driving around town, you will probably rarely need to go to a gas station, saving money and enjoying the satisfaction of knowing that you’re part of the solution. Although the Telsa Model S can easily make long-distance road trips thanks to Tesla’s foresight to install Superchargers all over the country, there are situations for which the ELR will prove a better choice. During the week when I drove the Cadillac ELR, I needed to travel back and forth from San Diego to the

eastern edge of Los Angeles county twice in one day. I would not have been able to make that 500 mile trip in the Model S without either an overnight home charge session, not an option that day, or an hours-long detour to one of the Supercharger stations that are located on the west side of the city. The ELR gave me the flexibility to make the trip without that inconvenience. Although I very rarely need to drive that much in a single day, it was a reminder that the hybrid technology offered by the Cadillac ELR offers a good balance between environmental responsibility and convenience.

For people who drive long distances, the ELR represents an opportunity to have the best of both worlds. For almost all local travel, you can use clean, domestically sourced fuel. Power from the electrical grid uses energy sources of US origin; a mix of natural gas, coal (in the midwest and on the east coast) and renewables including wind, hydro geothermal and utility-scale solar. If you have residential solar panels installed, domestically sourced energy can literally mean fuel you produce at home. A virtually limitless, zero carbon, zero emission fuel source with prices that trend down, not up. After your solar panels are paid for, your fuel is completely free.

When you need to travel long distances to areas not yet served by high speed charging networks the ELR, like other plug-in hybrids, can get you there and back as easily as any other car, generally with much better fuel economy. In the case of the ELR, you’ll also travel in comfort and style.

As of July 2014, the ELR has seen significant price reductions, as have most new EVs after the initial introduction. $13,000 - $15,000 off MSRP is not unusual and we have seen Cadillac dealers advertising as much as $20,000 off vehicles that have been in stock for a few months. At those prices, the ELR is much more appealing than at a level that invites unflattering comparisons.

The sensor for the adaptive cruise control and collision avoidance system is hidden behind the Cadillac badge .

The ELR has seen significant price reductions,

increasing its appeal

The leather wrapped interior has a high-tech console with touch-sensitive buttons and a multi-touch display screen .

39 | 2014 | v4


Schneider Electric, a Fortune 500 company best known for their respected Square D brand sold by electrical industry supply houses and Home Depot, is not a

household name in consumer appliances in the US. But the company has nearly two centuries of engineering experience and continues to produce high quality modern products including residential and commercial EV charge stations. The company’s residential EVlink is a 30 amp, 7.4kw wall mount unit which has a couple features not found on most other home

HomeCharge StationsReviewed

EVSE Sizing Guidecharge speed rules of thumb

Except for cases where an EV driver is looking to conform to the limitations of existing wiring or a constrained budget, the selection of charger rating is usually dictated by the specifications of the car. In a residential installation, there’s usually no advantage to purchasing a more expensive charging station that has greater capacity than a car can handle. The exception to this is if a purchaser wants to “future-proof ” the installation and anticipates the purchase of an electric car with a faster onboard charger, although falling prices might make advance purchases a false economy.

For people looking to save some money by purchasing a lower cost 240v charger or using existing wiring, here’s a good rule of thumb to compare the power ratings of various charge units:

Miles per hour of charge (mph)120v 12 amp, 1.4 kw - 4 mph240v 15 amp, 3.6 kw - 10 mph240v 20 amp, 4.8 kw - 15 mph240v 30 amp, 7.2 kw - 20 mph240v 40 amp, 9.6 kw - 30 mph

These rule of thumb estimates use rounding and individual results may vary, but the ratios will remain accurate. Measuring charge rate in mph usually makes for a more useful comparison than citing the watts.

Schneider EVlink

units. The first is the ability to very easily delay the start of charging for up to 8 hours to take advantage of off-peak rates. Although most EVs now have this capability built in, the EVlink gives you another option for managing the timing of your charge. Just tap the button on the face panel and each click sets the timer back one hour. A segmented circle LED displays the length of the delay. The same LED display also shows charging progress once the unit starts charging. Indicator lights identify the unit status. The EVlink’s indoor rated enclosure features modern styling with the ability to apply a “custom skin” sticker over the entire face panel of the unit. Using the EVlink web site, you can choose from several hundred designs or upload your favorite photo. The EVlink comes with an 18 ft cable. The charging station will restart automatically in the case of a temporary power outage or transient fault so charging will complete unattended.

One of the more original product features I’ve ever seen is Schneider’s “Charge the world, Change the World” promotion. For each EVlink purchased, Schneider will donate one of their “In-Diya” solar powered battery operated LED lamps to a family without electricity. It’s a pretty cool idea. I personally tested the In-Diya at the same time I was evaluating the EVlink and both units worked exactly as intended. MSRP is $799, but Amazon and Home Depot sell it for $599 with free shipping.

v4 | 2014 | 40


Aerovironment TurboCord

Clipper Creek LCS and HCS

C lipperCreek recently lowered pricing on their 240 volt 15 amp charge station to $395. The sub-$400 price makes the LCS-20 the lowest cost 240v

charger available from a major manufacturer.The unit is matched for plug-in cars with 3kW on-

board chargers which includes plug-in hybrids, older Leafs, the Chevy Spark, Smart ED and Mitsubishi iMiEV. The unit is also ideal for people who want to install the slower 240v charger using an existing 20amp electrical circuit to avoid the expense of installing new wiring to the garage or parking space.

The LCS-20 is intended for hard-wired installation in a garage or parking area. The compact rugged case, shared across the company’s LCS line, carries a NEMA 4 rating suitable for outdoor installations.

The 30amp Clipper Creek HCS-40 will charge a car twice as fast as the 15 amp LCS-20 if the car has a 6.6kW charger like the Fiat 500e, Ford Focus Electric, Honda Fit EV and most newer Leafs.

A couple of thoughtful design features make it clear that Clipper Creek designers understand the little details that make the charger easier to use. There is no on/off button. The unit stays in a very low-power standby mode, drawing power only to light the single status LED, until it is plugged in. Cord reel ears are integrated into charger body; the cord wraps around the unit to keep it off the floor. ClipperCreek provides a rugged, low cost plastic charge coupler holster for just $19 that keeps the charge coupler out of the way until needed.

The company’s reputation for reliability is well deserved. This reporter’s two ClipperCreek units, an LCS-25 and an HCS-60 operate flawlessly. Neither one has ever had so much as a hiccup and have never required a reset or any other attention. The LCS-20 is made in America, has ETL Certification and comes with a 3 year warranty.

Aerovironment’s TurboCord is such a marvel of compact, elegant design that you can’t help but wonder why all electric cars do not come with this unit

standard-issue. The $649 Dual-voltage TurboCord plugs in to either a standard 120v household socket or a 20 amp 240v outlet. A small snap-on plug adapter changes the orientation of the plug blades to fit the right socket. The TurboCord is especially well suited for owners of plug-in hybrids and other cars that have 3kW chargers which charge at 16amps. Although the TurboCord will charge cars with 6kW chargers like the Fiat 500e and most newer Nissan Leafs, it will be at half the speed they are capable of.

All of the unit’s control electronics are stuffed into a tiny enclosure that is also a handle and the unit’s wall plug. It is by far the smallest 240v EVSE on the market, less than half the size of the 120v units that auto manufacturers provide with EVs. The complete unit weighs just 4.2 lbs. The 20 ft cord is also remarkably small and lightweight for a 3kw unit. Indicator lights at the top of the enclosure show charge status; blinking blue for charging and solid blue for charge complete. A solid or blinking red LED indicates various fault conditions that can be decoded and diagnosed with the help of the user manual and Aerovironment customer support. Given Aerovironment’s reputation for quality and reliability, problems are very unlikely. Aerovironment even made the TurboCord waterproof, not just with case seals, but by potting the entire electronics assembly with waterproof putty that also makes the electronic circuits impervious to damage from bumps and vibration.

The 240v connector plugs into a NEMA 6-20R outlet, which uses the same small blades as a 120v outlet, but with one of the blades rotated 90 degrees relative to the other, like a T. The TurboCord comes in its own high quality nylon carrying case, allowing you to carry just one cord for both 120v and 240v charging at 6-20R outlets.

41 | 2014 | v3 41 | 2014 | v3

The Grid

Special rate programs for EV drivers can cut your utility bill

25-35%. Rebates on EVSE can cut install costs by half.

Utility ProgramsforEVsU nless, like me, you get a shock every time you open your electric bill, you probably don’t think all

that much about your local utility. It’s one of those services that have become so reliable that most people take it for granted, like the sun rising every morning.

When you buy an electric car, it’s a good idea to give your utility some thought though, because most have special rate programs to encourage your to charge your car overnight, when there is plenty of spare capacity on the grid. The cost savings are substantial. Some utilities even offer rebates on residential and commercial charging equipment or public access to fast chargers, perks worth hundreds of dollars.

Electric Car Insider spoke with Electric Transportation representatives from five of California’s largest utilities; San Diego Gas & Electric, Southern California Edison, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power , Pacific Gas & Electric and Sacramento Municipal Utility District. Locals will recognize these utility by their acronyms, which I’ll use for the rest of the article, respectively SDG&E, SCE, LADWP, PG&E and SMUD.

The big savings for EV drivers come from switching from a Tiered rate plan to Time of Use, or TOU. It can save a lot of money – from tens to hundreds per month depending on

where you live. Most people are familiar with the Tiered rate structure; the more electricity you use, the more you pay per kilowatt hour (kWh).

If it’s not completely clear exactly what a kWh is, think of it as enough electric fuel to travel three miles. The national average price per kWh is about 12 cents. So

a typical EV driver spends the equivalent to $1 per gallon of gas, compared to a car that gets 25 mpg. As you’ll see below, that cost can vary quite a bit so buckle up and

we’ll carefully pick our way through the potholes. According to the US Energy Information Administration, an average dwelling uses

about 900 kWh per month. At the national average cost, that’s about $108. For medium to large sized households, it’s not uncommon to use enough energy to put you in the upper rate tiers where the cost per kWh is much higher – for example 36 cents per kWh in San Diego - and pay an electric bill of $200-$300 dollars per month or more. If you’re adding your transportation fuel on top of that, you’ll pay the highest rate for that fuel, perhaps up to three times what you would otherwise.

Residential electric rates vary widely throughout the US, from an average of 8 cents per kWh in Idaho to 33 cents in Hawaii. The total savings will differ by area, but the

fundamental concept is the same: fuel your EV using electricity at the cheapest rate you can get. In areas with high utility rates, the TOU savings could be as much as half of your car

lease payment.

v4 | 2014 | 42


The GridFor example in Southern California, if you purchase

electric fuel on top of your other household use and you’re already in the third or fourth tier, you’ll pay about $0.36 per kWh. That pushes the fuel cost of driving a Nissan Leaf up 233%. Instead of paying a typical five cents per mile, or $5 to go 100 miles, you would pay 12 cents a mile or $12 to go 100 miles. At $3.50 per gallon the fuel cost for a gas-powered car that gets 25 mpg is 14 cents a mile or $14 to go 100 miles.

Switching to a Time of Use rate allows you to charge your car overnight at a price closer to the lowest Tier rate. In San Diego, the “super off peak” $0.16 per kWh period is midnight to 5 am, which is enough to fully charge most cars from empty on a 240v circuit. In other regions, the Super Off Peak periods usually extend to 6 am. You will pay higher rates during the peak window, typically from noon to 6 pm, but if you’re at work and don’t run a bunch of appliances or air conditioning at home in the afternoon, your energy use during that time is minimal anyway. The rates in the morning and early evening are typically lower than Tier 3+ rates, so most people experience lower overall bills after purchasing an EV and switching to TOU.

Sacramento residents have good reason to love their community-owned not-for-profit electric service. SMUD rates are much lower than the other major California electric utilities. There are only two rate tiers; $0.10 and

$0.18. EV drivers get an especially good deal: off-peak rates are only 6 cents per kWh, so Sacramento EV drivers get electric fuel at the equivalent of 50 cents per gallon using the comparisons we referenced above. That’s just 2 cents per mile. As with the other utilities, peak and super-peak rates are higher than this overnight EV charging rate, so check the fine print and make sure you’re not planning to run your oven-cleaning function or an arc-welder in the garage workshop during the hottest days of the summer before you change rate plans.

If you haven’t already purchased your EV, it’s a good idea to make arrangements to switch to a TOU rate plan in advance of delivery. Most utilities take a month or so to make the switch because they’ll wait for your new billing cycle to start before changing your service over to the TOU rate plan.

One of the issues that frequently comes up in discussions about EV charging infrastructure is whether the electrical grid will be able to handle charging millions of cars as EVs become more popular. The definitive answer is yes, mostly because the vast majority of charging will occur overnight, when demand from other sources is about 30% lower. Bill Boyce, Supervisor of the Electric Transportation group, explained that SMUD had performed sophisticated modeling of EV charging patterns out to 2030 and determined that there

cont inued next page

learn how EV charge stations work with a hands-on project Complete kits available • No soldering requiredStep-by-step instructions • Builders assistance programs

Charge most EVs in under 4 hours.OpenEVSE operates on either 120 or 240 Volts AC (110-220v) at 6-80 amps. Depending on the components used and the available power circuit, the unit can be configured for 1.4 kW - 19.2 kW operation.

The OpenEVSE is an unassembled kit intended for use for education, engineering development, demonstration, or evaluation purposes only and is not a finished end-product fit for general consumer use.

Complete kits, step-by-step instructions & builders assistance BuildopenEVsE.com or call: 619-352-0281

LCDRGB LCD backpack displays system status and setup menu.

Lighted pushbuttonUsed to set menu options. Can also be used to turn unit on and off manually.

OpenEVSE BrainOpenEVSE is based on the ATMEL AVR 16mhz 8-bit microprocessor compatible with the Arduino IDE.

Main RelayThe main power switch, controlled by the microprocessor. OpenEVSE supports both 1 DPST or 2 SPST relays.

Fuse BlockDual fuse block protects you and the system from faults and overcurrent conditions.

Inductive CoilCurrent transformer used to sense ground faults and shut the power off if something is amiss.

Cable GlandProvides strain-relief and seals cables passing through the bulkhead of the enclosure.

Ferrite BeadAn electronic choke is used to suppress high frequency noise in the electronic circuits.

Grounding BarTies together all the grounds at a common point for reliability and safety.

only $499 for complete kit!

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OpenEVSE is Open Hardware and firmware for charging electric vehicles. OpenEVSE is a project developed and supported by the OpenEVSE community, a group of people ready to lend a helping hand or provide advice. Code is licensed under GNU GPL v3. Content is licensed under Creative Commons 3.0 BY-SA. The high-quality heavy gauge steel enclosure pictured was designed and is supplied by Diversified Stage Inc.

Build your own home EV charge station in a single afternoon

v3 | 2014 | 44


only $499 for complete kit!

Save hundreds of dollars

Build your own home EV charge station in a single afternoon

TOU rate savings could pay for half of your car

lease payment .

would be no substantial impact on the grid until at least 2025. Continuing offsets from energy-efficient lighting, appliances and better insulation could push grid upgrades back even further. Studies from other utilities and EPRI, the utility-funded Electric Power Research Institute, have come to similar conclusions.

Several of the utilities have additional programs that EV drivers in those areas will want to know about.

April Bolduc, Plug-in Electric Vehicle Program Manager for SDG&E, briefed me on the engineering support the utility provides for complex charge station installations like multi-unit dwellings. About 60% of San Diego residents live in multi-unit dwellings, and the utility performs outreach programs to through groups like apartment manager associations to ensure that those customers can get access to overnight residential charging. The transportation electrification group also hosts classes and workshops for apartment managers, condo association managers and electrical contractors.

In Sacramento, SMUD is in the process of installing four Efacec DC fast chargers in locations around the metro area. Bill Boyce showed me the first of the chargers, located in a publicly accessible section of the utility’s

downtown headquarters. The Efacec chargers will support both CHAdeMO and SAE Combo connectors, so drivers of the Nissan Leaf, Mitsubishi iMiev, BMW i3 and Chevy Spark who opted for the fast-charge option will be able to recharge in less than 30 minutes at these locations. There are also 240v Level 2 chargers accessible to the public on the site.

LADWP has established a $2 million dollar fund to spur the adoption of electric transportation. The charging station rebate program is called “Charge Up LA!”. Customers who install 240v Level 2 chargers get up to a $750

rebate on the purchases of EVSE hardware. Spokesperson Carol Tucker explained that LADWP’s renewable wind resources are usually at their peak in the evening, so charging during the super-off-

peak window results in lower transportation emissions. Electric-Car-Insider.com and the utilities have rate

calculators on-line that help you determine what your savings would be by switching to TOU. If you’re still not sure a TOU rate plan is the best option for you, or if you work at home or other family members use a lot of energy in the afternoons, you can get a separate meter installed for your EV charger. We’ll go in-depth on second meters and a new type of sub-metering in the next issue.

45 | 2014 | v4


Providing charging opportunities for electric car drivers direct traffic to retail stores.

Like mileposts dotted along the highway, the appearance of commercial quick charge stations

throughout major metro areas signal the progress of the electric car market. As with much of early EV advancement, the epicenter of the orange pin bloom is in California, where over half of all EVs in the US are sold.

For people who purchased cars capable of DC Quick Charge, the appearance of orange pins on charge station software like PlugShare are the equivalent of being notified of an automotive hardware upgrade. The radius of travel for these vehicles just got larger. An EV driver can now easily drive from downtown to the edge of the metro area and back again with just a 30 minute stop at one of the QC stations, usually located at major malls.

Even the largest metro area can now be traversed with a relatively quick stop. Charging sessions that would require a 2-4 hour stop at a Level 2 240v station can be done in 15-30 minutes at a DC Quick Charge station.

In Southern California, a resident of San Bernardino or Riverside could easily drive to the LA city center and do whatever business or errands are on the agenda. With less time than it takes to eat lunch, they’ll be charged and back on the road home. Even a weekend trip from LA to Santa Barbara can be negotiated with just a single stop in Thousand Oaks, Camarillo or Ventura.

The opportunity for merchants is equally attractive. The presence of that orange pin on maps is like a beacon for travelers. Since quick charge stations aren’t on every street corner like gas stations, EV drivers who drive outside of their car’s round trip range plan their routes around charging stations. A mall or retail store with a quick charger quickly becomes a preferred destination. When a charge session can be used to accomplish other tasks, like having a meal or catching up on some shopping, the wait is no inconvenience.

Since an EV charging station is more like a electric vending machine than a gas station, retailers can easily

Tesla Model S luxury performance sedans . After plugging in to a Supercharger, driver and passengers shop at the Vacaville Premium Outlets mall and eat at restaurants within walking distance . The location is one of the busiest Supercharger sites .

EVSEPublicCharge Stations

Public charging stations dot the map on the Plugshare app . Orange pins show DC fast chargers, green Level 2 .

The presence of that orange pin is like a beacon for travelers .

v4 | 2014 | 46


get the permitting needed to install the units. The investment is a small fraction of any other refueling technology. Quick Charge units usually cost between $10,000 - $50,000 to purchase, and like most industrial equipment, leases are widely available. Most of the QC units have the ability to provide a rate of charge lower than the standard 50kW. This gives site

managers flexibility to meet infrastructure limitations and to minimize the cost of providing the service if it is provided to customers for free or at low cost.

Several companies provide the hardware that retail property owners can install to “get on the map” that travelers are using to plan their trips.

Aerovironment was one of the earliest developers of electric vehicles (GM EV-1 prototype “Impact”) and charging stations and is an OEM for several major automakers. The reliable EV50-PS is in widespread use throughout the US and along the Washington & Oregon West Coast Electric Highway.

Schneider Electric is one of the big players in the market. The $30b/yr multinational is best known in the US for its respected Square D brand of electrical components. The company’s EVlink line of commercial quick chargers can run on 208-volt, 240-volt, or 480-volt connections. The system permits authentication by either Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) for workplace charging or credit card payment for retail locations.

Fuji Electric sells smaller units capable of output from 12.4 kW to 50kW. The units can run on 208v three phase input, which enables installation at locations that do not already have access to 480v power. The Fuji unit operated by EV Oasis, which is located at the Residence Inn in San Juan Capistrano, allows EV drivers to stretch their travel radius from San Diego to Orange County or vice versa.

Efacec provides a two cabinet solution that reduces the size of the customer service kiosk to about the size of a gas pump. The company was one of the first DC Quick Charge manufacturers to provide support for the SAE Combo connector used by US and European automakers. An early mover in the market with with DC chargers installed

Retailers that provide charging stations find that customers spend an additional 30 minutes in the store .

Public charging stations dot the map on the Plugshare app . Orange pins show DC fast chargers, green Level 2 .

An NRG eVgo dual-standard Quick Charge station in Simon Property Group’s Fashion Valley Mall charges a BMW i3 .

internationally, Efacec was recently chosen by the Sacramento Municipal Utility District to provide the four QC stations the utility is installing at sites around the metro area. The chargers will use the SemaCharge payment network to process payments by mobile phone, credit card, web site or 800 number.

Public charge network provider NRG eVgo is partnering with major mall operators Simon Property Group and Kimco Realty Corp. The company has plans to install 200 Quick Charge facilities they call “Freedom Stations” throughout California within the next few years.

The desire to guide the flow of traffic to a retail business is not limited to operators of mega-malls. Bookman’s Sports Exchange in Tucson Arizona installed an Eaton unit powered by a 50-kilowatt photovoltaic array. The site is part of the GOe3 Electric Highway. GOe3 aims to install 1,000 QC stations coast to coast.

Sites that do not have the budget for a QC station can get on the map with a Level 2 charger, represented by a green pin. Although these chargers will draw customers from a smaller service area, they have the advantage of being much less expensive to install and will serve all EVs on the market.

Aerovironment DC Fast Charge station in Burlington WA Photo: WSDOT

Level 2 chargers at Home Depot in San Luis Obispo CA Photo: ClipperCreek

eVgo SAE Combo and CHAdeMO chargers in San Diego, CA Photo: Christopher Alan

ClipperCreek offers Level 2 units that are rated at 24-80 amps continuous and can deliver up to 19 .2kW to compatible cars .

47 | 2014 | v4


Border to border and coast to coast, long distance travel by EV is not only possible but routine

A n EV road trip is something of an oxymoron. The two things most people know about EVs are that they don’t go very far and they take a long time

to charge. Tesla set out to change that perception and the reality by including three features in the Model S; a long range battery (265 miles), very quick charge times (150 miles in 30 minutes) and a network of fast charging stations strategically placed in between major metro areas connecting the country border to border and coast to coast.

This impressive feat has been accomplished and now distinguishes Tesla from every other automaker. True zero emission driving without compromise including long distance trips. Planning cross country trips using the Supercharger network is becoming very easy. Over one hundred supercharger stations have been installed to date and another one hundred are scheduled to be installed within the next year. On the west coast I was able to drive from Seattle to San Diego with the same convenience as I have in any other car, and considerably more comfort.

So what’s it like to drive a Tesla a few thousand miles from the umbilical cord in your garage? It is generally delightful because the Model S is such a beautifully performing, comfortable, quiet car with loads of space for passengers and luggage. There are a few caveats though, so I’ll recall a few from my experience driving up and down the west coast for the Electric Car Guest Drive series.

The realization that you’ll plan your rest stops around the Supercharger refueling sessions is obvious. Since most Superchargers are located near outlet malls or other areas with food and services, it’s not usually not hard to find a decent cup of coffee and food, although if you’re discriminating about what you eat or have special dietary requirements, you may need to look a little harder and walk

Model SRoad Trip

Seattle

Portland

Grant’s Pass

Mt Shasta

Redding

Sacramento

San Francisco

Monterey

San Luis Obispo

Santa Barbara

Los Angeles

San Diego

Tesla Centralia

Woodburn

Corning

Fremont

Atascadero

Buellton

SJ Capistrano

Gilroy

Ashland

a little further. It’s best to do your research before leaving, or if you have a good co-pilot, while you’re en route. Driving by your meal stop and walking route before you plug in at the Supercharger is also a good idea since it’s a lot easier to reconnoiter your break spot or figure out a more scenic walking route while you’re still driving than it is on foot. A great example is in Atascadero near San Luis Obispo CA. There’s a Denny’s next to the Supercharger, and a Starbucks right across the street. But just a block and a half down, next door to the beautiful and historic Carlton Hotel, you’ll find the tiny independent Fig Good Food cafe with a delightful garden patio in back. If you’re charging while you’re eating, stretching your legs or doing a little shopping you’re not waiting, so there’s no inconvenience that the refuel stop is longer than it would be at a gas station.

v4 | 2014 | 48


The Supercharger can give the Model S 150 miles of range within a half hour, less time than it will take to eat a

decent meal .

The fee for using superchargers is pre-paid when you purchase the car . There’s no access or payment card required . Just plug it in .

Superchargers are kind of magical, like the fairy tale Seven League Boots. It’s just an entirely different frame of reference for getting somewhere in an EV. You pull up to a supercharger and in about 30 minutes you have 150 miles range and are back on the road headed for the horizon. In the same 30 minutes on a Level 2 charger you get 10 miles of range which, when you’re on a 400 mile road trip, seems like a few blocks worth of driving. It’s almost disorienting.

The remedy is to fully charge before you start which sounds entirely obvious but I’ve made that mistake myself. Then charge more than you think you need to at all Supercharger stops, making sure that you have a good margin of error for detours, backtracking and missed exits before hitting the next Supercharger.

The final tip is to charge a little extra at the last Supercharger before your intended destination so that you arrive with enough charge to do all the in-town driving you need to do. You won’t want to have to charge using a Level 2 charger prior to plugging in for your overnight charge.

If you’re interested in experiencing a Tesla road trip for yourself there are two ways you can do it without having to purchase a Tesla. I’ll be inviting folks to drive with me between cities on the next Electric Car Guest Drive. Just drop me a line letting me know you’re interested in getting some time behind the wheel (or in the navigators seat if you prefer not to drive). Email me at:

[email protected] you want to take a road trip on your own, see the

Rent Tesla Model S ad on the inside back cover of this issue.

Seattle

San DiegoSJ Capistrano

49 | 2014 | v3

D istilling your own solar fuel has an obvious appeal: it’s clean, renewable, local and we don’t have to fight wars over it. The downside has historically

been price. Until now. Residential solar installations once cost tens of thousands of dollars and took over 20 years to pay off. But solar panel prices have decreased significantly over the past ten years. The technology to produce panels cost-effectively has improved and manufacturing volumes have skyrocketed pushing solar panel costs from over $20 per watt in the 1980s to less than $1 per watt today. Residential solar power is now cheaper then retail electric power, dramatically lower in places that have high utility costs like most of California. Solar is just about the cheapest, cleanest way possible to fuel your car and power the rest of your house. Whether you are considering installing solar panels to lower your environmental footprint, lower your utility bills or both, the most common question is what is the best way to pay for the system. Naturally the best way for you depends on your personal financial circumstances, but we’ll review the options and consider the pros and cons of each.

Cash purchaseIf you’re in a strong financial position and have

the cash to pay for your solar system, the return on investment will outperform a stock market index fund, you’ll avoid interest payments and you’ll have no extra debt on your balance sheet. The solar system will increase the value of your house, so your equity will increase. If you have the cash, unless you have an extraordinarily well-performing portfolio, home solar is a really solid bet. Many homeowners find that the savings over the life of the system, which is usually warranted for 20 years, is on the order of $25,000. A very high degree of confidence in two facts makes purchasing your own solar power plant a low risk, high yield investment: the sun is going to continue to rise and so will utility rates.

Finance purchaseIf, like most people, you’re not in a position to

write a check for the purchase and installation of the solar panels, but your balance sheet and credit report are in good condition, a home equity loan or personal unsecured loan from your credit union or a bank may make sense. You still get to pocket the hefty 30% Federal tax credit and any other state or local incentives. The return from the investment will more than pay the for the system and the interest on the loan. Interest rates currently range from 3.5-7.5%. Terms are typically 7-20 years. If you obtain a home equity loan the interest may be tax deductible providing even greater annual savings. A solar system financed through a home equity loan where the interest is tax deductible will usually give you the best cash flow starting at the first year.

Los Angeles based Verengo Solar, whose installation is shown above, is one of the nation’s largest solar installers . Verengo offers leased and PPA systems .

Home Grown

SOLAR FUELDistilling Your Own

Creating fuel for you car at home is now cheaper then buying it at the pump or even from the grid. And that’s no moonshine.

v4 | 2014 | 50


This graph provided by PHAT Energy shows the increasing savings obtained by the purchase of a residential solar system .

PHAT Energy’s attractive PHATport canopies provide extra shelter and shade as well as power at Aether Apparel’s offices .

LeaseWith a lease you’ll make payments just as if you

financed the system, but someone else owns it and maintains it. Your payments are rent, an expense, like your other household operating costs. The big advantage is that there’s usually no large upfront investment and qualifying may be easier. The installer will usually arrange the financing. As an expense, a solar lease usually does not have the same balance sheet or credit file hit as a financed purchase.

PACE (Property Assessed Clean Energy)PACE is not available in all areas but it is a very

appealing option for solar purchasers in areas it is offered. In a PACE, financing is offered by the city or county government and you make the payments through your property tax bills over the 15-20 year term. Because qualification for PACE is based on the property value not credit scores. more property owners qualify for the financing. PACE financing also significantly reduces the complexity transferring the responsibility for the payments in the event you sell your home, since your purchaser will simply assume the tax liability, which is more than offset by lower utility payments.

Two facts are certain: the sun is going to continue to rise and so will utility rates

Solar and EV charging systemsTwo Southern California solar installers have

significant experience with residential systems that include EV chargers. Both also support the Electric Car movement and have been sponsors of the Electric Car Guest Drive Series.

PHAT Energy installs residential and commercial solar systems. They also produce an original-design solar carport called the PHATport. PHAT Energy CEO Philippe Hartley brought his BMW ActiveE to the Santa Monica Electric Car Guest Drive.

Verengo Solar specializes in residential systems. They also have experience installing EV charging stations with their solar systems.

Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)A Power Purchase Agrements have become very

popular in the past few years because like a lease, there is usually little or no money down and you start saving money immediately. It’s just like negotiating a lower utility payment, because that’s what you’re doing. The downside is that you are negotiating a long term purchasing agreement which, like your utility bill, will go up over time, although the expectation is that it will not go up as much. Instead of paying for the equipment, like with a lease, you are paying for the power on a per-kWh basis, just like you do with your utility. The PPA operator is responsible for all maintenance and service of the system. Zero down PPAs are generally regarded as a better deal than buying grid power especially for people who would not be able to purchase solar otherwise, but there are a few downsides you should be aware of. Selling a home with a PPA may be more difficult, since they are new financial arrangements and not as well understood by potential home buyers. Some buyers might rather pay cash or finance their own system for the reasons described above and may not want to agree to the terms of the PPA. Finally, getting a third party involved in the negotiation of the sale of your house will add complication and time required to get the deal done. PPAs are a great way to enjoy lower utility rates, but they are not ideal in all circumstances. Like a lease, a PPA does not affect the debt-to-income ratio on your financial statement or credit file. PPAs are not available in all states due to regulations that classify such solar installations as utilities, although recent court decisions in favor of PPAs may make them more widely available.

51 | 2014 | v3

orange County CaliforniaGuest Drive in Newport Beach, island style

T he Electric Car Guest Drive event held in Newport Beach near Irvine at Bonita Canyon Sports Park reflected the laid back vibe of the tony beach city.

Educational reps from Verengo Solar shared the spirit of ahoha in a dialog that weaved a deeply felt philosophy of care for the earth and ocean throughout the daylong discussion of the technical how-to of fueling your car on sunshine. The lineup of EVs available to guest drive included the Tesla Model S, Fiat 500e and Ford Focus Electric. The black Cadillac ELR drew a lot of attention and made for quite a contrast alongside Patrick Sullivan’s red Tesla Model S performance signature edition. Automotive blogger and competitive wakeboarder Chase Gregory flew in all the way from Winterpark Florida.Patrick’s red Tesla Model S gleams alongside Chris’ Focus Electric and Cadillac ELR

San Diego and CarlsbadAlmost 200 show for San Diego Guest Drive

E V Quorum had a great turnout in Balboa Park. Just under two hundred people turned out to drive nine different electric vehicles over Saturday and

Sunday afternoon. Owners of a wide range of EVs showed up, chatted about driving electric and gave people the opportunity to drive their car around the wide four mile parkway that rings the neighborhood. The club also had two electric conversions on display, one each day. David Bernardo brought his orange VW Beetle “Zelectric” on Saturday and gave guest drives. Farhad Sorourifar brought his Pontiac Fiero “Silver Bullet” to Calavera Park in Carlsbad for static display.

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ChrisMountainoffersguestdrivesinhisRAV4EVatCalaveraPark.Photo:ChrisReed

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Chino Hills – Inland empireThe old and new convene in Chino Hills

I was certain the Cadillac ELR would be the novelty of the day until Electric Vehicle Association of Southern California member “Electric Bill” Dale, glided up in

a perfectly restored 1999 Corbin Sparrow. The personal transporter was a reminder of both the longevity of electric vehicles and how far EVs have come in the past 15 years. Automotive journalist Lynn Walford stopped by to drive and talk shop. An Aerovironment educational rep showed off the portable TurboCord dual-voltage charging cord. EVAoSC members George Steinheimer and Bruce Buller conducted guest drives. George brought his new slate-finish Fiat 500e, Bruce had a beautiful red Chevy Volt. PHAT Energy explained the basics of charging an EV using solar panels.

west LA – Santa monicaSanta Monica meet-up on hallowed ground

J ordan Bloch’s video documentary of the Electric Car Guest Drive resumed at full speed as EV Quorum pitched the lightning-bolt canopies in a line under

the shade of the enormous trees in Santa Monica’s Clover Park. Russell Sydney made a compelling summary of his case for driving electric for the camera and the passerby who gathered on the sidewalk. In a serious tone but with a prankish grin, Russell commented that the ECGD Clover park location was “hallowed ground” due to its historical significance as the site of one of the earliest advocacy and activism events for electric cars in Santa Monica. It was in exactly the same location that Paul Scott and Chelsea Sexton announced the formation of Plug in America. Steven Goldstein, an electrical engineer, brought his brand new gleaming Toyota RAV4 EV which shone like a white pearl alongside its two grey Tesla Model S cousins. PHAT Energy founder Philippe Hartley brought his BMW ActiveE and exuberant energy to the gathering, telling the group about the PHATport solar carport which provides shade and fuel distilled from pure sunshine.

north LA – Thousand oaksThousand Oaks Guest Drive draws four aces

T he Thousand Oaks Electric Car Guest Drive drew four Tesla Model S performance sedans to the gathering, calling for a show which revealed a pair

of Chevy Volts, a Nissan Leaf, Fiat 500e and Ford Focus Electric.

Although musician and producer Gene Rubin brought his Model S, he explained that one electric car wasn’t enough, and that he and Anne were in the market for another EV. Noted director Jordan Bloch drove up from Ojai in his grey Model S and began shooting a video about the Electric Car Guest Drive which is now posted on EV Quorum’s YouTube channel.

Renewable energy educators from Verengo, PHAT Energy and Solar City all showed up to talk about how to drive with truly zero emissions and lower costs. I was impressed that two of the educational reps from Solar City showed up in electric cars, walking the walk so to speak. Kathy Krasenics drives a Chevy Volt and Frank Wagner drives a Nissan Leaf.

The black Cadillac ELR and red GM Volt looked angular and modernnexttotheflowingcurvesoftheCorbinSparrow.

Educational displays of EV charging stations & solar power systems at Thousand Oaks

A quiet moment before the guest drive starts at Clover Park Santa Monica

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SF east BayEast Bay EAA focuses on next generation

C hristie Park & Public Market in Emeryville was the site of the meet-up between members of the EV Quorum and East Bay Electric Auto Association

car clubs. Dean Cornell, president of the EBEAA, has been charged with recruiting the new generation of EV drivers and orchestrated a great turnout from the club. Two of the always-popular Toyota RAV4 EVs attended the meet-up, especially notable in this case because one was a first-generation version originally made by Toyota from 1997-2003. Dr. Hoi Sun Wong brought his RAV4 EV second generation down to the meet-up with his family’s second generation, car seat and all. The charming ladies from Verengo Solar discussed the finer points of charging on sunshine.

SacramentoSacEV & EV Quorum meet Southside

Located in a quiet downtown neighborhood with large expanses of green lawn, Southside is considered one of the best parks in Sacramento. The normally bustling

downtown was quiet in the state capitol and meters for the

San FranciscoInternational meet-up in Golden Gate Park

A large meadow surrounded by pines in picturesque and historic Golden Gate Park was the site of the San Francisco EV Quorum car club Electric Car

Guest Drive meet-up. As if underscoring the international diversity that the city is so well known for, a majority of our new club members and guests that day hailed from outside the US, including Russia, the Ukraine, Spain, England, Australia and several parts of Asia. Denis Voskoboinikov explained that it was his life’s ambition to work for Tesla and help advance the cause of zero emission transportation. Jim Collier brought his teenage son all the way from Texas to San Francisco for the weekend.

Alex (left) with Denis V. and his family in San Francisco Golden Gate Park

The gang from Sacramento EAA and EV Quorum keep cool in Sacramento’s Southside Park. Cassidy, center. Photos: John Oram & EV Quorum

slant street parking surrounding the park were on holiday with the rest of the state and municipal workers. A Tesla Roadster and three Tesla Model S sedans from Sacramento EAA members were the standouts among the lineup which also included two Fiat 500e, a Chevy Volt, Ford Focus Electric, Honda Fit and Smart ED.

Dean Cornell with Model S in Emeryville.

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Santa rosaSanta Rosa ECGD spans three generations

T he EV Quorum and North Bay EAA meet-up in Santa Rosa spanned three generations - of EVs and attendees. The gathering featured eleven

electric cars produced from the 1990s to present day, representing three distinct phases of the EV revolution. The elder statesmen were the two immaculate 1999 Ford Ranger Electric trucks that looked as good as the year they were originally produced. The second generation was NBEAA president Alan Soule’s beautiful “thunder grey” Tesla Roadster. The third generation was represented by the two Tesla Model S’ and other 2013-2014 model year EVs. Brian Hall of Thunderstruck Motors drove his pristine Coda sedan. Journalist Sam Euston conducted several on-camera interviews and shot video footage of his guest drive in the Tesla Model S. Sam is writing a series of articles about electric vehicles for the Sonoma County Gazette. The EVoReel EVSE cable management system was the day’s most popular tech demo.

San JoseEV Quorum pitches tents at St James Park

S t James Park has a pretty rough reputation as the site of a permanent homeless encampment. But upon seeing fellow travelers with tents, the park

residents graciously made plenty of room for us and we staked out our patch of grass in the corner with four teardrop flags and a row of feather flags along the sixteen parking spots that had been reserved for us. Electric Auto Association of Silicon Valley president Wes Lambert glided up in his white and silver Smart ED. EAASV co-hosted the San Jose meet-up. A pair of Chevrolet Sparks appeared and I had to rub my eyes to make sure I wasn’t seeing double as they parked side by side. Musician King Ra Pharaoh stopped by say hello and entertained us with his irrepressible enthusiasm for life. Young Max Hunter impressed everyone with his enthusiasm for EVs (specifically, um, TESLA EVs), having traveled from Fayetteville Arkansas to attend. Thanks to Chris Novak at Electric Vehicle Entrepreneurs of Silicon Valley for helping get the word out about the San Jose Electric Car Guest Drive.

Three generations of EVs line up at Finley Park in Santa Rosa

montereyElectric Vehicle Alliance in Monterey Bay

B eautiful Veterans Memorial Park is forested area just a mile from town which made us feel like we were deep in the woods on a campout.

Sharon Sarris, founder of the Monterey Bay EV Alliance, brought her black Chevy Volt which looked like a polished bit of Apache Tear glittering in the sun. Software engineer Antonio Juarez made the trek down from Mountain View to join us and his enthusiasm for the Tesla Model S was evident when he took a turn behind the wheel. Dan Marks, a pilot who is attending grad school in Monterey, came to do some fieldwork for a paper he’s writing on Tesla’s business strategy. It was really nice to see Dan’s family having fun, playing ball on the lawn across the street from our campsite, while dad did his homework. Sharon Sarris provides a guest drive in her Chevy Volt. Dan Marks gets Tesla time, top

The city of San Jose provided reserved parking alongside our patch of grass at St James

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are all part of the fun. Some refreshments; water, soda and light snacks, are available. Family picnics are welcome, bring a blanket and lunch if you wish.

Attendance at the events is free of charge. An RSVP through the clubs registration form is required. If you would like to drive other members’ cars, you must become

an EV Quorum car club member, which is just $20. Joining the club ensures an invitation to club events where you can drive the Tesla Model S and other electric cars provided by club members. The membership fee helps support the club and pays for the insurance, which is required for group events at parks. A one year subscription to Electric Car Insider magazine and admission to other club events is included in your club membership.

To request an invitation to a guest drive, or to suggest a city or a specific

park venue, fill out the registration form on the Electric Car Guest Drive web site at:

www.electriccarguestdrive.comIf you have an electric car and would like to participate

by offering guest drives or by providing a static display, please use the registration form and select the appropriate items from the drop-down menu.

EV Quorum car club is organizing more Electric Car Guest Drive events throughout California in Fall 2014 and and in cities all over North America

starting in spring 2014. The purpose of Electric Car Guest Drive is to give folks

an opportunity to socialize, learn about and drive electric cars in a non-sales setting. Guests talk to real owners about their experience owning and driving electric cars. It’s a picnic in the park, not an expo or sales event. If you’ve ever wanted to guest drive a Tesla Model S or other electric car without the sales pitch, this is for you. Several of the events are co-hosted by local Electric Auto Association chapters.

The club is offering the opportunity to guest drive at least six different electric vehicles in a single afternoon. Some events will have more cars. The cars are provided by individual club members. Sometimes automakers will bring cars that are not yet released or that we don’t have in the club. All cars on display are for “show and tell”. There are no salespeople and there is nothing for sale.

The club meets on a grass field area next to the area where the cars are parked. This is a family friendly event where bocci ball, frisbee and other kid-friendly activities

Upcoming electric Car Guest Drive eventsRequest an invitation to a guest drive in your city

Photo courtesy Jack Rickard, evtv.me

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