Election of 1800• Also referred to as the Revolution of 1800. It was the

peaceful transfer of political power.• John Adams/Charles Pinckney v. Thomas

Jefferson/Aaron Burr• Hamilton interfered again, trying to sway votes so

Pinckney would win the presidency and Adams the vice-presidency. Instead, the election resulted in a tie which the House of Representatives had to decide. After 36 votes, Jefferson won the election with Burr as VP.• 12th Amendment was passed to prevent what had

happened in 1796 & 1800.

Jefferson’s 1st Inaugural• Jefferson stated, “We are all republicans. We are all federalists.”

• What did he mean?

This means regardless of political parties, the people were committed to a federal union based on the republican ideas of liberty and equality.

Democracy 1800-1848• The Election of 1800 is referred to as the “Revolution of 1800.” Why?

It was a smooth & peaceful transition of political party from 1 party (Federalists) to another party (Democratic-Republicans or just Republicans). This is why Jefferson said, “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.”• Louisiana Purchase showed the Federalists to be a weak, sectionalist

party as the acquisition of millions of acres of land strengthened Jefferson’s hopes that the future of the US would be based on an agrarian society of independent farmers.

The Age of Jefferson• Kept Hamilton’s Economic plan in place – the Bank of the US and the

assumption of debts• Carried on the neutrality policies of Washington and Adams• Supported limited government as evidenced in1.Reducing the size of the military2.Eliminating a number of federal jobs (reduced the size of the

bureaucracy)3.Repealed the excise tax (whiskey04.Lower the national debt5.Only appointed Republicans to his cabinet to avoid internal divisions

that Washington had experienced

• Louisiana Purchase – 1803 – doubled the size of the US; gaining control of the Mississippi River and the Port of New Orleans which increased trade and led to economic development; also strengthened US claims to the Oregon Territory• The Louisiana Purchase was a constitutional issue. The Constitution

did not explicitly state that a president could purchase foreign land.• Jefferson set aside his “strict” interpretation of the Constitution to

buy this land. Jefferson believed that the country would be based on an agrarian society of independent farmers rather than Hamilton’s vision of an urban and industrial society. • This purchase increased Jefferson’s popularity and showed the

Federalists to be a weak, sectionalist (NE-based) party that could do little more than complain about Republican policies.

• Lewis and Clark Expedition – to explore the Louisiana Territory; greater geographic and scientific knowledge of the region was gained as well as stronger US claims to the Oregon Territory, better relations with American Indians, and more accurate maps and land routes for fur trappers and future settlers.

John Marshall and the Supreme Court• After the Election of 1800, the Republicans controlled all of

government (Legislative & Executive branches) except for the Judicial Branch. • John Marshall became the Supreme Court Justice as a result of

Adams’ “Midnight” appointments. He served this role for 34 years. His decisions strengthened the central government, often at the expense of states’ rights.• Marbury v. Madison – established the power of judicial review for the

Judicial Branch by declaring the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional.

Judicial Impeachments• Another attempt by Jefferson to overturn past Federalist

appointments.• Jefferson had earlier suspended the Alien and Sedition Acts. Hoping

to remove partisan Federalist judges, Jefferson tried to have them impeached. One judge, Samuel Chase, had criticized Jefferson so Jefferson wanted him impeached. The House impeached (charged) Chase, but the Senate acquitted him after finding no evidence of “high crimes.” This ended Jefferson’s impeachment campaign.

Jefferson’s Reelection• His 2nd term was marked by growing difficulties.• There were plots by his former vice president, Aaron Burr; opposition

by a faction of his own party who called themselves the “Quids”, who accused him of abandoning Republican principles; and foreign troubles from the Napoleonic wars in Europe.

Aaron Burr• A D-R caucus (closed meeting) decided not to nominate Burr for a

second term as vice president.• As a result Burr:1. Secretly formed a political pact with some radical New England

Federalists to win the governorship of New York in 1804, unite that state with the New England states, and lead this group of states to secede from the nation. Most Federalists, including Hamilton, opposed Burr, who was defeated in the NY election. Burr’s plan then disintegrated.

Aaron Burr continued…• Angered by an insulting remark attributed to Hamilton, Burr challenged

Hamilton to a duel and fatally shot him. Hamilton’s death deprived the Federalists of their last great leader and earned Burr the hatred of many.• Finally, Burr came up with a plan to take Mexico from Spain and

possibly unite it with Louisiana under his rule. Learning of the conspiracy, Jefferson ordered Burr’s arrest and trial for treason. Chief Justice John Marshall, a long-time adversary of Jefferson presided over the trial. The jury acquitted Burr, basing its decision on Marshall’s narrow definition of treason and the lack of witnesses to any “overt act” by Burr.

Foreign Policy• Jefferson sought to maintain US neutrality in the conflict from France and

Britain during the Napoleonic wars.• Barbary Pirates:These pirates, on the North African coast, would seize US merchant ships

unless the US paid tribute to the Barbary governments. Both Washington and Adams had reluctantly agreed to pay this tribute but Jefferson refused to because the amount of tribute had increased. Instead, Jefferson sent a small fleet of the US Navy to the Mediterranean. Sporadic fighting with Tripoli lasted 4 years. Although the American navy did not achieve a decisive victory, it did gain some respect and also offered protection to US vessels trading in Mediterranean waters.

Foreign policy continued…• Challenges to US Neutrality- The Napoleonic wars continued to dominate the politics of Europe and to shape

the commercial economy of the US. France & Britain attempted naval blockades of enemy ports. Both seized the ships of neutral nations and confiscated their cargoes (US). The British also impressed US sailors to serve in the British navy.• Chesapeake Incident:- Angered the US and almost led to war- 1807, off the coast of Virginia, the British warship Leopard fired on the US warship, Chesapeake, killing 3 Americans and taking 4 captive, impressing them into the British navy. Anti-British felling ran high and many Americans demanded war. Jefferson responded with diplomatic and economic pressure – the Embargo Act.

The Embargo Act, 1807• Jefferson now faced a situation (the Chesapeake Incident) to that of

Adams in the XYZ Affair.

• This Act was an alternative to war. It prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to any foreign port. Since the US was Britain’s largest trading partner, this act would hurt Britain economically. Instead, it hurt the New England states (merchant marine & shipbuilders). A movement developed in the NE states to secede from the Union. This Act was repealed and US ships could trade legally with all nations except Britain & France.

President James Madison• Elected in 1808• a D-RForeign PolicyThe Embargo Act was replaced with several acts, one of which was Macon’s Bill

#2d (1810) which provided that if either Britain or France formally agreed to respect US neutral rights at sea, then the US would prohibit trade with that nation’s foe.

Napoleon’s DeceptionNapoleon accepted Madison’s offer in Macon’s Bill #2 by promising to revoke the

decrees (trade restrictions) that had violated US neutral rights. Madison took Napoleon at his word (a man who could not be trusted) and continued the embargo on Britain. By 1811, Madison realized that Napoleon had no intention of fulfilling his promise. The French continued to seize American merchant ships.

War of 1812Causes:•Violation of neutrality – searching/seizing ships, impressment•Troubles with the British on the western frontier (Native Americans being supplied with guns to resist westward expansionFrontier PressuresBattle of Tippecanoe, 1811, (Indiana Territory) – Native Americans were led by Tecumseh and his brother (Prophet) – Pan-Indian Movement or Red Stick Confederacy – an attempt to unite all the tribes east of the Mississippi River to resist expansion. Native Americans were defeated under General William Henry Harrison, an Indian hater & later President.

War Hawks – Southerners & Westerners who supported the war in the hopes of gaining more land (Canada & Florida) – led by Henry Clay (the Great Compromiser)

• New Englanders (Doves) did not support the war. Merchants & Federalists opposed war because after the repeal of the Embargo Act, they were making sizable profits from the European war (b/t France & Britain).• New Englanders/Federalists were also pro-British (Protestant) rather

than pro-French (Catholic).• Another group to oppose war were “Old” Democratic Republicans

who were called “Quids” (a replacement name)

Declaration of War• President Madison issued a list of requirements the British had to

meet in order to avoid war. The British met the agreements, including suspending its naval blockade but news of this was late reaching the White House and Congress had already declared war.• This war is also known as the Second War for Independence or

“Madison’s War.”

Military Defeats and Naval VictoriesNOTE: Facing Britain’s overwhelming naval power, Madison’s military strategists based their hope for victory on Napoleon’s continued success in Europe and a US land campaign against Canada.

Invasion of Canada:•A complete failure (US had a weak army)

Naval Battles:•The US warship Constitution (“Old Ironsides”) defeated a British ship off the coast of Nova Scotia.•Most important battle occurred on Lake Erie with American Captain Oliver Hazard Perry declaring victory with “We have met the enemy and they are ours.”

More military battles

• Battle of Thames – Tecumseh was killed, ending the Indian movement for unity• Lake Champlain – 1814 ships commanded by Thomas Macdonough

defeated a British fleet• Chesapeake Campaign – 1814 – war between France & Britain was

over (British defeated Napoleon) so a British army marched through the nation’s capital and set fire to the White House, the Capitol, and other government buildings. The British also attempted to take Baltimore, but Fort McHenry held out after a night’s bombardment – an event immortalized by Francis Scott Key (“The Star-Spangled Banner.”

Final Southern Campaign• US troops in the South under General Andrew Jackson defeated the

Creek Native Americans; an important British ally. The victory eliminated the Indians and opened new lands to white settlers. A British effort to control the Mississippi River was halted at New Orleans by Jackson. The victory was impressive but also meaningless because it was fought 2 weeks after the Treaty of Ghent, ending the war, was signed.

The Treaty of Ghent, 1814• On Christmas Eve, 1814, an agreement was reached to end the war.

The war ended in a stalemate with no gain for either side.

Terms of the treaty:• Everything returned to prewar conditions, meaning no territory was

lost or gained, no one lost or won this war. Impressment or blockades continued.

The Hartford Convention• Just before the war ended, New England states threatened to secede

from the Union. Federalists urged that the Constitution be amended so they held a meeting in which delegates rejected calls for secession but called for a 2/3rds vote of both houses for any future declaration of war.• The Battle of New Orleans and the Treaty of Ghent ended criticism of

the war and further weakened the Federalists by labeling them as unpatriotic.

The War’s Legacy• The US gained the respect of other nations after having survived 2

wars with Britain.• The US accepted Canada as a part of the British Empire.• The Federalist Party came to an end as a national force after being

denounced or criticized for the Hartford Convention.• Talk of nullification and secession in New England set a precedent

that would later be used by the South.• American Indians were forced surrender land to white settlement.• US factories were built and the US moved toward industrial self-

sufficiency. – RISE OF NATIONALISM• War heroes such as Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison

Nationalism – focus on the US

• Election of 1816 – James Monroe was elected • The period after the War of 1812 was characterized as an “Era of

Good Feelings” by a newspaper editorial, meaning the Monroe years were marked by a spirit of nationalism, optimism, and goodwill – true to some extent.• One-party rule – the D-R• Rise of sectionalism over issues such as tariffs, the national bank,

internal improvements, and public land sales.• Monroe was reelected in 1820, almost unanimously (missed by 1 vote)

Cultural Nationalism• Younger generation who believed their young country was entering

an era of unlimited prosperity• Patriotic themes – art, schoolbooks, paintings of heroes of the

Revolution; literature-a fictionalized biography of Washington written by Parson Mason Weems• Education: Noah Webster’s dictionary that standardized the English

language as well as his blue-backed speller that promoted patriotism

Economic Nationalism• Subsidizing internal improvements (roads, canals)• Protective tariff to protect US industries from European competition- Tariff of 1816 – the first protective tariff in US history

- NE states opposed the tariff because they had little manufacturing at the time

- South & West generally supported the tariff believing it was needed for economic prosperity

Economic NationalismHenry Clay’s American SystemPurpose: to help the economy growIncluded:1.Protective tariffs to promote manufacturing & raise revenue to build a national transportation system of federally constructed roads and canals (benefit the East)- already in place2.National bank – to provide a national currency (benefit all sections) – a Second Bank of the US was rechartered in 18163.Internal improvements (benefit West & South) – became a constitutional issue because the Constitution did not explicitly provide for the spending of federal money on roads and canals. President Monroe consistently vetoed acts of Congress providing funds for internal improvements, leaving it up to the states.

The Panic of 1819• Was the 1st major financial panic• Was the fault of the Second Bank of the US which had tightened

credit in an effort to control inflation• Many state banks closed and unemployment, bankruptcies, and

imprisonment for debt increased• Was most severe in the West where many people were in debt

because they speculated (invested) on land right after the War of 1812 but by 1819, the Bank of the US foreclosed on large amounts of western farmland

Political Changes• Changes in the D-R PartySome believed in limited government and a strict interpretation of the

Constitution.

Most adopted what had been Federalist ideas such as maintain a large army and navy and support for a national bank.

Some reversed their views from one decade to the next. Ex; Daniel Webster (House of Representatives) opposed tariffs in 1816 & 1824 but supported them in 1828. John C. Calhoun(D-R from SC) reversed positions too. Calhoun was a war hawk and nationalist in 1812, but championed states’ rights after 1828!

Political Changes continued• Election of 1824 – 5 candidates ran for president, all were D-R which

led to a split of the D-R party into 2 rival parties.

John Marshall• Appointed to the Supreme Court by Federalist President John Adams• His decisions consistently favored the national government and the

rights of property against the advocates of states’ rights• Several of his decisions became landmark rulings that defined the

relationship between the central government and the states. Ex: Marbury v. Madison which established judicial review.

Western Settlement• Two years after the War of 1812, the population west of the Appalachian

Mountains had doubled.Reasons for Westward Movement:• Acquisition of American Indians’ Lands – large areas were open for

settlement after Native Americans were driven from their lands by the victories of Generals William Henry Harrison and Andrew Jackson• Economic Pressures – b/c of the difficulties in the NE from the embargo

and the war – people became to leave the NE and move west to seek a new future. In the South, tobacco planters needed new land to replace the soil exhausted by years of poor farming methods. Moved to Alabama, Mississippi, & Arkansas.• Improved Transportation – roads, canals, steamboats, railroads• Immigrants – More Europeans were attracted to America by speculators

offering cheap land.

The West• New states in the West had small populations so they turned to

Congress to provide:1.“cheap money” – easy credit from state banks rather than from the

Bank of the US2.Low prices for land sold by the federal government3.Improved transportation

On the issue of slavery, Westerners could not agree whether to permit it or exclude it. Resulted in the Missouri Compromise.

Missouri Compromise• Congress attempted to maintain a sectional balance between the North and

South in the Senate. By 1818, 22 states had been admitted to the Union – 11 free, 11 slave.• Missouri wanted to enter the Union as a slave state. Missouri was the first

part of the Louisiana Purchase to apply for statehood. • Tallmadge Amendment: called for1.Prohibiting the expansion of slavery into Missouri2.Requiring the children of Missouri slaves to be emancipated by the age of 25.If adopted, this amendment would have led to the gradual elimination of

slavery in Missouri. The amentment was defeated in the Senate as enraged southerners saw it as the first step by the North to abolish slavery.

Clay’s ProposalsThe Missouri Compromise:1.Admit Missouri as a slave state.2.Admit Maine as a free state3.Prohibit slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36’30

This compromise temporarily settled the issue of slavery for 30 years

Foreign Affairs

• Barbary Pirates - Under President Madison, a fleet under Stephen Decatur was sent in 1815 to force the rulers of North Africa to allow Americans shipping the free use of the Mediterranean. President Monroe continued this policy.• Canada:1.Rush-Bagot Agreement, 1817 – Under President Monroe, the US &

Britain agreed to a major disarmament pact.2.Treaty of 1818 – between the US & Britain that provided for:a)Shared fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundlandb)Joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for 10 yearsc)Setting the 49th parallel as the border between the US & Canada

Foreign affairs continued• Florida: Treaty of 1819 – also called the Adams-Onis TreatyUS purchased Florida from Spain(General Andrew Jackson was sent to stop the raids conducted by

Seminoles, runaway slaves, and white outlaws on the border between GA & Florida. When he arrived and didn’t find any Seminoles, he invaded Florida. This caused problems and Spain demanded Jackson be punished. The US turned the situation around by reminding Spain that they had no control over Florida since they were so far away and that the US would take this problem over for them.)

In the Treaty of 1819, Spain turned over Florida and its claims in the Oregon Territory for $5 million.

Foreign Affairs…The Monroe DoctrineAlthough the US was focused on its own growth (nationalism), they did not ignore what was going on in Europe. Ex: Russia’s presence in Alaska worried both Great Britain & the US which lead these 2 countries to work together. The British wanted the US to join them in issuing a strong warning to European powers not to intervene in South American (Spain in particular).

Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams, convinced President Monroe to issue their own warning: “the Monroe Doctrine” which basically told European countries there would be no more colonizing in the Western Hemisphere. “Hands off the Western Hemisphere” This warning included Britain too.

Impact of the Monroe Doctrine• Great Britain was annoyed by the doctrine and reacted angrily in

words.• The Monroe Doctrine had less significance at the time but would later

be used toward Latin America. In the 1840s, President James Polk was the first of many presidents to justify his foreign policy by referring to Monroe’s warning words.

A National Economy• The first Industrial Revolution occurred after the War of 1812, during

the period known as the Era of Good Feelings.Factors that enabled the US to industrialize:1.Population growth provided the laborers and consumers required for

industrial development. The population doubled between 1800 and 1825 and again by 1850. Why? A high birthrate accounted for most of the increase along with the arrival of immigrants after 1830 from Britain and Germany.

2.By the 1830s, almost one third of the population lived west of the Allegheny Mountains. Old and new urban areas were growing rapidly as well.

TransportationRoads•Pennsylvania’s Lancaster Turnpike, built in the 1790s, connected Philadelphia to Lancaster. Its success stimulated the construction of other privately built toll roads that connected most of the country’s major cities.•Interstate roads were needed but states’ rights supporters blocked the spending of federal funds on internal improvements. The only exception was the National Road or Cumberland Road, from Maryland to Illinois that was built and paid for with federal and state money.

Canals•Erie Canal – 1825 – lined western farms and eastern cities, paid for by the state of NY. Stimulated canal building in other states. Improved transportation meant lower food prices in the East, more immigrants settling in the West, and stronger economic ties between the 2 sections.•Steamboats – Robert Fulton’s the Clermont made round-trip shipping on the nation’s great rivers faster and cheaper.•Railroads – 1830s replaced canals as a method for carrying passengers and freight; helped turn western towns like Cleveland, Detroit, and Chicago into booming commercial centers.

Growth of IndustryMechanical Inventions•Eli Whitney – cotton gin in 1793 (slavery appeared to be dying out until this invention); interchangeable parts – for making rifles during the War of 1812; interchangeable parts became the basis for mass production methods in the new northern factories•Corporations for raising capital – NY passed a law making it easier for a business to incorporate and raise capital (money) by selling shares of stock.•Factory System – Samuel Slater (Father of the Factory System) helped establish the first US factory in 1791. The Embargo Act, 1807, and the War of 1812 stimulated domestic manufacturing and the protective tariffs enacted by Congress helped new factories prosper.•As the factory system expanded, it encouraged the growth of financial businesses such as banking and insurance.

Labor*Textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts hired young farm women and housed them in company dormitories (the Lowell System). Many factories also used child labor. Immigrants also worked in the factories.

Unions* Trade or craft unions were organized in major cities. Many skilled workers (ex: shoemakers) had to seek employment in factories because their earlier practice of working in their own shops could not compete with the lower-priced, mass-produced goods. Long hours, low pay, and poor working conditions led to discontent among workers; however, Unions were not successful because of all the immigrants who would replace disgruntled workers, state laws that outlawed unions, and economic depressions with high unemployment.

Commercial Agriculture• In the early 1800s, farming because more of a commercial enterprise

and less a means of providing subsistence for the family. This change to cash crops was caused by:

1.Cheap land and easy credit – large areas of western land were made available at low prices by the federal government. State banks made it easy to acquire land by providing famers with loans at low interest rates.

2.Markets – canals and railroads opened new markets for western farmers to send their crops/livestock to the factory cities in the East

Cotton and the South• Eli Whitney’s cotton gin transformed the agriculture of the South.

Now that they could easily separate the cotton from the seeds, southern planters found cotton more profitable than tobacco and indigo, the leading crops during the colonial period. They invested their capital (land, money) in the purchase of slaves and new land in Alabama and Mississippi and shipped most of their cotton crop overseas for sale to British textile factories.

Effects of the Market Revolution• Specialization on the farm, the growth of cities, industrialization, and

the development of modern capitalism meant the end of self-sufficient households and a growing interdependence among people. These changes combined to bring about a revolution in the marketplace. The farmers fed the workers in the cities, who in turn provided farm families with an array of mass-produced goods. • Women – no longer worked next to their husbands on the farm.

Women seeking employment in a city were usually limited to 2 choices: domestic service or teaching. Factory jobs, as in the Lowell System, were not common. The majority of working women were single. If they married, they left jobs and became homemakers. In both urban & rural settings, women were gaining relatively more control over their lives. Marriages arranged by one’s parents were less common. Women still could not vote.

Effects continued…Economic & Social Mobility•Wages improved for urban workers but the gap between the rich and poor increased.•Social mobility did occur from one generation to another and economic opportunities were greater in the US than in Europe.Slavery* Many thought slavery would die out because of the exhaustion on soil in Virginia and the Carolinas and the constitutional ban on importation of slaves after 1808; however, the rapid growth of the cotton industry and the expansion of slavery into new states – Alabama and Mississippi, ended hopes for an end to slavery.

Incorporating documents into a paragraphTwo ways:1.After you state the gist (brief 1-2 sentence summary) of the document, use parenthetical citation.Ex: The Mayflower Compact was a pledge taken by the Pilgrims to make decisions based on the will of the majority. (doc 1)OR2. Refer to the source.Ex: The excerpt from the Mayflower Compact states that the Pilgrims were not in one accord with each other and that an agreement was necessary.

Election of 1824 – candidates did not campaign for office; their friends & family campaigned.• John Quincy Adams – Secretary of State; supported by New

Englanders• Henry Clay – Speaker of the House of Representatives• Andrew Jackson – hero from the War of 1812 (Battle of New Orleans);

won the popular vote in the South & West• John C. Calhoun – from SC; Secretary of War under Monroe; supporter

of states’ rights (received enough votes to become VP in 1824)• William Crawford – Secretary of the Treasury under Monroe; suffered

from a stroke

Election of 1824 continued

• No candidate (Jackson, Adams, Crawford were the top 3 vote getters) won a majority of the electoral votes, so the House of Representatives decided the outcome of the election (one of their “special” powers).• As Speaker of the House, Clay supported Adams who won the

election. Jackson accused Adams & Clay of having negotiated a “corrupt bargain” because when Adams became president, he appointed Clay as his Secretary of State, a very important position.• Jackson began to plan for the Election of 1828 which he won and was

reelected in 1832, ending the one-party rule and creating the Second American Party System – the National Republicans or Whigs and the Democrats.

US Expansion and the CherokeeThe Cherokee – lived in NC & GA-Tried to assimilate; ex: wore “American” clothes, developed an alphabet and a written language, published their own newspaper, drafted a written constitution for the Cherokee nation, many took up farming, some built homes in the style of southern plantation owners; some bought slaves!-Why did the white settlers want the Indians to move west (past the Mississippi River)? They refused to give up their independence. They insisted on keeping their tribal governments. After all they were not considered US citizens and were not allowed to vote or testify in court, but they were taxed and forced to serve in the state militia. The states refused to recognize tribal governments.

The Indian Removal Act, 1830• Required the removal of Indians in the southeast• Led to the court case, Worcester v. Georgia (1832) in which Chief

Justice John Marshall ruled that the Cherokee was a “nation” within a “nation” and were under the protection of the federal government.• President Andrew Jackson ignored the Supreme Court ruling. The

Cherokee were the last Native Americans to be forced to move. In 1838, (Martin van Buren was president) the US Army forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia for Oklahoma. This “Trail of Tears” caused the deaths of 4000 Cherokees. They were forced to leave nearly all their possessions behind. One white soldier later recorded, “the cruelest work I ever knew.”

The Webster-Ashburton Treaty• between the US and Great Britain over the northern border between

the US and Canada• War between the US and Great Britain was once again avoided.

The Independence of Texas•Mexico was a colony of Spain.•Mexico declared their independence in 1821.•1823, Mexico invited Americans to settle in Mexico. •Americans, under Stephen Austin, moved to Texas. Why?

Cheap land•1829, the Mexican government would no longer allow slaves.

Required all immigrants (American settlers) to convert to Catholicism. Americans rebelled under the leadership of Sam Houston.•1834 Mexico is under new leadership – Santa Anna (dictator)

• 1836, Texas declared its independence. Mexicans, under Santa Anna fought back and captured the town of Goliad and attacked the Alamo, a Spanish mission, killing everyone in the mission.• The Texans eventually defeated Santa Anna (Battle of San Jacinto) and agreed

to set him free in exchange for his promise to recognize the Republic of Texas, recognizing the Rio Grande as the border between Mexico and Texas. The Mexican government never recognized the independence of Texas.• Texas wanted to be annexed to the US, but President Jackson but northerners

in Congress opposed. Why? Texas would be a slave state and that would offset the balance of power between the North & South in the Senate (part of Congress). Texas was finally annexed under President Polk in 1845.

The Mexican WarCauses:•Annexation of Texas – Mexico never recognized the independence of Texas•Conflict over the border between Texas & Mexico (Mexico said it was the Nueces River; the US said it was the Rio Grande•President Polk wanted to purchase California and the New Mexico territories from Mexico but Mexico refused to sell.•Manifest Destiny – the popular belief that the US had a divine mission to extend its power and civilization across the North American continent in the 1840s. It was driven by nationalism, population increase, rapid economic development, technological advances, and reform movements. Northerners believed that expansion would lead to the spread of slavery in the western lands.

Immediate Cause:• When Mexico refused to sell California, President Polk ordered

General Zachary Taylor to move his army toward the Rio Grande causing Mexico to respond by sending troops across the Rio Grande, capturing an American army patrol, killing 11. Polk used this to requesting Congress to declare war on Mexico. Northerners opposed this war.

Military Campaigns• John C. Fremont overthrew Mexican rule in northern California and

proclaimed California to be an independent republic (the Bear Flag Republic)• Zachary Taylor won a major victory at Buena Vista• Winfield Scott captured Mexico City, ending the war.

Consequences of the WarTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) •Officially ended the Mexican War•Mexico recognized the Rio Grande as the border between Mexico & Texas•The US gained California and the entire Southwest – land known as the Mexican Cession – for $15 million•Wilmot Proviso – forbid slavery in the Mexican Cession (land gained from the Mexican War) but this bill never became a law•A cause of the Civil War because gaining the Mexican Cession increased tensions between the North & South over slavery

More consequences:• Ostend Manifesto – President Polk offered to purchase Cuban from

Spain, but Spain refused to sell; several Southern adventurers led small expeditions to Cuba to take the island by force but failed.• Under President Franklin Pierce (pro-South), 3 American diplomats

were sent to Ostend, Belgium and secretly negotiated to buy Cuba from Spain. News of this leaded to the press in the US and provoked an angry rejection from antislavery members of Congress. President Pierce was forced to drop the scheme.• Gadsden Purchase – President Pierce succeeded in adding a strip of

land to the American Southwest for a Southern transcontinental railroad, purchased from Mexico.

The Two-Party System• The one-party system (Monroe, Era of Good Feelings) led to a two-

party system under Andrew Jackson.• Supporters of Jackson were known as the Democrats. (resembled the

Jeffersonian Republicans)• Supporters of Henry Clay were called Whigs. (resembled the

Federalists)

The 2-party systemDemocrats•Limited government•Opportunity for white males•Free trade•Supported by the South, West, and urban workers•Concerned over the national bank and tariffs

Whigs•Supported the American System•Concerned over immigrants•Supported by New England States, Protestants of English heritage, and urban professionals

Election of 1836• Martin Van Buren (Democrat) • Whigs chose 3 candidates – one

from each region – in an attempt to throw the election into the House of Representatives. This plan failed and van Buren won the election.

Martin van Buren1837 – a financial panic as a result of Jackson’s bank policies1840 – the Whig party supported William Henry Harrison whom they portrayed as a common man, using the campaign slogan the “Log Cabin and Hard Cider” – put log cabins on wheels and paraded them down the streets of towns and cities, passed out hard cider for voters to drink and buttons and hats to wear. This was a big change in campaigning for office. Used propaganda – name calling – attacked van Buren as Martin Van Ruin.Harrison, a war hero from the Battle of Tippecanoe chose John Tyler of Virginia (a former Democrat & states’ rights supporter) as his running mate.78% of eligible voters (white males) voted for “Tippecanoe and Tyler too.” This election established the Whigs as a national party.

William Henry Harrison• Died of pneumonia less than a month after taking office and “His

Accidency,” John Tyler, became the first vice-president to succeed to the presidency.• Tyler was not much of a Whig. He vetoed the Whigs’ national bank

bills and favored southern and expansionist Democrats during the rest of his term. • The Jacksonian era began to decline, ending with the Mexican War

and the increased focus on slavery.