serving as a Chief Engineer of Midvale Steel Company, Taylor made several important contributions,which are classified under scientific management.Taylors approach aims at increasing the operational efficiency of workers by solving their workrelated problems, reducing in efficiency and wastage, improving their relation with management, anddeveloping a best way of doing things. Taylor expressed the basic philosophy of scientific managementin the following terms: Science, not rule of thumb: For solving problems and making decisions, themanager should adopt scientific attitude and use scientific thinking and methods.The rule of thumb or Hit or miss approach should be replaced. Harmony, not discord: All the departments and workers are a part of anorganization. There should be complete harmony or coordination in theirfunctioning and any kind of clash or conflict should not be allowed to crop in and, ifit arises, should be reduced to a minimum. Cooperation, not individualism: Instead of fostering individualism, importanceof cooperative group efforts should be recognised. Because, organizationalobjectives depends upon the group efforts not for individuals. Maximum, not restricted output: Production should be carried out up to themaximum capacity available in a unit.16 Development of each man to his greater efficiency and prosperity: For theprosperity of individual workers as well as the organization, the efficiency level ofworkers should be increased by providing scientific training and developing theirpotential abilities to the maximum.Taylor based on his experience at the shop floor, developed guidelines to the practice ofmanagement as under.1) Scientific study and planning of workTaylor has suggested that the work to be assigned to and performed by workers should be studied,analyzed and planned as to determine the days fair work (standard of work) for each worker. In relationto work, following studies should be conducted to the workers on what is to be done and how it can bedone, efficiently.i) Work studyThe object of work-study is to improve efficiency. Efficiency could be improved and increasedby expending fewer resources and reaping greater returns.ii) Motion studyThe object of motion study is to identify and eliminate unnecessary, avoidable and wastefulmovements and motions of men and machines. These movements and motions are closely watched andrecorded. On the basis of this study it can be determined whether the movements and motions areproductive or incidental or unproductive.iii) Time studyIt is popularly known as work measurement. It is basically concerned with productivity. Theexact time required to perform a job is accurately estimated. On the basis of this estimate the requirednumber of employees is determined, suitable wage incentive schemes are devices and actual labour costsare worked out. The procedure followed in time study is to split the job into a number of componentparts the time taken to perform each part of the job is ascertained and standard timings for different partsof a job are determined.2) Scientific selection, placement and trainingTo build up a team of efficient workers, Taylor realized that using scientific methods, instead ofrelying on intuition and judgement of the foremen should make selection. It implies selection of workersfor the job by tallying job requirements with abilities and skills. Workers should be given placement onthe basis of capability and aptitude. And, for developing the existing level of knowledge and potentialscientific training should be imparted to workers on a regular basis.173) StandardizationBy minutely studying metal-cutting operations, Taylor suggested that the scheme ofstandardization should be adopted in respect of trade tools and equipments, raw material used byworkers and physical working conditions provided to them. Any difference in the quality of rawmaterial, tools and equipments may directly affect level of efficiency of workers.4) Division of responsibility between management and workersTaylor advocated that two aspects of planning, thinking and doing should be separated. Planningof work that is thinking process should be a responsibility of managers. They should design workstandards by conducting various studies, devise incentive scheme for workers, discipline them andassign work to them. Whereas role of workers should be confined to implementation of these plans. Inthis way benefits of division of labour and specialization may be secured.5) Functional foremanshipTaylor introduced and practiced the concept of functional foremanship. According to thisconcept instead of having one foreman as an in-charge for production department. All activities shouldbe grouped into two groups namely planning forum and workshop forum. Each forum should have foursupervisors to command over the activities of workers. In doing so dual command emerges, becauseeach worker will get orders and instructions from eight supervisors dealing with different aspect of hisjob.6) Mental revolutionIn order to get desired results of scientific management there should be complete mentalrevolution on the part of workers as well as management. Mental revolution is a process of bringingdrastic changes in their attitude, outlook and behavioural pattern in respect of their duties toward work,toward their fellow workers and employers. Similar kind of changes in outlook should also take placeamong managers towards workers and their problems. To bring the change in the mental attitude of bothsides Taylor, suggested scheme of workers participation in management and sharing surplus as bonus.7) Differential paymentF.W.Taylor firmly believed that man is motivated by economic considerations. He, therefore,introduced a new payment plan called the differential piece work. He linked incentives withproduction. Accordingly a worker will be paid in direct proportion to how much be produced. That is aworker will receive low piece rate if he produces the standard number of pieces and high rates if hesurpasses the standard. In the latter case, the higher rate would be applied to all the pieces the workerproduced, including those which were produced according to the standard.181.10.1.2 Administrative Theory of ManagementThough administrative theory of management is based on the contributions of many scholars andpractitioners like Henri Fayol, Max Weber, Sheldon, Mooney, Allen and urwick, etc. But major part of itrelates to Foyals work.Henry Fayols Administrative Theory of ManagementHenri Fayol (1841-1925) is considered the Father of administrative management theory withfocus on the development of broad administrative principles applicable to general and higher manageriallevels. Foyal started his career as a junior engineer in a coal mining company in France in 1860 and