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Nanoelectronics…

“Nanotechnology is the art and science of

manipulating matter at the nanoscale”

What is NanoNanotechnologytechnology?

A nanometer is…– one billionth of a meter

How Small Is NanoNanoscale?

Human Hair: Approx. 1x105 nmDNA Sample: Approx. 2 nm

• Branch of Engineering which uses nanometer scale elements in design of integrated circuits such that one of the three dimensions of the electronic component is in nm.

• Generally, Nanometer scale refers to electronic circuits less than 100nm.

• 1 nm= 10-9 metres

NANOELECTRONICS

What is Nanoelectronics ?

Nanoelectronics make use of scientific methods at atomic scale for developing the Nano machines. The main target is to reduce the size, risk factor and surface areas of the materials and molecules. Machines under nano electronic process undergoes the long range of manufacturing steps each with accurate molecular treatment.

Nanoelectronics make use of scientific methods at atomic scale for developing the Nano machines. The main target is to reduce the size, risk factor and surface areas of the materials and molecules. Machines under nano electronic process undergoes the long range of manufacturing steps each with accurate molecular treatment.

Nanoelectronics is one of the major technologies of Nanotechnology. It plays vital role in the field of engineering and electronics.

Nanoelectronics is one of the major technologies of Nanotechnology. It plays vital role in the field of engineering and electronics.

What is Nanoelectronics ?-Contd.

The Nanotechnology field has been the subject of intense focus, particularly from the viewpoint of the electronics industry. The commitment is, no doubt, driven to a large measure by the current top-down methodologies for fabrication of silicon-based devices. This is implied in the next-generation approach towards manufacture of MEMS, microprocessors, optical switching and several other electronic components.

Nanotechnology is expected to bring about improvisation in deposition, implantation, lithography and metrology, thus supporting scaling up of silicon CMOS and is eventually expected to replace CMOS.

Advantages of Nanoelectronics

One of the obvious advantage is that Nanoelectronics reduces size and scale of the machine with the help of complex integration on the circuit silicon chips.

Advanced properties of semiconductors can be determined with the help of Nanoelectronics.

Molecular scale Nanoelectronics is also known as “the next step” in the miniaturization of electronic devices, with latest electronics theory and research in the field of nanoelectronics, it is possible to explore the diverse properties of molecules.

Extreme fabrication also supported the multiple use of single machine. Parallel processing is also empowered by Nanoelectronics.

Applications OfNanoNanotechnology for

Electronics

Electronics:

– Nano Transistors

– Nano Diodes

– OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode)

Applications Of Nanotechnology

Electronics(contd.)

– Plasma Displays

– Quantum Computers

Applications Of Nanotechnology

Energy:

– Batteries

– Fuel Cells

– Solar Cells

Applications Of Nanotechnology

EJ MOSFET (Electrically variable shallow junction MOSFET)

NANO MOSFET

SCALING LIMITS OF MOSFET

• Technical problem: For channel length<30nm , insulating SiO2 is expected to be less than 2nm thick. This thin layer causes gate dielectric tunneling

• Physical problem: For channel length<10nm, direct source-drain tunneling occurs.

QUANTUM EFFECTS IN ULTRASHORT CHANNEL MOSFET

• Mobility enhancement due to decrease in scattering

• Threshold voltage increases with decrease in channel width

THRESHOLD VOLTAGE ADJUSTMENT USING QUANTUM EFFECTS

• For <110> oriented device n type has greater VT shift than p type

• For <100> oriented device p type has greater VT shift than n type

• To keep VT same for both square scaling i.e. width = height is used.

BALLISTIC TRANSPORT IN NANO STRUCTURES

• At room temperature mean free path of electron is around 10nm.So, at ultrashort channel length electron scattering decreases considerably.

• At channel length less than 10nm,scattering approaches zero. It is called ballistic transport.

• With decrease in temperature mean free path can be increased & ballistic transport can be obtained at larger channel length.

RESONANT TUNNELING IN NANO DEVICES

• RT is observed in hetero-structure semiconductor devices made from pairs of different alloys III-V alloys..

• Eg. AlGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs diodes

CURRENT APPLICATIONS

In field of electronics & communication

• In solar cells to trap electrons• Touch screens and flexible displays• nanoradio, a radio receiver consisting of a

single nanotube, was demonstrated in 2007

• In fabrication of ultracapacitors (which have high energy density)

NANOWIRES

• Electrons in nanowires are quantum confined laterally and thus occupy energy levels that are different from that in bulk materials.

• Aspect ratios (length-to-width ratio) of 1000 or more

• Poor conductivity (edge effect)

WORLD’S smallest transistor

quantum dot with a tiny circular cage at the center known as the central island. Voltage can change the conductivity of thesequantum dots, allowing them to store logic states

Ability to retain conductivity when only one atom thick.a small sheet of graphene is taken & channels are carved into it using electron beam lithography. What remains is a

Graphene Sheets

NANO RADIO

• A nanoradio is a radio receiver or transmitter constructed on a nanometer scale.

• Currently only receivers have been developed(

October 2007)

WORKING

• The nanotube, is contained in a vacuum and one of its ends is connected to an electrode of a battery. The other electrode is placed a short distance from the nanotube's other end. The tube will vibrate in tune with any external electromagnetic signal, effectively acting as an antenna. The vibration frequency can be adjusted by changing the applied voltage.

NANO EMISSIVE DISPLAY

• Launched in May,2005 by motorola

• Works by moving electrons through its driver electronics and into the nanotubes, which then direct the electrons at groups of phosphors (pixels) on the interior surface of the display. When the phosphors are bombarded with electrons, they glow, giving off color—similar to the operation of a traditional CRT

ADVANTAGES

• Light in weight and more slim

• Saves 20% to 30% more power than other flat panel displays

• Manufacturing cost is estimated to be a half to a third the cost of LCD and plasma displays

APPLICATION

• Laptop screen due to better power saving & size

• Screens in fighter planes due to better brightness & resolution

• Automotive and aeronautical purposes• TV displays

WHY ONLY NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR FUTURE ELECTRONICS?

WHY ONLY NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR FUTURE ELECTRONICS?

• Today microelectronics are used and they solve our most of the problems. Then why do we need Nanotechnology?

• The two exceptional disadvantages of micro electronics are:

Physical size Increasing cost of fabrication

of integrated circuits.

• Today microelectronics are used and they solve our most of the problems. Then why do we need Nanotechnology?

• The two exceptional disadvantages of micro electronics are:

Physical size Increasing cost of fabrication

of integrated circuits.

FUTURE SCOPE IN NANOTECHNOLOGYFUTURE SCOPE IN NANOTECHNOLOGY

• Nanotechnology for flexible Electronics• Nanotechnology for wireless devices• Nanotechnology for molecular devices

• Nanotechnology for flexible Electronics• Nanotechnology for wireless devices• Nanotechnology for molecular devices

NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS

NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS

• Stretchable electronics or flexible electronics is likely to be the future of mobile electronics.

• Potential applications include wearable electronic devices, biomedical uses, compact portable devices, and robotic devices.

• In the future, it is likely that graphene will become a dominant material in flexible electronics. Graphene is nothing but an allotrope of carbon that has superb electrical conductivity, flexibility, and physical strength.

• Stretchable electronics or flexible electronics is likely to be the future of mobile electronics.

• Potential applications include wearable electronic devices, biomedical uses, compact portable devices, and robotic devices.

• In the future, it is likely that graphene will become a dominant material in flexible electronics. Graphene is nothing but an allotrope of carbon that has superb electrical conductivity, flexibility, and physical strength.

NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR WIRELESS DEVICES

NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR WIRELESS DEVICES

• Visions of the wireless industry aims at ambient intelligence: computation and communication always available and ready to serve the user in an intelligent way.

• All these requirements combined lead to a situation which cannot be resolved with current technologies. Nanotechnology could provide solutions for these new technologies.

• SENSORS- Micromechanical sensors became an elementary part of automotive technologies in mid 1990, Within next ten years the development of truly embedded sensors based on nanostructures will become a part of our everyday intelligent environments. Nanotechnologies will enable new materials and new sensing elements for sensors. Nanosensors will have applications in many industries, among them transportation, communications, building and facilities, safety, and national security, including both homeland defense and military operations.

• Visions of the wireless industry aims at ambient intelligence: computation and communication always available and ready to serve the user in an intelligent way.

• All these requirements combined lead to a situation which cannot be resolved with current technologies. Nanotechnology could provide solutions for these new technologies.

• SENSORS- Micromechanical sensors became an elementary part of automotive technologies in mid 1990, Within next ten years the development of truly embedded sensors based on nanostructures will become a part of our everyday intelligent environments. Nanotechnologies will enable new materials and new sensing elements for sensors. Nanosensors will have applications in many industries, among them transportation, communications, building and facilities, safety, and national security, including both homeland defense and military operations.

NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR MOLECULAR DEVICES

NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR MOLECULAR DEVICES

• Reducing size of electronics is the need of era and this can be achieved with the help of molecules that can be used in active devices.

• These molecules behave as diodes or programmable switches that make connections between wires and consume less current.

• Thousands of molecules can be sandwiched between two crossing micro-scale wires to create an active devices. Since molecular devices fit between the wires, large area savings could be achieved.

• Reducing size of electronics is the need of era and this can be achieved with the help of molecules that can be used in active devices.

• These molecules behave as diodes or programmable switches that make connections between wires and consume less current.

• Thousands of molecules can be sandwiched between two crossing micro-scale wires to create an active devices. Since molecular devices fit between the wires, large area savings could be achieved.

• Nanotechnology with all its challenges and opportunities will become a part of our future.

• The researchers are optimistic for the products based upon this technology.

• Nanotechnology is slowly but steadily ushering in the new industrial revolution.

ConclusionConclusion

Thank you!!t