Elcombuzz Vol 4

8/14/2019 Elcombuzz Vol 4

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION &

ENGINEERING

SASTRA, SRCKUMBAKONAM

VOLUME4 /SEP 2009

FROM THE MENTORS DESK:

YES, WE CAN!!Where there is a WILL there is a WAY. Three students two Chinese and an

American on Sep 2, 2009 launched a digital camera in to a near space with the help of a heliumballoon to measure the curvature of the earth. The equipment consisted of a Camera, GPSTracking, and weather balloon. The balloon went about 20 km high in to the upper moststratosphere and returned 5 hours later, about 35 km away from launch site.

The balloon and camera made it to about 93,000 feet, high enough see the curvature of the earth.The return journey of balloon to earth lasted 40 min. Cannon A470 camera, Motorola 1290

prepaid cell phone and four energizer ultimate lithium AA batteries were used. The camera tookpictures at 5 seconds interval and an 8 GB memory card gave enough storage capacity to hold allthe images from the 5 hour flight.

With all this frills the cost incurred was a meager amount, only US$ 148. I hopeyou can also do or at least aim at such projects.

Education is a progressive discovering of our own ignorance.-W.DURRANT


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LASER COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

A one way laser communications system that iscapable of the transmission of both text and sound.

Laser communications systems are wirelessconnections through the atmosphere. They work similar tofiber optic links, except that the beam is transmitted throughfree space. While the transmitter and receiver must requireline-of-sight conditions, they have the benefit of eliminating

the need for broadcast rights and buried cables. Lasercommunications systems can be easily deployed since theyare inexpensive, small, low power and do not require anyradio interference studies. The carrier used for thetransmission signal is typically generated by a laser diode.Two parallel beams are needed, one for transmission

Tags: I nexpensive, Low Power, L aser Diode.

and one for reception. Due to budget restrictions, the sysimplemented in this project is only one way.

Laser communications have been a hot topic lately,solutions for how to satisfy ever increasing bandwidth neare in high demand. Some have suggested that bandwicould be distributed in neighborhood by putting l

communication systems on top of homes and pointing thtowards a common transceiver with a fast link to Internet. With possible transmit speeds of up to a gigabitsecond, this is an exciting area. Other applications for technology include temporary connectivity needs (sporting events, disaster scenes, or conventions), or spbased communications.

-UTHRA RAVICHANDRIII E

Q: What would you call a power failure?A:A current event

Q: Do you know how an electrician tells if he's workingwith AC or DC power?

A: If it's AC, his teeth chatter when he grabs theconductors. If it's DC, they just clamp together.

* Why did the lights go out? Because they l iked each

other!* Why was the free electron so sad? I t had nothing to beposit ive about!

*What did the baby light bulb say to the mommy lbulb? " I love you watts and watts! "

Q: Why are electricians always up to daA:Because they are "Current specialists".

What Thomas Edison's Mother might have said to her so

"Of course I'm proud that you invented the electric lightbulb. Now turn it off and get to bed!"

WORLDS FASTEST GRAPHENE TRANSISTOR

IBM researches recently demonstrated the operationof graphene field-effect transistors (FETs) at GHzfrequencies reported so far using novel non-siliconelectronic material. This accomplishment is an importantmilestone for the carbon electronics for RF Applications

(CERA) programme sponsored by DARPA, as part of theeffort to develop the next generation of communicationdevices, IBM said.

Graphene is a special from of graphite, consistingof a single layer of carbon atoms packed in honeycomblattice. Its unusual electronic properties may eventuallylead to vastly faster transistors than any transistors achievedso far.

A key advantage of graphene lies in the very high electspeed with which electrons propagate in it, essential achieving high-speed, high-performance transistors. highest cut off frequency obtained for Graphene far isGHz with gate length of 150 nm.

-P. ShiI E

Yahoo is expecting to receive $500 million for a unit that hosts websites for small companies after putting it on the market

several months.


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NEURO CHIPS

Neurobiologists have used computers forsimulation, data collection, and data analysis, but not tointeract directly with nerve tissue in live animals. The keycomponents of such a brain-computer system include neuralprobes, analog electronics, and a miniature microcomputer.Neurobiologists examine the activities of brain cells tied tosensory inputs, integrative processes, and motor outputs to

understand the neural basis of animal behavior andintelligence. They also probe the components of neuronalcontrol circuitry to understand the plasticity and dynamicsof control. They want to know more about neuronaldynamics and networks, about synaptic interactionsbetween neurons, and about the inextricable links betweenenvironmental stimuli and neuronal signaling, behavior, andcontrol. Neurobiologists use amplifiers and signalgenerators to stimulate and record to and from neuronsthrough these electrodes, and signal-processing systems toanalyze the results. Neurochips use amplifiers to boost low-

voltage biological signals, analog-to-digital conver(ADCs) to digitize these signals, microcomputers to procthe signals, onboard memory to store the signals, digitalanalog converters (DACs) to stimulate nerves, and softwto control the overall experiment. The basic componenta neurochip include instrumentation amplifiADCs/DACs, reconfigurable microcomputers, and h

density memory. Custom algorithms that apply vequantization, run-length encoding, and Huffman encodto different parts of the neural waveform can achieve up1,000 to 1 compression ratios. Passive neurochips thatnothing more than record will provide neurobiologists wa wealth of data. But even now, with the first neurochbarely in production, neurobiologists are already callingdesigns that stimulate nerve tissue as well as record fromActive neurochips will allow stimulus-response experimthat test models of how nervous systems control behavio

-SaranyIV EC

Page Tags: Synaptic I nteraction , Encoding, Passive and active Neuro chip, L i-air batteri es.

HYPER TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY

Hyper Transport technology is a very fast, lowlatency, point-to-point link used for inter-connectingintegrated circuits on board. Hyper Transport, previouslycodenamed as Lightning Data Transport (LDT), providesthe bandwidth and flexibility critical for today's networkingand computing platforms while retaining the fundamentalprogramming model of PCI. Hyper Transport was invented

by AMD and perfected with the help of several partnersthroughout the industry.

Hyper Transport was designed to support both

CPU-to-CPU communications as well as CPU-to-I/Otransfers, thus, it features very low latency. It provides upto 22.4 Gbps aggregate CPU to I/O or CPU to CPUbandwidth in a highly efficient chip-to-chip technology

that replaces existing complex multi-level buses .Usenhanced 1.2 volt LVDS signaling reduces signal nousing non-multiplexed lines cuts down on signal actiand using dual-data rate clocks lowers clock rates wincreasing data throughput. It employs a packet-based dprotocol to eliminate many sideband signals & suppasymmetric, variable width data paths.

New specifications are backward compatiHyper Transport devices are PCI software compatible, tthey require little or no software overhead. Hyper Transptechnology provides a universal connection designedreduce the number of buses within the system, providhigh-performance link for embedded applications, enable highly scalable multiprocessing systems. Itdesigned to enable the chips inside of PCs and networkand communications devices to communicate with eother up to 48 times faster than with existing technologHyper Transport technology provides an extremely connection that complements externally visible

standards like the PCI, as well as InfiniBand and GigEthernet.

-N. HariharasudIV EC

Tags: LDT, DDR Clock, I nf in iband, mul tiprocessing.

Hewlett Packard (HP) has taken the lead over Apple, by launching a tablet computer under its Dream Screen produc

that represent a new category of wireless connected screens. These screens are hybrids of slate computers and digita

photo displays.


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EDITORs COLOUMN

The Magical Touch

The Touch screen technology is widely used inPDA, smart phone, PMP, ATM, and many other types ofequipment in industrial, medical and commercialenvironment. Actually the technology enabling thesedevices is not new, since it was invented by Dr. Samuel C.Hurst in 1971. But it becomes hotter after the release ofpopular iPhone and iPod touch. Apple brings a new wave tothis mature segment and more companies are involved inthis revolution with improved interactive UI, ICs, assemblymodules and software components.

The implementation of a touch screen includes resistive,capacitive, infrared, surface acoustic wave, optical imaging,acoustic pulse, and other emerging technologies.

How it works??

The iPhone's processor and software are central to correctlyinterpreting input from the touch-screen. There are manyprocessors in iPhone, Infineon GSM processor, SamsungARM11 as the application processor, and a dedicated screencontroller BCM5974 from Broadcom.

We guess this chip is a DAC as touch screen digitizer. If so,then the DAC is used to sample the grid instead ofswitching method. It also means ARM11 acts as theprocessing formulti-touch.

Steps Involved:

1. Signals travel from the touch screen to the processo

electrical impulses.

2. The processor uses software to analyze the data determine the features of each touch. This includes sshape and location of the affected area on the screennecessary, the processor arranges touches with simfeatures into groups. If you move your finger, the procescalculates the difference between the starting point ending point of your touch.

3. The processor uses its gesture-interpretation softwardetermine which gesture you made. It combines y

physical movement with information about whapplication you were using and what the application doing when you touched the screen.

4. The processor relays your instructions to the programuse. If necessary, it also sends commands to the iPhoscreen and other hardware. If the raw data doesn't maany applicable gestures or commands, the iPhone disregait as an extraneous touch.

Thanks to Apple, more and more players are tryingcompete on this market.

Closed-cir cuit television(CCTV) is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of

monitors. It differs from broadcast television in that the signal is not openly transmitted, though it may employ point to pointwireless links. CCTV is often used for surveillance in areas that may need monitoring such as banks, casinos, airports, milita

installations, and convenience stores.


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Many students may not beaware that there are severalinstitutions in this country, offeringspecialized postgraduate programmesin various disciplines. Attractivescholarship / Assistantship for

postgraduate courses in engineering /Technology, are available to thosewho qualify through GATE. SomeEngineering colleges / institutesspecify GATE as a mandatoryqualification even for admission dostudents to post graduateprogrammes. The candidate is

required to find the procedurefinal selection and award scholarship / Assistantship from respective Institution to which candidate seeks admission. GAqualified candidates in Engineer

subjects) will also be eligible foraward of junior research fellowsin CSIR Laboratories.

What is GATE? The Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) is an all-India examination administered andconducted in eight zones across the country by the GATE Committee comprising faculty from Indian Institute of Science,Bangalore and seven Indian Institutes of Technology on behalf of the National Coordinating Board - GATE, Department of

Education, Ministry of Human Resources Development (MHRD), and Government of Indiahttp://www.iitk.ac.in/gate/

What is CAT? Common Admission Test (CAT) is the common entrance exam that you have to take to get admissionthe Indian Institute of Management (IIM), at Ahmadabad, Bangalore, Calcutta, Lucknow, Indore, and Kozhikode. Many otherinstitutes like, MICA, Nirma Institute of Management, S.P. Jain Institute, also draw out their candidates based on the

performance in CAT.http://www.catiim.in/

What is GRE? The Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) General Test is a multiple-choice admission test for

applicants to graduate schools. The test is administered by the Educational Testing Service (ETS), under the sponsorship of thGraduate Record Examinations Board. The GRE is a computer-adaptive test (CAT), and consists of three scored sections:

www.ets.org/gre/

Verbal Quant AWA*

Sentence completionAnalogiesAntonymsReading comprehension

Problem solvingQuant comparisonsGraph based questions

Perspectives onan issueAnalysis of anargument

Marks 800 800 0-6(Graded)Questions 30 28 1+1

Time 30 min 45 min 45 min + 30min = 75 min

*As of October 2002, the "Analytical Ability" section will be replaced with an Analytical Writing Assessment (AWA).

Seagate Technology (NASDAQ:STX) has unveiled a 2TB desktop hard drive Barracuda XT, which it claims is theworld's fastest as it uses Serial ATA (SATA) 6GB/second interface..
http://www.iitk.ac.in/gate/gate2010/http://www.iitk.ac.in/gate/gate2010/http://www.iitk.ac.in/gate/gate2010/http://www.catiim.in/http://www.catiim.in/http://www.catiim.in/http://d/Documents%20and%20Settings/student/Desktop/www.ets.org/gre/http://d/Documents%20and%20Settings/student/Desktop/www.ets.org/gre/http://d/Documents%20and%20Settings/student/Desktop/www.ets.org/gre/http://d/Documents%20and%20Settings/student/Desktop/www.ets.org/gre/http://www.catiim.in/http://www.iitk.ac.in/gate/gate2010/


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WATERMARKING DIGITAL AUDIO

Information hiding is a very old art. Digitalwatermarking is the process of embedding copyrightinginformation into digital media frame, such as text, image,audio and video. They are preferred to be imperceptible tothe end user. The need for watermarking arises because ofthe inherent ease with which digital data can be copied and

manipulated..Early work in this area mainly concentrated on the

watermarking for digital images. Then they made efforts onaudio watermarking by adapting the existing imagewatermarking algorithms into audio signals. The initialattempts were in Audio watermarking refers to applyingwatermarking on audio signals. The knowledge of thehuman auditory system i.e. psychoacoustics is of greatimportance in audio watermarking. This aspect of audiowatermarking necessitates it to be treated as a separatetopic. Current watermarking techniques are mainlyconcerned with spread spectrum type of watermarking.

The methods of audio watermarking are echo hiding,quantization index modulation, feature basedwatermarking technique and spread spectrum based

watermarking. The watermark embedding schemmodifies the original audio signal, which is represented a 16-bit sample sequence sampled at 44100 Hz mono. Thwatermark embedding scheme consists of the followinoperations.

1. Temporal analysis of the audio signal.2. m sequence generation3. Shaping of the m sequence.4. Cyclic shifting and inclusion of the informatio

payload.5. Watermark embedding

Watermarking finds application in a wide variety of fiesuch as Copyrighting, Authentication of data, Tracingillegal copies, to track the tampering of data. Advantagewatermarking over decoding is that while watermarsignals can be played with the original player decoded d

need special players to play them. One possdisadvantage that could be held against the watermarkscheme is that it reduces the quality of the audio. But wproper care the amount of perceptual distortion cantotally eliminated.

-K. HarishkuII EC

Tags: Psychoacoustics, Watermark embedding scheme, Copyri ghti ng, Graphene

WIRELESS TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICITY

The following situations justify the use of wirelesstechnology:

1. To span a distance beyond the capabilities oftypical cabling.

2. To avoid obstacles such as physical structures,EMI, or RFI.

3. To overcome situations where normal cablingis difficult or financially impractical.

Wireless communication can be via:i. Radio frequency communication.

ii. Microwave communication, oriii. Infrared (IR) short-range ommunication, forexample from remote controls or via Infrared DataAssociation (IrDA).

At least four methods exist by which electrical energy cabe transferred from a source to a load without the use ofmanmade conductors. These are: electromagneticinduction, electromagnetic radiation, evanescent wavecoupling, and electrical conduction. The second methodradiative; the others are non-radiative.

Examples of wireless equipment in use:i. Professional LMR (Land Mobile Radio) and SM(Specialized Mobile Radio).ii. Consumer Two Way Radio including FRS (Fam

Radio Service), GMRS (General Mobile Radio Service) Citizens band (CB) radios.

-B. MonIV EC

HDMI(H igh-Defin ition Multimedia Interf ace) is a compact audio/video interface for transmitting uncompressed digdata. It represents a digital alternative to consumer analog standards, such as Radio Frequency (RF) coaxial cable, compovideo, S-Video, SCART, component video, D-Terminal, and VGA. HDMI connects digital audio/video sourcessuch as setboxes, Blu-ray Disc players, personal computers (PCs), video game consoles (such as the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360), andreceiversto compatible digital audio devices, computer monitors, and digital television.


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Z-WAVES

Z-Wave is a wireless RF-based communicationstechnology designed for residential and light commercialcontrol and status reading applications. Z-Wave transformsany stand-alone device into an intelligent networked devicethat can be controlled and monitored wirelessly. It delivershigh quality networking at a fraction of the cost of othersimilar technologies by focusing on narrow bandwidth

applications and substituting costly hardware withinnovative software solutions.

The RF signals can travel at least 100 feet and each modulealso acts as an amplifier for the signal and rebroadcasts itout.

Z-waves can be used in a variety of home controlledapplications. When designing for a home control technologythree main requirements must be taken into account:

Ease-of-use Reliability Low cost

The applications can be divided into a number of categories:Comfort Enhancement, Energy Management, AccessControl and others.

Comfort Enhancement: A futuristic example would bethat, when entering the living room, the drapes go down, thelights dim to a comfortable level, the stereo turns on andyour favorite music is played - all initiated by a push on abutton or even a sensor detecting your entrance into theroom.

Energy management: Enables you to save money andimprove the environment by turning off the electricaldevices that are not needed.

Access control: Enables you to ensure that windows/doors are closed and appliances such as ironcoffee makers are switched off. Additionally sensors detect an intruder entering the home and initiate a serieevents such as turning on the light, activating a web cand sending a message to your mobile phone.

The Home control technology needs to han

battery-operated nodes with great power efficiency in orto provide 10 or more years of operation on 2xAbatteries. It is therefore important that the protocol provide an efficient wakeup sequence such as poweringbased on cyclic wakeup timers, transmitting the frame returning to sleep mode.

Z-Wave provides a mass-market home contechnology, which is low cost, low power, easy-to-use reliable. The mesh network Z-Wave system, with its sorganizing and self-healing features, combined with flex

but simple installation procedures, provides an easy-to-network solution. Z-Waves versatile and dense protostacks and highly integrated single chip furthermore enabthe needed low cost points without compromising einetwork reliability or product versatility. The Z-WDevice Classes enable product interoperability acrapplications and between vendors.

K.SIVAPRII EC

Tags: RF Signal, Comfort Enhancement, Energy management, Access Control , Dense protocol stack

DIGITAL VISUAL I NTERFACE (DVI)

Digital Visual Interface is a video interfacestandard designed to maximize the visual quality ofdigital display devices such as flat panel LCDcomputer displays and digital projectors.

It is developed by an industry consortium, the

Digital Display Working Group (DDWG).

It is designed for carrying uncompressed digital

video data to a display.

Motivation

Lossless transmission of digital signal for digitalinterface.

Transmission of video (i.e. RGB component) insingle wire


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World's Smallest Semiconductor Laser

The World's smallest semiconductor laser, capableof generating visible light in a space smaller than a singleprotein molecule.

The schematic on the left illustrates light being compressedand sustained in the 5 nanometer

gap -smaller than a protein molecule -between a nanowireand underlying silver surface. To the right is an electronmicroscope image of the hybrid design shown in theschematicThis work shatters traditional notions of laser limits, andmakes a major advance toward applications in thebiomedical, communications and computing fields. Optics-based telecommunications many times faster than currenttechnology and optical computing in which light replaceselectronic circuitry with a corresponding leap in speed andprocessing power.

It is traditionally accepted that an electromagnetic wave -including laser light - cannot be focused beyond the size ofhalf its wavelength.

This interaction between light and oscillating electrons isknown as surface plasmons. Scientists have been racing toconstruct surface Plasmon lasers that can sustain and utilizethese tiny optical excitations. However, the resistanceinherent in metals causes these surface plasmons todissipate almost immediately after being generated, posing a

critical challenge to achieving the buildup of electromagnetic field necessary for lasing.

The hybrid surface plasmons in the tiny gap betwsemiconductors and metals, they were able to sustain strongly confined light long enough that its oscillati

stabilized into the coherent state that is a key characteriof a laser. "Plasmon lasers represent an exciting classcoherent light sources capable of extremely smconfinement, "This work can bridge the worlds electronics and optics at truly molecular length scales."T

advantages of optics over electronics are multifold.

For example, devices will be more power efficient at same time they offer increased speed or bandwidth.

-ChidambarkrishIV ECE

Tags: Protein Molecule, Sur face Plasmon, Optic based telecommunication.

PICS 2 LAUGH!!!!!

Two atoms were walking down the street one day, when one of them exclaimed, "Oh, no I've lost an electron!" "Are ysure?" the other one asked. "Yes," replied the first one, " I 'm positive."

What did the baby light bulb say to the mommy light bulb? " I love you watts and watts! "

HDMI(H igh-Defin ition Multimedia Interf ace) is a compact audio/video interface for transmitting uncompressed dig

data. It represents a digital alternative to consumer analog standards, such as Radio Frequency (RF) coaxial cable, compovideo, S-Video, SCART, component video, D-Terminal, and VGA. HDMI connects digital audio/video sourcessuch as setboxes, Blu-ray Disc players, personal computers (PCs), video game consoles (such as the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360), and

receiversto compatible digital audio devices, computer monitors, and digital televisions.


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MOBI TALKWe are well versed on messaging or making a call withmobile, but how about our knowledge on the technical

specifications of any mobile?

Technical specifications doesnt mean its features, it is core of our operating device.Here are some useful details about latest mobile phon

have a clear idea of what is running inside it...

We cannot compare processor, memory of a mobile wiPC or laptop, because work assigned for mobile phones

much lesser than what we perform in PCs. Yet increasprocessor speed will improve the operation of any devhere we have a table that contain details about few nomobile pho

Model: Type: Processor type: Architecture: Frequency:

Nokia 3230 RM-51 32-bit RISC CPU ARM-9 123 MHz

Nokia 6600 NHL-10 32-bit RISC CPU ARM-9 104 MHz

Nokia N70 RM-84 TI OMAP 1710 ARM-926 220 MHz

Nokia E71

Nokia N96

RM-462

RM-297

Freescale MXC-300-xx

STn8815 Nomadik

ARM-11

ARM926

369 MHz

332 MHz

Some other version of nokia uses processor with 400 MHz processor.But Samsung, leading manufacturer of mobile phones have announced their new 1GHz mobile processor, the SamsHummingbird, based on the 45nm ARM Cortex A8 architecture and developed jointly with Intrinsity. The Hummingbird Cpromises not only high media and data crunching performance in mobile devices, but low power consumption and thanksome creative re-use of existing technologyrelatively low chip prices.

An ERA of Smart phones:

A Smart phone, as the name suggests is a smartdevice offering advanced capabilities than a typical mobilephone, often with PC-like functionalities. It runs completeoperating system software. In simple terms, it is a phone

with advanced connectivity features. Smartphone areattaining popularity day by day because of their advancedfeatures and PDA functionalities. They facilitate textmessaging, emails, web access, personal organizer, voicerecognition, built-in camera, and much more.

They are usually equipped with some identifiable operasoftware. The operating systems that Smartphone include Symbian, Windows Mobile, Blackberry and POS. Some Smartphone even have navigation softw

A-GPSorAssisted GPS, generally abbreviated as A-GPS, is a carrier network dependent system which can, under certainconditions, improve the startup performance of a GPS satellite-based positioning system. It is used extensively with GPS-

capable cellular phones.

I not only use all the brains that I have, but all that I can borrow.

-Woodrow Wilson


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~ PUZZLES 2 PUZZLE U ~

1. Russel asked moore, how many apples he had in hisbasket. Moore replied that if he had one and a half apples

more, he would have one and a half times as many....... Howmany had he.....?

2. There are 9 coins. Out of which one is odd one i.e. weightis less or more. How many iterations of weighing arerequired to find odd coin? **

3. Vipul was studying for his examinations and the lightswent off. It was around 1:00 AM. He lighted two uniformcandles of equal length but one thicker than the other. Thethick candle is supposed to last six hours and the thin onetwo hours less. When he finally went to sleep, the thick

candle was twice as long as the thin one.

For how long did Vipul study in candle light?

4. If you started a business in which you earned Rs.1 on thefirst day, Rs.3 on the second day, Rs.5 on the third day,Rs.7 on the fourth day, & so on.

How much would you have earned with this business after50 years (assuming there are exactly 365 days in everyyear)?

5. At 6'o a clock ticks 6 times. The time between first andlast ticks is 30 seconds. How long does it tick at 12'o clock?

6.When Alexander the Great attacked the forces of Porus,an Indian soldier was captured by the Greeks. He haddisplayed such bravery in battle, however, that the enemyoffered to let him choose how he wanted to be killed. Theytold him, "If you tell a lie, you will put to the sword, and ifyou tell the truth you will be hanged."

The soldier could make only one statement. He made statement and went free. What did he say?

7.How many ways are there of arranging the sixteen blor white pieces of a standard international chess set onfirst two rows of the board?

Given that each pawn is identical and each rook, knight

bishop is identical to its pair. 8. In a hotel, rooms numbered from 101 to 550. A room is chosen at randWhat is the probability that room number starts with 1, 23 and ends with 4, 5 or 6?

9. If it is given that:

25 - 2 = 3100 x 2 = 2036 / 3 = 2What is 144 - 3 =?

10. A man sold two cars, each for Rs.3,75,000/-.One car earned him profit of 25% of cost while on the otcar he incurred a loss of 25% of cost. Does he makeoverall profit or loss in this transaction?

11. A heavy tree trunk can be sawed into a 12ft long

piece in one minute. How long will it take to saw itinto twelve equal pieces?

12. There is a number whose double is greater than ihalf by 45.

Can u find this number?

13. Can u make 2 squares and 4 right-angled trianglusing ONLY 8 straight lines?

14. Shown in the sketch are six matchsticks.Can u rearrange them to make nothing?

Note: Correct answers will be awarded points, which are added along with team points which will be considered for overallchampionship. ** Answer this question Correct U get surprise points for your team.


12/16

CHAMELEON CHIPS

Chameleon chips are extension of what was alreadybeen done with field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAS).An FPGA is covered with a grid of wires. A reconfigurableprocessor is a microprocessor with erasable hardware thatcan rewire itself dynamically. This allows the chip to adapteffectively to the programming tasks demanded by the

particular software they are interfacing with at any giventime. The chameleon chip is a high bandwidthreconfigurable communications processor (RCP). It aims atchanging a system's design from a remote location. RCParchitecture is designed to be as flexible as an FPGA, and aseasy to program as a digital signal processor (DSP), withreal-time, visual debugging capability. The developmentenvironment, comprising Chameleon's C-SIDE softwaretool suite, enables customers to develop and debugcommunication and signal processing systems running onthe RCP. The designer creates equivalent functions forthose blocks, called kernels, in Chameleon's reconfigurableassembly language-like design entry language. Using thesetools, the designer can compare test bench results for theoriginal C functions. This allows the chip to adapteffectively to the programming tasks demanded by theparticular software they

are interfacing with at any given time. The new chips cancalled a "chip on demand.

Reconfigurable computing involves manipulation of logic within the FPGA at run-time. In other words, design of the hardware may change in response to demands placed upon the system while it is running.applications are in, data-intensive Internet, DSP, wire

base stations, voice compression, high-performaembedded telecom and data com applications, xDconcentrators, fixed wireless local loop, multichannel vocompression, multiprotocol packet and cell processprotocols.

-K.SIVAPRI

I E

Tags: RCP, FPGA, Chameleon.

BATTERIES THAT CHARGE ON AIR

Lithium ion batteries power most of the mobile devices. But unfortunately lithium-ion batteries are approaching tenergy capacity limits. This leads to researchers to start finding alternatives.

The Entry and Exit:

Lithium ion and Zinc air batteries have made a mark in the market. Zinc air batteries are electrochemical batteries tcharge by drawing Oxygen from the air. Lithium ion batteries are very successfully. Producing about two billion units annum, the industry is still growing. The researchers are trying their hand on Lithium air batteries that are showing great resas compared to the earlier lithium ion batteries. Lithium ion-air batteries are also going to become lighter as cathode has brenewed from the battery and oxygen from that is used as cathode.

- Amit Srivats

I EC

Common sense is not so common.-Voltaire

Capacity Ten time more capacity than Li-ionbattery

Weight Lighter than Li-ion and other cells

Cost Less, because of use of Li andCathode of it is oxygen.

Effect on environment Environment friendly


13/16

CAMPUS COMPASS

Dedicated for campus interview questions, tips and ideas.

Few Technical Questions:

1. What does balanced amplifier consist of?2. What is a super heterodyne receiver?3. Describe VCO4. Describe Skin effect.5. What is cache memory?6. Differentiate between RAM and ROM?7. Can ROM be used as stack?8. Define HCMOS9. What is 1st / 2nd / 3rd / 4th generation processor?10. What do you mean by 3 dB cutoff frequency? Why is it 3 dB, not 1 dB?

11. How can you convert an SR Flip-flop to a JK Flip-flop?12. What is CMRR? Explain briefly

Six Common Interview Mistakes:

1. Don't discuss pay too early2. Talk tech to techies only3. Keep your philosophy to yourself4. Don't climb the advancement ladder in the interview5. Avoid the dreaded electronic interruption.6. Remember to say thank you

Aptitude Questions:

1) 2 hours after a freight train leaves Delhi apassenger train leaves the same station travelling in the

same direction at an average speed of 16 km/hr. After

travelling 4 hrs the passenger train overtakes the freight

train. The average speed of the freight train was?

A. 30 B. 40 C.58 D. 60

2) In a group of 15, 7 have studied Latin, 8 havestudied Greek, and 3 have not studied either. How many of

these studied both Latin and Greek

A .0 B. 3 C. 4 D.5

3) In June a baseball team that played 60 gam

had won 30% of its game played. After a phenome

winning streak this team raised its average to 50% .H

many games must the team have won in a row to at

this average?

A. 12 B. 20 C. 24 D.30

Useful websites:

Technical:

1.http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2.http://www.freebyte.com/electronics/3.http://www.mfrelectronics.com/MGR.htm4.http://www.coolest-gadgets.com/category/electronic-gadgets/5.http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/

Aptitude and Interview:

1.http://www.indiastudychannel.com/2.http://www.geekinterview.com/3.http://www.coolinterview.com/4.http://www.allinterview.com/5.http://techpreparation.com/

Be as smart as you can, but remember that it is always better to be wise than to be smart. -Alan Alda
http://www.freepatentsonline.com/http://www.freepatentsonline.com/http://www.freepatentsonline.com/http://www.freebyte.com/electronics/http://www.freebyte.com/electronics/http://www.freebyte.com/electronics/http://www.mfrelectronics.com/MGR.htmhttp://www.mfrelectronics.com/MGR.htmhttp://www.mfrelectronics.com/MGR.htmhttp://www.coolest-gadgets.com/category/electronic-gadgets/http://www.coolest-gadgets.com/category/electronic-gadgets/http://www.coolest-gadgets.com/category/electronic-gadgets/http://www.coolest-gadgets.com/category/electronic-gadgets/http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/http://www.indiastudychannel.com/questions/http://www.indiastudychannel.com/questions/http://www.indiastudychannel.com/questions/http://www.geekinterview.com/http://www.geekinterview.com/http://www.geekinterview.com/http://www.coolinterview.com/http://www.coolinterview.com/http://www.coolinterview.com/http://www.allinterview.com/http://www.allinterview.com/http://www.allinterview.com/http://techpreparation.com/http://techpreparation.com/http://techpreparation.com/http://techpreparation.com/http://www.allinterview.com/http://www.coolinterview.com/http://www.geekinterview.com/http://www.indiastudychannel.com/questions/http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/http://www.coolest-gadgets.com/category/electronic-gadgets/http://www.coolest-gadgets.com/category/electronic-gadgets/http://www.mfrelectronics.com/MGR.htmhttp://www.freebyte.com/electronics/http://www.freepatentsonline.com/


14/16

WILD 2Life's Building Block in Comet

NASA scientists have discovered glycine, afundamental building block of life, in samples of cometWild 2 returned by NASA's Stardust spacecraft.

Glycine is an amino acid used by living organisms to makeproteins, and this is the first time an amino acid has beenfound in a comet. This discovery supports the theory thatsome of life's ingredients formed in space and weredelivered to Earth long ago by meteorite and comet impacts.The discovery of glycine in a comet supports the idea thatthe fundamental building blocks of life are prevalent inspace. Proteins are the workhorse molecules of life, used ineverything from structures like hair to enzymes, the

catalysts that speed up or regulate chemical reactions.

Stardust passed through dense gas and dust surrounding theicy nucleus of Wild 2. As the spacecraft flew through thismaterial, a special collection grid filled with aero gel asponge-like material that's more than 99 percent emptyspacegently captured samples of the comet's gas and dust.

It was possible that the glycine were found originated fr

handling or manufacture of the Stardust spacecraft itself.

Based on the foil and aero gel results it is highly probathat the entire comet-exposed side of the Stardust samcollection grid is coated with glycine that formed in spaThe research was funded by the NASA Stardust SamAnalysis program and the NASA Astrobiology Institute.

-SHRUTHII B.TECH ECE

Tags: Glycine, Stardust, Aero gel, Workhorse Molecules.

Article Questions

1. Can we use sound waves as input medium for touch sensor screens?2. Main advantage of chameleon chips.3. Why Synaptic interaction between neuron occurs?4. Li ion batteries can be charged up to.5. What is VLIW and hybrid microprocessor?6. Why Hyper Transport is necessary?7. Does Laser communication requires LOS between Tx and Rx?

If so, what advantage we got from using that?8. Basic unit of protein memory is?9. What protocol the Z-Wave Device uses for interoperability across applications?10. What is HoneyComb lattice, why it has unusual behaviours?11. List out operations in water mark embedding system.12. What is the major difference between HIDS and NIDS?13. What are surface plasmons?14. What is glycine?

NOTE: Points will be awarded for correct answers.


15/16

INTRUSION DETECTION

An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be defined asthe tool, methods and resources to help identity, accessand report unauthorized activity. Intrusion Detection istypically one part of an overall protection system that isinstalled around a system or device. IDS work at the

network layer of the OSI model and sensors are placedat the choke points on the network. They analyzepackets to find specific patterns in the network traffic- ifthey find such a pattern in the traffic, an alert is loggedand a response can be based on data recorded.

Intrusion detection systems fall into one of threecategories: Host Based Intrusion Detection Systems(HIDS), Network Based Intrusion Detection Systems(NIDS), and hybrids of the two.

A Host Intrusion Detection System will require somesoftware that resides on the system and can scan all hostresources for activity; some just scan syslog and eventlogs for activity. It will log any activities it discovers to

a secure database and check to see whether the evematch any malicious event record listed in knowledge base.

A Network Intrusion Detection System is usually in

on the network, and it analyzes network packets lookfor attacks. NIDS receives all packets on a particnetwork segment, including switched networkscarefully reconstructs the streams of traffic to analthem for pattern of malicious behavior. Most NIDSequipped with facilities to log their activities and repor alarm on questionable events.

A Hybrid Intrusion Detection System combineHIDS, which monitors events occurring on the hsystem, with a NIDS which monitors network traffic

The basic process of IDS is that a NIDS or HI

passively collects data and preprocesses and classithem. Statistical analysis can be done to determwhether the information falls outside normal activand if so, it is then matched against a knowledge baIf a match found, an alert is sent. Goal of the IntrusDetection Systems is to improve an informatsystems security. Its an organization of the consisparts of data and their interrelationships to identify analogous activity of interest.

-N. Bai

IV EC

Tags: OSI model, HIDS, NI DS, Network Traffi c.

PROTEIN MEMORY

Molecular electronics is an emerging field that lies at the interface of chemical physics, electrical engineering ansolid state science. Molecular electronics provides new methodologies for high speed signal processing, holographicassociate memories. Devices are reliable and competitive with semiconductor devices.

The use of biological molecules as the active components in computer circuitry may offer an alternative approach tha

more economical. Molecules can potentially serve as computers switches because their atoms are mobile and chanposition in a predictable way. If we can direct the atomic motion land thereby constantly generate two discrete states molecule, we can use each state to represent either 0 or 1.This results in reduction of size, that is, a biomolecucomputer in principle is one-fifth of the size of the present day semiconductor computer. The molecule namBacteriorhodopsin has generated the most interest.

ORIGIN IN SALT MARSH:Bacteriorhodopsin , the bacterial protein ,is the basic unit of protein memory and is the key protein in H

bacterial photosynthesis. A Tetra byte of memory in cubes of bacteriorhodopsin, this machine would handle large dabases with alacrity

- Deepak PrasannIV EC


16/16

WEEKLY BUZZ PROMOTION LOGO

Article:

Articles from students based on Recent trends, Emerging Technologies & others in the field of Communication

~ 50 individual person points + 100 Team points for each published articles.

General puzzles that make your brain go hay-wire

~ All 14Q Correct --- > 100p

1013 Correct --- > 80p

510 Correct --- > 50p

Below 5 Correct --- > 25p

Quick witty humor that happens in the life of Engineers.

Funny pictures based on electronic concepts.

Tricks & Tips that help you gain upper hand on the interview specially dedicated for pre-final & Final yr students.

General aptitude questions samples and useful links to sharpen your knowledge.

Info-Bytes:

Current events/Hot news and some important concepts related to communication.

Elcombuzz Vol 4

Documents

Transcript of Elcombuzz Vol 4