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Transcript of ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 2 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as...
ELAINE N. MARIEB
EIGHTH EDITION
2
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University
ESSENTIALSOF HUMANANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
PART ABasic Chemistry
Section I
Matter
Matter
Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass
Matter exists as a solid, liquid, or gas Anatomy States of Matter Examples:
Solid – bones, teeth Liquid – blood plasma, interstitial fluid
Gas – air
Phase changes Matter can be changed physically or chemically
Physical changes – do not alter the basic nature of a substance Example: ice melting, cutting food into smaller pieces
Chemical changes – do alter the composition of the substance Example: fermenting grapes to make wine, digestion of food
Energy
Energy – the ability to do workKinetic energy – movement energy
Potential energy – inactive or stored energy
Form of Energy Application to Body
Chemical Released when food is di gested and broken down
Electrical Electr ical Curr ents found in the body
Mechanical Movement by muscles in your body
Radiant Light E nergy in your eyes & UV waves for a suntan
Forms of Energy
Composition of Matter Elements
Fundamental units of matter 96% of the body is made from four elements
Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N)
Many more elements occur in smaller amounts or as trace elements
AtomsBuilding blocks of elements
Elements are designated by a one or two letter chemical shorthand called a chemical symbol
Atomic Structure Nucleus
Protons: positive charge
Neutrons: neutral charge
Outside of nucleus, found in orbitals: Electrons: negative charge
Figure 2.1
Section 2:
Biochemistry: Essentials
for Life
Biochemistry: Essentials for Life
I. Inorganic compounds: Lack carbonTend to be simpler compoundsExamples:
Water: H2O
Salts: NaCl Some acids & bases: LiOH, HBr
Biochemistry: Essentials for Life
II. Organic compounds: Contain carbon
Examples of organic compounds:
Carbohydrates: glucose
Lipids: fats, steroids, waxes
Proteins: enzymes, antibodies
Nucleic Acids: DNA & RNA
MAJOR AREA in Section 2:Major Inorganic
Compounds(4 of them)WaterSaltsAcidsBases
MAJOR AREA in Section 3:Major Organic Compounds
(5 of them)Carbohydrate
Lipid
Proteins
Nucleic Acid
ATP
Important Inorganic Compounds
1. Water Most abundant inorganic compounds
Accounts for two-thirds of body weight 60-80%
Properties of WaterVital properties High heat capacity - absorbs and releases large amounts of heat
Polarity/solvent properties - water is the universal solvent
Chemical reactivity - water is a reactant in chemical reaction
Cushioning – water cushions around the brain, joints, and around a fetus
Important Inorganic Compounds2. Salts
Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water
Vital to many body functions Example: Electrolytes which conduct electrical currents
Important Inorganic Compounds3. Acids
Can release Hydrogen ions Proton donator Ex: Lemons, Citrus, HBr
4. Bases Can release Hydroxide Ions (OH-)
Proton acceptors Ex: LiOH, Pepto-Bismal
pH Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions pH 7 = neutral pH < 7 = acidic pH > 7 = basic
Figure 2.11
Important Organic Compounds
1. Carbohydrates Contain C,H,O (carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen)
Classified according to size Example: sugars and starches
Types of carbohydratesMonosaccharides Simple sugar Made of 3 to 7 carbon atoms
Examples: Glucose - cereals and grains Ribose - sugar found naturally in body
DeoxyRIBOnucleic Acid (DNA) Deoxyribose - found in sugar, bread and potatoes (DNA)
Types of carbohydratesDisaccharides Double sugars formed when two simple sugars are joined
Examples: Sucrose – cane sugar Lactose – milk sugar Maltose – malt sugar
Types of carbohydratesPolysaccharides Long branching chains of linked simple sugars
Large storage products Examples:
Starch - cereal grains, pasta Glycogen - most cuts of meat
Short term energy source
Carbohydrates
Important Organic Compounds
2. Lipids Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C, H, O) Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen
Insoluble in water
Lipids Common lipids in the human body 1. Neutral fats (triglycerides) Found in fat deposits, where they insulate and protect from heat loss and bumps
Composed of fatty acids and glycerol
Source of stored energy
Lipids 2. Phospholipids
Form cell membranes, lipid bilayer Allows lipid bilayer to be selective about what enters and leaves
3. Steroids Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones
Cholesterol The basis for all steroids made in the body
Figure 2.14c
Important Organic Compounds
3. Proteins Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
Make up 50% of organic matter in the body Made up of amino acids
about 20 varieties of amino acids found in proteins
the sequence which they are bound together produces proteins that vary in structure and function
Proteins Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
Provides for construction materials for body tissues
Plays a vital role in cell function
Types of Proteins1. Fibrous or structural
proteins
§ provide strength to body tissues
Examples: Collagen - in bones,
cartilage, tendons Keratin - in hair and nails
Types of Proteins2. Globular or functional proteins do things and are important in almost all biological process
** Important in bio. processes Examples:
Antibodies - provide immunity Hormones - regulate growth and development
Enzymes - catalysts that regulate every chemical reaction
Enzymes Act as biological catalysts Increase the rate of chemical reactions
most enzymes end in the suffix -ASE
Figure 2.17
Important Organic Compounds4. Nucleic Acids
make up the genes that provide the blueprint of life
building blocks: nucleotides 3 parts
nitrogen-containing base pentose sugar a phosphate group
Examples: DNA and RNA
Nucleic AcidsDNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix
Figure 2.18c
DNA determines INHERITED characteristics
DNA DNA is the genetic material found within the cell nucleus
Has 2 functions:
1 - replicates itself before the cell divides
2 - provides instructions for building proteins in the body
RNA
located outside of the nucleus
carries out protein synthesis
Nucleotide basesDNA (Adenine) A binds to T (Thymine) (Guanine) G binds to C (Cytosine)
RNA A binds to U (Uracil) G binds to C
Important Organic Compounds5. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Chemical energy used by all cells
Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond
ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels
How ATP Drives Cellular Work
Figure 2.20