ELAE PRACTICE TEST 4

SABANCI UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF LANGUAGES

PART ONE – WHILE LISTENING

This part of the exam aims at testing your ability to listen to a discussion and answer

questions at the same time.

You are going to listen to a students and a university tutor talking about lasers. The

student is going to give a presentation on this topic and is consulting her tutor before

she finalizes it.

Answer the questions while you listen and give short answers. At the end of the

discussion, you will be given 5 minutes to check your answers.

You will hear the discussion only ONCE.

The questions are in THE SAME ORDER as the information occurs in the discussion.

Now you have 3 minutes to read the questions before the discussion begins.

1. Why did Ebru choose the topic of laser for her presentation?

___________________________________________________________________________

2. Laser is a device that (a)___________________________________ to emit light at particular

(b) _______________________and it amplifies that light, producing a very narrow beam

(c)________________________ (0.5 each)

3. Einstein suggested that under proper circumstances, atoms could _______________________

_____________________when stimulated.

4. Charles Townes found a way to generate stimulated emission at (a)________________ and he

demonstrated his device in (b)_______________. He called his device (c)_______________.

(0.5 each)

5. How did laser make Gould rich? Write ONE way.

__________________________________________________________________________

6. Why did scientists call laser ‘a solution looking for a problem?’

___________________________________________________________________________

7. What was the earliest success of lasers?

___________________________________________________________________________

8. A visible beam more preferable than an invisible infrared beam because it is possible to

___________________________________________________________________________

9. What was the first large-scale use of lasers?

___________________________________________________________________________

10. How can scientists benefit from the use of lasers in their work? Write ONE benefit.

___________________________________________________________________________

11. When electrons are excited, they (a)____________________________________. However,

they do not stay there forever, and they come back to where they were before losing energy

in the form of (b)_____________________. (0.5 point each)

12. Write the missing information about the laser diagram. (0.5 point each)

a._________________

b. _________________

13. What are two properties of laser beam?

a. __________________________________________________

b. __________________________________________________

14. Complete the missing information in the table. (0.5 point each)

Type of laser Lasing medium Type of beam Use

Solid-state lasers ruby visible red

Gas lasers Helium, helium-neon

CO2

visible red

infrared

Cutting hard materials

Excimer lasers a. ______________ like

chlorine, fluorine, argon,

xenon, krypton

Dye lasers Organic dyes in

b._____________

Semi-conductor

lasers

c._________________

15. Why are lasers good for cutting? Write TWO reasons.

a. _____________________________________________________________________

b. _____________________________________________________________________

16. How are lasers used in defense industry? Write ONE way.

___________________________________________________________________________

TOTAL: _____/ 18.5 POINTS

PART TWO - LECTURE AND NOTE-TAKING – PERFUME

This part of the exam aims at testing your note-taking ability from a lecture.

You are going to listen to a lecture about perfume. Take notes on the following pages as you listen to the lecture. Your notes will not be marked.

At the end of the lecture, you will be given questions which you have to answer by using the notes you have made. You will have 15 minutes to answer the questions.

Listen to the lecture and take notes. You do not have to write down everything. Note down the important information as well as examples. Information is often repeated in the lecture. Therefore, you have enough opportunity to take notes.

You will hear the lecture only ONCE.

You now have 1 minute to look at the note-taking headings before the lecture starts.

NOTES:

Definition

Why people wear perfume

How perfume affects people History of Perfume

Ancient Times

14th- 19th centuries

20th century

Today

Categorization

Notes

PART TWO – LECTURE AND NOTE-TAKING – PERFUME – QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions by using the notes you have made. You have 15 minutes to complete this

part. Give precise answers. You will lose points if you include irrelevant information in your answer.

1. How does the speaker define perfume?

________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What are two reasons why people wear perfume?

a. ____________________________________________________________________________________

b. ____________________________________________________________________________________

3. What kind of physical effects can perfume have on people’s bodies? Write TWO effects.

a. ____________________________________________________________________________________

b. ____________________________________________________________________________________

4. What were two ways the Egyptians used perfume in their religion?

a. ____________________________________________________________________________________

b. ____________________________________________________________________________________

5. How did the following cultures, people or events contribute to the development of perfume?

Greeks Arabs Persians Hungarians An Italian

barber

modern

chemistry

a.

efficient

distillation

techniques

cheaper

perfumes

Refined

distillation

process and

created rose

water

b. c. d.

6. What is ONE thing other than the smell of the perfume that plays a role in the success of a perfume?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

7. What is one development that took place at the beginning of the 20th century?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

8. How big was the perfume industry last year?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

9. What are two types of perfumes which are popular today?

a. ___________________________________________

b. ___________________________________________

10. What is the percentage of fragrant oils in eau de perfume?

______________________________________________________________________________________

11. What does the phrase ‘base notes’ refer to?

______________________________________________________________________________________

TOTAL: ______ 18 POINTS

PART ONE - SKIMMING (15%) Duration: 20 minutes

This part of the exam aims to test your ability to locate main ideas in a text.

The text you are going to read is about animal migration.

Which paragraphs match with the following headings? Write the paragraph number beside the correct heading.

The headings are not in the same order as the information in the text. One of the answers is given as an example.

Before you begin answering the questions, it may be useful to spend a few minutes previewing the text.

Paragraph

Number

Heading

8 e.g. Birds’ migration known more than other animals’

a) Insect migration mainly to find food, to mate or to sleep

b) Migration can be vertical or horizontal

c) Animals’ use of geographical features to find their way during migration

d) The benefits of migration for animals

e) Landscape determining the pace of birds’ migratory flight

f) Some sea creatures migrating unintentionally

g) Metabolic differences between migratory and non-migratory animals

h) Birds’ ability to find their way when flying at night

i) Environmental factors triggering migration

_____ / 9 POINTS

ANIMAL MIGRATION

1. Migration is the regular, usually seasonal, movement of all or part of an animal population to and from a

given area. Familiar migrants include many birds; hoofed animals, especially in East Africa and in

the Arctic tundra; bats; whales and porpoises; seals; and fishes, such as salmon. Migration can be

contrasted with emigration, which involves a change in location not necessarily followed by a return

journey; invasion or interruption, both of which involve the appearance and subsequent disappearance of

great numbers of animals at irregular times and locations; and range expansion, which tends to enlarge

the distribution of a species, particularly its breeding area.

2. The migration cycle is often annual and thus closely linked with the cyclic pattern of the seasons. The

migration of most birds and mammals and many of the fishes are on a yearly cycle. In many cases,

animals with a relatively long life span, such as salmon and eels, return to their place of birth in order to

reproduce and eventually die. In other cases, as in certain invertebrates, where the animal has a relatively

brief life span and reproduces rapidly, migrations may not occur in every generation. The daily

movements of certain fishes and invertebrates have also been called migrations because of their regular

occurrence. This type of movement, however, is not to be confused with migration in the strict sense.

3. Most migrations involve travel parallel to the surface of the earth. The distance travelled may be a few

miles or several thousands of miles. Some migrations take a vertical direction and involve no noticeable

horizontal movement. Certain aquatic animals, for example, move from deep water to the surface

according to the season. Certain birds, mammals, and insects migrate attitudinally in mountainous areas,

going from the upper zones, where they breed, to the foothills or plains during seasons when the weather

is severe and unfavourable. Such upright travels involve essentially the same type of environmental

change as horizontal, or latitudinal, migrations over long distances.

4. Many marine invertebrates travel considerable distances during certain seasons; however, a large

proportion of them, particularly planktonic organisms, do not travel deliberately but are carried by ocean

currents. Some of the best-known migrations among invertebrates occur in crabs during their

reproductive period, when some of them travel as far as 240 kilometres, mostly carried by the currents.

Generally, female crabs move into shallow coastal waters to mate and to lay their eggs. After the eggs

have been laid, the females return to deep water. Some freshwater crabs, such as the Chinese crab, after

remaining for three to five years in fresh water, migrate to salty water, where mating occurs.

5. Migration among the insects is best known in locusts and butterflies. Broadly speaking, insect migration

is of three types: some insects emigrate on one-way journeys to breed, others migrate from a breeding

area to a feeding area, and still others migrate from breeding areas to hibernation sites. The best-known

examples of the first type are those of locusts, particularly the desert locust, a species found in tropical

and subtropical countries of the Old World. The desert locusts breed only when and where seasonal rains

permit; therefore, the insects migrate from one breeding area to another. In the second type of migration,

insects migrate from a breeding area to a feeding area. In the feeding area the females reach sexual

maturity and then return to lay their eggs in the place from which they came or a similar region.

Cockchafers, a species of beetle, leave the site where they emerge as adults and move to a feeding area,

generally in a forested region, where maturation of the eggs takes place. They then return to the area

where they developed from eggs and lay their own eggs. In the third type of migration, insects travel

from their breeding areas to places where they hibernate—i.e., pass the summer in a dormant state. The

place of hibernation may be outside the zone where climate permits breeding. The following season,

they return to the breeding place and lay their eggs. This type of migration, which can involve great

distances, is made by insects with unusually long life spans. In warm countries the coccinellids, a family

of beetles, and certain moths leave the hot lowlands and migrate to the mountains, where they rest and

later hibernate. In spring they return to the breeding areas.

6. Oceanodromous fish, which occur widely throughout the world’s oceans, live and migrate wholly in the

sea. They differ mainly from one another by the method and extent of their migration. Herring, for

example, has a particular migratory behaviour. In the North Sea, distinct groups spawn in different

seasons and on different grounds: Buchan herring spawn in August and September off the coast

of Scotland and migrate to the coast of southwestern Norway. The diversity of migration and of

reproductive seasons is closely connected with the annual cycle of oceanographic conditions in the

North Sea. Anadromous fish live in the sea and migrate to fresh water to breed. Their adaptations to

conditions of different habitats are precise, particularly with regard to salinity of the water. The best

known example of this kind is the salmon, which spawn in the cold, clear waters of lakes or upper

streams. Eggs are laid in gravel beds. The young of the salmon remain in fresh water for two to three

years, and then, as adolescents or as adults, they return to fresh water and spawn, after changes occur in

colour and other external features. Catadromous fish spend most of their lives in fresh water, then

migrate to the sea to breed. This type is exemplified by eels of the genus Anguilla the best-known of

which are the North American eel and the European eel.

7. Migration is most evident among birds. Most species, because of their high metabolic rate, require a

rich, abundant supply of food at frequent intervals. Such a situation does not always prevail throughout

the year in any given region. Birds have thus evolved a highly efficient means for travelling swiftly over

long distances with great economy of energy.

8. The migration flights of birds follow specific routes, sometimes quite well defined over long distances.

The majority of bird migrants, however, travel along broad airways. A single population of migrants

may be scattered over a vast territory. Such routes are determined not only by geographical factors, such

as river systems, valleys, coasts, and ecological conditions but are also dependent upon meteorological

conditions; i.e., birds change their direction of flight in accordance with the direction and force of the

wind. Some routes cross oceans. Small passerine birds migrate across 1,000 kilometres or more of sea in

areas such as the Gulf of Mexico, the Mediterranean Sea, and the North Sea. American golden plover,

wintering in the Pacific, fly directly from the Aleutian Islands (southwest of Alaska) to Hawaii, the

3,300-kilometre flight requiring 35 hours and more than 250,000 wing beats.

9. The speed of migratory flights depends largely on the species and the type of land covered. Birds in

migration go faster than they normally do. Rooks have been observed migrating at speeds of 60

kilometres per hour; skylarks at 50 kilometres per hour; and pintails at 70 kilometres per hour. Although

the speeds would permit steadily flying migrants to reach their wintering grounds in a relatively short

time, the journeys are interrupted by long stops, during which the birds rest and hunt for food. Most

migrations occur at relatively low altitudes. Small passerine birds often fly at less than 60 metres. Some

birds, however, fly much higher. Migrating passerines, for example, have been observed at altitudes as

great as 4,000 metres. The highest altitude recorded thus far for migrating birds is 9,000 metres

for geese in northwest India.

10. True migration among mammals occurs mostly among large artiodactyls (animals with two or more

toes) living in habitats with wide fluctuations of climatic and biotic conditions. For instance, in North

American Arctic regions, herds of caribou settle during the summer in the barrens, rather flat wasteland

with little vegetation. In July the animals begin to move irregularly southward and spend the winter in

the taiga, or northern forests, through which they wander freely in accordance with local conditions and

without a well-defined pattern. The caribou again move northward as early as late February and return to

the barrens. These migrations follow the same routes from year to year. Large African mammals migrate

in accordance with the succession of wet and dry seasons, which can greatly modify the habitat. Some

antelope remain in small areas throughout the year, but many species undertake seasonal movements

over a large range. In the Serengeti region of Tanzania, plains animals, particularly wildebeests

and zebras, travel more than 1,600 kilometres in their seasonal migrations. Herds spread outward during

the rains and concentrate during the dry season around water holes. Elephants wander great distances in

search of the best food and water supply.

11. Homing experiments have demonstrated the ability of animals to orient themselves geographically. Such

experiments involve removing animals from a specific point, transporting them for various distances,

and analyzing their speed and degree of success in returning. Starlings have returned to their nests after

being transported 800 kilometres ; swallows have returned a distance of more than 1,800 kilometres.

A Manx shearwater returned from Massachusetts to Britain, 4,900 kilometres across the Atlantic, in

twelve and half days. Laysan albatrosses returned to Midway Island in the Pacific after being released

at Whidbey Island, Washington; the journey covered 5,100 kilometres and took ten days. Experiments

with certain fishes and mammals have demonstrated similar homing ability.

12. It is apparent that animals use familiar landmarks; both random and oriented searches have been

observed in birds and fish. Experiments with birds have demonstrated that, after release, the birds

explore the region and hesitate as they apparently look for landmarks. Landmarks vary from

topographical (for example, mountain systems, river systems, and coastlines) to ecological (such as

vegetation zones) to climatic (e.g., air masses differing in temperature and humidity, prevailing winds).

Fishes may orient themselves by using similar clues in the same way. Most fish drift with the currents in

the sea, so the movements of such fishes are similar from year to year.

13. Familiar landmarks and exploration do not, however, explain how migrants find their way along routes

covering many hundreds or thousands of miles nor do the results of most homing experiments. A

compass sense has been demonstrated in birds; that is, they are able to fly in a particular constant

direction, regardless of the position of the release point with respect to the bird’s home area. It has also

been shown that birds are capable of relating the release point to their home area and of determining

which direction to take, then maintaining that direction in flight. The navigational ability of birds has

long been understood in terms of a presumed sensitivity to both the intensity and the direction of

the Earth’s magnetic field. It has also been suggested that birds are sensitive to forces produced by the

rotation of the Earth; however, no sense organ or physiological process sensitive to such forces has yet

been demonstrated to support this hypothesis.

14. Experiments have shown that the orientation of birds is based on celestial bearings. The Sun is the point

of orientation during the day, and birds are able to compensate for the movement of the Sun throughout

the day. A so-called internal clock mechanism in birds involves the ability to gauge the angle of the Sun

above the horizon. Similar mechanisms are known in many animals and are closely related to the rhythm

of daylight, or photoperiodism. When the internal rhythm of birds is disturbed by subjecting them first to

several days of irregular light–dark sequences, then to an artificial rhythm that is delayed or advanced in

relation to the normal rhythm, corresponding anomalies occur in the homing behaviour.

15. Two theories have been formulated to explain how birds use the Sun for orientation. Neither, however,

has so far been substantiated with proof. One theory holds that birds find the right direction by

determining the horizontal angle measured on the horizon from the Sun’s projection. They correct for

the Sun’s movement by compensating for the changing angle and thus are able to maintain the same

direction. According to this theory, the Sun is a compass that enables the birds to find and maintain their

direction. This theory does not explain, however, the manner in which a bird, transported and released in

an experimental situation, determines the relationship between the point at which it is released and its

goal.

16. The second theory is based on other aspects of the Sun’s position, the most important of which is the arc

of the Sun, that is the angle made by the plane through which the Sun is moving in relation to the

horizontal. Each day in the Northern Hemisphere, the highest point reached by the Sun lies in the south,

thus indicating direction; the highest point is reached at noon, thus indicating time. In its native area a

bird is familiar with the characteristics of the Sun’s movement. Placed in different surroundings, the bird

can project the curve of the Sun’s movement after watching only a small segment of its course. By

measuring maximum altitude (the Sun’s angle in relation to the horizontal) and comparing it with

circumstances in the usual habitat, the bird obtains a sense of latitude. Details of longitude are provided

by the Sun’s position in relation to both the highest point and position it will reach as revealed by a

precise internal clock.

17. Migrant birds that travel at night are also capable of directional orientation. Studies have shown that

these birds use the stars to determine their bearings. In clear weather, captive migrants head immediately

in the right direction using only the stars. They are even able to orient themselves correctly to the

arrangement of night skies projected on the dome of a planetarium; true celestial navigation is involved

because the birds determine their latitude and longitude by the position of the stars. In a planetarium in

Germany, blackcaps and garden warblers, under an artificial autumn sky, headed “southwest,” their

normal direction; lesser whitethroats headed “southeast,” their normal direction of migration in that

season.

18. It is known, then, that birds are able to navigate by two types of orientation. One, simple and directional,

is compass orientation; the second, complex and directed to a point, is true navigation, or goal

orientation. Both types apparently are based on celestial bearings, which provide a navigational “grid.”

The methods of directional orientation used by birds are similar to those used by other animals.

Orientation to the Sun has been demonstrated in various crustaceans, particularly in the sand flea.

Various insects, particularly bees and certain beetles, use the Sun to plot their course with remarkable

accuracy.

19. Fishes also are able to use celestial bearings; salmon presumably use the Sun. Experiments with

the parrot fish have demonstrated a Sun compass reaction that may also occur in other fishes.

Localization of the Sun is, however, much more difficult in water than in the air, because of the

characteristics of light rays passing through water. Experiments suggest that topographical clues are also

used by fishes to recognize their range, particularly their spawning grounds. Visual bearings in this

respect have great importance. It is possible that chemical substances also provide clues.

20. Visible landmarks are used by mammals, at least for orientation within short distances. Scented trails are

probably helpful within a limited area, proportionate to the size of the animal; olfaction plays an

important role in the life of mammals. Some mammals, however, migrate over enormous distances and

are able to return after being taken far away from their home territory; bats, for example, have returned

265 kilometres to their caves. Random exploration plays a part in such movements, but it is possible that

some type of true navigation is involved in certain of these movements.

21. Migration, like reproduction and other phases, is part of the life cycle and depends on a complex internal

rhythm that affects the whole organism, particularly the endocrine glands and the gonads. Migration

must thus be viewed in relation to the entire annual cycle. Each year birds return to particular areas to

breed, and remain there until the members of the brood can care for themselves. There is no relation

between the reproductive and migratory stimuli, yet the two phenomena, although independent, are

nevertheless stimulated by the same factor. A physiological study of certain migrants has revealed that

metabolic patterns usually change prior to migration, and fats accumulate in the body tissues. The

whitethroat weighs an average of 12 to 13 grams during the breeding season, 16 to 19 grams in

the autumn, and 20 to 24 grams in the winter. Food consumption increases with the autumn molt,

reaching a peak at the beginning of the migration season. These fundamental physiological changes,

chiefly under the control of the thyroid gland, are correlated with migratory activity. Such metabolic

fluctuations are not observed in species that do not migrate.

22. Variations in metabolism and related phenomena are controlled by an endocrine gland, namely

the pituitary gland, which is located in the lower part of the brain and acts as a command post, sending

out instructions in the form of secretions called hormones. That the pituitary has a cycle independent of

environmental factors is demonstrated by the regularity with which phases such as reproduction occur

from year to year in the lives of some birds, and by the diverse response of various species and

populations to the same environmental factors. That the pituitary is, however, influenced by

environmental factors, such as variations in day length and the intensity of the Sun, has been

demonstrated experimentally.

23. Gonadal development and the deposition of fat, for example, are influenced by the pituitary, which

responds to increasing day length in springtime by accelerating the rate of gonadal development. The

pituitary thus governs the development of gonads and, in addition, affects all metabolic processes,

including development of the thyroid gland, so as to prepare the animal physiologically for migration. If

only the pituitary and variations in day length were involved, migration would be triggered at definite

times, because the pituitary cycle is fixed, and photoperiodism is a highly predictable phenomenon; such

a lack of flexibility, however, would inevitably cause migrant populations to suffer catastrophes because

ecological conditions are irregular—meteorological events, such as the arrival of spring, and biological

phenomena, such as flowering, foliation, hatching of insects, and availability of food, are highly variable

from year to year. The pituitary thus serves only to prepare the bird for flight; the proper ecological

conditions, on the other hand, are necessary to initiate it. The availability of food is an important factor.

Temperature and weather conditions also have an influence—a sudden period of cold weather during

autumn may induce the immediate departure of many migrants.

24. Sensitivity to changes in the weather and other environmental conditions varies markedly among

species. Some, such as the woodcock, snipe, lapwing, starling, and lark, rely on surrounding conditions

to initiate their spring and autumn migrations, and the patterns of their flight depend on temperature

and barometric pressure. Others, such as the swift, cliff swallow, Baltimore oriole, and short-tailed

petrel, are less weather dependent, and, since the dates of their arrival and departure are not regulated by

the weather, they occur with remarkable regularity each year.

25. The factors that stimulate migration in animals other than birds are not yet well understood. Ecological

conditions play a great part in the migratory activity of mammals, who react to general food shortage by

moving to another region. Whale, for example, leave the Antarctic region as winter modifies the

oceanographic conditions. Seals disperse when the food supply in the area of their breeding colonies is

depleted. Environmental factors are of primary importance in the migration of fishes and marine

invertebrates. Annual movements of water masses change physical conditions such as temperature and

salinity; biotic conditions are influenced accordingly.

26. The origins of migration remain in the realm of pure conjecture; neither observation nor experiment has

resolved the matter. The explanation, however, must be related to geographical and climatological

factors that have prevailed since the Neogene Period, which ended some 2,600,000 years ago. The great

Quaternary ice ages, which came later, were very important in altering the distribution of animals over a

large part of the world, but migrations occurred long before.

27. Migration, as it is now known among modern birds and mammals, probably appeared gradually by

stages. Some animals changed their habitat only slightly, never leaving the same general region. The

movements of other animals were more erratic, their dispersal being oriented toward the most favourable

places. Such movements are the first stages of true migration—a phenomenon characterized by elaborate

mechanisms—which gradually acquired stability through natural selection. At first, many populations

must have perished rather than attempt to flee from unfavourable conditions. Only a fraction of such

populations probably sought more favourable conditions elsewhere, but natural selection favoured the

“migrants,” and migratory tendencies were retained.

28. In some cases, original habitats were in present-day wintering areas, and animals developed a tendency

to leave in spring in order to breed in other territories. Seasonal changes of weather and food supply in

these newly settled regions forced the animals to migrate in fall, and they thus retreated to their former

range. Among birds nesting in the Northern Hemisphere, hummingbirds, tyrant flycatchers, tanagers,

orioles, bee-eaters, and swifts have distinct tropical affinities; in recent geological times these birds

gradually spread northward as glacial ice receded and the continent became warmer. Other birds, such as

plover, ducks, and geese, originally lived in what is now their breeding area. Gradual climatic changes

forced them to spend their winters in regions far to the south. Migrations thus appear to be the

consequence of invasions or emigrations, during which animals settle in new areas during a segment of

the annual cycle.

29. Migratory birds use the routes by which their ancestors first invaded new regions after the glacial

recession. The yellow wagtail and the wheatear settled in Alaska; they migrate annually into other parts

of the Western Hemisphere but spend their winters in the warm regions of southeastern Asia and even

Africa, probably following the migratory route of their ancestors. A typically North American species,

the gray-cheeked thrush, which has extended its breeding area to northeastern Siberia, returns to spend

the winter in the central regions of South America.

30. There are many ecological implications of migration. The food resources of some regions would not be

adequately exploited without moving populations. The sequence of migratory movement is

closely integrated in the annual cycle of ecosystems characterized by productivity fluctuations.

Migratory behaviour concerns only species located at specific trophic levels (zones of food availability)

where maximal fluctuations occur both in breeding areas and in wintering regions. Migrant birds avoid

equatorial forests where productivity is constant throughout the year, and food surpluses do not occur.

They do congregate, on the other hand, in savannas where productivity varies with the seasons.

31. Such a coordinated sequence is particularly apparent in the case of birds migrating from the northern

Arctic regions to tropical winter regions; both life zones are characterized by broad fluctuations in

productivity. In the Arctic, vegetal and animal production is very high during the summer; ducks and

waders nest in great numbers, exploiting these resources. As winter comes, food becomes scarce, and

water birds migrate to the tropics, where the rainy season has caused food production to increase to

optimal levels. Ducks and wading birds concentrate in the most favourable areas, remaining until spring,

when productivity is lowest. By then the condition of breeding areas is again favourable for the birds.

The life cycles of these birds are closely attuned with the cycles of their various habitats, and the sizes of

bird populations are controlled by the capacity of both areas to sustain them.

32. Migration, then, has considerable ecological significance. It enables fast-moving animals to exploit

fluctuating resources and to settle in areas where life would not be possible for animals incapable of

rapid travel. Their ability to migrate helps them mate and continue their species, which, otherwise,

would disappear as they would not find suitable conditions to breed. In addition, peaks of food

production would be unexploited without the periodic presence of migratory populations.

Jean P. Dorst Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/migration-animal

PART TWO – DETAILED READING QUESTIONS (25%) Duration: 65 minutes

This part of the exam aims to test:

- your ability to identify the main ideas and important details of two texts with a

similar theme,

- your understanding of the relationship between two texts.

There are three tasks:

Task 1 – Answer questions 1-6 about Text A.

Task 2 – Answer questions 7-12 about Text B.

Task 3 – Complete a short paragraph that compares some of the information

from Text A and Text B.

All questions are worth 1 point unless indicated otherwise.

The questions are in the same order as the answers in the text.

Task 1: Read Text A below and answer questions 1-5.

1. What do most people do to survive in capitalism? _____________________________________________________________________________________

2. In this economic system, why do capitalists do business?

______________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the role that prices play in the capitalist market?

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Free markets and mixed economies differ from each other in that in the former ____________

_______________________________________whereas in the latter ____________________

____________________________________________________________________________

5. What is ONE negative outcome of state-guided capitalism?

______________________________________________________________________________

6. What can the public do prevent powerful capitalists from doing everything they want?

______________________________________________________________________________

Task 2: Read Text B below and answer questions 7-11.

7. What idea do socialist democrats oppose?

______________________________________________________________________________

8. What are two characteristics of society in social democratic view?

a. ________________________________________________________________________

b. ________________________________________________________________________

9. What is the duty of the state to the people?

______________________________________________________________________________

10. What is ONE reason why social democrats accept market economy?

______________________________________________________________________________

11. According to the social democratic view, one thing that makes people free is ____________

______________________________________________________________________________

12. Why do social democrats equate poverty with social exclusion?

______________________________________________________________________________

TOTAL: _____/ 12 POINTS

Task 3

The paragraph below highlights the differences between capitalism and social

democracy. Use the information from one, or both, of the texts to complete the paragraph.

The first question (0) has been done for you.

You can write one word or more than one word.

Each answer is worth 0.5 point.

Capitalism and social democracy are the two major ways most nations around the world have

adopted to run their countries. While it may be rather hard for many to tell the difference, these

two political system do have a lot that separates them. Capitalism, divides society into two and the

main focus is on (0) _____making profit________ and this is the aim of only one group in the

society. However, social democracy sees each member of a nation as the same. They believe that

(1) ____________________ have the power to distribute wealth to all members of society. They

also believe that it is the duty of the state to meet its people’s needs, but capitalism does not have

such a concern. Capitalists believe that the state’s role is to ensure (2) ____________________ of

the market by monitoring it and protecting the rights of individuals. In a capitalist economy

individuals are free to do act out of (3) ____________________, which is what leads to economic

prosperity. However, in social democracy, individuals are part of the community and they are (4)

____________________ to the society and depend on other members. Although capitalist systems

have led to more economic growth, one problem that continues to exist is that of (5)

____________________ because the system allows a small number of people to keep hold of the

capital. In contrast, there is ideally a fairer distribution of wealth in social democratic countries.

Nevertheless, social democratic societies are believed to be (6) ____________________ by some

who say the way social welfare is planned does not reflect the realities of the economic balances.

TOTAL: ___/ 3 POINTS

TEXT A CAPITALISM

Capitalism is often thought of as an economic system in which individuals own and control

property in line with their interests, and demand and supply freely set prices in markets. At its

root, capitalism is an economic system based on three things: wage labor (working for a wage),

private ownership (of things like factories, machinery, farms, and offices), and production for

exchange and profit. While some people own means of production, or capital, most do not and so

order to live in such a system they need to sell their ability to work in return for a wage. People in

the first group are the capitalists and those in the second group are the working class.

Capitalism is based on a simple process: money is invested to generate more money. When

money functions like this, it functions as capital. For instance, when a company uses its profits to

hire more staff or open new premises, and so make more profit, the money here is functioning as

capital. The increase of capital is called 'capital accumulation', and it is the driving force of the

economy.

In a capitalist economy, capital assets, such as factories, mines, and railroads, can be privately

owned and controlled, labor is purchased for money wages, capital gains are collected by private

owners. As explained above, the essential feature of capitalism is the motive to make a profit.

Therefore, it is not from generosity that those who meet demands do so, but from their regard for

their own interest. Both parties to a voluntary exchange transaction have their own interest in the

outcome, but neither can obtain what he or she wants without addressing what the other wants. It

is this rational self-interest that can lead to economic prosperity.

Although some form of capitalism is the basis for nearly all economies today, for much of the last

century it was one of two major approaches to economic organization. In the other, socialism, the

state owns the means of production, and state-owned enterprises seek to maximize social good

rather than profits.

Capitalism is founded on the following pillars. The first one is private property, which allows

people to own tangible assets such as land and houses and intangible assets such as stocks and

bonds. The second pillar is self-interest, through which people act in pursuit of their own good,

without regard for sociopolitical pressure. Competition, through firms’ freedom to enter and exit

markets, maximizes social welfare, that is, the joint welfare of both producers and consumers is

the third principle of capitalism. Then there is a market mechanism that determines prices in a

decentralized manner through interactions between buyers and seller. Prices, in return, allocate

resources, which naturally seek the highest reward, not only for goods and services but for wages

as well. The freedom to choose with respect to consumption, production, and investment is

another pillar. Dissatisfied customers can buy different products, investors can pursue more

profitable ventures, workers can leave their jobs for better pay. The final one is limited role of

government, to protect the rights of private citizens and maintain an orderly environment that

facilitates proper functioning of markets.

The extent to which these pillars operate distinguishes various forms of capitalism. In free

markets, also called laissez-faire economies, markets operate with little or no regulation. In

mixed economies, so called because of the blend of markets and government, markets play a

dominant role, but are regulated to a greater extent by government to correct market failures,

such as pollution and traffic congestion; promote social welfare; and for other reasons, such as

defense and public safety. Mixed capitalist economies predominate today.

Economists classify capitalism into different groups using various criteria. Capitalism, for

example, can be simply sliced into two types, based on how production is organized. In liberal

market economies, the competitive market is prevalent and the bulk of the production process

takes place in a decentralized manner similar to the free-market capitalism seen in the United

States and the United Kingdom. Coordinated market economies, on the other hand, exchange

private information through non–market institutions such as unions and business associations, as

in Germany and Japan.

More recently, economists have identified four types of capitalism distinguished according to the

role of entrepreneurship, the process of starting businesses, in driving innovation and the

institutional setting in which new ideas are put into place to spur economic growth.

In state-guided capitalism, the government decides which sectors will grow. Initially motivated

by a desire to foster growth, this type of capitalism has several drawbacks: excessive investment,

picking the wrong winners, susceptibility to corruption, and difficulty withdrawing support when

it is no longer appropriate. Oligarchic capitalism is oriented toward protecting and enriching a

very narrow fraction of the population. Economic growth is not a central objective, and countries

with this variety have a great deal of inequality and corruption.

Big-firm capitalism takes advantage of economies of scale. This type is important for mass

production of products. Entrepreneurial capitalism produces breakthroughs like the automobile,

telephone, and computer. These innovations are usually the product of individuals and new

firms. However, it takes big firms to mass-produce and market new products, so a mix of big-

firm and entrepreneurial capitalism seems best. This is the kind that characterizes the United

States more than any other country.

During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the advanced capitalist economies suffered

widespread unemployment. In his 1936 General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money,

British economist John Maynard Keynes argued that capitalism struggles to recover from

slowdowns in investment because a capitalist economy can remain indefinitely in equilibrium

with high unemployment and no growth. Keynesian economics challenged the notion that

laissez-faire capitalist economies could operate well on their own without state intervention to

promote total demand and fight high unemployment and deflation of the sort seen during the

1930s. He hypothesized that government intervention by cutting taxes and increasing

government spending was needed to pull the economy out of the recession. These actions sought

to temper the boom and bust of the business cycle and to help capitalism recover following the

Great Depression. Keynes never intended to replace the market-based economy with a different

one; he asserted only that periodic government intervention was necessary.

The forces that generally lead to the success of capitalism can also usher in its failure. Free

markets can flourish only when governments set the rules that govern them, such as laws that

ensure property rights, and support markets with proper infrastructure, such as roads and

highways to move goods and people. Governments, however, may be influenced by organized

private interests that try to control the power of regulations to protect their economic position at

the expense of the public interest, for example, by repressing the same free market that bred their

success.

Thus, society must save capitalism from the capitalists. That is, it should take appropriate steps

to protect the free market from powerful private interests that seek to obstruct its efficient

functioning. The concentration of ownership of productive assets must be limited to ensure

competition. Also, because competition creates winners and losers, losers must be compensated.

Free trade and strong competitive pressure on firms will also keep powerful interests in check.

The public needs to see the virtues of free markets and oppose government intervention in the

market to protect powerful players at the expense of overall economic prosperity.

Economic growth under capitalism may have far surpassed that of other economic systems,

but inequality remains one of its most controversial attributes. Do the dynamics of private capital

accumulation inevitably lead to the concentration of wealth in fewer hands, or do the balancing

forces of growth, competition, and technological progress reduce inequality? Economists have

taken various approaches to finding the driver of economic inequality. In recent study, Thomas

Piketty (2014), a French economist, analyzed a unique collection of data going back to the 18th

century to uncover key economic and social patterns. He found that in contemporary market

economies, the rate of return on investment frequently exceeds overall growth. Piketty predicts

that if that discrepancy persists, the wealth held by owners of capital will increase far more

rapidly than other kinds of earnings, like wages, eventually exceeding them by a wide margin.

Although this study has as many critics as admirers, it has added to the debate on wealth

distribution in capitalism and reinforced the belief among many that a capitalist economy must

be steered in the right direction by government policies and the general public to ensure that the

system continues to work in society’s favor.

TEXT B SOCIAL DEMOCRACY

Social democracy, historically, is a term that has been used by individuals on both the far and

moderate left to describe their beliefs, but in recent years the latter have embraced the term

almost exclusively. For many adherents, the term "social democracy" is interchangeable with the

term "democratic socialism."

By the beginning of the 20th century, workers in many industrial countries had acquired the vote

and the right to organize into unions and parties. Many socialists were thus led to believe that the

working class, the largest group in modern society, could increasingly direct the state towards

abolishing poverty, inequality and class exploitation. In other words, they believed capitalism

could be transformed through legislation. The German socialist Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932)

pioneered the idea that all-out class struggle was not inevitable and that a peaceful, non-

revolutionary road to socialism was both possible and desirable.

The Russian Revolution of 1917 and the founding of the Communist International in 1919

hurried an irreversible split between the revolutionary and evolutionary wings - with the former

emerging as communist parties and the latter as social democratic parties.

After this date, social democracy could be defined by its opposition not only to capitalism but

also to communism. Social democrats are resolute in their defense of individual rights and

constitutional methods, and in their rejection of the Marxist concept of the dictatorship of the

proletariat. They also argue that political democracy, for example equal right to vote, needs to be

expanded to include social and economic democracy, such as equal right to an education,

medical care, pensions, employment and safe working conditions. Believing in the power of

education and persuasion, and the potentially benevolent power of the state to redistribute

wealth, social democrats have encouraged the emergence of an activist, interventionist state that

provides extensive social security assistance to the less privileged.

There are several concepts that define social democracy, one of which is the concept of society.

This refers to the relationship of the individual to society: Social democrats generally view

society as equal to the sum of its parts. In other words, society is what people make of it. People

are social beings, and society is where people achieve their fullest potential. Thus, the members

of society naturally come together in social settings. However, social democrats strongly reject

an individualistic view of society and are strongly critical of society when it is divided into

classes or groups based on socio-economic position, access to education, gender and so on. For

them, society is a place where all people are equal, and any division in society is artificial. In

social democratic view, within such a society, social change is not only possible, but necessary to

elicit greater equality or establish stronger bonds of community.

As for the nature and the role of the state, social democrats see the state has a central role to play

in promoting a good, just, and healthy society. Because of their firm belief in democracy, social

democrats see the state as representative of the will of all, and as such it must take the lead in

maintaining society’s values. Therefore, social democrats have generally supported social

welfare, which, in their view, is a fundamental part of society, and as the democratic expression

of society, it is the responsibility of the state to guarantee access to resources to meet basic

needs.

For social democrats, human beings are social beings, and it is through social interaction that

they achieve their fullest potential. Therefore, socialists think of an individual as someone who is

connected to and dependent upon other people in various ways. Social democrats have tended to

identify the role of the individual as a citizen, which implies political, civil, and social rights and

this is where one’s human nature is fully expressed.

When it comes to economy, it is observed that social democrats have always had a benign view

of the role of the market in society. Social democracy is a way of regulating society and of

putting the market economy at the service of the people. They accept the market economy,

because, as long as it is regulated and managed, it is the most effective means of allocating

resources, stimulating initiative and rewarding effort and work. But they reject the market

society because although the market produces wealth in itself, it generates neither solidarity nor

values or meaning.

Social democracy has some basic values. One of them is cooperation, which is sometimes

referred to as fraternity, fellowship, or solidarity. It also includes the notion of altruism, in which

people offer help to others without getting something back in return. Also, social democrats have

a strong sense of community, although it has frequently been expressed through the larger notion

of society. Community building emphasizes support networks, self-help and the cultivation of

social capital as means to generate economic renewal in low-income neighborhoods. Fighting

poverty requires an injection of economic resources to support local initiative. Community

building initiatives concentrate upon the multiple problems individuals and families face,

including job quality, health and child care, education and transport.

The third value is equality. The social democratic case for equality represents both the desire for

equality of outcome and equality of opportunity. The argument for equality has generally been

based in a rejection of the consequences of inequality: economic inefficiency, social disruption,

and poverty The welfare state was often seen as a way of reducing inequality and moving toward

a more equitable society. Connected to equality is freedom, the fourth value of social democracy.

According to social democrats, people are not free if they do not have the resources to do certain

things and this requires equality. The greater the inequality of economic resources, the less free

some people will be. Secondly, political freedom must also mean economic freedom. Fear of

being without work, of having no power in one’s workplace, of having no workplace protection

means people are not free. Lastly, they argue that freedom is the result of government action. If

the government is not prepared to provide some measure of support for the freedom found in

law, then people really are not free.

For social democrats the issue of need has largely been one of determining which needs are

universal or basic and which are of a secondary order, based on some regulatory process. Some

social democrats have tried to develop some general criteria that can be used to determine basic

needs that an individual has. Food, shelter, and health care are often mentioned. Also included is

the notion of autonomy. Without autonomy, or the freedom to be able to decide and choose,

human beings are arguably deprived of a need as basic as physical health. It is no use being

healthy without the ability to realize the ambitions or objectives which make us human,

secondary needs such as being able to develop oneself in various ways, to communicate and to

become engaged with other human beings.

To understand the social democratic view of poverty, one has only to look at their way of

describing it: social exclusion. Poverty for social democrats is not simply the lack of money; it is

the whole range of issues that arise when people are not actively engaged in society. Poverty

prevents people from being able to participate in society, both as a member who can contribute

to the society and as an individual who can benefit from being a member of it. Social democrats

believe that the development of a poverty line as a measure of how well society is meeting the

needs of its members is important. Similarly, work is seen as a major defining way in which

people become engaged, and to be out of work is to be not engaged. As a result, it is imperative

that creating work become a major concern of social democratic governments. Social justice is a

significant component of the social democratic ideology. By appealing to principles of fairness

and justice, social democrats provide justifications for the collective actions, which, they believe,

are necessary to control the excesses of capitalism. Social democrats argue strongly that the

problems created by a market society will cause some people like the aged, those without

educational opportunities or the disabled and so on to lose badly in the competitive system and

that this can in fact be averted through collective action.

Social democracy is not without its critics. The first flaw critics point out is that social

democracy is financially unsustainable. They claim that many forms of welfare only worked

because governments ignored the future for the sake of the present. The problem with that model

is that the future eventually arrives. Just a quick look at social security systems reveals the best

example of this. They worked so long as the few in older groups could take benefit of the

numerous in younger groups. Eventually the demographics were reversed so that the more

people were on the receiving end and the few were on the paying end. Now young people know

that they will be paying their whole lives for what will amount to a terrible return on investment.

It is the same with Medicare, Medicaid, and other forms of health insurance instituted by

governments. The welfare state generally took a bad turn, becoming a way of life rather than a

temporary help. Support programs like housing and student loans create unsustainable burdens

on budgets.

Another criticism of social democracy is that it is terminally inefficient. All forms of

government intervention presume a world without change, and assume in a certain mode of

operation from institutions. Most government institutions today operate as they did in the 1950s,

despite the emergence of a new global information system that has transformed how people seek

and acquire information. Some financial regulations dealing with industrial organization have

become outdated as the market is moving forward. Government structures are still cumbersome:

by the time the government announces its opinion on an issue, it hardly matters anymore.

Meanwhile, the costs grow exponentially, while the service and results take a turn for the worse.

Finally, critics find some actions of social democracy morally unacceptable as governments tend

to spend resources in immoral or unjustifiable ways. The most striking example given for this is

the banking crisis of the first decade of 2008. Governments bailed out banks and bankers, who

were the perpetrators of the crisis, by using all their powers and feeding billions of dollars to the

bankers. This is indefensible to the critics in the same way spending valuable resources on

financially unsustainable projects is.

http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2015/06/basics.htm

http://libcom.org/library/capitalism-introduction

https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/social-democracy/

http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~bracken/socdem.html

Writing Section (30%)

Planning (15 minutes) – Writing (50 minutes)

You are going to write an essay of between 300 and 350 words in response to the following question.

What are two positive results of educating girls?

Before writing your essay, you have 15 minutes to write a plan on the opposite page.

The box below lists some of the positive results of educating girls. It is provided to help you generate

and develop ideas for your essay. You may use some of the ideas in your plan, but this is optional. You

will be graded according to:

- how clearly you explain your ideas,

- how fully you develop your ideas,

- your use of language.

Your notes will not be graded.

You can refer to Turkey or any other country in your essay.

Positive results of educating girls

Economic results

Being part of the work force

Paying taxes

Economic freedom

Economic development

Social

Social inclusion

Freedom of expression

Children’s education in the family

Social development