EL-DIN2 AND Y.M. BADAWI - IJBPAS IJBPAS 2015 2220.pdf · standard errors of the three genotypes...
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IJBPAS, February, 2015, 4(2): 490-504
ISSN: 2277–4998
490
IJBPAS, February, 2015, 4(2)
SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS IN GROWTH HORMONE GENE ARE
ASSOCIATED WITH SOME PERFORMANCE TRAITS IN RABBIT
ABDEL-KAFY E.M. 1, BASITA A. HUSSEIN
2, SARA M. ABDEL-GHANY
1, A.Y.GAMAL
EL-DIN2 AND Y.M. BADAWI
1
1: Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
2: Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University
*Corresponding Author: E Mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The direct application of molecular techniques is the candidate genes that can represent a quite
effective approach to the identified DNA markers associated with the production traits in livestock's.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate effects of the growth hormone (GH) gene
polymorphisms on reproduction and growth traits and to identify its allelic and genotypes frequencies
in the rabbits. A total of 202 blood samples collected from APRI rabbit (118 ♀ and 84 ♂). The traits
tested were: (1) body weight (W) at 5, 6, 8,10 and 12 weeks from birth, (2) daily body weight gain
(DBG); (3) reproductive traits included age of puberty (AP), Kindling interval (KI), litter size and
weight at birth (LS), (LW), Litter size weight at weaning(LSW) and (LWW); (4) milk production.
For this purpose, DNA was extracted from rabbit blood samples and used in PCR amplification. The
c.-78C>T SNP was genotyped by PCR-RFLP using the digestion by restriction enzyme Bsh1236I
(BstUI). Association analysis between the GH C>T SNP and body weight, growth and reproductive
traits was tested in rabbit populations using SAS programme. Heterozygote genotype (T/C) was
associated significant (P < 0.05) with heavy weight of rabbits at 8 weeks and DG through 5-8 week
interval. Heterozygous genotype (T/C) exhibited higher values in the DG compared to C/C and T/T
genotypes. Estimated dominant genetic effect (d) was significant (P < 0.05) in 8 weeks. The C/C
genotype showed a significant value (P < 0.05) associated with the early age of puberty. Estimated
additive genetic effect (a) and estimated dominant genetic effect (d) in a population was
insignificantly associated (P<0.05) within all the investigated reproductive traits in rabbits.
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Polymorphism of T/C genotype was associations with milk production traits of rabbits during the
first two weeks in the lactation period. Estimated additive genetic effect (a) in a population was
significant (P<0.05) within the milk production at the second week of lactation period of rabbits.
Estimated dominant genetic effect (d) was significant (P<0.05) within milk production at the first two
weeks of lactation period of rabbits. The polymorphism of growth hormone (GH) gene in rabbits
may has over dominance at the locus c.-78C>T. Positive effects of the heterozygous genotype were
recorded compared to both homozygous genotypes on body weight, body gain and milk yield at the
first two week. The effect of the C allele of GH gene decreased the age of puberty in rabbits. Effects
of the heterozygous genotype in c.-78C>T of GH polymorphisms on the tested traits in current study
and on the finishing weight in previous study could be fixed as a favorable genotype in rabbits and
may be used in the Marker-assisted selection (MAS) programs to improve growth performance.
Keywords: Rabbits, GH, RLFP, Reproductive, Growth traits
INTRODUCTION
Recently, research in molecular biology has
led to the generation of techniques and
knowledge that assist and complement the
traditional system of genetic improvement
and intensifying research on the occurrence of
different types of molecular markers in the
livestock genome, and hence providing more
information to assist studies on the
quantitative characteristics of zoo technical
interest (Regitano, 2005 and Garcia, 2006). At
present, the state of the art of genomic tools
and information available for the rabbit
genome is very rare compared to the other
livestock species. However, the direct
application of the molecular techniques is a
candidate gene that can represent a quite
effective approach to identify DNA markers
associated with production traits in livestock
(Rothschild and Soller, 1997). A few studies
have investigated candidate genes for
reproduction (Peiro et al., 2008; Merchan et
al.,2009 and Garcia et al.,2010) for meat
deposition and growth (Fontanesi et al., 2011
and 2012) traits in rabbits. Specific regions of
the GH genes were analyzed in order to assist
breeding programs by providing additional
formation in several animals. Growth
hormone plays key roles in postnatal growth
stage promoting and regulating many
biological and metabolic functions involved
or related to muscle mass deposition lipid
metabolism, and bone growth, among others.
The restriction fragment length polymorphism
(RFLP) of the GH gene are associated with
many production traits including growth rate,
feed efficiency, muscle mass and fat
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deposition and reproduction traits in different
livestock species (Van- Laere et al., 2003).
Polymorphisms of the GH gene were
associated with milk production traits in dairy
cattle (Mullen et al., 2010), birth weight,
carcass traits in beef, cattle (Gill et al., 2010),
growth performances in sheep, fatness, and
carcass traits in pigs (de Faria et al., 2006).
Fontanesi et al. (2012) identified
polymorphism in the GH gene and evaluated
its association with finishing weight, only.
Therefore, the present study was designed to
evaluate the effects of the GH gene
polymorphisms on the reproduction and
growth traits and to identify its allelic and
genotypes frequencies in rabbits.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Animals and traits
A total of 202 rabbit blood samples were
collected from APRI rabbit line. APRI rabbits
lines were reared in the experimental
Rabbitry, Animal Production Research
Institute, Sakha, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate,
Egypt. The association study in the body
weight and growth traits was recorded for 116
APRI rabbits (84♀ and 32♂) in the growing
period. Body weight and growth traits were
calculated at 5, 8, and 12 weeks from birth.
The daily body gain (DBG) was recorded as a
growth trait at intervals 5-8, 8-12 and 5-12
weeks of age. Reproductive traits included
age of puberty by day (AP) concerned as age
of doe in 1st mating for pregnant, kindling
interval (KI) by days; litter traits at birth were
litter size (LS) and litter weight (LW). The
number of individuals used to study different
traits is shown in Table 1.
DNA extraction
DNA was extracted from rabbit blood
samples using a slight modification of a
protocol published by (Walsh et al., 1991).
Briefly, 1ml of blood sample was centrifuged
at 5000 rpm for 4 min. Cell pellets were
suspended in TE buffer and centrifuged at
5000 rpm for 4 min. The cycle was repeated
two or three times until the red color due to
the erythrocytes was minimal. The pellet was
treated with100 µl Chelex 100® and boiling
for 20 minutes. The sample was centrifuged at
12000 rpm for 10 minutes and supernatant
was separated as DNA and stored in -20˚C
until use in PCR amplification.
Polymerase chain reactions (PCR)
PCR was used to amplify the GH gene
through polymerase chain reaction. A couple
of specific primers i.e. forward
(GTATAGTGGGATGGGGTTGG) and
reverse (5ˋ-
TTACGCTCCCATTCAGAAGC -3ˋ) were
used according to Fontanesi et al. (2012).
PCR reaction was carried out in 25 μl
containing 5 μl of the DNA template, 25 pmol
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of each primer and 12.5μl of 2 X master mix
and nuclease free water up to 25μl. The
cycling protocol was 95°C for 5 min; 35
cycles at 95°C for 30 sec, 58°C for 30 sec,
72°C for 30 sec; final extension at 72°C for
10 min.
Genotyping
The c.-78C>T SNP was genotyped by PCR-
RFLP using primer pairs for EMBL accession
numbers: HE646284 and HE646285. The
PCR product, DNA fragment of 231 bp, was
digested with restriction enzyme Fast Digest
Bsh1236I (BstUI) from Fermentas, Vilnius,
Lithuania. Briefly, using 10 μl of PCR
product was digested at 37°C for 60 min in a
total of 30 µl of reaction volume, , including
1µl of the indicated restriction enzyme, 2 µl
enzyme buffer and 17µl of dH2O. The
digestion products were electrophoresed in
3% agarose and stained with ethidium
bromide. PCR-RFLP patterns (Figure 1) were
the following: allele T resulted in an
undigested fragment of 231 bp; allele C
resulted in two fragments of 169+62bp.
Statistical analysis
Evaluation of the genotypes expected
frequency, allele frequency, and Chi-sq
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test for GH gene
SNP were carried out on website: Online
Encyclopedia for Genetic Epidemiology
studies (OEGE), American Journal of
Epidemiology.
Association analysis between the GH c.-
78C>T SNP with body weight, growth and
reproductive traits tested in APRI rabbit
population was carried out using the
procedure MIXED of SAS programme,
version 9.2 (SAS, 1999) with a model that
included the buck as a random effect and the
fixed effects of sex ,year ,season, parity and
genotype.
The estimates of additive and dominance
effects were according to Russo et al., 2008.
The additive and dominance effects on
significant deviation from zero were tested by
the t-test. Additive genetic effect (a) for the
GH genotypes was estimated as half of the
difference between values of the two
homozygous groups as equation: a = ½(TT –
CC). The dominance effect (d) at the IGF-II
locus was estimated as the difference between
the values of the heterozygous group and the
average of the values of the two homozygous
groups: d = CT − ½ (TT+ CC).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Allelic and genotypes frequencies
Three genotypes, i.e. the common
homozygote (T/T), heterozygote (T/C) and
uncommon homozygote (CC), groups were
observed in this study (Table 2). The
expected genotypes under Hardy-Weinberg
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equilibrium were represented in Table 2.
The chi-square (χ2) value indicated that the
difference between the expected and the
observed values for genotype counts were
very close. The population was balanced and
considered within the Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium. This could be due to the number
of the heterozygous genotype was higher than
that of both homozygous genotypes. That may
maintain the balanced allele frequency in a
population.
Association of the GH genotypes and body
weight and growth traits
It was noticed that heterozygote genotype
associated with the heavy weight in different
ages during the growth period in rabbits
(Table 3). This increase in the weight was
significant (P < 0.05) at 8 weeks of age
(Table 3). Association analysis between this
SNP and the recorded trait by Fontanesi et al.
(2012) indicated that the c.-78C>T genotypes
are significantly associated with the finishing
weight (P=0.0133). Least square means±
standard errors of the three genotypes were as
follows: genotype CC ± 2720.04 ±33.91g;
CT=2778.83 ± 31.76 g and
TT=2693.94±36.18g. Rabbits with the
genotype CT reached a higher weight at 70
days after birth compared to those with
genotype TT (P=0.0078) or genotype CC
(P=0.0456). Effects of the GH on growth are
observed in several tissues including bone,
muscle and adipose tissue. Besides, a lot of
studies carried out on ruminants confirmed
the role of GH in the regulation of mammary
growth (Akers, 2006; Sejrsen, et al., 2000 and
Sejrsen et al., 1999). Afifi et al., (2014)
evaluated the relationship between the growth
hormone gene (GH) polymorphisms and
estimated the body weight in arabian camels.
The camels with the CC genotype exhibited
higher body weights than that of the CT and
TT genotypes (P≤0.05).
The association of T/C and T/T genotypes
with the increase in daily gain weight (DG)
during different time intervals of the growth
in rabbits was recorded (Table 4). DG
through 5-8 week interval was significantly
associated (P<0.05) with the T/C genotype.
Heterozygous genotype (T/C) exhibited
higher values in the DG compared to the C/C
and T/T genotypes. Fontanesi et al., 2012
found that rabbits with genotype CT reached a
higher weight at 70 days than those of the
genotype TT (P=0.0078) or genotype CC
(P=0.0456). This notion supports the previous
findings in other species of animals that GH
gene could be promoted as a candidate gene
to improve animal performance such as body
weight and carcass weight in poultry (Thakur
et al., 2006) and Angus cattle (Zhao et al.,
2004). It is known that the growth of animals
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is under hormonal control of the GH, growth
hormone receptor (GHR) and insulin-like
growth factor I (IGF-I). Polymorphism that
occurs in the regulatory region (for example
promoter region) and coding region (exons)
of the genes responsible for those three
hormones is influencing the expression of
these genes and the function of proteins
during the translation process. There is a
strong indication that in all +animals the level
of the blood GH reflects the GH genotype. In
addition, the association between
polymorphisms of the GH gene and the
finishing weight in rabbits was also reported
by Fontanesi et al., 2012.
Estimated additive genetic effect (a) in the
population was insignificant (P<0.05) within
most of the body weight and growth traits
investigated as shown in Table 5. These
results indicate to the part of the genetic
variances of these traits which were not
affected by homozygous genotype of T and C
alleles. The same results were reported by
Fontanesi et al., (2012) as they reported that
the difference between genotypes CC and the
TT and the estimated additive genetic effect
(a) (13.05± 18.01 g) was in significant
(P>0.470).
Estimated dominant genetic effect (d) was
significant (P<0.05) for the body weight at 8
week period as shown in Table 5. There was
an advantage to the heterozygous genotype
(T/C) compared to both homozygous
genotypes (T/T and C/C) within the most of
the body weight and growth trait investigated
as shown in Table 3. The estimated dominant
genetic effect (d) was 71.84±24.42g and
significant (P=0.0038) Fontanesi et al.,
(2012). Our results could confirm the
assumption of Fontanesiet al,. (2012) as they
indicated that there may be over dominance at
this locus that seemed in the genotype (T/C).
Association of the GH genotypes and
reproductive traits
The C/C genotype showed a significant effect
(P < 0.05) associated with the early age of
puberty (Table 6) while, the rest of traits were
insignificant as shown in (Table 6). Allele C
may be having a role in the GH-pituitary axes
that appears in the crucial role of the GH to
oogenesis and follicular development
(Sirotkin et al., 2003 and Silva et al., 2009)
and mammogenic action (Alsat et al., 1997).
Effects of the GH gene polymorphism on goat
reproductions were studied. To date, more
than 10 goat GH variants were detected, most
of which involving growth traits (Gupta et al.,
2007 and Hua et al., 2008). Kölle et al.,
(2001) reported that the GH gene is also
involved in activating cellular functions in
blastocysts, there by stimulating glucose
uptake and protein synthesis. Joudrey et al.,
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(2003) reported that during bovine
embryogenesis, bovine growth hormone
contributes to the proliferation,
differentiation, and modulation of embryonic
metabolism. Previous research studies already
confirmed that these two mutations of the GH
gene exerted a highly additive effect on
growth traits in Boer bucks (Huaet al., 2008).
Estimated additive genetic effect (a) and
estimated dominant genetic effect (d) in a
population were insignificant (P<0.05) within
all the investigated reproductive traits in
rabbits as shown in Table 7.
Association of the GH genotypes and milk
production:
Polymorphism of the heterozygote genotype
T/C was significantly associated with the milk
production traits of rabbits during the first two
weeks in the lactation period (Table 8).
Dybusa (2002) studied the associations
between polymorphism of the bovine growth
hormone (GH) gene (Leu/Val) and the milk
production traits of the Black-and-White
cattle. Associations between the Leu/Val
polymorphism and the milk production traits
of cows were found only in the first lactation
period. Cows with the LL genotype had the
higher milk, fat and protein yield compared to
the LV individuals.
Thomas et al., (2007) reported that
heterozygous genotypes for the two GH
polymorphisms appeared advantageous for
traits of muscularity and adiposity in the
cooperating breeding program. Two
genotypes combinations of the three SNPs
within the leptin gene were defined as having
a good milk yield and fertility (Liefers et al.,
2005).
Krasnopiorova et al. (2012) also investigated
the polymorphism of the growth hormone
gene in the cattle grown in Lithuania and its
influence on the farming characteristics.
Growth hormone gene genotype AA was
found in 62.9% of the cattle, heterozygous
AB genotype in 24.4% and BB genotype in
12.7%. Through investigation of the effects of
genetic factors on the indicators of bovine
milk yield and composition, the largest
statistically significant impact of the growth
hormone gene to the average percentage of fat
content and milk yield was determined. It
affected around 2% of the diversity of these
indicators. Allele A of the growth hormone
increases milk fat percentage but allele B
increases milk volume during the lactation
period.
Hazuchová et al. (2013) studied the
polymorphism of the growth hormone gene
(GH), and long-life milk performance traits in
Slovak Spotted cows. They found that the
average long-life milk, protein and fat yield in
outbreed animals is significantly higher with
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the genotype LL and LV than in the groups of
inbreed cows. Therefore, animals with the
heterozygous genotypes might have a
potentially positive effect on the long-life
milk performance traits. So, it appears from
our results and the above mentioned reports
that the effect of the growth hormone
polymorphism is unequivocally clear on milk
production this indicates that the allele of GH
gene should be promoted for the improvement
of the milk production traits.
Estimated additive genetic effect (a) in the
population was significant (P<0.05) within
milk production at the second week of
lactation period of rabbit as shown in Table 9.
These results indicated that this part of the
genetic variances of the milk production may
be affected by the allele C more than the T
allele.
Estimated dominant genetic effect (d) was
significant (P<0.05) within milk production at
the first week of lactation period of rabbit as
shown in Table 9. There was an advantage to
the heterozygous genotype (T/C) compared to
both homozygous genotypes (T/T and C/C)
within the first and second week of lactation
period of rabbit as shown in Table 9.
It is interesting to point out that both alleles
(A) and (C) are closely frequent in this
population. This could be due to the
advantage of the heterozygous genotype
compared to both homozygous genotypes
that, in turn, may act in maintaining this
balanced allele frequency in a population that
is strongly selected towards increased fatting
weight. The c.-78C>T SNP in flanking region
of GH gene in rabbit was not translated to
amino acids. The association analysis
revealed that the dominance effect appeared
to heterozygous genotype on body weight
(Table 3), body gain (Table 4) and milk yield
at first two week (Table 8) in rabbits. This
silent mutation could have potential
functional mutations in regulating post-
transcriptional process, such as the
transportation of mRNA from the nucleus to
cytoplasm, mRNA stability (Neilson and
Sandberg, 2010) also play functional roles to
regulate the protein expression and influence
the advanced structure (Sauna and Kimchi-
Sarfaty, 2011). Conne et al., 2000 reported
that non-coding SNPs harbor potentially
important DNA sequence variants influencing
phenotypes in mammals. These may be
support our findings in present study that
revealed to non-coding SNPs had associated
with some performance traits in rabbits.
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Table1: Number of rabbits used to study different traits
Table 2: Genotyping data, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P≤0·05) and allele frequencies of the GH in
rabbit.
Table 3: Association analysis between the GH genotypes and individual body weight in
different age of the growing periods
Genotypes Traits W5 W6 W8 W10 W12
Pro. ns ns ** ns ns
T/T
n= 53
LSM 547.5 704.2 837.8ab
1164.9 1540.1
±SE 25.4 25.4 34.3 61.7 82.0
C/C
n=38
LSM 559.8 675.1 772.7 b 1071.3 1429.1
±SE 34.1 31.7 40.1 75.1 97.4
T/C
n=111
LSM 595.8 701.1 868.6 a 1139.2 1465.0
±SE 15.4 14.9 17.7 33.0 42.4
P- Value 0.1929 0.7137 0.0727 0.5996 0.6379
** Significant effect of genotype (P≤ 0.05), ns=non Significant, LSM=least squares means, W=week. a,b
Values having different superscripts in the column are significantly different(P≤ 0.05).
Table 4: Association analysis between the GH genotypes and daily gain (DG) weight
intervals of the growing period
Significant effect of genotype (P< 0.05), ns=non Significant, LSM=least squares means; a,b
Values having
different superscripts in the column are significantly different(P < 0.05)
Table 5: Additive and dominance effects (±SE) for the genotypes of the GH
(c.-78 C>T) body weight and growth trait in rabbits.
Growth traits Reproductive traits Milk yield traits
202 No Litters No Litters
118♀ 84♂ 118♀ 307 73 182
Items
Genotyping frequency Allele frequency
T/T C/C T/C TOT Allele T Allele C
Obs. 53 38 111 202 0.54 0.46
Exp. 58.28 43.28 100.44
χ2= 2.23Chi Square value
χ2 table (1 D.F.) at P < 0.05=3.84
Traits DG5-6 DG5-8 DG5-10 DG5-12
Pro. ns ** ns ns
T/T
LSM 10.8 11.8ab
16.5 19.4
±SE 1.36 1.11 1.44 1.45
C/C LSM 8.9 8.3 b
13.7 17.7
±SE 1.58 1.32 1.76 1.81
T/C LSM 11.6 12.20 a 15.3 17.4
±SE 0.2606 0.0254 0.77 0.75
P-Value 0.2606 0.0254 0.5682 0.4979
Traits Additive effect ± SE P Dominance effect ± SE P
W5 -4.59±22.40 0.8384 43.9953±24.2507 0.0718
W6 10.15±25.07 0.6877 18.6771±24.4213 0.4460
W8 9.9314±27.8018 0.7234 82.6162±31.2110* 0.0094
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Table 6: Association analysis between the GH genotypes (c.-78C>T) and reproductive traits of
rabbits
. Traits AP KI LSB LWB LSW LWW
Pro. ** ns ns ns Ns Ns
T/T
n=31
LSM 189.6 a
59.84 6.23 337.93
4.22 2244.9
±SE 5.13 4.10 0.22 17.64 0.27 144.6
C/C
n=22
LSM 161.62 b
58.44 6.56 346.02
4.71 2476.6
±SE 6.02 4.93 0.19 15.2 0.23 123.4
T/C
n=65
LSM 192.3a
65.23 6.36 344.9
4.67 2496.6
±SE 4.01 3.82 0.18 14.9 0.23 126.5
P- Value 0.0005 0.4778 0.3566 0.9090 0.2214 0.2497
** Significant effect of genotype (P < 0.05), ns=non Significant, LSM= least squares means. a,b
values having different superscripts in the column are significantly different(P< 0.05)
AP=Age of puberty by day, KI= Kindling interval, LS=Litter size, LW=Litter weight
Table 7: Additive and dominance effects (±SE) for genotypes of the GH (c.-78C>T) in reproductive
traits of rabbits
Table 8: Association analysis between the GH genotypes with milk production (MP)
Traits Milk1 Milk2 Milk3 Milk4 Milk5
TT
n=19
LSM 72.5b 80.0
b 127.5 115.0 97.50
SE 5.02 9.65 9.61 15.2 18.61
CC
n=14
LSM 78.75b 112.7
a 143.54 102.35 85.50
SE 2.89 5.04 5.54 11.50 13.16
TC
n=40
LSM 96.42a 121.8
a 138.57 85.0 51.25
SE 3.79 5.91 7.26 13.61 15.19
P-Value 0.0012 0.0056 0.3683 0.3580 0.1397
Table 9: Additive and dominance effects (±SE) obtained for the GH in milk production of rabbits
*Significant at P≤ 0.05.
W10 -13.2268±61.4591 0.8312 89.2965±58.2205 0.1286
W12 -34.1545 ±84.6294 0.6898 95.7795±79.9666 0.2343
DG5-6 0.8370±0.8903 0.3549 1.2902±1.1793 0.2766
DG5-8 0.8821±0.7022 0.2187 1.5806±1.0076 0.1199
DG5-10 -0.05438±1.4117 0.9696 1.1266±1.3746 0.4147
DG5-12 -0.6484±1.5519 0.6798 -0.6525±1.4867 0.6619
Traits Additive effect ± SE P Dominance effect ± SE P
Age of Puberty 10.8±5.79 0.0899 -20.6± 11.7 0.0978
Kindling Interval 2.0691±2.9607 0.4878 7.8296±4.4270 0.0797
Litter size at birth (LSB) -0.00639±0.3057 0.9834 0.2246±0.4387 0.6096
Litter Weight at birth(LWB) -16.9161±19.8833 0.3988 -31.2313±27.4848 0.2583
Litter size at weaning (LSW) -0.5145±0.3919 0.1980 -0.8539±0.22 0.6410
Litter weight at weaning (LWW) -397.54±225.77 0.0873 319.32±321.43 0.3239
Traits Additive effect ± SE P Dominance effect ± SE P
Milk W1 -3.1250±2.1695 0.1717 19.3661±4.5785 * 0.0004
Milk W2 -16.3636±4.2234 * 0.0022 16.1607±8.7748 0.0804
Milk W3 -8.0208±5.5398 0.1697 -0.9598±8.9347 0.9155
Milk W4 6.3214±10.3958 0.5582 -21.9545±16.0908 0.1940
Milk W5 6.0000±10.5252 0.5812 -32.2500±16.8293 0.0734
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Figure 1: Gel electrophoresis showing PCR-RFLP product identifying the genotypes of the GH gene in
rabbits. Allele with genotype T resulted in an undigested fragment of 231 bps .Allele with genotype C resulted
in two fragments of 169 +62bps
CONCLUSION
The polymorphism of the growth hormone
(GH) gene in rabbits may has a dominance
effect over at locus c.-78C>T. Positive effects
of the heterozygous genotype compared to
both homozygous genotypes on body weight,
body gain and milk yield at first two week
can be observed. The C allele of the GH
gene caused a decreased in the age of puberty
in rabbits. Moreover, effects of the
heterozygous genotype in c.-78C>T of GH
polymorphisms on the tested traits in the
current study and on the finishing weight in
the previous study could be fixed as a
favorable genotype in rabbits.
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