Table 6. AVERAGE WEIGHT (in mg), LENGTH (In Mm), HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL DIAMETER (in mm) OF DIFFERENT INDIGENOUS RICE CULTIVARS

NAME OF RICE WEIGHT (mg)

LENGTH (mm)

HORIZONTAL DIAMETER (mm)

VERTICAL DIAMETER (mm)

1.       BAKHAW 26.0 8.8 3.3 1.72.       BULAW 21.1 9.5 2.8 1.73.       DOS OHOY NA DILAW 22.3 7.8 3.2 1.94.       DOS OHOY NA PUTI 26.1 8.6 3.7 1.95.       INASUSENA 29.8 9.1 3.4 2.06.       KABUONG 26.1 9.4 3.5 1.97.       KADARI 18.7 7.8 3.4 2.08.       KAMANANG NA DILAW 23.2 8.1 3.5 1.79.       KAMANANG NA PUTI 25.0 8.3 3.3 1.910.   LINABNIG 33.7 9.9 3.6 2.111.   MILAGROSA 23.6 10.1 2.8 1.812.   MINAY-ONG 15.3 7.1 3.5 1.913.   PALAWAN 18.8 8.1 3.1 2.114.   PULUTANG PULA 24.0 9.6 3.7 2.115.   PULUTANG PUTI 37.6 10.2 3.7 2.116.   SINTANG ANOD 12.3 7.6 3.0 1.7

Table 6 shows the average weight, length, horizontal and vertical diameter of the different indigenous rice varieties. In weight, the maximum average is in Pulutang Puti at 37.6 mg, while the minimum is in Sintang anod at 12 mg. in length, the maximum average is in Pulutang Puti at 10.2 mm, while the minimum is in Minay-ong at 7.1 mm. In horizontal diameter, the maximum average is in Dos ohoy na Puti, Pulutang Puti, and Pulutang Pula 3.7 mm. the minimum is in Milagrosa, and Bulaw at 2.8 mm. In vertical diameter, the maximum average is in Pulutang Pula, Pulutang Puti, Palawan, and Linabnig at 2.1 mm, while the minimum is in Sintang anod, Kamanang na Dilaw, Bulaw, and Bakhaw at 1.7 mm.

1

1.     

  BAK

HAW

2.     

  BUL

AW

3.     

  DOS O

HOY N

A DILA

W

4.     

  DOS O

HOY N

A PUT

I

5.     

  INAS

USEN

A

6.     

  KAB

UONG

7.     

  KAD

ARI

8.     

  KAM

ANAN

G NA D

ILAW

9.     

  KAM

ANAN

G NA P

UTI

10.   

LINAB

NIG

11.   

MILAGR

OSA

12.   

MINAY-O

NG

13.   

PALA

WAN

14.   

PULU

TANG

 PULA

15.   

PULU

TANG

 PUTI

16.   

SINTA

NG AN

OD0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

26

21.122.3

26.1

29.8

26.1

18.7

23.2

25

33.7

23.6

15.3

18.8

24

37.6

12.3

8.8 9.57.8

8.6 9.1 9.47.8 8.1 8.3

9.9 10.1

7.18.1

9.6 10.2

7.6

3.3 2.8 3.2 3.7 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.62.8 3.5 3.1 3.7 3.7 3

1.7 1.7 1.9 1.9 2 1.9 2 1.7 1.9 2.1 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.7

Figure 23 : AVERAGE WEIGHT, LENGTH, HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL DIAMETER OF

DIFFERENT INDIGENOUS RICE VARIETIES

WEIGHT (mg)

LENGTH (mm)

HORIZONTAL DIAMETER (mm)

VERTICAL DIAM-ETER (mm)

The graph in Fig. 23 shows the average weight, length, horizontal and vertical diameter of the different indigenous rice varieties. In weight, the maximum average is in Pulutang Puti at 37.6 mg, while the minimum is in Sintang anod at 12 mg. in length, the maximum average is in Pulutang Puti at 10.2 mm, while the minimum is in Minay-ong at 7.1 mm. In horizontal diameter, the maximum average is in Dos ohoy na Puti, Pulutang Puti, and Pulutang Pula 3.7 mm. the minimum is in Milagrosa, and Bulaw at 2.8 mm. In vertical diameter, the maximum average is in Pulutang Pula, Pulutang Puti, Palawan, and Linabnig at 2.1 mm, while the minimum is in Sintang anod, Kamanang na Dilaw, Bulaw, and Bakhaw at 1.7 mm.

2

4.2 Germination trials of twelve IRCs seeds following three techniques: a) in cups or petri dishes as beds with water, b) “Sabwag” method, and “Hasok” method)

Table 7. Average Percentage Germination Percentage in Twelve (12) Indigenous Rice Varieties at Day 6

NAME OF THE RICE

GERMINATION PERCENTAGE (%) in the three techniques

In cups/petri dish

with Water

Sabwag Hasok

DOS OHOY NA DILAW (DODI) 64 76 19

DOS OHOY NA PUTI (DOPU) 69 66 5.0

INASUSENA (INAS) 85 87 23

KABUONG (KABU) 49 43 14

KADARI (KADA) 75 81 24

KAMANANG NA DILAW 93 97 13

KAMANANG NA PUTI (KAPU) 58 40 2.0

MILAGROSA (MILA) 59 24 24

MINAY-ONG (MINA) 73 71 25

PALAWAN (PALA) 92 79 69

PULUTANG PUTI (PUTI) 39 38 3.0

SINTANG ANOD (SINA) 52 38 4.0

Note: Percentage germination is equal to the number of seeds that that germinate at Day 6 divided by the total number of seeds used in the germating trial per IRC.

Table 7 shows the average germination percentage in different IRCs at the three germination techniques. The maximum germination percentage in germination with water is in Kamanang na Dilaw at 93 %, and the minimum is in Pulutang Puti at 39 %. In germination by “Sabwag” method, the maximum germination percentage is in Kamanang na Dilaw at 97%, while the minimum percentage is in Milagrosa at 24%. In germination by “hasok” method, the maximum germination percentage is in Palawan at 69%, while the minimum is in Kamanang na Puti at 2%.

3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

19

5

23

14

24

13

2

24 25

69

3 4

6469

85

49

75

93

58 59

73

92

39

52

76

66

87

43

81

97

40

24

71

79

38 38

Fig.  24. Germinaton Percentage At 6th Day Of Indigenous Rice Varieties On The Dif-ferent Germination Modes

GERMINATION HASOK

GERMINATION WATER

GERMINATION SABWAG

The graph in Figure 24 shows the average germination percentage in different indigenous rice varieties at the three germination type. The maximum germination percentage in germination with water is in Kamanang na Dilaw at 93 %, and the minimum is in Pulutang Puti at 39 %. In germination by “Sabwag” method, the maximum germination percentage is in Kamanang na Dilaw at 97%, while the minimum percentage is in Milagrosa at 24%. In germination by “hasok” method, the maximum germination percentage is in Palawan at 69%, while the minimum is in Kamanang na Puti at 2%.

4

Table 8. Results of the Test Of Difference Among The Type Of Germination In Relation To The Germination Percentage

One factor ANOVA Germination

Mean n Std. Dev

18.8 12 18.16 HASOK

67.3 12 17.10 WATER

61.7 12 23.80 SABWAG

49.3 36 29.28 Total

ANOVA table

Source SS df MS F p-

value F crit

Treatment 16,937.17 2 8,468.583 21.371.11E-

06 3.284918

Error 13,075.58 33 396.230

Total 30,012.75 35

Post hoc analysisp-values for pairwise

t-tests

HASOK SABWAG WATER

18.8 61.7 67.3

HASOK 18.8

SABWAG 61.7 8.05E-06

WATER 67.3 1.03E-06 .4905

Tukey simultaneous comparison t-values (d.f. = 33)

HASOK SABWAG WATER

18.8 61.7 67.3

HASOK 18.8

SABWAG 61.7 5.28

WATER 67.3 5.98 0.70

critical values for experimentwise error rate:

0.05 2.46

0.01 3.13

5

HASOK WATER SABWAG0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

Figure 29 : Comparison Of Germination Modes In Terms Of Ger-mination Percentage Based On The Test Of Differences

Figure 29 shows the relationship of the three germination types that germination in water (as the control) has best result in terms of germination percentage in early days of the seeds, germination by “sabwag” method has a moderate response, then germination by “hasok” method has the slowest germination response.

6

Table 9. AVERAGE LENGTH (in cm) OF SHOOT GROWTH IN DIFFERENT INDIGENOUS RICE VARIETIES ON DIFFERENT GERMINATION TYPES AT 9TH DAY

NAME OF THE RICE AVERAGE SHOOT GROWTH (cm)

WATER SABWAG HASOK

DOS OHOY NA DILAW 4.42 10.65 7.64

DOS OHOY NA PUTI 3.81 10.83 7.91

INASUSENA 6.45 14.62 11.57

KABUONG 5.39 7.52 5.55

KADARI 6.13 11.71 8.60

KAMANANG NA DILAW 6.29 13.43 10.25

KAMANANG NA PUTI 6.17 9.58 6.80

MILAGROSA 4.48 10.79 7.81

MINAY-ONG 6.24 11.60 8.56

PALAWAN 7.71 12.30 8.35

PULUTANG PUTI 5.81 11.31 9.48

SINTANG ANOD 5.06 10.07 7.28

Table 9 shows the average shoot growth of the different indigenous rice varieties in three types of germination. The longest shoot growth in the germination in water is in Palawan at 7.71cm. while the shortest is the Dos ohoy na Puti at 3.81cm. in germination by “sabwag” method the longest is in Inasusena at 14.62 cm, while the shortest is in Kabuong at 7.52cm. in germination by “hasok” method, the longest is in Inasusena at 11.57cm, while the shortest is in Kabuong at 5.55cm. In terms of shoot length, the longest is found in germination by “sabwag” method, followed by germination by “hasok” method, then the last is germination in water.

7

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

4.423.81

6.45

5.396.13 6.29 6.17

4.48

6.24

7.71

5.815.06

10.65 10.83

14.62

7.52

11.71

13.43

9.58

10.7911.6

12.3

11.31

10.07

7.64 7.91

11.57

5.55

8.6

10.25

6.8

7.818.56 8.35

9.48

7.28

Figure 30 : AVERAGE LENGTH OF SHOOT GROWTH IN DIFFERENT INDIGENOUS RICE VARIETIES AT DIFFERENT TYPES OF GERMINA-

TION

WATERSABWAGHASOK

The table shows the average shoot growth of the different indigenous rice varieties in three types of germination. The longest shoot growth in the germination in water is in Palawan at 7.71cm. while the shortest is the Dos ohoy na Puti at 3.81cm. in germination by “sabwag” method the longest is in Inasusena at 14.62 cm, while the shortest is in Kabuong at 7.52cm. in germination by “hasok” method, the longest is in Inasusena at 11.57cm, while the shortest is in Kabuong at 5.55cm. In terms of shoot length, the longest is found in germination by “sabwag” method, followed by germination by “hasok” method, then the last is germination in water.

8

Table 10. Results of the Test Of Difference Among The Type Of Germination In Relation To The Length Of Shoot Growth

One factor ANOVA SHOOT GROWTH

Mean n Std. Dev

5.663 12 1.0808 WATER

11.201 12 1.8182 SABWAG

8.317 12 1.5876 HASOK

8.394 36 2.7309 Total

ANOVA table SHOOT GROWTH

Source SS df MS F p-value

F crit

Treatment 184.0900

2 92.04500

39.48 1.76E-09

3.31583

Error 76.9366 33 2.33141

Total 261.0266

35

Post hoc analysis

p-values for pairwise t-tests

WATER HASOK SABWAG

5.663 8.317 11.201

WATER 5.663

HASOK 8.317 .0002

SABWAG 11.201 2.88E-10 .0001

Tukey simultaneous comparison t-values (d.f. = 33)

WATER HASOK SABWAG

5.663 8.317 11.201

WATER 5.663

HASOK 8.317 4.26

SABWAG 11.201 8.88 4.63

critical values for experimentwise error rate:

0.05 2.46

0.01 3.13

9

WATER SABWAG HASOK0.000

2.000

4.000

6.000

8.000

10.000

12.000

14.000

16.000

Figure 31: Comparison Of The Germination Types In Terms Of Shoot Growth Based On The Test Of Differences

As shown in Figure 31 the relationship of the three germination types that germination by “sabwag” method has best result in terms of length in shoot growth, germination by “hasok” method has a moderate response, then germination in water has the lowest response in terms of length of shoot growth..

10

Table 11 : Average Length Of Root Growth In Different Indigenous Rice Varieties On Different Germination Types At 9th Day

NAME OF THE RICEAVERAGE ROOT GROWTH

(cm)WATER SABWAG

DOS OHOY NA DILAW 4.94 12.51DOS OHOY NA PUTI 4.64 11.92INASUSENA 4.47 12.44KABUONG 4.91 10.29KADARI 4.64 11.4KAMANANG NA DILAW 5.32 11.91KAMANANG NA PUTI 5.5 10.61MILAGROSA 5.21 11.47MINAY-ONG 5.23 12.15PALAWAN 6.13 12.24PULUTANG PUTI 4.97 13.29SINTANG ANOD 4.69 11.6

Table 11 shows the average root growth of the different indigenous rice varieties in three types of germination. The longest root growth in the germination in water is in Palawan at 6.13cm, while the shortest is the Inasusena at 4.47cm. In germination by “sabwag” method the longest is in Pulutang Puti at 13.29 cm, while the shortest is in Kabuong at 10.29cm. The best germination type in term of length in root growth was germination by “sabwag” method.

11

DOS O

HOY N

A DILA

W

DOS O

HOY N

A PUT

IIN

ASUS

ENA

KABU

ONGKA

DARI

KAM

ANAN

G NA

 DILA

W

KAM

ANAN

G NA

 PUTI

MILA

GROSA

MIN

AY-O

NGPA

LAW

AN

PULU

TANG

 PUTI

SINTA

NG AN

OD

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

4.94 4.64 4.474.91 4.64

5.32 5.5 5.21 5.23

6.13

4.97 4.69

12.5111.92

12.44

10.29

11.411.91

10.61

11.4712.15 12.24

13.29

11.6

Figure 32 : Average Length Of Root Growth In Indigenous Rice Varieties Among The Different Types Of Germination

WATER SABWAG

The graph in Figure 32 shows the average root growth of the different indigenous rice varieties in three types of germination. The longest root growth in the germination in water is in Palawan at 6.13cm, while the shortest is the Inasusena at 4.47cm. In germination by “sabwag” method the longest is in Pulutang Puti at 13.29 cm, while the shortest is in Kabuong at 10.29cm. The best germination type in term of length in root growth was germination by “sabwag” method.

12

Table 12: Results of the Test Of Difference Among The Type Of Germination In Relation To The Length Of Root Growth

One factor ANOVA ROOT GROWTH

Mean n Std. Dev

5.054 12 0.4612 WATER

11.819 12 0.8245 SABWAG

8.437 24 3.5165 Total

ANOVA table

root growth

Source SS df MS F p-value

F crit

Treatment 274.5914

1 274.59135 615.36 1.42E-17

4.300949

Error 9.8170 22 0.44623

Total 284.4083

23

WATER SABWAG4.000

5.000

6.000

7.000

8.000

9.000

10.000

11.000

12.000

13.000

14.000

Figure 33 : COMPARISON OF THE GERMINATION TYPE IN TERMS OF ROOT GROWTH BASED ON THE TEST OF DIF-

FERENCES

13

Figure 33 shows the relationship of the three germination types that germination by “sabwag” method has best result in terms of length in root growth, then germination in water has the lowest response in terms of length of root growth.

Table 13: SURVIVAL PERCENTAGE OF INDIGENOUS RICE VARIETIES IN THE DIFFERENT GERMINATION TYPES

(1 week after 9 days germination)

SURVIVAL PERCENTAGE

IRC WATER SABWAG HASOK

DOS OHOY NA DILAW 62 85 97DOS OHOY NA PUTI 30 83 71INASUSENA 26 80 89KABUONG 26 54 90KADARI 58 56 80KAMANANG NA DILAW 32 94 66KAMANANG NA PUTI 40 58 75MILAGROSA 50 60 72MINAY-ONG 20 76 89PALAWAN 40 78 80PULUTANG PUTI 20 22 61SINTANG ANOD 32 30 55

The data in Table 13 shows the survival percentage of the different indigenous rice varieties in three types of germination. The highest survival percentage in the germination in water is in Dos ohoy na Dilaw at 62 %. while the lowest is in Minay-ong and Pulutang Puti at 20%. In germination by “sabwag” method the highest is in Kamanang na Dilaw at 94% , while the lowest is in Pulutang Puti at 22%. In germination by “hasok” method, the highest is in Dos ohoy na Dilaw at 97%, while the lowest is in Sintang Anod at 55%. In terms of survival percentage the highest is in germination by “hasok” method, followed by the germination in “sabwag” method, and lastly is in the germination in water.

14

DOS O

HOY N

A DILA

W

DOS O

HOY N

A PUT

I

INAS

USEN

A

KABU

ONG

KADA

RI

KAM

ANAN

G NA

 DILA

W

KAM

ANAN

G NA

 PUTI

MILA

GROSA

MIN

AY-O

NG

PALA

WAN

PULU

TANG

 PUTI

SINTA

NG AN

OD0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

62

3026 26

58

32

40

50

20

40

20

32

85 8380

54 56

94

58 60

76 78

22

30

97

71

89 90

80

66

7572

89

80

6155

Figure 34 : SURVIVAL PERCENTAGE IN INDIGENOUS RICE VARIETIES IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF GERMINATION

WATERSABWAGHASOK

The graph in Figure 34 shows the survival percentage of the different indigenous rice varieties in three types of germination. The highest survival percentage in the germination in water is in Dos ohoy na Dilaw at 62 %. while the lowest is in Minay-ong and Pulutang Puti at 20%. In germination by “sabwag” method the highest is in Kamanang na Dilaw at 94% , while the lowest is in Pulutang Puti at 22%. In germination by “hasok” method, the highest is in Dos ohoy na Dilaw at 97%, while the lowest is in Sintang Anod at 55%. In terms of survival percentage the highest is in germination by “hasok” method, followed by the germination in “sabwag” method, and lastly is in the germination in water.

15

Table 14. TEST OF DIFFERENCE AMONG THE TYPE OF GERMINATION IN RELATION TO THE SURVIVAL PERCENTAGE

One factor ANOVA

Mean n Std. Dev

36.3 12 14.03 WATER

64.7 12 22.22 SABWAG

77.1 12 12.80 HASOK

59.4 36 23.82 Total

ANOVA table survival

Source SS df MS F p-value

F crit

Treatment 10,470.06

2 5,235.028

18.39 4.31E-06

3.284918

Error 9,396.25 33 284.735

Total 19,866.31

35

Post hoc analysis

p-values for pairwise t-tests

WATER

SABWAG

HASOK

36.3 64.7 77.1

WATER 36.3

SABWAG 64.7 .0002

HASOK 77.1 1.24E-06

.0806

Tukey simultaneous comparison t-values (d.f. = 33)

WATER

SABWAG

HASOK

36.3 64.7 77.1

WATER 36.3

SABWAG 64.7 4.11

HASOK 77.1 5.92 1.80

critical values for experimentwise error rate:

0.05 2.46

0.01 3.13

16

WATER SABWAG HASOK0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

Figure 35 : COMPARISON OF THE GERMINATION TYPES IN TERMS OF SURVIVAL PERCENTAGE BASED ON THE TEST OF

DIFFERENCES

Figure 35 shows the relationship of the three germination types that the germination by “hasok” method has best result in terms of survival percentage, germination by “sabwag” method has a moderate response, then germination in water has the lowest response in terms of survival percentage

4.3 Ethno-botanical aspects on rice planting methods, rice production and management as to nutrient, pest, water and time management within the technological interventions of a Location Specific Technology Development (LSTD) framework.

4.3.1 Indigenous Rice Farming In Upland

Farmers for upland rice farming follow the “hasok” method. They first clean their farms and remove the plants within that area, this cleaning procedure is done in a direction suitable for the farmer, some are doing this in upward direction and others in a downward direction. After this they are going to burn the plants within that area, some burn it directly, while others put those plants in one area before burning them. After this, the planting of rice through “hasok” method follows. They use small sticks to make a hole one to two inches in size, and placed the rice seeds directly in the hole, some cover the hole with little amount of soil while others just let it open.

“Hasok” method of farming is done in a downward direction. After this the seeds will just grow in time that it is favourable for its growth, in these the seeds adopt itself to the soil. After one week or two, depending on the weather condition the rice can already be seen above the ground. The farmers just let the rice without treating any fertilizer, pesticide, or even watering the plants. For about 4 to 5 months waiting for the

17

harvest they just visit their farms weekly or twice a month, some of the farmers remove the weeds whenever they visit, but some of those remove the weeds at the first 2 to 3 months on which the indigenous rice are in short height, but when the rice plant are already tall in height, the weeds are no longer removed since they do not affect the rice plant anymore. In the harvest time, farmers used “gagta” to get the rice. After this they will plant other crops instead of rice to retain the nutrients in the soil. This kind of farming mostly occurs once a year, from the month of April or May up to September to October.

4.3.2 Problems Encountered In Upland Rice Farming

• On pests (rats and maya birds)

Before, pests are not a major problem in upland rice farming. Even though there are pests, it does not give too much effect in their harvest. But as the years go by, increase in pests population are observed, there are also decrease in upland rice farmers that makes it difficult for the existing farmers because the pests go in their farm.

• Weather condition

Indigenous rice varieties can be harvested 4-5 months after planting. In these long period of waiting there are a lot of chances that the rice plants will be destroyed by the typhoon. In the previous years, effect of climate change is also observed, in which typhoon came in unexpected seasons, and no rainfall a long period of time that makes the rice plant die due to too much heat.

4.3.3 Indigenous Rice Farming In Lowland

In terms of the farming procedure of indigenous rice varieties in lowland, it is similar with the modern rice varieties, by “Tarok” method. The difference is they used less amount of water for this variety because they thought that this kind of rice is not suitable for farms with too much water knowing the drought tolerance of these rice varieties. Indigenous rice has also less pests than modern rice that makes the farmers used just a little amount of pesticide for their plants. They used the same amount of fertilizer as to the modern rice varieties.

18

Table 15. NUMBER OF FARMERS PLANTING THE DIFFERENT RICE VARIETIES PER LOCATION

NAME OF THE RICE

NUMBER OF FARMERSBATONG

PALUWAYCARANGAG COMAGAYCAY DATAG TIMBAA

N TOTALBAKHAW - - 1 - - 1BULAW - 1 - - - 1DOS OHOY NA DILAW

- 2 - - -

2DOS OHOY NA PUTI

1 - - 1 2

4INASUSENA 1 - 1 - - 2KABUONG - - - 1 - 1KADARI - - - - 5 5KAMANANG NA DILAW

1 - - - -

1KAMANANG NA PUTI

- - - - 2

2KRUS 1 - - - - 1LINABNIG 1 - 1 - - 2MILAGROSA

- - 1 - -

1MINAY-ONG 1 - - 1 - 2PALAWAN - - - - 1 1PULUTANG PULA

1 - - - -

1PULUTANG PUTI

2 3 - - -

5SINANG PEDRO

1 - - - -

1SINTANG ANOD

- - - - 1

1TOTAL 10 6 4 3 11

Table 15 shows the number of farmers that plants the specific indigenous rice varieties in every location. The largest percentage of farmers in a location is found in Brgy. Timbaan at 32%, while the lowest percentage is in Brgy. Datag at 9%. The highest percentage regarding to the number of farmers that plant the specific varieties is found in Kadari and Pulutang Puti at 14.7%, while the lowest percentage is in Sinang Pedro, Sintang Anod, Palawan, Pulutang Pula, Milagrosa, Krus, and Kamanang na Dilaw at 2.9%.

19

2.9411762.9411765.882353

11.76471

5.882353

2.941176

14.70588

2.9411765.8823532.94117

6

5.882353

2.941176

5.882353

2.941176

2.941176

14.70588

2.9411762.941176

Figure : DISTRIBUTION PERCENTAGE OF INDIGENOUS RICE CULTIVARS IN SAN ANDRES, CATANDUANES

BAKHAWBULAWDOS OHOY NA DILAWDOS OHOY NA PUTIINASUSENAKABUONGKADARIKAMANANG NA DILAWKAMANANG NA PUTIKRUSLINABNIGMILAGROSAMINAY-ONGPALAWANPULUTANG PULAPULUTANG PUTISINANG PEDROSINTANG ANOD

Figure 36 shows the per cent distribution of indigenous rice varieties. The highest percentage regarding to the number of farmers that plant the specific varieties is found in Kadari and Pulutang Puti at 14.7%, while the lowest percentage is in Sinang Pedro, Sintang Anod, Palawan, Pulutang Pula, Milagrosa, Krus, and Kamanang na Dilaw at 2.9%.

20

29%

18%

12%

9%

32%

Figure : PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF INDIGENOUS RICE FARMERS IN 5 BARANGAYS OF SAN ANDRES CATAND-

UANES

BATONG PALUWAYCARANGAGCOMAGAYCAYDATAGTIMBAAN

Figure 37 shows the number of farmers that plants the specific indigenous rice varieties in every location. The largest percentage of farmers in a location is found in Brgy. Timbaan at 32%, while the lowest percentage is in Brgy. Datag at 9%.

Following the process research of maximizing student or youth and local community groups of farmers, this study involved the participation of 40 local farmers. Fifty per cent of this (or 20) are currently using IRCs for rice production. With permission from the local farmers, the names are as follows:

a. Jimmy Abad b. Melvin Antonioc. Sabas Aquino sr.

d. Gerry Arcillae. Dolores Boninaf. Teresita Bornolla

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g. Felipe Ceah. Mirna Ceai. Domingo Manlangitj. Estrella Manlangitk. Gerry Manlangitl. Marizar Manlangitm. Norma Manlangitn. Carolina Osorioo. Jose Osoriop. Salvacion Osorioq. Pepito Postigor. Jose Rodriguezs. Joey Sabidot. Arnol Santelicesu. Carmen Santelicesv. Juan Santelicesw. Magdalena Santelicesx. Rolan Santelicesy. Rufina Santelicesz. Luis Sodellaaa. Alejandro Solerobb. Isidro Solerocc. Leo Solerodd. Olimpio Solla jr.ee. Josepuro Sonerff. Tomas Sonergg. Blanca Soqueñahh. Amalia Suarezii. Santiago Sumaldejj. Vicente Tabinaskk. Rebecca Tarroquin

ll. Carmelo Taupomm. Nilda Tolledonn. Efren Tolentino

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In many parts of South Asia (SA) and South East Asia (SEA), the comeback of traditional rice varieties in the production of rice becomes a controversial decision. For instance, Bengwayan (2010) of Ifugao has campaigned and became successful to some extent in convincing the return of native varieties which are now at the brink of disappearance and might lead to extinction. In other SA countries like India, the hybrid revolution of rice has forced the local farmers to abandon the native varieties of rice which are known to possess some genetic traits making these rices to have greater advantages for cooking and eating features. However, few studies are being supported now to focus on the comeback and this present study in San Andres contributes to this growing body of knowledge and interest about IRCs in this island. The local farmers of San Andres (n=40) provided the researchers (with student (EAE) and youth co-operators) with different insights on the reasons why there is a decreasing trend in the use of IRCs. Table 16 presents the responses.

Table 16. Statements Based On The Narratives Given By The Local Rice Farmers As To The Decrease In Using Indigenous Rice Varieties Or The Discontinuation Of Traditional

Rice Planting Methods Which Takes A Longer Period

Reasons of Discontinuation of Using IRCsWe are already old and bodies are too weak to continue doing rice farming tasksWe receive less support from the government since the hybrid or HYV are being recommendedLocal farmers opt to use modern or hybrid rice varieties because they can harvest about 3 times a yearIncreasing rice farming problems on pests and extreme weather conditions of continuous rain or flooding.They could not sell their indigenous rice at high price, less buyers of these rice varieties because people nowadays are not aware of these traditional or indigenous rice varieties.

4.3.5 Some Rice Production and Management Practices of the Rice Farmers

Time Management

Most of the upland rice farmers plants rice once a year. Then they plant other crops after rice, such as sweet potato. In the usual once a year upland rice farming, the planting seasons are in the month of April to July, and the harvest time is from the month of August to December. Some farmers plant twice a year. First, on June and harvest at October or November. Second, on December and harvest at April or May. Lowland farmers of indigenous rice plants have cropping of twice a year.

Water Management

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Indigenous rice varieties do not require too much water. In upland farms, farmers do not water the rice plant, rain is the only source of water by the plants. Some upland rice farms are near to bodies of water, like rivers and falls. This good location is favorable for the healthier growth of the rice plant. Lowland rice farms used little amount of water from the irrigation, spring, and other water source, but just enough water to prevent the plant from drying.

Nutrient Management

Most of the upland rice farmers do not put fertilizer in their plants because the soil in the mountain is very favorable for the healthier plant growth. Some of the upland rice farmers also used urea once before they plant rice. Lowland farmers of indigenous rice used urea and ammonia, but only a few amounts compared to lowland rice varieties today.

Pests ManagementPests in upland rice farms are rats, maya birds and some insects. For the rats, some used

rakumin for poisoning, but most used “atipil” - mouse trap to catch the rats. Some farmers make a smoke in the surroundings of the farm, to make the pests leave the place. Few used starfish at the different points on the farm, because they believe that its smell doesn’t like by the pests.

Table 17 shows a straightforward estimation of the reduction in the number of indigenous rice farmers in the 5 barangays from 1960 to 2012 based on timeline analysis. The introduction of hybrid rice varieties from 1980s to 1990 could be shown in much lower number of farmers abandoning the use of IRCs, but to shown even distribution in the timeline, fewer number of farmers were believed to be reflected.

Table 17. THEORETICAL STRAIGHTFORWARD ESTIMATION THE NUMBER INDIGENOUS RICE FARMERS IN THE STUDY LOCATIONS FROM 1960-2012 BASED

ON THE AVAIALBLE DATA AND INTERVIEWS MADE AMONG FARMERS

Barangays Number Of Indigenous Rice Farmers1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2012

BATONG PALUWAY 42 38 34 28 21 18 14 7CARANGAG 36 33 29 24 18 15 12 6COMAGAYCAY 24 22 20 17 12 9 5 2DATAG 30 27 24 20 15 10 7 3TIMBAAN 54 50 45 37 27 23 18 9TOTAL 186 170 152 126 93 75 56 27

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In Table 18, the estimated selling prices of IRCs are presented, with the hope to explain how these farmers use the economics aspects of IRC production in deciding to shift to the other varieties. However, if government campaigns on the traditional rice comeback will be carried out or even the university will be engaged in this endeavour of focusing on IRCs production, then the trend in Table 17 could be reversed or number of farmers will retain through awareness program. Financial support is therefore necessary in this regard and with the addition of other livelihoods to avoid the kaingin or “Hasok” method.

Table 18. ESTIMATED SELLING PRICE OF INDIGENOUS RICE IN DIFFERENT FARMERS

SELLING PRICE in PhP per kilo

NUMBER OF FARMERS

RICE VARIETY

30.00 and below 5 Minay-ong, Inasusena,Dos ohoy na Puti

31.00-35.00 18 Sintang-anod, Kabuong,Minay-ong, Bulaw, Linabnig,Dos ohoy na Puti, Palawan,

Kamanang na Dilaw, Kadari,Pulutang Pula, Inasusena

36.00-40.00 7 Dos ohoy na Puti, Bakhaw, Milagrosa, Minay-ong, Palawan, Kabuong, Pulutang

Puti41.00-45.00 4 Kamanang na Dilaw,

Dos ohoy na Puti, Pulutang Puti46.00-50.00 2 Dos ohoy na Puti,

Dos ohoy na Dilaw51.00 and above 2 Dos ohoy na Puti,

Kamanang na Puti

Chapter 5.0

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the results presented, it can be concluded that a greater number of IRCs totalling to 39 IRCs are still available in the barangays covered during the study. Characterization of seeds shows that different indigenous rice cultivars have their distinct morphological characteristics in terms of color, structure, texture, weight, length, diameter, and many others. There are significant differences among the three germination types; in terms of germination percentage, length of root and shoot growth, and survival percentage. Germination percentage is favoured in germination in water, length of shoot and root growth favoured in germination by “sabwag” method, while the survival percentage favoured in germination by “hasok” method. “Hasok” method is the best germination type that will lead to many number of living rice plants. Ethno-botanical practices of indigenous rice farmers in San Andres,

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Catanduanes are almost similar to each other, although there are just few of them used different way of farming.

The present findings in the study are worthwhile inputs to the location-specific technology development adoption among farmers in Catanduanes. These are also valuable inputs to the bio-techno guides of the Catanduanes State University which are now being processed and re-packaged for the printing of brochures and field guides. Four statements based on the farmers’ narratives were formulated, namely:

1) Water requirement and pests are not problematic as to the use of IRCs in rice production. As such, bio-techno-guides are expected to focus on how integrated water management can be practiced with IRCs and the use of the marine bioresources (e.g. use of starfishes, sponges and other Cnidarias) in discovering natural pesticides to eradicate these limited rodent pests and birds.

2) With the limited number of cropping, production of IRCs can be maximized by establishing IRC plantation areas in the province which will have governmental or NGO support with CSU’s intervening mechanism or the establishment of an Indigenous Knowledge Research Center with indigenous rice as a flagship project.

3) Nutrient management and varietal status as important components and appear to be the most problematic in the LSTD interventions, efforts on R&D are to be focused with IRC in Catanduanes. With the indigenous rice comeback in Catanduanes, the practice of kaingin with “Hasok” poses serious threat.

4. The economics of IRC cultivation in Catanduanes was found to be the most important statement based on farmers’ narratives. It is therefore imperative to provide empirical data as to the use of IRC in rice production by placing some economic valuation on the costs of conserving the genetic resource, production of highly nutritive IRCs and organic farming production with IRCs. More programs and studies are needed to improve the indigenous rice farming industry, and to open diversified livelihoods for the indigenous rice farmers through microfinancing.

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