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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

The research study is on the effects of divorce on children’s education

in Akamkpa Local Government Area.

Owing to the nominative and descriptive nature of the research

problem, ebster !"##$%, views marriage as a formally or legally recogni&ed

agreement between a man and a woman for the procreation of children and

their subse'uent protection. (n addition, Ogundele !"##)% had his views on

marriage as a society acknowledged and approved union established

between a man woman, making them husband and wife.

*iblically, a wife is seen as a help mate or a companion to a man, in

order that a man should not be left alone. +tui !"##% in his historical

research on the significance of marriage on socio-economic development of

ross /iver 0tate, viewed the procreation of children as blessing and

benefit of marriage the nature provided. 0imilarly1 Omini !"##2% asserted

that the process of marriage differ from one society to another, but in


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every society, parents of both people ,intending to marry needs to agree and

the intenders must have the instinct of marriage by affection.

(n the hristendom, closing whom to marry is usually said to be very

relation in order to actuali&e their dreamed partner.

+evertheless, marriage does not allow for divorce, because this was

not one of us ob3ective, Ade !"##"% from not one of its perception, described

divorce as way of breaking a marriage.

On the other hand, /ansome !"##)% opined that divorce is an instance

of the legal ending or dissolution of a marriage by physical separation

which tends to reduce parents4children relationship and subse'uently e5pose

children to some societal, environmental, psychological can emotional

problems and as a result make children to become way ward and nuisance in

the society. 6mate5 !"##)% anticipated that in subse'uent times, some

divorcee!divorce couple% tends to re-ignite their affection and re- established

a more substantial union. 6specially if there were ordain and destined to be

together as couple. Agari !"##$%, added that, in some families and societies,

divorce involves the refund of the bride price paid to secure the wife. hile


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others allow fre'uent divorce when there is lack of understanding between

the two parties. hile others from at its occurrence.

+tui!"##2% summari&ed that marital instability as well as divorce

constitute the ma3or imiderance to children’s act of 3uvenile delin'uency,

truancy, waywardness, poor performance in academic work and above all

bad companionship which they may established, due to lack of parental care

and attention.

Stateent of !ro"#e

*een the most crucial introductory as part of the research which is

arrived at articulating the fundamental 'uestions. (t is viewed that the

research is problem- focused.

7ence, for +igeria to e5cel educationally there is need for the

provision of ade'uate teaching aids to supplement the attitudes of the

neglected children, so that there can complete or e'uated with other children,

divorced couple should be encourage to reignite their affection, children’s

who have lost parental care should be encouraged by their teacher to study,

given to children rewards should be given to neglected children to boast re-

enforcement to positive studying habits. 8arents of the will be couple or


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intenders should give their young ones orientation on this note the research

was proposed to help solve these problems.

O"$ect%&es of the study

The broad ob3ective of the study is to investigate into the effects of

divorce on the educational attainment of children in some selected 8rimary

0chools in Akamkpa Local Government Area.

0pecifically, the study also seeks to

i. 65amine the influence of divorce on children academic performance

in Akamkpa Local Government Area.

ii. (nvestigate into those factors that cause divorce and family crisis in

Akamkpa Local Government Area.

iii. 7elp teachers in identifying the methods and approaches to be used to

accommodate neglected children in the classroom.iv. (dentify factors that should be considered by young ones before

getting married.

v. 9ake possible suggestions and recommendation on how the solve this

problem of instability in Akamkpa local Government Area.

S%gn%f%cance of the study

The findings of this research study, would not only be beneficial to the

researcher, but also to the following state holder.


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The teachers, who are the surrogate parents of the children would gain

the idea of identifying children with special need, and in addition,

identify the root cause of their poor academic performance.(t would help the couple in re-ad3usting their marital life and re-ignite

their affection toward subse'uent divorce.

(t would help the children from the alarming rate of social life

that could endanger their life and above all, help minimi&ed 3uvenile

delin'uency and finally, it would help government to identify children

with special needs and the subse'uence provision of societies to meet

their needs.

Research 'uest%ons

0e'uel to the purpose4 ob3ective of the study, and the

fundamental problems. The researcher therefore formulates the

following research 'uestions to give guide and direction to the study.

$. hat factors contributes to marital instability in Akamkpa Local

Government Area:". To what e5tent has divorce affects the educational attainment of

children in Akamkpa Local Government Area:


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;. hat strategies can sustain marriage among young couples in Akamkpa

Local Government Area:

). hat problems has divorce constituted to children poor performance in

school:

Sco!e of the study


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ebster !",###%, had its view on marriage as a formally and legally

recogni&ed agreement between a man and a woman making them husband

and wife. 0imilarly Ogundele !"##$%, view marriage as a socially knowledge

and approve union between a man and woman for the procreation of children

and their subse'uence protection. Orim !"##$%, added that, the meaning and

implication of marriage vary from society to society, region to regions and

nation to nations. 7e supported that, marriage is related to se5ual

relationship shared only by couples and also the only means by which

children can have a legal status. (kua&om !"##"%, described marriage as the

arrangements, including ceremonies, which the society approves for a man

and woman to come together and form a family. 7e further generali&ed this

aspect as an institution which bring a man and woman as husband and wife

to established a home.

0chell !"##)% opined that, when a man and woman are united by

marriage the moved to stay together in a particular location. (n +igeria, he

added that, is generally the woman who moves to study with the man and his

house or family compound. 0imilarly, in some cases, the couple may made


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away from their parents to live elsewhere on their own for mutual

relationship.

(n addition, Ade !"##"%, described divorce as a way of breaking a

marriage. 7e added that, in some families and societies divorce involves a

refund of the bride wealth paid to secure the wife. hile others allows

fre'uents divorce, where there is no understanding among couple and others

frown bitterly at its occurrence, because of its subse'uent implications.

On the other hand, Ogundele !"##;% view divorce as an instance of the

legal ending of marriage by couples which result to physical separation.

7e concluded that marriage and divorce move hand in hand due to

individual differences which are in build in the married couple. And for

marriage to stable, couple must ensure that love and understanding is their

watch word, which can as such create barried for divorce to occur.

Effect of d%&orce on ch%#dren educat%ona# atta%nent

6&egbe !"##)%, noted that the training of a child both at the informal

and fomal educational levels, demands the 3oint efforts of both parents. At

the informal level, the parents ensures formative orientations and teaching

on the norms, values and attributes of the family and the society at large. At


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the formal educational level, the parents ensures ade'uate security, provide

for and financial aids to supplement their school re'uirements and above all

provide material and spiritual needs to help boast concentration and

reinforcement.

9uegrove !"##)% opined that, children educational pursuit is

fundamentally stream line from their foundation which their home and

parents are the ma3or determinants. 7e added that if the children are

deprived of material !s% possessions due to the effects and conse'uences of

divorce, they may tend to loose their concentration in their education and as

such may engage in 3uvenile delin'uency. (n the other hand. (f the child is

deprived of spiritual needs, he4she may loose the thought of God e5istence

as his4her creator and may seek for mundane things and worthless

possessions which can affect his life in failure.

Conse'uences of fa%#y cr%s%s on ch%#dren educat%ona#

ach%e&eent

/enald !"##)%, agreed that, crisis are problems emanating from both

human and psychology factors. (n the family such crisis are cause due to

individual differences and lack of understanding which as such may lead to


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fre'uent 'uarrel, fighting, divorce or death of family member. These crisis

are particularly observed in polygamous homes where a man married more

than one wife. Though in some countries, he added that polygamy is legally

prohibited due to its negative conse'uences. 7e proceeded b y adding that,

in some families where there is fre'uent 'uarrel among couples the

conse'uences include lack of love and unity which may as such affect the

children directly or indirectly, especially for children with special needs.

0imilarly, where there is physical separation among couple !divorce% the

children are bound to suffer from negligence. And in a situation where one

of the couple is not more in physical e5istence !death%, the other couple

could be over waded with family problems and as such may not be able to

provide the needed attention the children.

9aclean !"##% in his opinion agreed that, the impact of broken

homes is mostly felt in nuclear families. This is true because there is

intimacy in most of this family type. Therefore any physical separation of

the couple is considered as a threat to the family development. 7e further

added that, lack of support system confronted by divorced families imposed

additional burden to their members. Going by the above assertion of


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9aclean, it is therefore believe that, the children are at lost, once there is

physical separation of their parents.

The %!#%cat%on of d%&orce on ch%#dren-s eot%ona# and soc%a#

ad$ustent

(n a study by ilson !"##;>)%, shows that over twenty thousand

children !"#,###% in post primary and primary schools in ?enya where

e5tensively interviewed.

ilson categori&ed his sub3ect into three groups. Those from broken

homes through divorce as group one, those from broken homes through

death as group two and those whose families are still intact by marriage as

group three.

7is finding shows that, such difference e5isted between this groups

would not only affect the children emotionally or socially but also their

educational and occupationally achievements.

adsworth 9aclean !"##;>)$% observed that even children whose

custodian parents subse'uently remarried to reduce economic stress. @rom

observation both agreed that actually recovery has taken place, but the


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children did not reach the level of achievement of their peers from families

infact.

They concluded by postulating that>

i. The generation of children of divorced parents currently in early

adulthood have e5perienced emotional, social, educational and

occupational under achievement.

ii. The female headed families after divorce or death e5perienced

poverty, even when the woman found full time employment. +ow the

'uestion is where is the children success:

Good and *roophy, !"##$% agreed that correct parental attitude does

enhances student’s academic achievementB They demand that contact

with class teachers, interest in pupils progress reports etc are parameters

to children better study habits but lamented on the scanty knowledge of

parents on the development needs of their children.

Lessoning, Cagorin and elson !"##"%, investigated and caome out

with the result that, father’s absent in a child early age bring about lower

performance intelligent 'uotient score as compare to those whose father’s

presents is highly felt.


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Lovel !"##"%, hold that, the standard of child’s discipline, parental

attitude and interest generated home condition ultimately influence academic

performance in primary and post primary schools.

6&egbe !"##;%, confirmed that, divorce causes lack of proper

sociali&ation for children. 7e believed that children are likely to develop

anti-social tendencies as a result of lack of 3oint parental care which would

have e5isted in absent of divorce. 7e enumerated that the idea of anti-social

tendencies to included uncontrollable 3uvenile and truancy.

7e concluded that most of the 3uvenile delin'uency in school are

supplied by broken homes. This is not to say that a broken homes does not

have their own share of the lot. To this, he added that the degree of

involvement by broken and unbroken homes are different. 7e believed that

such tendencies constitute the societal menace.

Goldtab !"##$% cited in blood support the findings of 9aa’s study when

he said that separated children scores poorly in intelligent 'uotient test !(DT%

and relate poorly in school. The hardly establish close relationship in school

he headed.


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(n a study by ?ert !"##$% cited in /ichard, three hundred and seventy

eight !;EF% children suffering from non-accidental trauma or gross physical

neglect were placed under study. (t was noted from the study that a greater

percentage of the children from broken homes studied demonstrated delay in

motor skill, delay in language development, low intelligent 'uotient !(D%

below # which is below average or falling academic performance as

compared to twenty eight percent !"FH% of the control group and most noted

to be unsatisfactory with regards to schools year relations.

hen ?ert retested the children, it was seen that a good percentage of

them still proved unsatisfactory delay in motor develop below average or

falling in academic performance and language development problem.

0imilarly , Akang !"##2% showed that, children brought up by both

parents shows normal psychological and academic development. 0he studied

;;2 pupils selected from eight !F% primary schools in Asaba town, +igeria

and finds out that adolescent from one parent home developed a high degree

of general an5iety showed higher an5iety and lower self concepts than their

counterpart from normal homes. 0ingle parent children have more material

and personal problems than those from normal homes she added.


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0he proceeded by saying that, single parent children’s problems

generally poorer academically then their counterpart from normal homes.

@rom Akang’s view point of material problems in single parent homes, ( will

infer that such homes being in economic hardship may not be able to afford

the needed educational materials to its members.

0pit !"##)% cited in Iictor pick interest in emotional deprivation

which he believed may cause by a break in relation.


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CHAPTER /

RESEARCH 0ETHOD

This chapter deals precisely on the design of the study, area of the

study, sample and sampling techni'ues, instrument for data collection,

validation of the instrument, methods of data collection and method of

analysis

Research des%gn

This research work is critically designed to investigate into the effect

of divorce on children’s education, with a case study of some selected

primary schools in Akamkpa Local Government Area of ross /iver 0tate.


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(t adopted as a normative and cross sectional survey research design to

manipulate the e5perimental conditions with a conceptual frame work

through a structured survey instrument to aid in the collection of data needed

for the study.

Area of study

The research study was carried on Akamkpa Local Government Area

of ross /iver 0tate, with five selected primary schools as the contehement

areas for the study.

+evertheless, Akamkpa Local Government Area is one out of the

eighteen Local Government Area in ross /iver 0tate. (t is located at the

southern senatorial district of the state with Akamkpa town its head'uarter.

(t comprises of ten !$#% wards which are headed by democratically

elected counselors. They are> Jyanga, Awi, 9barakom, (ko and Akamkpa

urban wards in constituency one and Oban, (kpai, 6ku, O3uk north, O3uk

south in constituency two.

(t is bounded by *iase Local Government Area to the north,

ameroon /epublic to the west, Odukpani Local Government to the south

and Akpabuyo Local Government Area to the east.


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ulturally, Akamkpa Local Government Area has numerous social

institution ranging from religious institution, with traditional and hristian

religious as their main study, political institution with families head, youth

councils, women parties as policy making bodies, health institution with

different herbal homes, clinics, health centres and hospitals to cather for

patients.

@inancial institutions with peoples union, 6kondo and @irst banks to

facilitate financial aids. Legal institution with dispensary to serve as a

3udicial council to ensure that 3ustice prevail at all time through the aid of the

police and educational institution with over ;# nursery schools ") primary

schools "E post primary schools and a tertiary institution of learning

!ollege of 6ducation Akamkpa%.

6conomically, Akamkpa Local Government Area is acknowledged as

one of the richest Local Government Area in +igeria with abundant 7uman

and +atural resources ranging from both skilled and on skilled labor force,

vast underlying igneous4intrusive granites, the tropical forest timber

products, wide range of palm plantation and rich agricultural land scope

which favors seasonal farming as well as crop rotation. (t is also a tourist


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centres with the +ational 8ark, Oban hills, Duaffable. @inally, most of its

people speak 63agham as their dialect.

Po!u#at%on of the study

The population of the study comprises of the aggregate number of

pupils from the five selected primary schools chosen for the study.

S

N

Schoo#s Coun%t%es ,ocat%on ,232A Po!

$. Govt. 8rimary school Oban /ural Akamkpa ;##

". 0T. KO7+ 0 8rimary

0chool

Akamkpa Jrban Akamkpa ;#

;. omm.8rimary 0chool Ayaebam /ural Akamkpa "##

). 0t. Theresa 8rimary

0chool

9barakom /ural Akamkpa ;##

. Govt. 8rimary 0chool +san /ural Akamkpa "$#

Total population $,;2

Table !i% list of selected schools for the study

@rom the tabular illustration above, it therefore implies that the total

population for the study is $.;2# pupils.

Sa!#e and sa!#%ng techn%'ues


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The study have its sample from the five selected primary schools and

the sampling techni'ues adopted by the researcher id the systematic and

random sampling approaches to select "# pupils each from the selected

schools with emphasis on pupils from broken homes causes by divorce and

those whose homes are still intact !unbroken%.

04n 0chools ommunities Location L.G.A 8op

$. Govt. 8rimary school Oban /ural Akamkpa "#". 0T. KO7+ 0 8rimary

0chool

Akamkpa Jrban Akamkpa "#

;. omm. 8rimary

0chool

Ayaebam /ural Akamkpa "#

). 0t. Theresa 8rimary

0chool

9barakom /ural Akamkpa "#

. Govt. 8rimary 0chool +san /ural Akamkpa "#Total population $##

Table !((% sample si&e or sample population

Instruent for data co##ect%on


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A si5teen item structural 'uestionnaire was constructed by the

researcher under the guidance and supervision of the pro3ect supervisor,

which was used for the generation of primary data, used the study.

The 'uestionnaire was divided into two sections, A and *. section A

deals with respondent demographic information while section * concern

with the likert representation of scale4 response key 'uestions such

0A - 0trongly Agree

A - Agree

J - Jndecided

< -


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3udgment and evaluation of the survey items was made by the supervisor and

other educators to ensure reliability.

0ethod 4s5 of data co##ect%on

Over $## copies of 'uestionnaires were printed and administered to

the respondents in the selected schools with assistance from two non

teaching staff.

0ethod of data ana#ys%s

To elicit facts from the research study the researcher uses the

descriptive analytical method.


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CHAPTER 6

RESU,T

8rior to the design and ob3ective of the study, this chapter therefore

focuses on the presentation of the results, interpretation of result and

discussion of results from the finding of the study.

Presentat%on of resu#ts

The result of the study is presented in four different tables with

respect to the research 'uestions.

Research 'uest%on one

hat factor contributes to marital instability in Akamkpa Local

Government Area:


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Table !iii% percentage distribution of responses on factors that

contribute to marital instability in Akamkpa Local Government Area.

04+ /espondents fre'uency distribution and computed percentage

A H 0A H J H < H 0<; E "F $$ ;E " "# ; "#

) F ;" F "2 " "# ;; 2

$$ 2 ") 2 "# ) )# ) "E

$" ) $2 $E " "# ; "# )

Total " $## ;# $## $# $## $ $## "#

Research 'uest%on t.o

To what e5tent has divorce affected the educational attainment of

children in Akamkpa Local Government Area:

Table !iv% percentage distribution of responses on the effects of

divorce on the educational attainment of children in Akamkpa Local

Government Area.


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04+ /espondents fre'uency distribution and computed percentageA H 0A H J H < H 0<

$ " $; ) "# 2 ") " "# "

" ) "E ; $ ) $2 ) )# 2

E E )E 2 ;# ) $2 ; ;# 2

F " $; E ; $$ )) $ $# $$

Total $ $## "# $## " $## $# $## "

Research 'uest%on three

hat strategies can sustain marriage among young couples in

Akamkpa Local Government Area:

Table !v% percentage distribution of responses on the strategies that

can sustain marriage among couples in Akamkpa Local Government Area


A H 0A H J H < H 0<

$; $# " " " "# " "

$) F "# " " "# ) "# "


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$ $" ;# ; $ " "# ) "# )

$2 $# " E ; ) )# E ; "

Total )# $## "# $## $# $## "# $## $#

Research 'uest%on four

hat problems has divorce constituted to children poor performance

in schools:


A H 0A H J H < H 0<

" " "# $# " ) )# E

2 ) "# ) )# $" ;# " "# )

E ; " "# $# " " "#

$# ) "# " "# F "# " "# )

Total "# $## $# $## )# $## $# $## "#

Inter!retat%on of resu#t

The results of the study in table !iii% above, shows that, for items ;, )

$$ and $". The respondents gave "FH, ;"H, ")H and $2H agreed response

;EH, "2H, "#H and $EH respectively gave strongly agreed response. "#H,

"#H, )#H and "#H respectively gave uncertain response. "#H, ;;H, "EH

and "#H respectively gave disagreed response and "H "#H "H and ;#H

gave strongly disagreed response.


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(n table !iv%, the respondent gave $;H, "EH )EH and $;H response in

agreement to research item $, ", E, and F respectively. "#H, $H, ;#H and

;H gave agreement to items $, ", E and F respectively. ")H, $2H, $2H and

))H gave uncertain opinion to the respective items. "#H, )#H, ;#H and

$#H gave disagreed opinion to the items and FH, ")H, ")H and ))H gave a

strongly disagreed opinion to the respective items.

(n table !v%, for item $;, $), $ and $2, the respondents gave opinion

of "H, "#H, ;#H and "H in agreement, "H, "H, $H and ;H gave a

strong agreement to the respective items. "#H, "#H, "#H and )#H gave

uncertain opinion. "H, "#H, ;H and ;H gave a disagreed opinion.

hile "#H, "#H, )#H and "#H respectively gave a strong disagreed

opinion with respect to the research items.

(n table !vi% for item , 2, and $# "H, "#H, ;H and "#H of the

respondent gave agreed opinion, "#H, )#H, "#H and "#H respectively gave

strongly agreed opinion, "H, ;#H, "H and "#H respectively gave

uncertain opinion, )#H, "#H, "#H and "#H gave disagreed opinion. hile

;H, "#H, "H and "#H respectively gave strongly disagreed opinion with

respect to the research items.


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D%scuss%on of resu#t

The result of the study in table three reveals that certain factors can

help to sustain marriages among coup in Akamkpa Local Government Area

with 2H positive responses against H negative responses. Also that

divorce does not influenced children academic performance with "H

negative opinion against ))H positive opinion. This goes to support a

research carried out by 6mmanuel !"##)% on the influence of marriage on

socio-economic development.

(n table four, the study in deals that, divorce has significant effect on

children education with ;;H positive opinion against "FH negative opinion.

(n addition poor academic performance of pupils in primary schools is as a

result of negligence with EEH positive opinion against )H negative

opinion. This facts is backed by the writes up of 9ike !"##$% on the cause of

children negligence and their and conse'uence in primary and post primary

schools.

(n table five, the result disclosed that, children with special needs can

easily be identified if their parents are separated by marriage with #H

positive opinion against )H negative opinion. 0imilarly pre-marital


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orientation will not help to curb the problem of divorce between young ones,

with 2#H negative opinion against )H positive opinion.

(n table si5 the result shows that, divorce has not constituted much

problem among the children with EH negative opinion against )H

positive opinion. And marital instability is cause by lack of understanding

among couple with H positive opinion against )H negative opinion.

CHAPTER 7

SU00AR8 AND CONC,USION

8rior to data obtained and the analysis done in chapter four above, this

chapter therefore, devotes its interest in the summary of results, conclusion,

limitations, implication, recommendations and suggestion for further study.

Suary of resu#t


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The study was on attempt to e5amine and investigates on the effects

of divorce of children education in Akamkpa Local Government Area of

ross /iver 0tate.

@our research 'uestions were formulated and were further used to

construct $2 sets of attitudinal 'uestions in a structured 'uestionnaire which

was used for data collection.

This data were analy&ed descriptively using simple percentage

computation. And were finally interpreted and discussed with respective

research items.

On the whole, it was perceived that divorce has a significant effect on

children academic performance in Akamkpa Local Government Area of

ross /iver 0tate.

Conc#us%on

The result of the study shows emphatically, that there is a significant

influence of divorce on children education. (t also proved that home

environment constitute no inde5 to children educational success.

(nstances were taken from emotional and social ad3ustment of children

from both divorce home and those whose parents are still intact in marriage.


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The statistical treatment of the data provides easily way which aids the study

a positive conclusion verdict.

Recoendat%ons

*ased on the results of the study and the researcher desire to see how

these problems can be solves. The following recommendations are therefore

imperative.

$. 8arents should always give their children pre-marital orientations.

". ouples should be advice on the effects of divorce in our modern

society.

;. hildren should be thought in school the conse'uences of early

marriage and divorce.

). 9oral education should be given a greater concern in all aspect of life.

. Government should provide employment opportunities to most couple

to reduce the risk of divorce.2. 0eminars should be conducted to help evaluate couples on marriage

concept.

E. To ensure marriage stability and curb divorce problems, young ones

should get well prepared before going for marriage.

I!#%cat%on of the study

The study will help young ones to e5amine the effect and conse'uence

divorce and how it can be curbed.


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12 @urther researcher should endeavor to carry out similar research but

on a large population and sample.

(2 Greater attention should be given to marriage life and family

education.

/2 ounselling personnel should be send to remote areas to help train the

couple on marriage concept.

62 hildren with special needs should be given utmost attention.

72 6ducational facilities should be provided to children in primary

schools to aid their lesson.

RE+ERENCE

ebster, 7. A. !"##E%, Operationali&ation of the concept of marriage Maria>

foremost 6ducational service Ltd


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Ogundele, (. T. !"##)%


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A!!end%ces

A 'uest%onna%re des%gn on the %n&est%gat%on of the Effect of D%&orce on

Ch%#dren Educat%on %n Akak!a ,oca# 3o&ernent Area


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0chool.

Sect%on 4B5 4Att%tud%na# 'uest%ons5

/esponse key

0A - 0trongly Agree

A - Agree

J - Jndecided

< -


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children in primary schools in Akamkpa Local

Government Area

E. 8oor academic performance in most primary

schools is as a result of negligence

F. 8oor academic performance in most primary

schools is not as a result of negligence

. 9arital instability is cause by lack of

understanding between married couples

$#. 9arital instability is not cause by lack of

understanding between married couples

$$.


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$. 8re-marriage orientation would help to curb

problems of divorce by young couples

$2. 8re-marriage orientation would not help to curb

problems of divorce by young couples

EKPE IRENE OKON PROJECTcomfirm.docx

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