ekonomika da biznesi
Transcript of ekonomika da biznesi
ekonomika da biznesi
ivlisi-agvisto
JULY-AUGUSTИЮЛЬ-АВГУСТ
2012
ECONOMICS and BUSINESSÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÀ è ÁÈÇÍÅÑ
ISSN 1987-5789
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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis saerTaSoriso referirebadi
da recenzirebadi samecniero-praqtikuli JurnaliÌåæäóíàðîäíûé
ðåôåð
International refereed and reviewed scientifi c and practical journal of the Faculty of Economics and Business,
Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé ðåôåðèðóåìûé è ðåöåíçèðóåìûé íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêèé æóðíàë ôàêóëüòåòà Ýêîíîìèêè è Áèçíåñà Òáèëèññêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà èìåíè Èâ.
Äæàâàõèøâèëè
gamodis 2008 wlis ianvridan, or TveSi erTxel
Published since January, 2008 once in two monthÂûõîäèò ñ ßíâàðÿ 2008 ãîäà ðàç â äâà ìåñÿöà
redaqciis misamarTi: Tbilisi, universitetis q., #1,
Tsu maRlivi korpusi, me-13 sarT., tel. 230-36-68, 599-10-38-16
e-mail: [email protected]
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saredaqcio kolegia
revaz gogoxiarevaz gogoxia – mTavari redaqtori
ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori.
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr–
korespondentebi, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi: vladimer papava, vladimer papava,
avTandil silagaZe, leo Ciqava.avTandil silagaZe, leo Ciqava.
ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi, profesorebi: iuri iuri
ananiaSvili, ramaz abesaZe, simon gelaSvili, revaz gvelesiani, ananiaSvili, ramaz abesaZe, simon gelaSvili, revaz gvelesiani,
nugzar Todua, irakli kovzanaZe, eka lekaSvili, murTaz maRraZe, maia nugzar Todua, irakli kovzanaZe, eka lekaSvili, murTaz maRraZe, maia
margvelaSvili, qeTevan marSava, elguja meqvabiSvili, iakob mesxia, margvelaSvili, qeTevan marSava, elguja meqvabiSvili, iakob mesxia,
nugzar paiWaZe, sergo sanaZe, murman turava, mirian tuxaSvili, eTer nugzar paiWaZe, sergo sanaZe, murman turava, mirian tuxaSvili, eTer
xaraiSvili, elene xarabaZe, roman xarbedia, nodar xaduri, akaki xelaZe, xaraiSvili, elene xarabaZe, roman xarbedia, nodar xaduri, akaki xelaZe,
Temur Sengelia, emzar jgerenaia.Temur Sengelia, emzar jgerenaia.
EDITORIAL BOARDEDITORIAL BOARD
Revaz GogokhiaRevaz Gogokhia – Editor-in-chief Doctor of Economic sciences, professor. – Editor-in-chief Doctor of Economic sciences, professor.Corresponding members of Georgian National Academy of Sciences, doc-Corresponding members of Georgian National Academy of Sciences, doc-
tors of Economic Sciences: tors of Economic Sciences: Vladimer Papava, Avtandil Silagadze, Leo Chikava.Vladimer Papava, Avtandil Silagadze, Leo Chikava.Doctors of Economic Sciences, professors: Doctors of Economic Sciences, professors: Iuri Ananiashvili, Ramaz Abe-Iuri Ananiashvili, Ramaz Abe-
sadze, Simon Gelashvili, Revaz Gvelesiani, Nugzar Todua, Irakli Kovsanadze, Eka sadze, Simon Gelashvili, Revaz Gvelesiani, Nugzar Todua, Irakli Kovsanadze, Eka Lekashvili, Murtaz Magradze, Maya Margvelashvili, Ketevan Marshava, Elguja Lekashvili, Murtaz Magradze, Maya Margvelashvili, Ketevan Marshava, Elguja Mekvabiishvili, Iakob Meskhia, Nugzar Paichadze, Sergo Sanadze, Murman Tura-Mekvabiishvili, Iakob Meskhia, Nugzar Paichadze, Sergo Sanadze, Murman Tura-va, Mirian Tukhashvili, Eter Kharaishvili, Elene Kharabadze, Roman Kharbedia, va, Mirian Tukhashvili, Eter Kharaishvili, Elene Kharabadze, Roman Kharbedia, Nodar Khaduri, Akaki Kheladze, Temur Shengelia, Emzar Jgerenaia.Nodar Khaduri, Akaki Kheladze, Temur Shengelia, Emzar Jgerenaia.
ÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÀß ÊÎËËÅÃÈßÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÀß ÊÎËËÅÃÈß
Ðåâàç Ãîãîõèÿ Ðåâàç Ãîãîõèÿ – ãëàâíèé ðåäàêòîð, äîêòîð ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîð.
×ëåíû-êîððåñïîíäåíòû Íàöèîíàëüíîé Àêàäåìèè íàóê Ãðóçèè – Âëàäèìåð Ïàïàâà, Àâòàíäèë Ñèëàãàäçå, Ëåî ×èêàâà. Âëàäèìåð Ïàïàâà, Àâòàíäèë Ñèëàãàäçå, Ëåî ×èêàâà.
Äîêòîðà ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîðà: Þðèé Àíàíèàøâèëè, Þðèé Àíàíèàøâèëè, Ðàìàç Àáåñàäçå, Ñèìîí Ãåëàøâèëè, Ðåâàç Ãâåëåñèàíè,Íóãçàð Òîäóà, Ðàìàç Àáåñàäçå, Ñèìîí Ãåëàøâèëè, Ðåâàç Ãâåëåñèàíè,Íóãçàð Òîäóà, Èðàêëèé Êîâçàíàäçå, Åêà Ëåêàøâèëè, Ìóðòàç Ìàãðàäçå, Ìàéÿ Èðàêëèé Êîâçàíàäçå, Åêà Ëåêàøâèëè, Ìóðòàç Ìàãðàäçå, Ìàéÿ Ìàðãâåëàøâèëè, Êåòåâàí Ìàðøàâà, Çëãóäæà Ìåêâàáèøâèëè, ßêîá Ìàðãâåëàøâèëè, Êåòåâàí Ìàðøàâà, Çëãóäæà Ìåêâàáèøâèëè, ßêîá Ìåñõèÿ, Íóãçàð Ïàé÷àäçå, Ìåñõèÿ, Íóãçàð Ïàé÷àäçå, Серго Санадзе, Серго Санадзе, Ìóðìàí Òóðàâà, Ìèðèàí Ìóðìàí Òóðàâà, Ìèðèàí Òóõàøâèëè, Åòåð Õàðàèøâèëè, Ýëåíå Õàðàáàäçå, Ðîìàí Õàðáåäèÿ, Òóõàøâèëè, Åòåð Õàðàèøâèëè, Ýëåíå Õàðàáàäçå, Ðîìàí Õàðáåäèÿ, Íîäàð Õàäóðè, Íîäàð Õàäóðè, Акаки Хеладзе, Акаки Хеладзе, Òåìóð Øåíãåëèÿ, Ýìçàð Äæãåðåíàèÿ. Òåìóð Øåíãåëèÿ, Ýìçàð Äæãåðåíàèÿ.
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saredaqcio kolegiis ucxoeli wevrebi.saredaqcio kolegiis ucxoeli wevrebi.
volfgang vengi – berlinis (germania) univer-
sitetis profesori, harald kunci – branderburgis
(germania) universitetis ekonomikuri Teoriis kaT-
edris gamge, kim taqsiri – ruseTis mecnierebaTa aka-
demiis akademikosi, jozef xasidi – pireusis (saber-
ZneTi) universitetis ekonomikuri fakultetis dekani,
profesori, tomas haldma – tartus (estoneTi) uni-
versitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis administrirebis
fakultetis dekani, profesori.
FOREIGN MEMBERS OF THE FOREIGN MEMBERS OF THE EDITORIAL BOARD OF ECONOMICS:EDITORIAL BOARD OF ECONOMICS:
Wolfgang Weng – Professor at Berlin University (Germany), Harald Kunz – Head of department of Economic theory at Brander-burg University (Germany), Kim Taksir – Academician of Russian Academy of Sciences, Joseph Hassid - Dean of the Faculty of Eco-nomics Piraeus University (Greece), Professor, Toomas Haldma – Tartu University’s Dean Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, professor (Estonia).
ÈÍÎÑÒÐÀÍÍÛÅ ×ËÅÍÛÈÍÎÑÒÐÀÍÍÛÅ ×ËÅÍÛÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÎÉ ÊÎËËÅÃÈÈ:ÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÎÉ ÊÎËËÅÃÈÈ:
Âîëôãàíã Âåíã - Ïðîôåññîð Áåðëèíñêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãåðìàíèÿ), Êóíö Ãàðàëä – çàâ. êàôåäðîé ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé òåîðèè Áðàíäåðáóðãñêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãåðìàíèÿ), Êèì Òàêñèð – Àêàäåìèê Ðîññèéñêîé Àêàäåìèè Íàóê, Äæîçåô Õàññèä – äåêàí ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ôàêóëüòåòà Ïèðåéññêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãðåöèÿ), Òîîìàñ Õàëäìà - äåêàí ôàêóëüòåòà ýêîíîìèêè è àäìèíèñòðèðîâàíèÿ áèçíåñà Óíèâåðñèòåòà Òàðòó (Ýñòîíèÿ), ïðîôåññîð.
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SinaarsiSinaarsi
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
merab xmalaZe.merab xmalaZe. msoflios demografiuli dabereba: msoflios demografiuli dabereba:
perspeqtivebi, Sedegebi ..........................................................................11perspeqtivebi, Sedegebi ..........................................................................11
Salva gogiaSvili. slava fetelava. Salva gogiaSvili. slava fetelava. bazarze dominire-bazarze dominire-
buli mdgomareobis negatiuri aspeqtebi ..................... 27buli mdgomareobis negatiuri aspeqtebi ..................... 27
nino papaCaSvili. nino papaCaSvili. sagareo savaWro politikis Tavise- sagareo savaWro politikis Tavise-
burebani Tanamedrove safinanso-ekonomikuri krizi-burebani Tanamedrove safinanso-ekonomikuri krizi-
sis pirobebSi ........................................................................................... 43sis pirobebSi ........................................................................................... 43
arCil iakobaSvili. arCil iakobaSvili. sabiujeto inflaciis optimi-sabiujeto inflaciis optimi-
zaciis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi (lafer-kaganis zaciis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi (lafer-kaganis
modeli) ......................................................................................................... 57modeli) ......................................................................................................... 57
malxaz Ciqobava. malxaz Ciqobava. Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikuri Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikuri
krizisi saqmiani ciklis Teoriis TvalsazrisiT ....... 75krizisi saqmiani ciklis Teoriis TvalsazrisiT ....... 75
giorgi gafrindaSvili.giorgi gafrindaSvili. saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis poli- saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis poli-
tikaSi gatarebuli reformebi saqarTveloSi da misi tikaSi gatarebuli reformebi saqarTveloSi da misi
Sedegebi ........................................................................................................... 91Sedegebi ........................................................................................................... 91
mikro-makroekonomikamikro-makroekonomika
daviT niJaraZe. daviT niJaraZe. saerTaSoriso strategiuli dagegmva saerTaSoriso strategiuli dagegmva
mravalerovnul kompaniebSi .........................................................97mravalerovnul kompaniebSi .........................................................97
Г. М. ЯБЛУЧАНСКА.Г. М. ЯБЛУЧАНСКА. Реакция фармацевтического рынка Грузии Реакция фармацевтического рынка Грузии на облена облегчение ввоза лекарственных средств .......................... 111чение ввоза лекарственных средств .......................... 111nona gelitaSvili. nona gelitaSvili. Ciles sapensio reforma: arsi da Ciles sapensio reforma: arsi da
mniSvneloba saqarTvelosaTvis ............................................ 123mniSvneloba saqarTvelosaTvis ............................................ 123
asmaT gulordava.asmaT gulordava. saqarTvelos agrosasursaTo seq- saqarTvelos agrosasursaTo seq-
toris ganviTarebis zogierTi sakiTxi ............................133toris ganviTarebis zogierTi sakiTxi ............................133
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menejmenti. marketingi. turizmimenejmenti. marketingi. turizmi
enver lagvilava. enver lagvilava. eleqtronuli swavlebis ganviTare-eleqtronuli swavlebis ganviTare-
bis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi ....................................................139bis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi ....................................................139
rati abulaZe. rati abulaZe. eleqtronuli marTvis aqtualuri eleqtronuli marTvis aqtualuri
sakiTxebi ....................................................................................................... 155sakiTxebi ....................................................................................................... 155
guladi nakaSiZe. guladi nakaSiZe. kiberusafrTxoeba - XXI saukunis kiberusafrTxoeba - XXI saukunis
mwvave gamowveva ................................................................................... 165mwvave gamowveva ................................................................................... 165
sabuRaltro aRricxva da analizisabuRaltro aRricxva da analizi
nadeJda kvataSiZe. nadeJda kvataSiZe. finansuri instrumentebis asaxva finansuri instrumentebis asaxva
finansur angariSgebebSi ............................................................... 180finansur angariSgebebSi ............................................................... 180
nana sreseli. nana sreseli. warmoebuli finansuri instrumentebis warmoebuli finansuri instrumentebis
aRricxvis Taviseburebebi............................................................. 187aRricxvis Taviseburebebi............................................................. 187
qarTvel avtorTa saerTaSoriso aRiarebaqarTvel avtorTa saerTaSoriso aRiareba
redaqciisagan redaqciisagan .......................................................................................... 197.......................................................................................... 197
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CONTENTSCONTENTS
ECONOMIC THEORY AND ECONOMIC POLICYECONOMIC THEORY AND ECONOMIC POLICY
MERAB KHMALADZE. MERAB KHMALADZE. World Demographic Aging: Prospects World Demographic Aging: Prospects and Results .....................................................................................11and Results .....................................................................................11SHALVA GOGIASHVILI. SLAVA PETELAVA.SHALVA GOGIASHVILI. SLAVA PETELAVA. Negative Aspects Negative Aspects of Dominant Position in the Market ...............................................27of Dominant Position in the Market ...............................................27NINO PAPACHASHVILI.NINO PAPACHASHVILI. Peculiarities of Foreign Trade Policy Peculiarities of Foreign Trade Policy under Conditions of Modern Financial-Economic Crisis ...............43under Conditions of Modern Financial-Economic Crisis ...............43ARCHIL JAKOBASHVILI.ARCHIL JAKOBASHVILI. Determining Factors for Optimizing Determining Factors for Optimizing Budgetary Infl ation (Laffer - Kagan Model) ..................................57Budgetary Infl ation (Laffer - Kagan Model) ..................................57MALKHAZ CHIKOBAVA.MALKHAZ CHIKOBAVA. Modern World Economic Crisis from Modern World Economic Crisis from the Standpoint of the Business Cycle Theory .............................75the Standpoint of the Business Cycle Theory .............................75GIORGI GAPRINDASHVILI. GIORGI GAPRINDASHVILI. Reforms carried out in the State Reforms carried out in the State Procurement Policy in Georgia and their Effects ...........................91Procurement Policy in Georgia and their Effects ...........................91
MICRO-MACROECONOMICSMICRO-MACROECONOMICS
DAVIT NIZHARADZE. DAVIT NIZHARADZE. International Strategic Planning in International Strategic Planning in Multinational Companies .............................................................. 97Multinational Companies .............................................................. 97G. M. YABLUCHANSKA.G. M. YABLUCHANSKA. Reaction of Georgian Pharmaceutical Reaction of Georgian Pharmaceutical Market on Liberalized Import of Medications ...............................111Market on Liberalized Import of Medications ...............................111NONA GELITASHVILI. NONA GELITASHVILI. Pension Reform in Chile: the Essence and Pension Reform in Chile: the Essence and Importance for Georgia ............................................................... 123Importance for Georgia ............................................................... 123ASMAT GULORDAVA.ASMAT GULORDAVA. Some Issues of Agricultural Sector Some Issues of Agricultural Sector Development in Georgia ............................................................. 133Development in Georgia ............................................................. 133
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MANAGEMENT. MARKETING. TOURISMMANAGEMENT. MARKETING. TOURISM
ENVER LAGVILAVAENVER LAGVILAVA. Main Directions in e-Learning . Main Directions in e-Learning evelopment .................................................................................. 139evelopment .................................................................................. 139RATI ABULADZE.RATI ABULADZE. Current Issues in Electronic Current Issues in Electronic Governance .................................................................................. 155Governance .................................................................................. 155GULADI NAKASHIDZE.GULADI NAKASHIDZE. Cybersafety - Crucial Challenge of the Cybersafety - Crucial Challenge of the 21th Century ................................................................................ 16521th Century ................................................................................ 165
ACCOUNTING AND ANALYSISACCOUNTING AND ANALYSIS
NADEZHDA KVATASHIDZE.NADEZHDA KVATASHIDZE. Refl ecting Financial Instruments in Refl ecting Financial Instruments in Financial Reporting ..................................................................... 180Financial Reporting ..................................................................... 180NANA SRESELI.NANA SRESELI. Peculiarities of Accounting Derived Financial Peculiarities of Accounting Derived Financial Instruments .................................................................................. 187Instruments .................................................................................. 187
INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION OF GEORGIAN AUTHORSINTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION OF GEORGIAN AUTHORSEditorial ........................................................................................197Editorial ........................................................................................197
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СОДЕРЖАНИЕСОДЕРЖАНИЕ
ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕОРИЯ ИЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕОРИЯ И ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ПОЛИТИКА ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ПОЛИТИКА
МЕРАБ ХМАЛАДЗЕ.МЕРАБ ХМАЛАДЗЕ. Демографическое устарение мира: пер- Демографическое устарение мира: пер-спективы, результаты .................................................................. 11спективы, результаты .................................................................. 11ШАЛВА ГОГИАШВИЛИ. СЛАВА ФЕТЕЛАВА. ШАЛВА ГОГИАШВИЛИ. СЛАВА ФЕТЕЛАВА. Негативные Негативные аспекты доминирующего положения на рынке ....................... 27аспекты доминирующего положения на рынке ....................... 27НИНО ПАПАЧАШВИЛИ. НИНО ПАПАЧАШВИЛИ. Особенности внешней торговой по-Особенности внешней торговой по-литики в условиях современного финансово - экономического литики в условиях современного финансово - экономического кризиса .......................................................................................... 43кризиса .......................................................................................... 43АРЧИЛ ЯКОБАШВИЛИ.АРЧИЛ ЯКОБАШВИЛИ. Определяюшие факторы оптимизации Определяюшие факторы оптимизации бюджетной инфляции (Модель Лаффер-Кагана) ......................57бюджетной инфляции (Модель Лаффер-Кагана) ......................57МАЛХАЗ ЧИКОБАВА.МАЛХАЗ ЧИКОБАВА. Современный мировой экономический Современный мировой экономический кризис в аспекте теории делового цикла ...................................75кризис в аспекте теории делового цикла ...................................75ГЕОРГИИ ГАФРИНДАШВИЛИ.ГЕОРГИИ ГАФРИНДАШВИЛИ. Реформы проведенные в Гру- Реформы проведенные в Гру-зии в политике государственных закупок и ее результаты ......91зии в политике государственных закупок и ее результаты ......91
МИКРО-МАКРОЭКОНОМИКАМИКРО-МАКРОЭКОНОМИКА
ДАВИД НИЖАРАДЗЕ.ДАВИД НИЖАРАДЗЕ. Международное стратегическое плани- Международное стратегическое плани-рование в транснациональных компаниях ................................97рование в транснациональных компаниях ................................97Г. М. ЯБЛУЧАНСКА. Г. М. ЯБЛУЧАНСКА. Реакция фармацевтического рынка Гру-Реакция фармацевтического рынка Гру-зии на зии на облеоблегчениечение ввоза лекарственных средств ................... 111 ввоза лекарственных средств ................... 111НОНА ГЕЛИТАШВИЛИ.НОНА ГЕЛИТАШВИЛИ. Пенсионная реформа Чили: сущность Пенсионная реформа Чили: сущность и значение для Грузии ...............................................................123и значение для Грузии ...............................................................123АСМАТ ГУЛОРДАВА.АСМАТ ГУЛОРДАВА. Некоторые вопросы развития агропро- Некоторые вопросы развития агропро-довольственного сектора Грузии..............................................133довольственного сектора Грузии..............................................133
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МЕНЕДЖМЕНТ. МАРКЕТИНГ. ТУРИЗММЕНЕДЖМЕНТ. МАРКЕТИНГ. ТУРИЗМ
ЭНВЕР ЛАГВИЛАВА.ЭНВЕР ЛАГВИЛАВА. Основные направления электрической Основные направления электрической учебы .......................................................................................... 139учебы .......................................................................................... 139РАТИ АБУЛАДЗЕ.РАТИ АБУЛАДЗЕ. Актуалние вопросы электрического управ- Актуалние вопросы электрического управ-ления ............................................................................................155ления ............................................................................................155ГУЛАД НАКАШИДЗЕ.ГУЛАД НАКАШИДЗЕ. Кибербезопасность - острый вызов Кибербезопасность - острый вызов XXI-го века .................................................................................165XXI-го века .................................................................................165
БУХГАЛЬТЕРСКИЙ УЧЕТ И АНАЛИЗ БУХГАЛЬТЕРСКИЙ УЧЕТ И АНАЛИЗ
НАДЕЖДА КВАТАШИДЗЕ.НАДЕЖДА КВАТАШИДЗЕ. Отражение финансовых инстру- Отражение финансовых инстру-ментов в финансовых отчетностиях ........................................180ментов в финансовых отчетностиях ........................................180НАНА СРЕСЕЛИ. НАНА СРЕСЕЛИ. Особенности учета производных финансо-Особенности учета производных финансо-вых инструментов ......................................................................187вых инструментов ......................................................................187
МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ ПРИЗНАНИЕ ГРУЗИНСКИХ АВТОРОВМЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ ПРИЗНАНИЕ ГРУЗИНСКИХ АВТОРОВОт редакции ............................................................................... 197От редакции ............................................................................... 197
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merab xmalaZemerab xmalaZe
iv.javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-isiv.javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-is
asocirebuli profesori, ekonomikur asocirebuli profesori, ekonomikur
mecnierebaTa doqtorimecnierebaTa doqtori
mosaxleobis daberebis tendencia Seuqcevadi
procesia. amasTan, istoriis wina etapebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli axalgazrdebis metoba saeWvoa, rom
odesme ganmeordes. XIX da XX saukuneebSi dawyebuli
uprecendento demografiuli cvlilebebi gagrZeldeba
XXI saukuneSic da saxes ucvlis msoflios. sicocxlis
xangrZlivobas damatebuli wlebi da Sobadobis
globaluri Semcireba iwvevs kardinalur cvlilebebs
kacobriobaSi. am cvlilebebis yvelaze Zireuli
Sedegia istoriuli gadatrialeba axalgazrda da
xandazmuli mosaxleobis Tanafardobas Soris.
mosaxleobis daberebis Rrma da xangrZlivi Sedegebi
gamowvevaa msoflios sazogadoebisTvis. imavdroulad,
mosaxleobis daberebis Sedegebi aisaxeba TiToeuli
adamianis cxovrebaze.
mosaxleobis daberebis problema centraluri
sakiTxia gaeros mier mosaxleobis Sesaxeb organizebul
saerTaSoriso konferenciebze ukanaskneli ori
aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi. madridSi, 2002 wlis 8-12
aprils, Sedga meore msoflio asamblea mosaxleobis
daberebis problemebis Sesaxeb, romelzec ganxiluli
iqna gaeros mier Sedgenili moxseneba _ `msoflio
mosaxleobis dabereba 1950-2050 wlebSi.~
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
msoflios demografiuli dabereba: msoflios demografiuli dabereba:
perspeqtivebi, Sedegebiperspeqtivebi, Sedegebi
12
moxsenebaSi Sefasebulia mosaxleobis dabereba
dRevandel msoflioSi. kerZod, masSi aRniSnulia,
rom kacobrioba, sazogadoeba, daeqvemdebareba
restruqturizacias, radgan socialuri da ekonomikuri
Zalebi aiZulebs mas eZebos cxovrebis axali wesi,
Sromis axali xerxebi da erTmaneTze zrunvis axali
gzebi. ganze aravin ar darCeba, aRarasodes aRar
iarsebebs sazogadoeba, demografiulad formirebuli
warsulis sazogadoebebis msgavsad _ axalgazrdebis
didi safuZvliT da moxucebis mcire ricxviT.
mosaxleobis daberebis process dReisaTvis ara
aqvs analogi msoflio istoriaSi. xandazmuli, 60 wlis
da ufrosi adamianebis wilis zrdis paralelurad
mcirdeba 15 wlamde bavSvebis ricxovnoba da wili.
demografiuli daberebis done msoflioSi dReisaTvis
aRwevs 10,3%-s. msoflioSi 60 wels gadacilebulia
mosaxleobis naxevarze meti, 54,0% cxovrobs aziaSi,
22,0% _ evropaSi, 8,0% _ CrdiloeT amerikaSi, 7,0% _
laTinur amerikaSi, 7,0% _ afrikaSi, danarCeni _
avstraliasa da okeaneTSi.1 msoflios xandazmuli
mosaxleobis saSualowliuri mateba Seadgens 2,0%-s,
rac mniSvnelovnad aRemateba mosaxleobis saerTo
matebas. Tu 1950 wels xandazmuli mosaxaleoba gaeros
eqspertebis SefasebiT 200 mln-s farglebSi meryeobda,
DdReisaTvis is 700 mln-s aRwevs.2
xandazmuli adamianebis umetesoba qalebia.
dReisaTvis 100 xandazmul qalze modis 81 xandazmuli
mamakaci. aRniSnuli Tanafardoba gansxvavebulia
msoflios ufro ganviTarebul da naklebad ganviTa-
1 Демоскоп, #289-290, 2007. eleqtronuli Jurnali gamodis rusul
enaze TveSi orjer.2iqve.
merab xmalaZemerab xmalaZe
13
rebul regionebs Soris. kerZod, pirvelSi 100 qalze
modis 71, xolo meoreSi _ 88 xandazmuli mamakaci,
ramdenadac ganviTarebul regionebSi qalebis sicocxlis
xangrZlivoba gacilebiT metia mamakacebisaze, vidre
naklebad ganviTarebul regionebSi.
msoflios mosaxleobis dabereba SeiZleba
davaxasiaToT saSualo asakiTac. dReisaTvis msoflios
mosaxleobis medianuri asaki 26 welia1. yvelaze
axalgazrda mosaxleoba hyavs nigers da ugandas,
romelTa medianuri asaki Seadgens 15 wels, xolo
yvelaze beberi qveyanaa iaponia, honkongi, monako da
bulgareTi mosaxleobis medianuri asakiT – 41 weli.
msoflios mosaxleobis daberebasTan erTad
mimdinareobs xandazmuli mosaxleobis dabereba.
mosaxleobis asakobrivi jgufebidan yvelaze swrafad
izrdeba 80 wlis da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis
ricxovnoba da maTi wili xandazmul, 60 wlis da
ufrosi asakis mosaxleobaSi. Tanamedrove pirobebSi
am asakobrivi kontingentis saSualowliuri mateba
msoflioSi Seadgens 3,8%-s da xandazmuli mosaxleobis
saerTo ricxovnobis _ 12,0%-s.
mosaxleobis dabereba globaluri da
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli, Seuqcevadi movlenaa,
romelic gagrZeldeba momavalSic da gavlenas
moaxdens adamianebis cxovrebis yvela mxareze.
ekonomikis sferoSi mosaxleobis dabereba imoqmedebs
ekonomikis zrdaze, danazogebze, investiciebsa da
moxmarebaze, Sromis bazrebze, gadasaxadebiT dabegvraze,
simdidris, sakuTrebis da meurneobis erTi Taobidan
meorisaTvis gadacemaze. igi pirdapir gavlenas iqoniebs
3 es niSnavs, rom msoflios mosaxleobis naxevari 26 welze
axalgazrdaa, naxevari ki masze ufrosi.
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
14
ojaxis wevrebis urTierTdamokidebulebaze, Taobebs
Soris sikeTis samarTlian ganawilebaze, cxovrebis
wessa da ojaxur solidarobaze, rac sazogadoebis
safuZvelia. mosaxleobis dabereba gavlenas axdens
axlac da gavlenas moaxdens momavalSic adamianebis
janmrTelobaze da janmrTelobis dacvaze, ojaxis
Semadgenlobasa da cxovrebis pirobebze, binadrobasa
da migraciaze. ganviTarebuli qveynebis politikur
cxovrebaSi mosaxleobis daberebam Seqmna didi Zala
xandazmuli amomrCevlis saxiT, romelsac SeuZlia didi
gavlena iqonios arCevnebis Sedegebze da Sesabamisad,
qveynis politikaze. xandazmuli adamianebi yvelaze
mets kiTxuloben, usmenen axal ambebs, swavloben
maTTvis saintereso problemebs da yvelaze aqtiurad
monawileoben arCevnebSi xmis micemisas sxva asakobriv
jgufebTan SedarebiT.
mosaxleobis daberebis Sesaxeb gaeros eqspert-
demografebis prognozebis Tanaxmad1, Tu dReisaTvis
kacobriobis 10,3%-ma icocxla 60 weli da meti, 2050
wlisaTvis maTi wili miaRwevs 21,8%-s, e.i. dedamiwis
yoveli mexuTe adamiani iqneba xandazmuli, xolo maTi
saerTo ricxovnoba miaRwevs or miliards. amasTan
erTad, 15 wlamde bavSvebis wili, 28,0%-dan Semcirdeba
19,8%-mde. 2050 wlisaTvis mosaxleobis medianuri
asaki gaizrdeba 38 wlamde2. amave prognoziT, yvelaze
axalgazrda mosaxleoba eyoleba nigerias, medianuri
asakiT _ 20 weli, xolo yvelaze daberebuli espaneTs,
sadac mosaxleobis medianuri asaki miaRwevs 55 wels.
ganviTarebul qveynebSi mosaxleobis daberebis
done 2005-2050 wlebSi 20,0%-dan gaizrdeba 32,6%-mde,
1 prognozebi gadasinjulia 2008 wels.2 Демоскоп, #291-292, 2007.
merab xmalaZemerab xmalaZe
15
xolo naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi _ 8,1%-dan
20,1%-mde. ramdenadac mosaxleobis daberebis tempebi
ganviTarebad qveynebSi maRalia, varaudoben, rom
ganviTarebad qveynebs naklebi dro eqnebaT mosaxleobis
daberebis SedegebTan Sesagueblad. miT umetes, rom
ganviTarebad qveynebSi, ganviTarebuli qveynebisagan
gansxvavebiT, mosaxleobis dabereba mimdinareobs
socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dabali donis
pirobebSi.
kacobriobis istoriaSi pirvelad 2045 wels
xandazmulTa ricxvi gadaaWarbebs bavSvebis ricxvs.
evropaSi es ukve moxda 1995 wels, aziasa laTinur
amerikaSi _ moxdeba 2035 wels, CrdiloeT amerikaSi _
2015 wels, avstraliasa da okeaneTSi _ 2025 wels, mxolod
afrikaSi iqneba SenarCunebuli bavSvTa kontingentis
mravalricxovnoba. prognoziT, 2050 wlisaTvis afrikis
xandazmuli mosaxleoba (60 wlis da ufrosi) miaRwevs
200 mln-s, xolo 0-14 wlis bavSvebis ricxovnoba _ 550
mln-s.
mosaxleobis demografiulma daberebam msoflio
sazogadoeba rigi ekonomikuri, socialur-higienuri,
demografiuli da moralur-fsiqologiuri problemis
(Sedegebis) winaSe daayena.
mosaxleobis daberebis ekonomikuri problema da
Sedegi SromiTi asakis mosaxleobis daberebaa1. saqme
isaa, rom mosaxleobis saerTo daberebis paralelurad,
mimdinareobs mosaxleobis dabereba SromiT asakSi.
kerZod, SromiTi asakis mosaxleobaSi mcirdeba
1 SromiT asakad viRebT 20-59 wlis mosaxloebas. 20 wlamde
asaks ar viTvaliswinebT, radgan masze, 2002 wlis aRweriT, modis
dasaqmebulTa umniSvnelo (2,5%) raodenoba, xolo 60 wlis da
ufrosi asakis mosaxleoba miekuTvneba demografiulad dabere-
buls.
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
16
axalgazrda (20-39 wlis) mosaxleobis wili, da izrdeba
ufrosi (40-59 wlis) mosaxleobis wili, rac sazogadoebis
masStabiT uaryofiT ekonomikur Sedegebs iwvevs rigi
garemoebis gamo. jer erTi, axalgazrdebSi, ufros
asakTan SedrebiT, maRalia Sromis mwarmoebluroba da
misi wilis Semcireba uaryofiTad moqmedebs Sromis
mwarmoeblurobaze mTeli sazogadoebis masStabiT
(sazogadoebrivi Sromis mwarmoebluroba). amas garda,
axalgazrdobis xvedriTi wonis Semcirebam SeiZleba
gamoiwvios sazogadoebis samecniero-teqnologiuri,
kulturuli da politikuri progresis Seferxeba,
ramdenadac yovelgvar siaxles gacilebiT advilad
iTvisebs axalgazrda, vidre ufrosi Taoba. marTalia,
ufros Taobas, axalgazrdobis sapirispirod, gaaCnia
sibrZne, gamocdileba, moTmineba, gansja, magram
axalgazrdobis dakargvis sruli kompensacia am
TvisebebiT, saeWvoa.
axalgazrdoba ganskuTrebiT ukeT iTvisebs
mecnierul ideebs. amitom, samecniero kadrebSi maTi
xvedriTi wonis Semcirebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios
konservatizmis elementis gaZliereba samecniero wreebSi
_ SeizRudeba niWieri specialistebis da mecnierTa
kadrebis SesarCevi baza, rac gaarTulebs TaobaTa
cvlas am mimarTulebiT.A garda amisa, sazogadoebaSi
mimdinare socialur cvlilebebs, cvlilebebs yofa-
cxovrebasa Tu politikaSi, aseve, yvelaze iolad
iTvisebs axalgazrdoba da maTi ricxovnobis Semcireba
aucileblad gamoiwvevs konservatizmis gavrcelebas
mTel sazogadoebaSi11.
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis daberebis maCveneblebi
SromiT asakSi motanilia cxrili 1-Si.
1 А. Я. Кваша. Проблемы демографического оптимума. М., МГУ, 1974, с. 22-23.
merab xmalaZemerab xmalaZe
17
saqarTvelos mosaxloebis da misi SromiTi
kontingentis daberebis maCveneblebi 1897-2010 wlebSi
(%%)1
cxrili 1
1897 1926 1939 1959 1970 1979 1989 2002 2010
60 wlis da ufrosi
asakis mosaxleoba
mTel mosaxleobaSi
40-59 wlis mosaxleoba
20-59 wlis
mosaxleobaSi
7,1
32,0
8,7
32,7
8,8
32,7
10,9
35,1
12,1
42,3
16,9
47,6
14,4
42,1
18,7
44,7
17,9
47,6
cxrilidan Cans, rom 110 wlis ganmavlobaSi
saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis daberebis done 7,1%-
dan 17,9%-mde gaizarda. amave periodSi ufro swrafi
tempebiT mimdinareobda mosaxleobis SromiTi
kontigentis (20-59 weli) dabereba, romelmac ganxilul
periodSi moimata 32,0-dan 47,6%-mde, rac 1,4-jer aRemateba
mTeli mosaxleobis demografiul daberebis matebis
maCvenebels.
mosaxleobis daberebis donis zrdis kvalobaze
izrdeba xandazmuli mosaxleobis ricxvi, romelic
modis SromiTi asakis mosaxleobaze. aRniSnuli movlena
cnobilia demografiuli datvirTvis saxelwodebiT.
SromiTi asakis mosaxleobis demografiuli
datvirTvis maCvenebeli (done) gamoiTvleba 0-14 wlis
bavSvebis mixedviTac.
Tanamedrove msoflios ganviTarebuli qveynebis
mosaxleobis asakobrivi struqturis evoluciam
gamoiwvia SromiTi kontingentebis (aseve dasaqmebuli
1 Демоскоп, #291-292, 2010.
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
18
mosaxleobis) axalgazrda mosaxleobiT datvirTvis
Semcireba da xandazmuli mosaxleobiT datvirTvis
zrda. analogiur kanonzomierebas aqvs adgili
saqarTveloSi (ix.cxrili 2).
demografiuli datvirTvis maCveneblebi
saqarTveloSi 1897-2010 wlebSi
(SromiTi asakis 100 adamianze)1
cxrili 2
1897 1926 1939 1959 1970 1979 1989 2002 2010
datvirTva
bavSvebiT
93,5 90,4 81,8 57,0 62,5 50,3 46,7 40,0 31,6
datvirTva
xandazmulebiT
16,5 20,4 19,5 21,2 24,7 32,7 27,1 35,8 31,8
datvirTva
oriveTi
110.0 10,8 101,3 78,2 87,2 83,0 73,8 75,8 63,4
rogorc vxedavT, saqarTveloSi 1897-2010 wlebSi
Sobadobis Semcirebis da 1990-iani wlebis Semdeg,
axalgazrdebis intensiuri gare migraciis Sedegad
bavSvebiT datvirTva TiTqmis 3-jer Semcirda, xolo
mosaxleobis daberebam xandazmulebiT datvirTva 1,9-
jer gazarda. sainteresoa is faqti, rom 1897-1939 wlebSi
yoveli 100 SromiTi asakis adamianze 100-ze meti bavSvi
da xandazmuli modioda. cxadia, aseTi datvirTvis
pirobebSi dabali iyo cxovrebis done.
aucileblad xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom am
SemTxvevaSi msjelobaa problemebisadmi demografiul
da ara ekonomikur midgomaze. demografiuli midgoma
niSnavs problemis ganxilvas asakobrivi kontingentebis
Tanafardobis, xolo ekonomikuri midgoma _ dasaqme-
bulTa da dausaqmebelTa Tanafardobis prizmiT. cxadia,
rom 15 wlis da ufrosi asakis kontingentis yvela
1 Демоскоп, #291-292, 2007.
merab xmalaZemerab xmalaZe
19
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
asakobriv jgufSi, met-naklebi zomiT, warmodgenilia
dasaqmebulebic da dausaqmeblebic, magram, rogorc wesi,
sazogadoebis aqcenti keTdeba xandazmul pensionerebze,
e.i. maTze, vinc pensias iRebs asakis gamo. mosaxleobis
daberebasTan erTad, cxadia, izrdeba sapensio asakis
mosaxleoba da Sesabamisad _ ricxovnobac. magaliTad,
saqarTveloSi asakis gamo pensias iRebda: 1970 wels
_ 420,0 aTasi adamiani, 1979 wels _ 523,0,1 2002 wels
_ 631,5 aTasi2 Sesabamisad, wlebis mixedviT, yovel
100 SromiTi asakis adamianze, 1970 wels modioda 18,3
pensioneri, 1979 wels _ 20,3, xolo 2002 wels _ 27,7,
e.i. 32 wlis manZilze, 1970-2002 wlebSi saqarTvelos
SromiTi asakis mosaxleobis `asakiani~ pensionerebiT
datvirTvis maCvenebeli gaizarda 51,4%-iT. sainteresoa
aseTi Sedareba: 2002 wlis mosaxleobis aRweriT, 60
wlis da ufrosi asakis mosaxleoba saqarTvelos
mTeli mosaxleobis 18,7%-s Seadgenda, 60 wlis da
ufrosi asakis pensionerebi ki _ 12,8%, amave, 2002 wels, 65
wlis da ufrosi asakis mosaxleoba Seadgenda 12,8%-s,
xolo 65 wlis da ufrosi asakis pensionrebi _ 11,4%-s.
amrigad, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, ukve 2002 wlidan,3
rogorc rosetis skalis, aseve gaeros standartebis
mixedviT, miekuTvneba daberebul mosaxleobas rogorc
60-65 wlis da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis, iseve imave
asakis pensionrebis xvedriTi wonis mixedviTac.
xandazmuli mosaxleobis da pensionerebis
ricxovnobis zrda rigi ekonomistibisa da demografis
1 Народое хозяйство Грузинской ССР в 1982 году. Тб., 1983, с. 180.2 saqarTvelos mosaxloebis 2002 wlis pirveli erovnuli sayov-
elTao aRweris Sedegebi. tomi III, nawili I, Tb., 2004, gv. 8 (1970,1979
da 2002 wlebisaTvis aRebulia 60 da ufrosi asakis pensionerTa
ricxvi).3 monacemebi da gaangariSebebi 2002 wlis Semdeg ar mogvyavs imis
gamo, rom aRniSnuli kategoriis mosaxleoba aRwerebis da mim-
dinare statistikis mixedviT, erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. vinaidan aR-
weris masalebi, sxvebTan SedarebiT, iTvleba ufro sando wyarod,
daveyrdnobiT mxolod mosaxleobis aRweris masalebs.
20
mier gamocxadebulia dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis
eqspluataciis nairsaxeobad, ramdenadac izrdeba
xandazmuli da pensioneri mosaxleobis Senaxvis
xarjebi, rac mxrebze ̀ awveba~ sazogadoebas. amasTan, maT
mxedvelobis gareSe rCebaT is garemoeba, rom saSualod
adamiani Sromis procesSi qmnis imden Rirebulebas,
rom srulad anazRaurebs sicocxlis manZilze Tavisi
Senaxvis xarjebs da kidev rCeba nameti, romelsac is
utovebs sazogadoebas. aRniSnuli faqti cnobilia
demografiul rentabelobad.
mosaxleobis daberebas aqvs socialur-higienuri
Sedegebi. is exeba xandazmuli adamianebis momsaxure
dawesebulebebis qselis gafarToebas, dasvenebis
organizacias, sapensio uzrunvelyofas, janmrTelobis
dacvis qselis saqmianobis modernizacias, xandazmuli
adamianebis darCenili SromiTi potencialis gamoyenebas
sazogadoebis sasargeblod da sxva.
mosaxleobis daberebas aqvs demografiuli
Sedegebic, rac gardacvlilTa saerTo ricxvis da
mokvdaobis maCveneblebis zrdiT gamoixateba. aRniSnuli
gansakuTrebiT exeba mokvdaobas sisxlis mimoqcevis
sistemis daavadebis Sedegad, romelic xandazmuli
adamianebis gardacvalebis ZiriTadi mizezia. magaliTad,
ukanasknel wlebSi saqarTveloSi gardacvlilTa
80% iyo 60 wlis da ufrosi asakis, romelTagan 76,0%
gardaicvala sisxlis mimoqcevis sisitemis daavadebis
Sedegad.
ra Tqma unda, ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom garda-
cvlilTa ricxovnobis zrda sisxlis mimoqcevis
sistemis daavadebebis Sedegad gamowveulia mxolod
mosaxleobis daberebiT, magram, cxadia, am mizeziT
mokvdaobis zrdaSi is mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs.
kerZod, saqarTveloSi, 1960 wels gardacvlilTa saerTo
ricxvidan sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemis avadmyofobiT
gardaicvala _ 44,8, 1965 wels _ 46,6, 1970 wels _ 57,7,
1975 wels _ 58,5, 1980 wels _ 62,8, 1985 wels _ 64,8, 1990
merab xmalaZemerab xmalaZe
21
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
wels _64,7, 2000 wels _ 70,5, 2010 wels _ 69,0%1. rogorc
vxedavT, sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemis avadmyofobebis
Sedegad gadacvlilTa wili 1960-2010 wlebSi 44,8%-
dan gaizarda 69,0%-mde, absolutur sidideebSi _ 12,2
aTasi SemTxvevidan _ 29,0 aTasamde, e.i. 2,3-jer2. aseTi
tendenciebi XX saukunis meore naxevrisa da XXI
saukunis dasawyisSi damaxasiaTebelia msoflios
yvela ganviTarebuli qveynisaTvis.
mosaxleobis dabereba rogorc istoriulad,
aseve dResac, sxvadasxva kulturaSi met-naklebi
simZafriT warmoSobs moralur-fsiqologiuri
xasiaTis problemebs. saqme isaa, Tu rogor epyroba
xandazmul adamianebs sazogadoeba. aRniSnuli mopyroba
istoriulad ganisazRvreboda sazogadoebis ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis doniT. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dabali
donis mqone xalxebSi xandazmuli, aramwarmoebluri
mosaxleoba iqceoda `zedmet tvirTad,~ sazogadoebaSi
warmoiSoboda `gerontofobia~ _ SiSi moxucebisadmi.
xSir SemTxvevaSi, maT fizikurad anadgurebdnen. aseTi
faqti mraval xalxSia cnobili. im sazogadoebaSi,
sadac ekonomikis ganviTareba mosaxleobis yvela
fenis materialuri uzrunvelyofis SesaZleblobas
iZleoda, rogorc magaliTad, antikur aTenSi, spartaSi,
romsa da sxva civilizaciebSi, moxucebi mniSvnelovan
saxelmwifoebriv funqciebs asrulebdnen, rac istoriaSi
`gerontokratiis~ saxeliT aris cnobili. msoflios
istoriaSi gerontokratia arsebobs dRemde, ra Tqma
unda, saxeSecvlilad, maT Soris saqarTveloSi, ufrosi
asakis adamianebisadmi pativiscemis saxiT.
1 gaangariSebulia: Здравоохранение и социальное обеспечение в Грузинской ССР. Статистический сборник. Тб., 1974, с. 165-169; m. xmalaZe, saqarT-
velos mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis kanonzomierebebi da ekonomi-
kuri Sedegebi. sadoqtoro disertacia, Tb., 1995, gv. 313; statde-
partamentis masalebi.2 amitomaa, rom saqarTvelos sadazRvevo kompaniebis polisebi
ar iTvaliswinebs sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemis daavadebebis sam-
kurnalo preparatebis Rirebulebis anazRaurebas.
22
ekonomikuri da zneobrivi ganviTrebis kvalobaze,
sazogadoeba sul ufro met yuradRebas uTmobda
moxuci adamianebis sakiTxs. cnobilia, rom moxucebis
winaSe saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobis pirveli kanoni
gamoica inglisSi 1601 wels.
ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT im azrs, rom
sazogadoebis civilizaciis done gaizomeba
moxucebisadmi damokidebulebiT. moxucebis, ufrosi
Taobis, konkretulad _ mSoblebis mimarT damokidebuleba
mJRavndeba ojaxSi. am damokidebulebas aTaswlovani
istoria aqvs.
CineTSi, 2500 wlis win, aRmocenda konfucis
religiur-filosofiuri moZRvreba _ konfucianoba.
konfuci iyo saxelmwifo Cinovniki, romelic didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi imyofeboda sxvadasxva Tanamdebobaze.
bolos miatova yvelaferi es da Seudga qadagebas.
is mogzaurobda CineTis sxvadasxva samTavroSi da
maT mmarTvelebs aswavlida qveSevrdomTa marTvis
xelovnebas. konfuci sicocxleSive iqna aRiarebuli
brZen kacad. mas hyavda 72 mowafe, romelTagan 12
mudmivad Tan axlda, icocxla 72 weli.
is, rom konfucianoba, DdResac arsebobs rogorc
msoflios erT-erTi mZlavri religiuri moZRvreba,
cnobilia. magram, SeiZleba yvelasaTvis cnobili ar
aris konfucis damokidebuleba adamianis asakTan.
konfuci ambobda: 15 wlis asakSi Cemi goneba swavlas
mivande, 30 wlisam damoukidebloba movipove, 40 wlis
asakSi eWvebisagan gavTavisufldi, 50 wlisam Sevicani
zecis neba, 60 wlis asakSi viswavle simarTlisa da
sicruis garCeva, 70 wlis asakSi mivende sakuTar gulis
survilebs.
sazogadoebaSi gamefebul gansakuTrebul
principad konfucis miaCnda siao _ Svilis mowiweba,
siyvaruli mSobelebisadmi, gansakuTrebiT ki mamisadmi.
konfucis moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, dedamiwaze arsebobs 3000
codva, romelTagan yvelaze mZime, danaSaulis tolfasi
merab xmalaZemerab xmalaZe
23
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
codvaa Svilebis upativismcemloba mSoblebis mimarT.
aRniSnuli Sexeduleba aisaxa iudaizmisa da
mogvianebiT, qristianobis fundamentur principebSi.
Qqristianobis aTi mcnebidan mexuTe mcneba RaRadebs:
`pativ-ec mamasa Sensa da dedasa Sensa, raTa keTili
geyos da dRegrZel iyvne qveyanasa zeda.~
sayuradReboa mosaxleobis asakobrivi struqturis
da demografiuli daberebis mimarT cnobili qarTveli
demografis, profesor anzor ToTaZis mosazreba.
`sxvadasxava asakis mosaxleoba sxvadasxva rols
asrulebs sazogadoebaSi. askobrivi roli, anu
rogorc xSirad aRniSnaven, molodinTa erToblioba,
dakavSirebulia asakobriv statusTan. asakobriv
cvlilebasTan erTad sazogadoebaSi adamianis
mdgomareobac icvleba. garkveul asakSi igi agrovebs
codnas _ swavlobs skolaSi, umaRles saswavlebelSi,
eufleba sxvadasxva xelobas, Semdeg uSualod
monawileobs materialuri Tu sulieri faseulobebis
SeqmnaSi _ ikavebs damoukidebeli, misi asakobrivi
statusisa da SeZenili codnis Sesabamis adgils.
izrdeba misi socialuri roli~.... `ojaxSi ufrosi
xandazmuli Taoba udides rols asrulebs momavali
Taobis aRzrdaSi, maTi pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi,
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis, erovnuli tradiciebis,
wes-Cveulebebis gadacemasa da gamdidrebaSi.
xandazmuli adamianebi xels uwyoben ojaxSi wesrigis
damyarebas, ojaxis wevrebs Soris pativiscemis grZnobis
amaRlebas da rac mTavaria, erisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
niSan-Tvisebebis Taobidan Taobaze gadacemas, erovnuli
TviTmyofadobis uwyvetobis SenarCunebas. yoveliv es,
pirvel rigSi, exeba mcirericxovan erebs, romlebic
swored mdidari ojaxuri erovnuli tradiciebis
dacviTa da SenaxviT gadaurCnen istoriis qartexilebs.
Cveni qveynis momavalic amgvarad gagebuli tradiciuli
ojaxis SenarCunebaSi gvesaxeba. amitom, ojaxis
24
formirebis procesSi yovel ucxo minarevs, Tuki igi
zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebidan ar iRebs saTaves,
unda veridoT~1.
calsaxaa, rom msoflioSi mimdinare mosaxleobis
dabereba rogorc Seuqcevadi procesi, warmoSobs
problemebs da sazogadoebisagan moiTxovs adaptacias
axali demografiuli garemosadmi. amisaTvis ki,
pirvel rigSi, saWiroa saxelmwifoebma, ufro sworad
mTavrobebma, Seicnon problemis arsi da saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi, gaataron Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi.
ra mdgomareobaa dReisaTvis msoflioSi? gaeros
eqspertebis mier 2007 wels Seswavlili iqna mTavrobebis
damokidebuleba aRniSnuli problemis mimarT. Tavisi
damokidebuleba mocemul gamokiTxvaSi daafiqsira 171
qveynis mTavrobam. maT Soris 75 qveynis (55,0%) mTavrobam
seriozuli SeSfoTeba gamoTqva mosaxleobis daberebis
Sedegebis mimarT. ganviTarebul qveynebSi daberebis
problemam daikava meore adgili Sidsis epidemiis
Semdeg. aRniSnul problemas nakleb mniSvnelobas
aniWeben ganviTarebad da yvelaze naklebadganviTarebul
qveynebSi, Tumca, laTinuri amerikis da karibis zRvis
qveynebis 70,0%-ma, 23-ma 33-dan, gamoTqva didi SeSfoTeba
mosaxleobis daberebis gamo.
asakobrivi struqturis evolucia iwvevs
ara mxolod bavSvebisa da xandazmulebis, aramed
Sromisunariani (15-59ww.) mosaxleobis ricxovnobis
cvlilebasac. dRvandeli bavSvebi Tavis droze
Sevlen Sromisunarian asakSi, xolo es ukanasknelni
TandaTan gadavlen xandazmulebSi (60 wlis miRwevis
Semdeg). amitom, mosaxleobis asakobrivi struqtura
pirvelxarisxovani ekonomikuri mniSvnelobisaa.
gaeros eqspertebis zemoT aRniSnuli gamokvlevis
Tanaxmad, gamokiTxuli mTavrobebis 2/3-ma gamoTqva
1 a. ToTaZe, mosaxleobis daberebis socialur-ekonomikuri da
samedicino-demografiuli problemebi. Jurnali `demografia,~
1999, #1, gv. 36, 38.
merab xmalaZemerab xmalaZe
25
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
didi SeSfoTeba Sromisunariani asakis (15-59 weli)
mosaxleobis ricxovnobis da misdami Sromis Siga bazris
mier wayenebuli moTxovnebis Seusabamobis Sesaxeb.
amasTan, aRniSnuli problemis mimarT gamoiTqva ori
diametrulad sawinaaRmdgo midgoma: Tu ganviTarebuli
qveynebi Sewuxebulia samuSao Zalaze moTxovnasTan
SedarebiT Sromisunariani mosaxleobis ricxovnobis
simciriT, ganviTarebad qveynebs piriqiT, awuxebT
samuSao Zalis siWarbe arsebuli samuSao adgilebis
raodenobasTan SedarebiT.
yvelaze didi SeSfoTeba, Sromisunariani
asakis mosaxleobis ricxovnobis da Sromis bazris
Seusabamobis Sesaxeb, gamoxata CrdiloeT amerikis yvela
qveyanam, okeaneTis qveynebis _ 80,0%-ma. yvelaze naklebi
SeSfoTeba ki _ laTinuri amerikis da karibis zRvis
qveynebma (41,0%) da evropis qveynebma (59,0%). aseve, unda
SevniSnoT, rom evropis qveynebi rogorc ganviTarebuli
qveynebi, SeSfoTebas gamoxataven Sromis Siga bazris da
ara zogadad Sromis bazris mimarT, ramdenadac evropis
qveynebis umetesobaSi SromiTi resursebis deficitis
Sevseba xdeba yofili sabWoTa kavSiridan, aziidan da
afrikidan samuSao Zalis mizidviT.
mosaxleobis daberebasTan dakavSirebiT mravalma
qveyanam Secvala sapensio kanonmdebloba, gazarda
pensiaze gasvlis asaki, maT Soris saqarTvelomac
(Tumca, arasworad). 2002-2006 wlebSi 164 qveynidan 41-Si
kanoniT gaizarda pensiaze gasvlis asaki. amis Sedegad,
ganviTarebuli qveynebis 60,0%-Si mamakacebi da 40,0%-Si
qalebi, srul pensias iReben 65 wlis da ufros asakSi.
saqarTvelos mTavrobis kanonmdeblobiT, pensiaze
gasvlis asaki mamakacebisaTvis 60-dan gaizarda 65 wlamde,
xolo qalebisaTis _ 55-dan 60 wlamde. rodesac wina
abzacSi vwerT, rom saqarTvelom arasworad gazarda
sapensio asaki, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs mxolod erTi
garemoeba: dReisaTvis, mamakacebis sicocxlis saSualo
26
xangrZlivoba saqarTveloSi 70 welia, rac imas niSnavs,
rom maT pensiaze yofna mouwevT saSualod 5 wlis
ganmavlobaSi, maSin rodesac ganviTarebul qveynebSi
pensiaze yofnis periodi mamakacebSi saSualod 10-15
wels, xolo qalebSi _ ufro mets, zogierT qveyanaSi _
(iaponia da sxva) 20 wels da mets aRwevs.
kacobriobas, Tavisi arsebobis manZilze mouxda
mravali problemis gadalaxva an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi,
masTan Segueba da Tanacxovreba. imedia, sazogadoeba
axlo momavalSi, ase Tu ise, daZlevs demografiuli
daberebis mizezebsa da Sedegebs da gamoiyenebs mas
sazogadoebis sasikeTod.
World Demographic Aging: World Demographic Aging: Prospects and ResultsProspects and Results
M. KhmaladzeM. KhmaladzeThe share of population who are over 60 years old is increasing in
the whole world and especially in developed countries. This phenomenon is known as demographic aging. Nowadays coeffi cient of demographic ageing is about 10.3% and it will be around 21.8% in 2050. This process will cause a number of negative consequences: aging of the working-age population; increase in mortality rate; increase in the share of elderly people in employed population; possible strain on the relation between between older and younger generations. Historically the society has developed skills to solve the problems or adapt to them. It’s apparent that the society will fi nd a solution of this problem as well.
merab xmalaZemerab xmalaZe
27
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
Salva gogiaSvili Salva gogiaSvili
ivane javaxiSvilis Tsu-is ivane javaxiSvilis Tsu-is
asocirebuli profesori,asocirebuli profesori,
slava fetelava slava fetelava
grigol robaqiZis saxelobisgrigol robaqiZis saxelobis
universitetis asocirebuli profesori universitetis asocirebuli profesori
ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, dominirebul mdgo-
mareobad iTvleba, Tu ekonomikuri agenti flobs gan-
saxilveli bazris did wils da SeuZlia imoqmedos am
bazarze ZiriTadad konkurentebisagan damoukideblad.
bazarze dominirebuli mdgomareobis borotad gamoy-
enebis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebi Setanilia mravali
qveynis sakonkurencio kanonmdeblobaSi. dominirebuli
mdgomareobis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebis gatarebis
efeqtianobis analizi saWiroebs: 1. gansaxilveli baz-
ris gansazRvras; 2. ekonomikur agentis dominirebuli
mdgomareobis dadgenas; 3. dominanti ekonomikuri agen-
tis mier misi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis gam-
ovlenas (konkretuli qmedebebis Sefasebas).
rogorc cnobilia, dominirebuli mdgomareoba ar
arsebobs vakuumSi. msxvili ekonomikuri agentis arse-
boba bazarze ar niSnavs, rom mas aucileblad dominire-
buli mdgomareoba ukavia. imis gansazRvra, dominirebs
Tu ara mewarme subieqti bazarze, SesaZlebelia misi
reaqciiT konkurentebis mxridan zemoqmedebaze. bazris
wili warmoadgens mniSvnelovan, magram ara erTaderT
da sakmaris maCvenebels ekonomikuri agentis domini-
bazarze dominirebuli mdgomareobis bazarze dominirebuli mdgomareobis
negatiuri aspeqtebinegatiuri aspeqtebi
28
Salva gogiaSvili, slava fetelavaSalva gogiaSvili, slava fetelava
rebis dasadgenad. aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT gan-
saxilvel bazarze SeRwevis barierebi da metoqeebis
SesaZlo reaqcia.
Cveulebriv, bazarze dominirebis problema miiC-
neva statikur movlenad, Tumca, dominirebis Sefasebi-
saTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovania aseve misi dinamika.
bazrebze, romlebic swraf cvlilebebs eqvemdebareba,
SesaZlebelia, didi sabazro wilis mqone ekonomikur
agents ar ekavos dominirebuli mdgomareoba, Tu is mx-
olod droebiT flobs did sabazro wils (bazarze
SeiZleba mokle droSi Semovidnen axali konkurentebi)
an TviTon bazari iyos droebiTi (Semdgomi modernize-
bis gamo, saqonelma SeiZleba dakargos samomxmareblo
moTxovna, radgan momxmarebeli gadainacvlebs saqon-
lis axal, gaumjobesebul saxeobaze). amgvarad, domini-
rebuli mdgomareobis gansazRvrisaTvis mniSvnelovania
ganvixiloT ara marto bazris arsebuli mdgomareoba,
aramed misi droSi evoluciac.
mas Semdeg, rac dadgindeba, rom mewarme subieqts
dominirebuli mdgomareoba ukavia gansaxilvel ba-
zarze, SesaZloa warmoiSvas sirTuleebi imis Sefaseba-
Si, Tu ra gavlenas axdens ekonomikuri agentis konkre-
tuli moqmedebebi konkurenciaze. kanonsawinaaRmdego
moqmedebebma SeiZleba gavlena iqonios konkurenciaze
saqonlis warmoebisa da miwodebis sxvadasxva doneze.
dominirebuli mewarme subieqtis zogierTi moqmedeba
SeiZleba konkurenciis sawinaaRmdego an xelSemwyobi
iyos, garemoebebisda mixedviT. rig SemTxvevaSi, is Sei-
Zleba mimarTuli iyos ama Tu im mxaris sawinaaRmdegod,
magram, imavdroulad SeiZleba hqondeT konkurenciis
xelSemwyobi xasiaTi.
cxadia, ekonomikur agents Tavisi dominirebuli
mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba SeuZlia mxolod ma-
Sin, Tu mas aseTi pozicia ukavia sasaqonlo bazarze.
29
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
amdenad, mewarme subieqtis moqmedebis Sefasebisas
pirveli rigis amocanaa gansaxilveli bazris gansaz-
Rvra produqtebis urTierTSenacvlebadobis gaTval-
iswinebiT. sxvadasxva saqoneli, romlebic samomxmare-
blo maxasiaTeblebiT erTmaneTTan axlosaa, rogorc
wesi, erTsa da imave bazarzea warmodgenili, xolo
produqtebi, romlebic ar hgavs erTmaneTs - sxvadasxva
bazarze.
konkurenciuli samomxmareblo bazris gansaz-
RvrasTan SedarebiT, ufro Znelia im bazris gansazRvra,
romelzec mxolod erTi ekonomikuri agenti domini-
rebs. marTlac, Tu samomxmareblo bazris ganmartebas
mkacrad mivudgebiT, logikurad SeuZlebeli gaxdeba
sasaqonlo bazris monopolistis dadgena, Tuki man
ganxilvamde periodSi ukve miiRo maqsimaluri sarge-
beli.
zogadad, gansaxilveli bazari ganisazRvreba
rogorc saqonlis umciresi erToblioba da geografi-
uli regioni, rac Semdeg kriteriumebs pasuxobs:
saqoneli an saqonlis jgufi da geografiuli
regioni, sadac romelime ekonomikur agents, romelic
Semosavlis gazrdisaken iswrafvis da warmoadgens
am saqonlis erTaderT gamyidvels mocemul regionSi,
SeuZlia droSi stabilurad mniSnelovnad gazardos
saqonlis fasi.
ganvixiloT realuri monopolistis magaliTi. re-
alur monopolists, romelic zrdis mogebas, SeiZleba
ukve gazrdili hqondes saqonlis fasebi mocemul ba-
zarze im donemde, romelic maqsimalur mogebas uzrun-
velyofs. aqedan gamomdinare, hipoTeturi monopolisti,
romelic zrdis mogebas, ar daadebs saqonels bazarze
ukve arsebulze ufro maRal fass. amgvarad, realuri
monopolistis mier gasayidi saqonlis erToblioba,
logikurad, ar SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros bazris zemoT
30
Salva gogiaSvili, slava fetelavaSalva gogiaSvili, slava fetelava
mocemul gansazRvrebas.
amgvari logikuri Seusabamobis Tavidan asacile-
blad, saWiroa erTmaneTs SevadaroT produqtebis fizi-
kuri Tvisebebi, gansxvavebebi saboloo gamoyenebaSi,
aseve cvlilebebi maTi samomxmareblo daniSnulebiT
gayidvebis istoriul praqtikaSi. am monacemebiT Sei-
Zleba davadginoT aseT produqtebis urTierTSenacv-
lebis albaToba. amasTan, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar
unda mieniWos sxvadasxva produqtis fizikur msgavse-
bas erTmaneTTan.
zemoT aRniSnuli logikuri Seusabamobis Tavidan
acilebis kidev erT saSualebad gvesaxeba imis garkveva,
gazrdis Tu ara fasebs SesaZlo dominanti ekonomikuri
agenti im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi romelime konkurenti ba-
zridan gava. Tu dominanti ekonomikuri agenti am dros
fasebs gazrdis, es niSnavs, rom isini konkurentebi ar-
ian da maTi saqoneli erTsa da imave sasaqonlo bazars
miekuTvneba. Tu SesaZlo konkurentis bazridan gasvli-
sas, dominanti ekonomikuri agenti fasebs ar gazrdis,
maSin isini konkurentebi ar arian da maTi saqoneli
sxvadasxva bazars miekuTvneba.
imis gansazRvra, ukavia Tu ara kompanias domini-
rebuli mdgomareoba, iwyeba sabazro wilebis dadgeniT,
rasac floben am bazrebze moqmedi ekonomikuri agen-
tebi. cxadia, Tu mewarme subieqti bazris mcire wils
flobs, igi ar SeiZleba dominirebuli mdgomareobis
mqoned CaiTvalos.
Tu ekonomikuri agenti didi sabazro wilis mflo-
belia, imis dasadgenad, ukavia Tu ara mas dominirebuli
mdgomareoba, sxva faqtorebic unda SevafasoT, rogori-
caa, magaliTad, bazarze Sesvlis barierebi, konkuren-
tebis eqspansia da sxva firmebis sabazro wili. maT
Soris, Zalze mniSvnelovania bazarze Sesvlis bari-
eri, radgan igi gansazRvravs konkurenciis xarisxs
31
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
potenciuri konkurentebis Sesvlisas bazarze. Tu
barieri dabalia da ekonomikuri agentebi (romlebsac
konkurencias uweven axali konkurentebi da Sesabam-
isad iqmneba konkurenciuli garemo) antikonkurenciu-
lad zrdian fasebs, maSin im subieqtebsac ki, romlebic
did sabazro wils floben, ar eqnebaT `Zalaufleba~
da amdenad, ver iqnebian dominirebul mdgomareobaSi.
zustad aseve, Tu dRevandeli konkurentebi SeZleben
swrafad da mniSvnelovnad gazardon TavianTi gayidve-
bis moculoba da am dros dominirebuli mdgomareobis
mqoned miCneuli ekonomikuri agenti antikonkurenciu-
lad moqmedebs, maSin is ar iqneba dominanti bazarze.
meore mxriv, Tu bazarze Sesvlis barieri maRalia, maSin
mewarme subieqti daculia sxva ekonomikuri agentebis
mxridan konkurenciisagan. Tu konkurentebi ver SeZle-
ben swrafad da mniSvnelovnad gaafarToon warmoeba
da gayidvebi im ekonomikuri agentis antikonkurenciu-
li qmedebebis sapasuxod, romelic dominantad miiCneva
bazarze, maSin arsebobs safuZveli, rom es ukanaskneli
CaiTvalos dominirebuli mdgomareobis mqoned am ba-
zarze1.
Tu sxva ekonomikur agentebs aqvT SedarebiT mcire
sabazro wilebi, SeiZleba warmoiqmnas dabrkoleba misi
gafarToebis dros, rom konkurencia gauwion didi sa-
bazro Zalis mqone subieqtebs.
magaliTad, SeiZleba maTi saqoneli gamoiyenebodes
mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi an SesaZlebelia
maT ar hqondeT distribuciisaTvis saWiro arxebi. aseT
SemTxvevaSi, sxva konkurentma kompaniebma SeiZleba ver
SeZlon warmoebisa da gayidvebis swrafi gafarToe-
ba SesaZlo dominant subieqtTan konkurenciaSi. aseT
1fetelava s., gogiaSvili S., ekonomikuri konkurencia, ,,loi~, Tb.,
2012, gv. 58.
32
Salva gogiaSvili, slava fetelavaSalva gogiaSvili, slava fetelava
SemTxvevaSic, ekonomikuri agenti SeiZleba dominireb-
ulad CaiTvalos sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi, sadac
fasebi Tavisufalia da aseve sxva cvlilebebi swrafad
xorcieldeba. amasTan, ar SeiZleba ekonomikuri agentis
dominirebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb daskvna gakeTdes
mxolod imis safuZvelze, rom aseT agents SeuZlia
gazardos fasebi. dominirebis Sesafaseblad, saWiroa
gamoyenebul iqnes bazarze Zalauflebis xangrZlivad
flobis niSnebi, aseve, axali subieqtebis bazarze Sesv-
lis an arsebuli konkurentebis eqspansiis barierebi.
sabazro wilis gansazRvris ramdenime saSuale-
ba arsebobs, magaliTad, gayidvebis naturaluri/Rireb-
ulebiTi moculoba an warmoebis moculoba. praqtikaSi,
sabazro wilis gansazRvrisaTvis xSirad gamoiyeneba
xelmisawvdomi monacemebi.
imis garkvevas, Tu sabazro wilis gazomvis romeli
saSualeba unda iqnes arCeuli, gansakuTrebuli mniS-
vneloba aqvs im qveynebisaTvis, sadac dominirebul mdgo-
mareobas gansazRvravs kanonmdebloba bazris wilebis
dadgenili kriteriumebis Sesabamisad; anu - im SemTx-
vevaSi, rodesac sakonkurencio kanonmdebloba iTval-
iswinebs dominantobis gansazRvris kriteriums (ekono-
mikuri agenti flobs dadgenil normaze ufro maRal
sabazro wils). mniSvnelovania sworad ganisazRvros
im ekonomikuri agentebis sabazro wili, romlebic mo-
cemul momentSi ar ewevian samewarmeo saqmianobas konk-
retul sasaqonlo bazarze. aseve, im subieqtTa wilis
garkvevac, romlebic arasruli simZlavriT moqmedeben.
magaliTad, ekonomikuri agenti, romelic mocemul mo-
mentSi da Sesabamis bazarze mTliani gayidvebis 50%-s
awarmoebs (amasTan, Tu arseboben ufro didi, magram
dautvirTavi simZlavreebis mqone konkurenti agente-
bi, romlebsac SeuZliaT swrafad aamoqmedon es sim-
Zlavreebi), ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT ar iqneba miC-
33
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
neuli dominantad (aseT ekonomikur agents ar SeuZlia
imoqmedos antikonkurenciulad, vinaidan mis metoqeebs
aqvT unari swrafad moaxdinon reagireba da waarTvan
mas gayidvebis mniSvnelovani nawili). mravali qveynis
sakonkurencio kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, Tu sabazro
wilis sididis gasazomad gayidvebis moculoba gamoi-
yeneba, maSin gansaxilveli ekonomikuri agenti SeiZleba
miCneul iqnes dominirebuli mdgomareobis mqoned, xolo
Tu sabazro wili izomeba warmoebis moculobiT, maSin,
gansaxilveli ekonomikuri agenti SeiZleba ar iqnes
miCneuli dominirebuli mdgomareobis mqoned. amgvarad,
qveynebis sakonkurencio kanonebi gavlenas axdens saba-
zro wilis gazomvis meTodebis SerCevaze.
Tu konkretul bazarze warmodgenili saqoneli
erTgvarovania, maSin sabazro wilis gazomvis erT-erTi
saSualeba SeiZleba iyos saqonlis erTeulis gayidve-
bi, xolo, Tu bazarze warmodgenili saqoneli araerTg-
varovania, umjobesia sabazro wilis gazomva gayidvebis
RirebulebiT.
marTalia, warmoebis moculoba SeiZleba sabazro
wilebis sazoms warmoadgendes, magram, aman SeiZleba
mniSvnelovani cdomileba gamoiwvios, Tu warmoebis
moculobebSi didi gansxvavebebia. magaliTad, erT
ekonomikur agents gaaCnia ori sawarmo. vTqvaT, erT
sawarmoSi gamoSvebuli produqciis mxolod 60% pa-
suxobs mkacr teqnikur moTxovnebs, meoreSi ki – 100%.
aseT SemTxvevaSi, pirveli sawarmos mier gamoSvebuli
mTliani produqcia ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes Sesa-
Zlo mimwodeblad xarisxisadmi maRali moTxovnebis
mqone myidvelebisaTvis. amitom, ekonomikuri agentis
warmoebis moculobis gazomvisas zemoaRniSnuli my-
idvelebisaTvis miwodebebis mixedviT, pirveli sawarmos
warmoebis moculoba ar unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli
60%-ze meti sididiT.
34
Salva gogiaSvili, slava fetelavaSalva gogiaSvili, slava fetelava
arsebobs gazomvis problema, rodesac ekonomikuri
agentebis erTi jgufia mxolod vertikalurad integri-
rebuli, xolo meore ki ara. aseT SemTxvevaSi, pirveli
jgufis ekonomikur agentebs eqnebaT SesaZlebloba
srulad gayidon Sesabamis bazarze TavianTi produq-
cia, meore jgufis subieqtebs ki mxolod produqciis
nawilis gayidva SeeZlebaT, danarCeni nawili ki gamoy-
enebuli iqneba Siga moxmarebisaTvis. sxva ekonomikur
agentebs SeeZlebaT mTeli Taviani produqcia mimarTon
Siga moxmarebisaTvis, anu gamoiyenon igi sxva sawarmoo
procesebSi. im ekonomikuri agentebis mimarT, romlebic
warmoebuli produqciis mxolod nawils hyidian Se-
sabamis sasaqonlo bazarze, maT sabazro wilSi unda
iqnes CaTvlili warmoebis is mTeli moculoba, romel-
ic araa gankuTvnili Siga moxmarebisaTvis, radgan na-
klebad savaraudoa, rom aseT subieqtebs damatebiTi
xarjebis gaweva mouwioT bazarze produqciis damate-
biTi nawilis gayidvis SemTxvevaSi.
im ekonomikur agentebs, romlebic mTel produq-
cias ar hyidian Sesabamis sasaqonlo bazarze, warmoebis
mTliani moculoba ar unda CaeTvaloT sabazro wil-
Si. aq yuradReba unda gamaxvildes imaze, aucilebelia
Tu ara msxvili investiciebi produqciis gasaRebis an
gayidvisaTvis (maRalkvalificiuri teqnikuri person-
alis momzadeba an gasaRebis bazrebis qselis Seqmna)
da Sedegad, produqciis gayidva mogebis didad ufro
dabal sidides xom ar uzrunvelyofs, vidre produqci-
is Siga moxmarebis SemTxvevaSi. Tu mocemul bazarze
arsebobs produqciis gayidvis barierebi an, Tu mosal-
odnelia ekonomikuri agentis Semosavlebis Semcireba
produqciis Siga moxmarebidan bazarze gadarTvis gamo,
maSin, vertikalurad integrirebuli firmebis warmoe-
bis moculoba an Siga gadanawilebebis Rirebuleba ar
unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli sabazro wilis gansaz-
35
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
Rvrisas. yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi, vertikalurad integ-
rirebuli ekonomikuri agentebis aumoqmedebeli sawar-
moo moculobebi SeiZleba `CaTvlili iqnes~ sabazro
wilSi.
amasTan, bazrebs, sadac gayidvebi droSi arastabi-
luria, iseTi problemebi axasiaTebs, romlebic tipuria
Zalze mcire raodenobiT gayidvisas, magaliTad, manqane-
bis unikaluri tipebi, rogoricaa - TviTmfrinavebi, el-
mavlebi, eleqtrosadgurebis didi orTqlis turbinebi.
aseT SemTxvevaSi, sabazro wilis cvlilebebi saqonlis
teqnologiuri dauyofadobisa da iSviaTi gayidvebis
Sedegia. am dros SesaZlebelia gazomvis statisti-
kuri meTodis gamoyeneba.
kidev erTi problema, romelic SesaZloa gansa-
kuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyos gardamavali periodis
ekonomikisaTvis, aris gayidvebis arastabiluroba ba-
zris aracikluri cvlilebebis gamo. magaliTad, Tu
axali teqnologia danergilia cota xnis win, da
ekonomikuri agenti, romelic aseT teqnologias iyen-
ebs, swrafad zrdis gayidvebs, maSin gasarkvevia, romeli
sabazro wilebi unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli: axlan-
deli, warsuli periodisa Tu perspeqtiuli. sxvagvarad
rom vTqvaT, Tu myidvelebi moqmedeben ufro dabal do-
neebze, xolo yidian mxolod vertikalurad integrire-
buli mimwodeblebi, maSin, romeli sabazro wilebi unda
gaizomos: axlandeli Tu gasuli periodis? aseT SemTx-
vevaSi, bazris axlandeli wilebi SeiZleba ar gamodges
saTanado maxasiaTeblad da albaT, ufro sasargeblo
iqneba, Tu gamoviyenebT gayidvebis samomavlo wilebis
`yvelaze optimistur~ Sefasebebs, radgan sainteresoa,
konkurencia an dominireba momavalSi.
sabazro wilis gazomvis meTodis gansazRvris
Semdeg, unda Sefasdes SesaZlo dominanti ekonomikuri
agentis sabazro wili, raTa davrwmundeT, rom igi sak-
36
Salva gogiaSvili, slava fetelavaSalva gogiaSvili, slava fetelava
marisad maRalia dominirebisaTvis.
ekonomikur Teorias ar SeuZlia SemogvTavazos
sasaqonlo bazris wilis gansazRvris martivi wesebi
ekonomikuri agentis dominirebisaTvis. Tu Sesabamis
bazarze moqmedebs ramdenime ekonomikuri agenti da
TiToeul maTgans gaaCnia mcire wili, maSin nakle-
bad savaraudoa, rom romelimes hqondes dominirebuli
mdgomareoba am bazarze, imis miuxedavadac ki, Tu masSi
Sesasvlelad maRali barierebia dawesebuli. meore
mxriv, Tu mocemul sasaqonlo bazarze momwodebeli
mxolod erTi ekonomikuri agentia da igi daculia
Sesvlis maRali barierebiT, maSin cxadia, rom is am baz-
ris dominantia. aqve xazi unda gaesvas, rom ekonomikuri
Teoria ar gansazRvravs sasaqonlo bazris im wils,
romlis flobis SemTxvevaSic ekonomikuri agenti erT-
mniSvnelovnad CaiTvleba dominirebuli mdgomareobis
mqoned.
zogierTi qveynis kanonmdeblobiT, dominirebisaT-
vis aucilebeli sabazro wilis gansazRvrisaTvis gaT-
valiswinebulia martivi principis gamoyeneba. magali-
Tad, evrokavSiris komisiis mier adreul periodSi miC-
neuli iyo, rom ekonomikur agents dominirebuli mdgo-
mareoba ukavia, Tu igi flobs Sesabamisi sasaqonlo
bazris aranakleb 40-45%-s1.
evrokavSiris rekomendaciiT, dReisaTvis Sesabamis
sasaqonlo bazarze ekonomikur agenti miCneulia do-
minirebulad, Tu misi wili am bazarze Seadgens aranak-
leb 1/3-s. amasTan, or ekonomikur agents uWiravs do-
minirebuli mdgomareoba, Tu maTi erToblivi wili Se-
sabamis bazarze Seadgens aranakleb 50%-s, xolo sami
da meti ekonomikuri agenti iTvleba dominirebulad,
Tu maTi erToblivi wili konkretul sasaqonlo ba-
1Richard Whish, Competition Law, 2nd ed, Butterworths: London, 1989, p. 294.
37
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
zarze Seadgens aranakleb 2/3-s. xazi unda gaesvas im-
asac, rom aSS-Si moqmedi sakanonmdeblo aqtebi, rac yve-
laze axlosaa dominirebuli mdgomareobis borotad
gamoyenebis dokumentebTan, krZalavs `monopolizacias~
da `monopolizaciis mcdelobas~. am kanonis erT-erTi
debuleba aseTia: ̀ sasamarTloebi Tvlian, rom 80-90% da
ufro maRali sabazro wili sakmarisia saimisod, rom
mopasuxe miCneul iqnes monopolistad. sasamarTloebi
aseve Tvlian, rom 50%-ze naklebi sabazro wili aras-
akmarisia. sasamarTloebis umetesoba inarCunebs pozi-
cias, rom Tu firmis sabazro wili 70%-ze naklebia, igi
ar unda iqnes miCneuli monopoliuri Zalauflebis
mqoned~1. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ekonomikuri agen-
tis sabazro wilis dadgena dominirebis analizis mx-
olod dasawyisia. konkurentebis SesaZlo reaqcia da
axali momwodeblebis gaCena bazarze, am wiliT gaTval-
iswinebuli ar aris. Tumca, sabazro wilma SeiZleba
erTgvari `saceris~ roli Seasrulos mcire wilebis
mqone im ekonomikuri agentebis ganTesvaSi, romlebsac
aSkarad ar SeuZliaT dominirebas miaRwion, da aseve
didi wilebis mqone im subieqtebis mimarT, romlebic
dominirebis sakiTxis Semdgomi ganxilvis sagania.
bazarze Sesvlis barierebis zoma, anu SesvlisT-
vis saWiro xarjebis sidide, warmoadgens meore faq-
tors imis dasadgenad, aris Tu ara ekonomikuri agenti
dominirebadi. Tu bazarze Sesvlis barierebi ar ar-
sebobs (an dabalia), maSin didi sabazro wilis mflo-
bel agentsac ar eqneba Zalaufleba bazarze. Tu sxva
subieqtebs SeuZliaT ufro swrafad, masStaburad da
mcire danakargebiT Sevidnen bazarze, maSin bazarze
1 Herbert Hovenkamp, Antitrust, Black Letter Series, West Publishing Co., St. Paul, MN 1986, p. 106.
38
Salva gogiaSvili, slava fetelavaSalva gogiaSvili, slava fetelava
moqmedi ekonomikuri agentebi ver SeZleben imoqmedon
antikonkurenciulad, rac maT dominirebas gamoricxavs.
vTqvaT, bazarze Sesvlis barierebis ar arsebobis pi-
robebSi didi sabazro Zalis mqone ekonomikuri agenti
zrdis fasebs, maSin, ekonomikuri agentebi, romlebic
ar arian am bazris monawileebi, rogorc ki dainaxaven
maRali Semosavlebis miRebis SesaZleblobas (bazarze
Sesvlis xarjebis simcire), daiwyeben bazris aTvisebas
dabali fasebiT da Seecdebian gadaibiron gansaxil-
veli ekonomikuri agentis klientebi. Tavis mxriv, axal
momwodebelTa mxridan konkurenciis safrTxis gamo,
didi sabazro wilis mqone kompania ver SeZlebs xis-
tad gaataros antikonkurenciuli politika, ris gamoc
igi ar miiCneva dominirebulad.
sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu danaxarjTa romeli tips
unda mieqces yuradReba bazarze Sesvlis xarjebis Se-
fasebisas, debatebis sagania. zogierTi specialistis
azriT, aq mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli is xarjebi,
rac unda gaswion bazarze Semsvlelma da ara moqmedma
ekonomikurma agentebma. magaliTad, Tu bazarze moqmedi
ekonomikuri agentis kuTvnili raime sasargeblo wi-
aRiseulis maRaro gaixsna im dros, rodesac nebarTvis
misaRebad saWiro iyo 100 aTasi lari, xolo dReisaT-
vis is Rirs 150 aTasi lari, maSin, bazarze Sesvlis
xarjad unda CaiTvalos mxolod am fasebis sxvaoba
(50000 lari). sxva specialistTa azriT ki, bazarze Ses-
vlis danaxarjebSi ganxiluli unda iyos yvela gaweu-
li xarji (xarjebi, romelic unda gaswion bazarze
Semsvlelma firmebma, magram romelTa gawevac amJamad
ar evalebaT bazarze moqmed firmebs). am SemTxvevaSi,
bazarze Sesvlis bariers warmoadgens 150 aTasi lari
mTlianad. cxadia, es aris bazarze Sesvlis meore ti-
pis barieri, rac zegavlenas axdens am bazarze moqmedi
subieqtebis antikonkurenciuli qmedebebis sapasuxod
39
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
axali ekonomikuri agentebis bazarze Sesvlis alba-
Tobaze.
dasasrul, bazarze SeRwevis barierebis Sesafase-
blad, saWiroa pasuxi gaeces Semdeg kiTxvebs:
1. arseboben Tu ara potenciuri mimwodeblebi an
ekonomikuri agentebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT swrafad da
umtkivneulod gadarTon warmoeba saqonlis miwodebe-
bze mocemul bazarze.
2. arsebobs Tu ara statistikuri monacemebi ba-
zarze Sesvlis sakiTxis Sesaxeb (monacemTa ararseboba
bazarze warmatebiT SesvlasTan dakavSirebiT ar aris
sakmarisi safuZveli imisaTvis, rom igi Sesvlis bari-
erad CaiTvalos. SesaZlebelia, rom bazarze arsebob-
des didi konkurencia da axal ekonomikur agentebs
ar hqondeT safuZveli, rom moindomon aseT bazarze
Sesvla);
3. absoluturi an RirebulebiTi sargeblis Se-
faseba, anu aqvT Tu ara gansaxilvel ekonomikur agen-
tebs upiratesoba axali mimwodeblebis mimarT, anu
akontroleben Tu ara isini SezRudul resursebs, pat-
entebs, saavtoro uflebebs;
4. strategiuli sargeblis Sefaseba an ramdenad
didia danakargebi, anu SesaZlebelia Tu ara aRWurvi-
lobis ijara, xelmeored gayidva an profilis Secvla
sxva miznebisaTvis da ramdenad maRalia myidvelebis
`gadarTvis xarjebi~, anu ra daujdeba myidvels mim-
wodeblis Secvla mowyobilobaSi cvlilebebis Set-
anis aucileblobis gaTvaliswinebiT.
sabazro wilisa da bazarze Sesvlis barierebis
garda, ekonomikuri agentis dominirebis Sefasebisas
ganxiluli unda iqnes agreTve arsebuli konkuren-
tebis SesaZlo reaqciebi. Tu konkurentebs SeuZliaT
swrafad, mgrZnobiared da didi danaxarjebis gareSe
reagireba msxvili firmis antikonkurenciul qcevaze,
40
Salva gogiaSvili, slava fetelavaSalva gogiaSvili, slava fetelava
maSin es ukanaskneli veRar SeZlebs dominirebuli
mdgomareobis SenarCunebas. arsebul konkurentebs Seu-
ZliaT amgvaradve upasuxon, Tuki isini simZlavreebis
did rezervebs floben da SeuZliaT swrafad gaafar-
Toon es simZlavreebi, an Tu aseTi simZlavreebi erT
romelime bazarze muSaobs, SeiZleba swrafad iqnes ga-
darTuli miwodebebze sxva bazarze.
Semdegi faqtori, romelsac SeuZlia gavlena
iqonios konkurentebis SesaZlo eqspansiaze, aris saqon-
lis buneba. bazarze Sesvlis zemoaRwerilma orma dab-
rkolebam – myidvelebis gadarTvis xarjebma da repu-
taciis mniSvnelobam – SesaZloa SezRudos axlandeli
konkurentebis eqspansia da barieris roli Seasrulos
axali konkurentebis bazarze Sesvlis mxriv.
garda amisa, dominirebul mdgomareobaze Sei-
Zleba miuTiTebdes sxva faqtorebic,QkerZod: mkacrad
vertikaluri integracia an kargad ganviTarebuli sa-
distribucio sistema, mowinave teqnologia, kargad re-
komendebuli safirmo saxelwodeba, saqonlis farTo
diapazoni, mza bazari, teqnologiuri da finansuri
resursebi da sabazro qceva1. `qcevis~ gamoklebiT, Ti-
Toeul zemoaRniSnul faqtors SeuZlia aamaRlos ba-
zarze Sesvlis barieri, rogorc es zemoTaa aRwerili.
magaliTad, Tu bazarze warmatebis misaRwevad saWiroa
kargad ganviTarebuli sadistribucio sistema, maSin
imis Sesafaseblad, SeZleben Tu ara axali konkurente-
bi bazarze Sesvlas, bazarze moqmedi romelime ekono-
mikuri agentis antikonkurenciuli qcevis pasuxad,
saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT am sistemis ganviTarebaze
daxarjuli dro da saxsrebi. Tumca, kargad ganviTare-
1Richard Whish, Competition Law, 2nd ed, Butterworths: London, 1989, pp. 294-300; Ivo Van Bael and Jean-Francois Bellis, Law of the EEC, 2nd ed., CCH Editions Limited, 1987, pp. 71-74.
41
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
buli sadistribucio sistema ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos
dominirebuli mdgomareobis Sefasebis kriteriumad.
asevea sxva faqtorebis SemTxvevaSic. `qceva~ iSviaTad
uTiTebs dominirebaze, magram, Tu garkveuli qceva
racionaluria mxolod ekonomikuri agentis do-
minirebisas, aseTi qceva dominirebaze miuTiTebs.
ekonomikuri agentis dominirebuli mdgomareoba
bazarze, dgindeba misi reaqciiT konkurentebis mxri-
dan zewolaze. aseTi zewola SeiZleba moaxdinon
rogorc axlandelma, aseve potenciurma konkurentebma.
Tu gamokvlevebiT gamovlinda, rom arc axlandel da
arc potenciur konkurentebs ar SeuZliaT aqtiuri
reagireba ekonomikuri agentis arakonkurenciul
qcevaze, maSin mas dominirebuli mdgomareoba ukavia Se-
sabamis bazarze.
dominirebuli mdgomareobis SenarCuneba, TavisTa-
vad, ar aris antikonkurenciuli qmedeba, magram
konkurenciis procesSi araswori Careva, maT Soris, ax-
ali konkurentebis bazarze Sesvlis Tavidan acileba
da/an dabrkolebebis Seqmna, dominirebuli mdgomareo-
bis borotad gamoyenebad iTvleba. magaliTad, Tu do-
minirebuli mdgomareobis mqone ekonomikuri agenti
uars ambobs nedleulis an naxevarfabrikatis miwode-
baze potenciuri konkurentisaTvis da amiT xels uS-
lis mis bazarze Sesvlas, es aris dominirebuli mdgo-
mareobis borotad gamoyeneba da piriqiT, fasebis mo-
mateba konkurenciul doneze ufro metad, SesaZloa ar
warmoadgendes dominirebuli mdgomareobis borotad
gamoyenebas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ekonomikuri agentebis qmedebebs
SesaZloa sxvadasxvagvari Sedegebi mohyves gansxvave-
bul garemoebebSi, e.i. qmedeba, romelic erT SemTxveva-
Si konkurenciulia, meore SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba anti-
konkurenciuli aRmoCndes. amasTan, araa gamoricxuli,
42
Salva gogiaSvili, slava fetelavaSalva gogiaSvili, slava fetelava
rom calkeul SemTxvevaSi dominirebuli mdgomareobis
mqone ekonomikuri agentis qmedebam gavlena ar moax-
dinos konkurenciaze, anu ar arsebobs martivi wesi,
romlis gamoyenebac SesaZlebelia yvela garemoebaSi
da calsaxad gansazRvravs ama Tu im qmedebis anti-
konkurenciulobas.
Negative Aspects of Dominant Position in the MarketNegative Aspects of Dominant Position in the Market
Sh. Gogiashvili,Sh. Gogiashvili, S. Fetelava S. Fetelava
The dominant position on market is identifi ed through assessment and evaluation of the competitive environment of an economic agent. If such agent experiences no substantial pressure and can generally act independently from competitors, then this agent is an economic agent having dominant position. One of the major characteristics of dominant position is market share - if an economic agent holds a minor share on the relevant goods market, it can not be considered to be a dominant one. Another characteristic is the barriers to market entry – if the barrier are low, then none of economic agents can reach the dominant position.
In addition, if an entrepreneur holds a large market share and is protected by high entry barriers from the competitors, then we should as-sess whether competitors are able to expand their production in response to the anti-competitive activities of such company, alter their suppliers and consumers, etc. It should be also noted that the dominant position of an economic agent on the market does not mean that its activities are anti-competitive. It is important to assess whether such economic agent misuses its dominant position.
43
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
sagareo savaWro politikis Taviseburebani sagareo savaWro politikis Taviseburebani
Tanamedrove safinanso ekonomikuri Tanamedrove safinanso ekonomikuri
krizisis pirobebSikrizisis pirobebSi
nino papaCaSvilinino papaCaSvili
iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tsuiv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-is is
asocirebuliprofesori,asocirebuliprofesori,
ekonomikis doqtori ekonomikis doqtori
Tanamedrove safinanso ekonomikuri krizisis
pirobebSi msoflios qveyanaTa umravlesobam
intensiurad daiwyo sagareo savaWro SezRudvebis
pirdapiri da faruli meTodebis gamoyeneba.
problema imdenad masStaburi gaxda, rom Tavisufali
vaWrobis Sesaxeb dawyebuli ramdenimeaTeulwliani
molaparakebebi CixSi moaqcia da miRweuli Sedegebi
eWvqveS daayena.
qveyanaTa ekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebulebis
amaRlebasTan erTad izrdeboda Tavisufali vaWrobis
ideis popularoba. mtkicebebi SeuzRudavi savaWro
urTierTobebis upiratesobebis Sesaxeb Teoriulad
metad gonivrulad gamoiyureba, rac asaxulia saerTa-
Soriso vaWrobis klasikur TeoriebSi. misi momxreni
Sesabamisad fritrederobisken gadaxrili sagareo sa-
vaWro politikis gatarebas gvTavazoben. igi farTo-
daa deklarirebuli vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis
debulebasa da ganviTarebuli qveynebis sagareo savaW-
ro politikis koncefciebSi. jer GATT-is (General Agree-ment on Tariffs and Trade - generaluri SeTanxmeba tarife-
bisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb), xolo mogvianebiT WTO-is
(World Trade Organization _ vaWrobis msoflio organiza-
cia) farglebSi warmoebuli molaparakebebis bazaze
44
nino papaCaSvilinino papaCaSvili
Semcirda satarifo barierebi, rogorc saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis SezRudvis ZiriTadi forma. konceftualuri
aRiarebis miuxedavad, msoflio realoba gviCvenebs, rom
absoluturad Tavisufali vaWroba dReisaTvis ufro
gamonaklisia, vidre wesi. ganviTarebadi da gardamava-
li ekonomikis qveynebs didi winaaRmdegobebi xvdebaT
gare bazrebze gasvlisas. TviT ganviTarebul qveynebs
Soris vaWrobaSi farTod gamoiyeneba `aradeklarire-
buli~ SezRudvebi. faqtobrivad, msoflio masStabiT
farTod gvxvdeba faruli sagareo savaWro proteqcio-
nistuli politikis magaliTebi. praqtikulad dRemde
aseve popularulia idea proteqcionizmis Sesaxeb, rom-
lis sistematizebuli koncefcia pirvelad merkanti-
listurma skolam (XV-XVIII ss.) warmoadgina.
proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebis gatareba gansa-
kuTrebiT gaaqtiurda Tanamedrove finansur-ekono-
mikuri krizisis pirobebSi da bevri faruli damca-
vi zoma gamoaSkaravda. 2008 wlis noembridan dRemde
2430 saxelmwifo SezRudva iqna SemoRebuli, romel-
Tagan 1340 safrTxes uqmnis sazRvargareTul komer-
ciul interesebs. proteqcionistuli zomebidan 60%
didi oceulis qveynebze modioda 2009 wels. es maCve-
nebeli 75%-mde gaizarda 2011 wlisTvis.1 aseTi midgo-
ma erovnuli ekonomikis gadarCenis saSualebad miiC-
nia uamravma qveyanam, rac TiTqmis dauregulirebel
situacias qmnis msoflio savaWro urTierTobebSi da
did aRSfoTebas iwvevs vaWrobis msoflio organiza-
ciisa da sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mmarTvel
wreebSi. faqtobrivad, msoflio savaWro urTierTobebi
neoproteqcionizmis konteqstiT viTardeba. bolo ori
wlis ganmavlobaSi am movlenis daregulirebas ara-
1 http://www.globaltradealert.org/11th_GTA_report; Analyses of Contemporary Protectionism, p. 21-22.
45
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
erTi globaluri masStabis Sexvedra mieZRvna. statia
swored aRniSnuli movlenis analizs eZRvneba, romlis
safuZvelze gakeTebuli daskvnebi, Cveni azriT, sasr-
geblo iqneba saqarTvelos optimaluri sagareo savaW-
ro politikis formirebisa da gare bazrebze gasvlis
efeqtianobis amaRlebisTvis. amave dros, mniSvnelovnad
migvaCnia TviT faqtis aRniSvna-dafiqsireba qarTul sa-
mecniero publikaciaSi, rasac, jer kidev ar daTmobia
saTanado yuradReba. TviT proteqcionizmis zrdasTan
dakavSirebuli araerTi globaluri donis Sexvedris
mizans swored informirebulobis amaRleba, procesis
monitoringi da misi SeCerebis SesaZleblobebis gamov-
lena Seadgenda.
meore msoflio omisSemdgom periodSi saerTaSo-
riso vaWrobis wliuri zrda meryeobda 0-15%-is farg-
lebSi, Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT sam did Cavardnas, ro-
melsac aSkarad aRemateba mimdinare globaluri fin-
ansur-ekonomikuri krizisis periodis Cavardna. saerTa-
Soriso vaWrobis mkveTri vardna dafiqsirda 2008 wlis
mesame-meoTxe kvartalSi _ wina wlis donesTan Se-
darebiT 15%-iT Semcirda vaWrobis moculoba. rogorc
eqspertebi afaseben, es iyo meore msoflio omisSemdgom
periodSi msoflio vaWrobis yvelaze mkveTri, moulod-
neli da sinqronuli kolafsi.1 globaluri vaWrobis
dacema sanavTobo SokiT gamowveul recesias ukavSir-
deboda 1974-75 wlebSi (dasawyisSi vaWrobis moculoba
Semcirda 11%-iT wina welTan SedarebiT), inflacias
_ 1982-83 wlebSi da teqnikur problemebs _ 2001-2002
wlebSi (rogorc erTi, aseve meore SemTxvevis dasawy-
isSi vaWrobis moculoba Semcirda 5%-iT wina welTan
SedarebiT). marTalia, amJamad mas ar miuRwevia iseTi
1http://www.voxeu.org/article/global-trade-aftermath-global-crisis; Global trade in the aftermath of the global crisis, Jeffry A. Frieden, 27 Nov 2009;
46
nino papaCaSvilinino papaCaSvili
siRrmisaTvis, rogorsac didi depresiis periodSi, ma-
gram aRmoCnda metad mkveTri da sinqronuli. ,,didi sa-
vaWro kolafsi~, romelic gagrZelda 2008 wlis mesame
kvartlidan 2009 wlis meore kvartlamde. Semdgom pe-
riodSi SeiniSneba mcireodeni gamococxleba. garkveu-
li SefasebebiT, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis aseTi mkveTri
vardnis umTavresi mizezi moTxovnis Sokuri Semcireba
iyo. 1
krizisis fonze bevri qveyana ganicdis eqspor-
tisa da importis moculobebis Zlier dacemas, swra-
fi tempebiT izrdeba umuSevroba. proteqcionistuli
politikis gamoyeneba aqtiurad daiwyo vaWrobisa da
investiciebis sferoSi. miuxedavad araerTi mcdelo-
bisa, romelic dafiqsirda ,,didi oceulis~ samitebze,
vmo-isa da sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebis farg-
lebSi gamarTul Sexvedrebsa da mimarTvebSi, proteq-
cionizmis tendencia mainc Zlierdeba. garTulda sa-
vaWro urTierTobebis daregulireba vmo-is farglebSi
aRiarebuli wesrigis CarCoebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
gadawyvetileba saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi barierebis
SemoRebis uaryofis Sesaxeb miRebul iqna 2008 wlis
noembris didi oceulis Sexvedraze, msoflio moicva
sayovelTao proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebis talRam,
rogorc reaqciam msoflio finansur-ekonomikur kri-
zisze. dReisaTvis proteqcionizmi vlindeba sxvadasxva
formiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom yoveli maTgani ar aris
zianis momtani komerciuli interesebisTvis, pirdapi-
ri Tu arapirdapiri gziT, gavlenas axdens saerTa-
Soriso vaWrobaze. 2008 wlis 1 noembridan diskrimi-
naciuli zomebis yvelaze metad gamoyenebuli forme-
1R. Baldwin, The great trade collapse: What caused and what does it mean? The Great Trade Collapse: Causes, Consequences and Prospects, 2009, A VoxEU.org Publicatio
47
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
bia: migraciasTan dakavSirebuli zomebi (2%); importis
akrZalva (2%); saeqsporto gadasaxadebi da SezRudvebi
(3%); sanitariuli da fitosanitariuli RonisZiebebi
(4%); arasatarifo barierebi (4%); sajaro prokurmen-
ti (4%); eqsportis subsidireba (4%); satarifo Sez-
Rudvebi (14%); vaWrobis dacvis sxvadasxva RonisZieba
(20%); Tavdeboba an saxelmwifo daxmareba (32%); sxva
(11%).1gansakuTrebiT farTod wamoiwyes antidempinguri
kvlevebi, rasac mohyva antidempinguri baJebis SemoReba-
daweseba; aseve, vaWrobis erovnuli interesebiT war-
marTvis mizniT mimarTaven sakuTari valutis gaufasu-
rebas da sxva finansur RonisZiebebs.
2009 wels, londonis ,,didi oceulis~ samit-
ze, miiRes gadawyvetileba Tavi SeekavebinaT proteq-
cionistuli RonisZiebebis gatarebisagan saqonli-
Ta da momsaxurebiT vaWrobaSi da aseve, sainvesticio
politikaSi,2 magram forumis monawileebma ganacxades
im aucileblobis Sesaxeb, rom droulad ecnobebinaT
vmo-sTvis SesaZlebeli antikrizisuli RonisZiebebis
Sesaxeb, romelsac iReben sxvadasxva qveynis mTavrobe-
bi. faqtobrivad, es SeiZleba miviCnioT garkveul (mo)
Txovnad vmo-is mxridan daTmobebze wasasvlelad.
yovelive es iZleva im varaudis safuZvels, rom
globaluri krizisis Sedegad gamZafrebuli neo-
proteqcionizmi SeiZleba grZelvadian periodSi ais-
axos postkrizisul qcevaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom
vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis monacemebiT 2012
wlis pirvel kvartalSi saerTaSoriso vaWroba 5%-
1 http://www.globaltradealert.org/site-statistics2 http://www.voxeu.org/article/global-trade-aftermath-global-crisis; S.J. Evenett, Crisis-era protectionism one year after the Washington G20 meeting, The Great Trade Collapse: Causes, Consequences and Prospects, 2009, A VoxEU.org Publica-tion
48
nino papaCaSvilinino papaCaSvili
iT gaizarda1 wina welTan SedarebiT da prognoziT
mosalodnelia Semdgomi Zlieri zrda, SemaSfoTebelia
proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebis farTod gamoyenebis
kampania. 2012 wlis dasawyisSi isve gamoiyeneboda
diskriminaciuli zomebi, rogorc wina wlebSi. yovel
kvartalSi mTavrobebi axorcieleben daaxloebiT 125
axal proteqcionistul RonisZiebas da umniSvnelod
amcireben ukve arsebuls. aseT viTarebaSi saeWvoa
saerTaSoriso savaWro wesrigi Zalian swrafad
daubrundes winakrizisul mdgomareobas.
saSualod yvelaze meti formis diskriminaciuli
zoma gamoiyena ruseTma (37), argentinam (20), germaniam (16),
CineTma, idoneziam, gaerTianebulma samefom (TiToeulma
11-11), braziliam (10), italiam da espaneTma (TiToeulma
9-9). ucxoeli partniorebis mier gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva
RonisZiebiT, yvelaze dazaralebuli qveynebia: CineTi
(141 zoma 58 partnioris mxridan), aSS (112 zoma 49
partnioris mxridan), germania (110 zoma 32 partnioris
mxridan), safrangeTi (101 zoma 32 partnioris mxridan),
belgia (96 zoma 30 partnioris mxridan), iaponia (94
zoma 47 partnioris mxridan), niderlandebi (94 zoma
31 partnioris mxridan), gaerTianebuli samefo (112 zoma
49 partnioris mxridan), italia (89 zoma 27 partnioris
mxridan), SvedeTi (85 zoma 23 partnioris mxridan). 2
msoflio finansur-ekonomikuri krizisi, bunebrivia,
Seexo postsocialistur qveynebs. eqsportis yvelaze
didi danakargebi ganicada: yazaxeTma, belorusma, taji-
keTma, ruseTma da somxeTma. amJamad, finansur-ekonomikuri
krizisis periodSi, im qveynebis saeqsporto problemebi,
romlebic jer kidev ar mierTebian vmo-s, gansakuTrebiT
mwvaved igrZnoba. isini pirvel rigSi aRmoCndnen
1 http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news12_e/stts_13jun12_e.htm2 GTA database, www.globaltradealert.org
49
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
dazaralebulTa Soris, ganicades diskriminacia da
proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebis gavlena, sxva qveynebis,
maT Soris vmo-is wevri qveynebis mxridan (vmo-Si 2012
wlis 10 ivlisis mdgomareobiT 155 qveyanaa)1. aRsaniSna-
via, rom eqsportis dacema qveynebSi, romlebic ar arian
vmo-is wevrebi, aseve sxvaoba importisa da eqsportis
dacemis maCveneblebs Soris am qveynebSi ufro metad
arsebiTia, vidre vmo-is wevr qveynebSi (aekca-s – aRmo-
savleT evropis, kavkasiis da centraluri aziis qveyne-
bis farglebSi). es movlena SeiZleba aixsnas sxvadasxva
mizeziT, rac ukavSirdeba am qveynebis specifikas. maga-
liTad, msoflio fasebis dacema navTobze, erovnuli va-
lutebis arastabiluroba, gazis krizisi. SesaZlebelia
aseve vivaraudoT, rom vmo-is wevroba aris stabiluro-
bis Taviseburi faqtori, romelic pozitiur rols Ta-
maSobs. gansakuTrebiT es exeba eqsportis problemebs
da masTan dakavSirebiT proteqcionistuli RonisZiebe-
bis gatarebas. magaliTad, msoflio krizisis aqtiuri
fazis msvlelobaSi proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebis
raodenoba, romelic ruseTis mimarT gamoiyeneboda,
gaizarda xuTjer. evrokavSirma cota xnis win SemoiRo
antidempinguri baJebi SeduRebul milebsa da rkinis
an aralegirebuli foladis milebze belorusidan,
ruseTidan da ukrainidan. evrokavSirma aseve inicireba
gaukeTa antidempingur kvlevebs SeduRebul milebTan
da Rru profilebTan dakavSirebiT ukrainidan
da belorusidan. moldova dazaralda 2009 wlis
TebervalSi evrokavSiris mier SemoRebuli droebiTi
antidempinguri baJebiT liTonis naglinis garkveuli
saxeobebze. proteqcionizmis politika SeiniSneba
agreTve TviT aekca-is qveynebs Sorisac. magaliTad,
ruseTma SemoiRo SezRudvebi belorusis saqonlis
1 http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm
50
nino papaCaSvilinino papaCaSvili
mimarT, yazaxeTma _ ruseTis mimarT. Tavis mxriv,
ruseTma SemoiRo antidempinguri baJebi uJangavi
foladis milebis Setanaze CineTidan da braziliidan,
gazarda tarifebi foladisa da rkinis produqtebze,
fexsacmelze, brinjsa da naxmar avtomobilebze,
akrZala Roris xorcis importi aSS-dan, meqsikidan da
didi britaneTidan. ukrainam gaatara antidempinguri
RonisZiebebi sayofacxovrebo macivrebsa da sayinule
mowyobilobebze CineTidan da TurqeTidan; asve,
gazarda 13%-iT saimporto baJebi farTo asortimentis
saqonelze sakuTari sagadasaxdelo balansis
deficitis dasafinanseblad (rogorc RonisZieba
finansur-ekonomikuri krizisis daregulirebisTvis).
yazaxeTma, imis gamo rom cdilobda daecva adgilobrivi
bazari ufro iafi saimporto produqciisagan, erovnuli
valutis gaaufasura 25%-iT. ruseTis eqsportis mocu-
lobaze gavlena moaxdina navTobis fasebma, gazTan da-
kavSirebulma skandalma ukrainasTan, aseve, saerTaSori-
so bazrebze SemoRebulma savaWro barierebma ruseTis
saeqsporto saqonlisaTvis. amasTan, ruseTma da ukrainam
TiTqmis 50%-iT Seamcires saqonlis importi, rac aseve
metyvelebs am qveynebis mier SemoRebul damcav Ro-
nisZiebebze. erTaderTi qveyana, romlis eqsportic gai-
zarda wina welTan SedarebiT 60%-ze meti odenobiT,
aris azerbaijani. savaraudod es ukavSirdeba am qvey-
nis eqsportis struqturas, sadac bunebrivi resursebis
wili 82%-s Seadgens.1 miuxedavad imisa, rom zemoaRniS-
nuli RonisZiebebi ar aris SezRudvebis sruli sia,
mainc aSkarad miuTiTebs, rom Tanamedrove sagareo sa-
vaWro politikis fomirebaSi Warbobs proteqcionizmis
elemetebi.
1 Д. Герасименко, Прозрачность – ответ на глобальный протекционизм (июнь-июль 2009,выпуск 4) http://www.cisstat.com/rus/mac13_qrt.htm
51
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro brunvam 2012 wlis
maisSi 4059 mln aSS dolari Seadgina, rac wina wlis
maCvenebels 19%-iT aRemateba, Tumca uaryofiTma savaWro
balansma sagareo savaWro brunvis 53% Seadgina. krizi-
sis dawyebis Semdgom periodSi saqarTvelos sagareo
vaWrobis ZiriTad maCveneblebze dakvirvebiT SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom globaluri movlenebi aisaxa saqarT-
velozec. 2009 wels wina welTan SedarebiT savaWro
brunva 22%-iT, eqsporti 9%-iT, xolo importi 25%-iT
Semcirda. uaryofiTi savaWro balansi 31%-iT naklebi
dafiqsirda, vidre 2008 wlis Sesabamis periodSi, rac
sagareo savaWro brunvis SemcirebiT aixsneba. rogorc
Cans, 2009 wels gagrZelda saqarTvelos sagareo vaWro-
bis moculobis kleba, rac daiwyo ̀ globaluri savaWro
kolafsis~ periodSi da gaamZafra saqarTvelo-ruseTis
agvistos omma. 2009 wels eqsporti wina welTan Sedare-
biT 1 350 mln aSS dolaridan Semcirda 924 mln aSS
dolaramde, importi ki 5 360 mln aSS dolaridan 3 525
mln aSS dolaramde. saqarTvelos statistikis erov-
nuli samsaxuris monacemebiT 2010 wels saqarTvelos
sagareo savaWro brunvis zrda dafiqsirda da eqspor-
tis Rirebuleba TiTqmis gautolda krizisiswina (2007
wlis) maCvenebels. sagareo savaWro brunvis zrda, m.S.
rogorc eqsportis, ise importis, gagrZelda 2011 wels,
Tumca aseve gaizarda sagareo vaWrobis uaryofiTi
saldoc.1
GTA-is sainformacio bazaze dayrdnobiT Catare-
bulma gamokvlevam gviCvena, rom umsxvilesi partniore-
bis mier gatarebuli sxvadasxva proteqcionistuli
RonisZiebidan saqarTveloze gavlena SeiZleba iqonios
ruseTis mier SemoRebulma SezRudvebma samuSao Zalis
migraciasa da sxvadasxva saxeobis produqciasTan, m.S.
1 http://www.geostat.ge/print.php?p_id=136&lang=geo
52
nino papaCaSvilinino papaCaSvili
soflis meurneobis produqciasTan dakavSirebiT. sa-
qarTvelos mxridan araviTari saSiSroeba ar aRiniS-
neba savaWro partniorebisaTvis am TvalsazrisiT da
miekuTvneba Tavisufali savaWro reJimebis mqone qvey-
anaTa pirvel xuTeuls. samwuxarod GTA sainformacio portali ver CaiTvleba bolomde srulyofilad am
kuTxiT Casatarebeli kvlevebisTvis, magram igi Tanda-
Tan ixveweba da albaT mcire qveynebis Sesaxebac gan-
Tavsdeba srulyofili informacia. Tumca, igi metad
sasargebloa gare bazrebze gasvlis strategebis Se-
muSavebisas1.
GTA sainformacio portalia, romelic Seiqmna
proteqcionistuli sagareo savaWro politikis gaaqti-
urebisa da savaWro urTierTierTobebSi warmoqmnili
problemebis dafiqsirebisa da analizisTvis. mdgoma-
reobas arTulebs is, rom mTavrobebs ar surT aRiaron
proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebis gamoyeneba. aseT vi-
TarebaSi mniSvnelovania saerTaSoriso akademiurma
wreebis mxridan monitoringis funqciis Sesruleba.
zemoaRniSnuli damoukidebeli sainformacio portali
(www.globaltradealert.org) politikurad damoukidebelma
struqturam _ ekonomikuri politikis kvlevis
londonis centrma (CEPR) Seqmna msoflio vaWrobisa da
ganviTarebis profesoris evenetis xelmZRvanelobiT.
damoukidebel mecnierTa da eqspertTa jgufi
awarmoebs sxvadasxva proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebis
monitorings _ savaWro barierebidan dawyebuli
samuSao vizebis gacemis SezRudvebiT damTavrebuli,
swavloben aseve proteqcionistuli mizniT gatarebul
finasur RonisZiebebs. monitoringis bazebis Sevseba
xorcieldeba vmo-isa da msoflio bankis monacemebiT.
garda amisa, GTA avlens savaWro partniorebs,
1 http://www.globaltradealert.org/measure?tid=80&tid_1=444&tid_3=2207
53
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
romlebzec saxelmwifos mier SemoRebulma damcavma an
diskriminaciulma RonisZiebebma SeiZleba potenciurad
moaxdinos negatiuri zemoqmedeba.
GTA–is daniSnulebaa saxelmwifo moxeleebis,
eqsportiorebis, importiorebis, masobrivi informaciis
saSualebebis TanamSromelTa momsaxureba. saiti
sasargeblo iqneba sxvadasxva saxeobis kvlevebis
gansaxorcieleblad saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa
da proteqcionizmis sakiTxebze. saZiebo sistema
saSualebas iZleva gakeTdes moTxovnebi saqonlis
kodis, saxelmwifos mixedviT, romelic atarebs
RonisZiebas, aseve qveynebis mixedviT, romlebic
potenciurad dazaraldnen damcavi an diskriminaciuli
RonisZiebebisagan. mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom
mesame qveynebs SeuZliaT Seitanon ganacxadi saitze
proteqcionistul RonisZiebebTan dakavSirebiT,
saxelmwifos ki SeuZlia komentari gaukeTos nebismier
RonisZiebas, romelic gamoqveynebulia saitze. yvela
monacemi, romelic aq qveyndeba, guldasmiT mowmdeba
eqspertTa jgufis mier, vidre is xelmisawvdomi iqneba
sajaro ganxilvisaTvis.
problemis masStaburobaze miuTiTebs is,
rom dReisaTvis proteqcionizmis monitoringiT
dakavebulia ara marto saerTaSoriso organizaciebi
(rogoricaa, magaliTad, msoflio banki da vmo), aramed
kerZo kompaniebic. vmo atarebs proteqcionistuli
RonisZiebebis yovelkvartalur monitorings vaWrobisa
da investiciebis sferoSi. rigi kerZo struqtura,
rogoricaa ,,doiCe bank~, analitikur kvlevebs akeTebs am
Tematikaze. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom proteqcionizmis
sakiTxi aris politikurad ukiduresad mgrZnobiare
problema, qveynebis mTvarobebisaTvis Znelia erTian
azramde misvla rogorc mocemuli monitoringis
54
nino papaCaSvilinino papaCaSvili
parametrebis sakiTxze, aseve imaze, ra RonisZiebebi unda
CarTon masSi.
proteqcionizmsa da saxelmwifo interesebis
gonivrul dacvas Soris zRvari Zalian bundovania. es
SeiZleba iqces did problemad msoflio ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis dinamikisaTvis. zemoaRniSnulis
msgavsi iniciativebi _ akademiuri, arakomerciuli da
politikurad damoukidebeli institutebis mxridan
sasargeblo iqneba msoflio savaWro sistemis
stabilurobis SesanarCuneblad. SesaZlebelia, maT
ubiZgon saxelmwifoebs proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebi
gamoiyenon rogorc ukiduresi zoma da ara rogorc
pirveli RonisZieba alternatiuli variantebidan.
swored amgvari qcevis Taobaze aRniSnavda vmo-is
generaluri direqtori paskal lami, msoflio savaWro
sistemis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb regularuli angariSebis
wardgenisas. misive SefasebiT, proteqcionizmis
buneba Seicvala recesiis periodSi. bevri umsxvilesi
movaWre qveyana axorcielebs eqsportis xelSewyobis
sqemebs, ubrundeba subsidiebs, iafi kreditebis
sistemas, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs da eqsportiorTa
gaTavisuflebas gadasaxadebisagan. Tanamedrove
proteqcionizmi amiT Zalian gansxvavdeba 1930-iani wlebis
proteqcionizmisagan, roca rig qveynebSi tarifebis
zrdam Seaferxa msoflio vaWroba. agresiuli eqsportis
xelSewyobis sqemebi, erToblivi moTxovnis aRdgenasTan
erTad, rogorc Cans, metia, vidre diskriminaciuli
RonisZiebebis zrdis Canacvleba.1 marTalia, SeiniSneba
garkveuli `Camococeba~ proteqcionistuli
RonisZiebebidan iseTi qveynebis mxridan, rogoricaa
avstralia, CineTi, ekvadori, egvipte, indoeTi, indonezia,
meqsika, paragvai, filipinebi, ruseTi, saudis arabeTi,
1 www.ictsd.org-http://trade.ecoaccord.org (5- 2009)
55
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
ukraina da vietnami (2009 wlis ganmavlobaSi), magram
problema rCeba. amJamad gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
gadatanilia antidempinguri kvlevebis inicirebasa da
Sesabamisi zomebis gatarebaze.1
saqarTvelom, romlis eqsporti aradiversificire-
buli, sagareo vaWrobis saldo ki mudmivad (XX sau-
kunis 90-iani wlebidan) uaryofiTia, ganuxrelad air-
Cia sagareo savaWro politikis fritrederuli ori-
entacia. migvaCnia, rom umuSevrobis maRali donisa da
saeqsporto prioritetebis gaurkvevlobis pirobebSi,
saWiroa garkveuli saxeobis proteqcionistuli Ronis-
Ziebebis gatareba. es ar gulisxmobs (tradiciuli gage-
biT) importis pirdapir SezRudvas an saeqsporto dar-
gebis aucileblad pirdapir stimulirebas. SesaZlebe-
lia Cvens qveyanaSic daiwyos antidempinguri kvlevebi
da gatardes Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi, ganxorcieldes
sawyisi stadiis biznesis stimulireba, Seiqmnas piro-
bebi iafi kreditebis sistemis Seqmnisa da ganviTare-
bisTvis, upiratesoba mieniWos im ucxour investiciebs,
romlebic saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisi pro-
duqciis warmoebis saSualebebs Semoitans qveynisaTvis
prioritetul dargebSi, gatardes RonisZiebebi infor-
mirebulobis asamaRleblad, gare bazrebze gasvlis
efeqtianobis gasazrdelad. sxva maraval faqtorTan
erTad, umniSvnelovanesia gavecnoT Tanamedrove pro-
teqcionistul RonisZiebebs, rasac mimarTaven TviT
ganviTarebuli qveynebic ki sakuTari ekonomikis da-
sacavad. xazgasasmelia, rom Cveni mewarmeebi jer kidev
mwiri informirebulobis problemis winaSe dganan. am
TvalsazrisiT sasargeblo iqneba, erTi mxriv, CaverToT
zemoaRniSnuli sainformacio sistemis kvlevebSi (es
iniciativa SeiZleba akademiurma wreebmac ikisron) da
1 http://www/wto/org/english/news_e/news09_e/tpr_13ju/09_e.htm
56
nino papaCaSvilinino papaCaSvili
meore mxriv, gamoviyenoT ukve arsebuli saerTaSoriso
sainformacio bazebi (am TvalsazrisiT mizanSewonilia
saxelmwifos xelSewyoba) _ uaxlesi sainformacio si-
stemebi, rac uaxles analitikur informacias gvTava-
zobs ama Tu im qveynis mier gatarebuli ekonomikuri
politikisa da mosalodneli efeqtis Sesaxeb.
Peculiarities of Foreign Trade Policy under Conditions of Modern Peculiarities of Foreign Trade Policy under Conditions of Modern Financial-Economic CrisisFinancial-Economic Crisis
N. PapachashviliN. PapachashviliThe article is devoted to the peculiarities of formation of foreign
trade policy under conditions of modern fi nancial - economic crisis. It is mentioned, that advantages of free trade are confi rmed by classical theories of international trade and supporters of these theories offer to carry out an appropriate policy. Free trade policy is widely declared in the WTO regulations and the concepts of the developed countries foreign trade policies. But reality of the world economy shows that absolutely free trade is an exception, rather than a rule today. Georgia, with its non-diversifi ed export and the negative foreign trade balance (after 90s of the XX century), consistently chose the free trade orientation. The author believes that some kinds of protectionist measures need to be implemented. This does not mean the direct restriction (in its traditional sense) of import or direct simulation of export. For increasing the effi ciency of entry the foreign markets it is very important to carry out modern protectionist measures, also used by developed countries to protect their own economy. Georgian businessmen feel information defi cit up to present. In this regard using the latest international information systems, which provide the newest analytical information about countries’ economic policies and its effects, will be very useful.
57
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
sabiujeto inflaciis optimizaciissabiujeto inflaciis optimizaciis
ganmsazRvreli faqtorebiganmsazRvreli faqtorebi
(lafer-kaganis modeli)(lafer-kaganis modeli)
sabiujeto inflaciis optimizaciis ganmsazRvreli
faqtorebi
arCil iakobaSvili
1
1 Phelan, C. “Monetary Stabilization Blues : Explaining the Fiscal Theory of the Price Level” (American Economic Review, 1999).
sabiujeto inflaciis optimizaciis ganmsazRvreli
faqtorebi
arCil iakobaSvili
ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori
sabiujeto inflacia samomxmareblo fasebis
indeqsis cvlilebaa (mTliani inflacia) im kompo-
nentis mixedviT, romelic dakavSirebulia, sargeb-
lis ganakveTis sabazro donis Semcirebis SemTxve-
vaSi, saxelmwifos biujetSi xarjviTi nawilis
gazrdasTan. e.i. sabiujeto inflacia, ukve dagegmil
fiskalur periodSi, deficitis gazrdiT gamowveu-
li monetaruli destabilizaciis indikatoria.
“fiskuss uxaria,”1 roca statistikis samsaxuri yo-
veli Tvis bolos samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis
zrdas afiqsirebs – inflacia niSnavs iribi dabeg-
vris xarjze (dRg, aqcizi) sabiujeto Semosavlebis
gazrdas; devalvacia niSnavs met mogebis gadasaxads
eqsportiori firmebisgan. bolos da bolos, sar-
geblis ganakveTebis dabali done niSnavs xelsay-
reli pirobebis SenarCunebas saxelmwifo valebis
restruqturizaciisaTvis an saerTod axali sesxe-
bis asaRebad. kapitalis bazarze sakredito resursebis
gaiafeba, politikuri ciklidan gamomdinare (gansa-
kuTrebiT winasaarCevno periodSi), mTavrobebs
ubiZgebs axali saxazino valdebulebebis (Semdgom-
58
arCil iakobaSviliarCil iakobaSvili
Si - bondebis) emisiisken, da, TviT ganviTarebul
ekonomikebSi xSiria SemTxveva, roca mTavrobebi,
“iafi kreditis” cdunebiT, ukan ar ixeven deficitis
gazrdisgan.
fiskaluri paketis amgvari cvlilebebi
mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs makromoTxovnis zepro-
porciulad xelovnur zrdas makromiwodebasTan
mimarTebiT, rac moklevadian ekonomikur droSi
realuri seqtorisaTvis dadebiTi da mastimulire-
beli efeqtebis miuxedavad, saSualovadian ekonomi-
kur droSi - erToblivi moTxovnis siWarbiT gamow-
veul mosalodnelze met inflaciur procesebSi,
xolo grZelvadin ekonomikur droSi - monetarul
destabilizaciaSi aisaxeba.
Sesabamisad, aRniSnulis sapirispirod, po-
litikis gamtareblebisaTvis mniSvnelovan gamowve-
vaa monetaruli wonasworobis uzrunvelyofa, rac,
sabiujeto inflaciis realobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
gulisxmobs mis marTvas, e.i. sabiujeto inflaciis
optimaluri donis gansazRvras, makroekonomikuri
politikis Sesabamisi instrumentebis SerCeva-
gamoyenebas da amgvarad, monetaruli destabiliza-
ciis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, sabiujeto infla-
ciis moqcevas kontrolirebad CarCoebSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom monetaruli politika
da fiskaluri politika institucionalur doneze
makroekonomikuri stabilizaciis gancalkevebuli
mimarTulebebia, monetaruli stabilizaciis uzrun-
velyofa SeuZlebelia mxolod monetaruli poli-
tikis instrumentebiT. mizanTa konfliqti, romelic
warmoiSoba stabilizaciis politikis am or mimar-
Tulebas Soris, arsebiTad gamowveulia fiskaluri
politikis tolerantuli damokidebulebiT infla-
ciuri procesebisa da erovnuli valutis devalva-
59
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
ciis mimarT, ase, rom monetaruli motivebiT sabi-
ujeto disciplinis dacva mniSvnelovani gamowvevaa
politikis gamtareblebisTvis. aRniSnuli mosazreba
aqtualuria ara mxolod ganviTarebad, aramed gan-
viTarebul ekonomikaSi, romelic pirvelisgan
gansxvavebiT, met-naklebad efeqtiani sagadasaxado
sistemiT, funqcionirebadi kapitalis bazriT da
saerTaSoriso sakredito resursebze SeuzRudavi
wvdomis SesaZleblobiT gamoirCeva.
sabiujeto inflacia saqarTveloSi 2005-2011
(regresiuli analizi)
wyaro:
sabiujeto inflacia saqarTveloSi 2005-2011
(regresiuli analizi)
wyaro: “monetaruli statistika,” (saqarTvelos erovnu-
li banki).
ukanasknel aTwleulSi, ekonomikis zrdis
dadebiTi maCveneblebis fonze, sabiujeto inflacia
mniSvnelovani gamowvevaa saqarTveloSic. erTi
mxriv, sagadasaxado sistemis efeqtianobis gazrdam,
sabiujeto inflacia saqarTveloSi 2005-2011
(regresiuli analizi)
wyaro:
60
arCil iakobaSviliarCil iakobaSvili
xolo meore mxriv – moTxovnis zrdam saxelmwifos
mxridan infrastruqturuli proeqtebis swrafi tem-
pebiT ganxorcielebaze, Cveulebriv movlenad aqcia
biujetis xarjviT nawilSi cvlilebebis Setana
ukve moqmed fiskalur periodSi; ase, rom 2009 wlis
gamoklebiT, yovel weliwads ramdenimejer Seicva-
la dagegmili biujeti. yovelive amas adasturebs
regresiuli analizis Sedegebic, ramac 2005-2011 ww.
periodisTvis yovelwliuri monacemebis safuZ-
velze, dadebiTi korelacia gamoavlina mTliani
inflaciis maCveneblis zrdasa da sabiujeto xar-
jebis zrdas Soris.
dadebiTi korelaciis gansakuTrebiT maRali
maCvenebeli dafiqsirda 2007 47,0 da 2011
24,0 wlebSi, xolo 2010 wels 13,0
sabiujeto inflaciis efeqtis nawilobrivi ganei-
traleba mTlian inflaciaze erovnuli bankis
mxridan mxolod refinansirebis oficialuri ganak-
veTis gazrdiT %00,2RFR iqna miRweuli.
mimdinare 2012 wels ukve ganxorcielebuli cvli-
lebis Sedegad, xarjviTi nawilis gegma 1,7% gai-
zarda.
empiriuli monacemebi safuZvelze, sabiujeto
inflaciasTan dakavSirebuli Teoriuli sakiTxebis
sistematizaciiT, SesaZlebelia sul cota – oriode
problemis warmoCena:
11. sabiujeto inflacia ekonomikis mxolod realuri
seqtoris fenomenia (e.i. ekonomikuri zrdis piro-
bebSi sagadasaxado Semosavlebis gazrdis safuZ-
velze ukve moqmed biujetSi dagegmili xarjviTi
nawilis cvlilebebi), Tu SeiZleba misi rogorc
monetaruli movlenis ganxilva, magaliTad, sar-
61
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
geblis ganakveTis Semcirebis an erovnuli valutis
devalvaciis gamo;
2. sabiujeto inflaciis pirobebSi ra mizans (neitra-
lizacia Tu optimizacia) unda isaxavdes makroeko-
nomikuri stabilizaciis politika da am miznebis
miRwevisas ra gamowvevis winaSe dganan politikis
gamtareblebi fiskaluri da monetaruli politikis
instrumentebis SerCevisas interesTa konfliqtis
Tavidan asacileblad.
sabiujeto inflaciis optimizaciis erTgvar
Teoriul SesaZleblobas warmoadgens amerikeli
ekonomistebis, filip kaganisa da artur laferis
kvlevis Sedegebis urTierTdakavSireba, ramac 1960-
80-ian wlebSi mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli “makroe-
konomikuri stabilizaciis”, rogorc interdiscip-
linaruli mimarTulebis, ganviTarebasa da damkvi-
drebas “makroekonomikis Teoriasa” da “ekonomikur
politikas” Soris.
neoklasikuri skolis warmomadgenlis – fi-
lip kaganis samecniero statia “likvidobis efeq-
turi cvlilebis determinantebi da Sedegebi” (“De-terminants and Effects of Changes in the Money Stocks”, Journal of Political Economy, 1965) eZRvneba monetaruli politi-
kis raodenobrivi aspeqtebis gansazRvras da mis
institucionalur uzrunvelyofas. kaganis azriT,
refinansirebis ganakveTs RFR , rogorc moneta-
ruli politikis instruments, mxolod cikluri
efeqti gaaCnia, magram grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi
naklebad efeqturia antiinflaciuri procesebis
marTvaSi. aRniSnulis sapirispirod, kontrolire-
badi monetaruli ineqciebis pirobebSi monetaruli
sidideebis stabiluri cvlileba politikis gamta-
rebelTaTvis miuRwevad mizans ar unda warmoad-
gendes.
62
arCil iakobaSviliarCil iakobaSvili
neokeinzianuri skolis warmomadgenli ar-
tur laferi (“The Ellipse: An Explication of the Laffer Curve in a Two-Factor Model – the Financial Analyst’s Guide to Fiscal Policy,” Journal of Political Economy, 1986) sagadasaxado
tvirTis gazrdas warmoaCens rogorc ekonomikuri
subieqtebis TviTSemoqmedebis Sedegs da “moneta-
ruli neitralitetis” daSvebis safuZvelze ganix-
ilavs pirdapiri gadasaxadebis gamartivebisa da
optimizaciis SesaZleblobebs.
“optimaluri gadasaxadebis hipoTezisa” da
“likvidobis efeqturi marTvis principebis” ur-
TierTdakavSireba dResac mniSvnelovan mecnierul
gamowvevad ganixileba makroekonomikur literatu-
raSi. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia vudfordis (1994, 1995,
2001, 2002), simsis (1994), buiteris (1999, 2001), kohre-
nisa (1998) da pelanis (1999) mier wamyvan saerTaSo-
riso JurnalebSi gamoqveynebuli makroekonomikuri
da ekonomikur-politikuri kvlevebi, rogorc mec-
nieruli rekomendaciebi e.w. “ciklur gadaxurebaze,”
gansakuTrebiT, 1991-2001 wlebSi sainformacio-
teqnologiuri revoluciiT gamowveuli dadebiTi
koniunqturuli ciklis pirobebSi.
formaluri analizis win unda aRvniSnoT,
Tu ramdenad aratradiciulia fasebis dinamikis
gansazRvra fiskalur TeoriaSi. “inflacia, ekono-
mikuri droebis mixedviT, mxolod monetaruli fe-
nomenia, Tu misi mizezebi ekonomikis realur seq-
torTanaa dakavSirebuli? ” – es kiTxva, Tavisi wi-
naaRmdegobrivi xasiaTis gamo, imdenad provokaci-
ulia, rom faqtobrivad, SeuZlebels xdis neokla-
sikur da neokeinzianur skolebs Soris “paradigme-
bis konfliqtis mSvidobianad gadaWras.” imavdrou-
lad, swored am kiTxvaze erTmniSvnelovani pasuxis
63
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
ararsebobiT sazrdoobs makroekonomikac, xolo
politikis gamtareblebs utovebs Sanss meti moqni-
lobisaTvis12.
Teoriuli konfliqtis arseboba cxadyofs,
rom makroekonomikur politikaSi damakmayof-
ilebeli (da ara idealuri) Sedegis misaRwevad
aucilebelia fiskaluri da monetaruli
koordiancia im donemde, rom, upirvelesad
biujetis zrdam, dagegmilTan SedarebiT, ufro
maRali sagadasaxado Semosavlebis miuxedavad, ar
gamoiwvios monetarul eqspansiaze kontrolis
dakargva.
meTodologiiuri kuTxiT naklebad sadavoa
is sakiTxi, rom monetaruli politikis
gamtareblebisTvis fundamenturi problema
gansasazRvri sidideebis simravle, e.i. SemTxveva,
roca gantolebaTa sistemaSi cvladebis raodenoba
aRemateba gantolebebis raodenobas (Multiple Solution Indeterminancies). am problemis gadasaWrelad kagani
Tavis modelSi iyenebs e.w. MSV -MmeTods (Minimum-State-Variable), romelic, Tavis mxriv, efuZneba
„adaptaciuri molodinis“ hipoTezas. „racionaluri
molodinis“ hipoTezisagan gansxvavebiT, „adaptaci-
uri molodiniT“ sargeblobisas, srulyofili
Sedegis miReba damokidebulia Tavad molodinebis
stabilurobaze, da ara imdenad politikis
gamtarebelTa swavlisunarianobis xarisxsa da
profesiul gamocdilebaze (e.i. vis molodinzec
aris damokidebuli gadawyvetilebebis miReba):
1 Woodford, M. – “Fiscal Requirements for Price Stability” (Journal of Money, Cre-dit, Banking, 2002).
64
arCil iakobaSviliarCil iakobaSvili
)1.1(
n
t
xtttt pPP
111 , sadac
)2.1( 11
1 tt
n
t
xttntt PPpE - gamosaxavs
mTliani inflaciis molodins ;
)3.1( x
tt P 10 - gamosaxavs fasebis donis molo-
dins t periodSi 1t periodisaTvis ;
)4.1( ;int
snt
gntnt sadac
nt - mTliani inflacia ; s
nt - miwodebis inflacia )( InflationSideSupply ; g
nt - sabiujeto inflacia ; i
nt - importirtebadi inflacia .
kaganis modelis amosavali punqti mainc in-
dividualuri likvidobis funqciaa – zustad im
standartuli formiT, rogorc is gamosaxulia „mo-
netaruli ekonomikis“ saxelmZRvaneloebSi. amasTan,
gamartivebis mizniT, davuSvaT, rom likvidobis
funqcia aris wrfivi da masSi gaerTianebuli sidi-
deebi - sabaziso fuli )( tM , fasebis done )( tP ,
nominaluri erovnuli Semosavali )( tY da nomina-
luri sargeblis ganakveTi )( tR - logariTmuli
)1ln(;ln;ln;ln tttttttt RRYyPpMm formiT aris warmodgenili:
)1.2( ,ttttt vRypm sadac regresiis
koeficientebia: .0;0t
tt
t
tt
Rpm
ypm
65
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
naTelia, rom aq msjelobaa monetaruli wo-
nasworobis iseT modelze, romelic erTperiodu-
lobis miuxedavad, mxolod erTi, TiTqos umniSvne-
lo gansxvavebiT, moicavs e.w. SemTxveviT sididesac
)( tv - gamosaxuls wrfivi gantolebis arasistemu-
ri Sesakrebis saxiT. SemTxveviTi sidide )( tv gan-
kuTvnilia likvidobis im potenciuri nawilisaTvis,
romlis mimarT moTxovna ekonomikuri subieqtis
mxridan SesaZlebelia warmoiSvas mxolod egzoge-
nuri faqtorebis gavleniT (magaliTad, navTobis
saerTaSoriso fasis mkveTri meryeoba, omis molo-
diniT an stiqiuri ubedurebiT gamowveuli moTxov-
nis zrda naRd fulze, komerciul bankebSi moTxov-
namde anabrebis aTviseba ekonomikuri subieqtebis
mxridan).
kaganis modelSi daSvebis saxiT gaziarebu-
lia keinzianuri midgoma, romlis mixedviTac sa-
Sualovadian ekonomikur droSi inflacia mxolod
monetaruli fenomenia, rac erTperiodiani modeli-
saTvis niSnavs rogorc erovnuli Semosavlis
yyt , aseve, sabaziso fulisa mmt da sarge-
blis ganakveTis realuri ganzomilebis mudmivobas.
aRniSnuli daSvebis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli xdeba
(2.1)-is gardaqmna Semdegi formiT:
)2.2( t
E
txtttt vpppm
ntt
0
1
nulovani molodinis, agreTve egzogenuri
faqtorebis gamoricxvis SemTxvevaSi miviRebT e.w.
“monetaruli neitralitetis” mdgomareobas, roca
sabaziso fulsa da fasebis dones Soris urTierT-
66
arCil iakobaSviliarCil iakobaSvili
kavSiri mxolod likvidobis realuri ganzomilebis
erovnuli Semosavlisadmi elastiurobiT gani-
sazRvreba:
)3.2( .tpm Tumca, rogorc Tavad filip kagani da mod-
elis avtori, neoklasikuri skolis warmomadgeneli
amtkicebs, keinzianuri koncefcia “monetaruli nei-
tralitetis Sesaxeb” asaxavs mxolod idealur
mdgomareobas da naklebad iTvaliswinebs qonebrivi
motivis gavlenas likvidobasa da fasebis dinami-
kaze. Sesabamisad, am koncefciiT, monetaruli wo-
nasworobis analizi mxolod 1930-1960 ww. eiZleba
yofiliyo gamarTlebuli, roca, naklebi interna-
cionalizaciis gamo, kapitalis bazris transaqcie-
biT gamowveul moTxovnas fulad aqtivebze (e.i.
likvidobis preferencias) umniSvnelod SeeZlo
moexdina gavlena ara Tu mTliani ekonomikis saba-
ziso fulze, aramed calkeuli individis savaluto
portfelze.
filip kaganis azriT, neokeinzianuri mod-
elis “fundamenturi deficitia” is, rom egzogenuri
faqtorebi swored realobaa da internacionaliza-
ciis pirobebSi, erovnuli ekonomikis farglebs ga-
reT mosalodnelma cvlilebebma mniSvnelovani ze-
moqmedebis qveS SeiZleba moaqcios erovnuli ekono-
mikis monetaruli seqtori. aRniSnuli egzogenuri
faqtorebi tv, romelTa Sesaxeb informacia elvis
siswrafiT gavrcelebadia, ganapirobebs molodinis
Seqmnas rogorc ekonomikur subieqtebSi, aseve sta-
bilizaciis politikis gamtareblebSi. aqedan ga-
momdinare, e.w. nulovani molodinis daSveba SeuZ-
lebelia.
67
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
Sesabamisad, (2.2) gamosaxulebaSi, (1.1)-isa da
(1.2)-is gaTvaliswinebiT, miviRebT monetaruli wo-
nasworobis iseT gantolebas, romelic MSV-meTodis gamoyenebiT srulad akmayofilebs adap-
taciuri molodinis hipoTezas13:
)4.2(
01
)1(
tt
tt
pv
vpm
)5.2(
t
tt
txttt
vmm
vmypvm
;;
1
0
1
1
10
0
e.i, kaganis mixedviT (2.5) , likvidobis de-
terminantebia inflaciis arasistemuri riskis faq-
tori tv, fasebis donis molodini 0 da erov-
nuli Semosavlisadmi fulze moTxovnis elasti-
uroba . Sesabamisad, sargeblis ganakveTTan tR
erTad aRniSnuli sidideebi gansazRvravs moneta-
ruli wonasworobis pirobebs.
1 Bernanke, B. – “Inflation Forecasts and Monetary Policy” (Journal of Money, Credit, Banking, 1997).
68
arCil iakobaSviliarCil iakobaSvili
sargeblis ganakveTi tR asrulebs erTgvari
sidide-xidis rols likvidobis funqciasa (kaganis
gantoleba) da biujetis wonasworobas (laferis
gantoleba) Soris, radgan, rogorc dasawyisSive
aRvniSneT, swored sargeblis ganakveTis cvlileba-
zea damokidebuli biujetis xarjviTi nawilis
cvlileba:
)1.3( ,0; 11
1 ttt
ttt BR
RBRfB
sadac BondsB
aRniSnavs mTavrobis axal ses-
xebs. Sesabamisad, nt
nebismieri periodisTvis,
sadac ;1n
, stabilizaciis politikis gamta-
reblebis gamowvevas warmoadgens fulis masis
cvlilebisa da sabiujeto xarjebis cvlilebis mi-
nimalur donemde Semcireba:
)2.3(
1lim:arg
1 nt
ntnt
nntt RBMEFunctionetT
miznobrivi funqciis formulirebis Semdgomi
amocana laferis gantolebaSi biujetis xarjviTi
nawilis tG cvlilebis warmoCenaa. am mizniT
sakmarisia, erTgvari daSvebis saxiT, Semovifar-
gloT mxolod orperiodiani 1n
modelis gan-
xilviT, romlis pirobebSi momdevno periodisaTvis
sabiujeto inflaciis molodini, mimdinare period-
Si arsebuli sabazro ganakveTis mixedviT, axali
69
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
samTavrobo bondebis gamoSvebis moculobazea da-
mokidebuli:
)1.4( .1
1t
t
tttt B
RBTGZ
amgvarad, e.w. laferis gantolebis (4.1.) mix-
edviT, biujetis wonasworoba miRwevadia im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu mTavroba xarjviTi nawilis gazr-
diT gamowveul uaryofiTi saldos tt TG daa-
finansebs sargeblis ganakveTis sabazro donis
tR mixedviT, axali sasesxo valdebulebebis
1tB bazarze ganTavsebis gziT. Sesabamisad, miz-
nobriv funqciaSi )2.3( laferis gantolebis
)1.4( gaTvaliswinebiT miviRebT, rom sabiujeto infla-
ciis
gnttE
molodini damokidebuli iqneba sar-
geblis ganakveTisa tR da biujetis xarjviTi
nawilis tG cvlilebebze:
)2.4( t
tt
t
tgntt R
BZ
PM
E1
11
wonasworobis pirobebSi 0tZ
, laferis
Teoremis mixedviT, gadasaxadebis (e.i. biujetis sa-
Semosavlo nawilis) optimaluri done tT da-
debiTadaa damokidebuli mimdinare periodSi sa-
momxmareblo fasebis tP zrdaze, maSin roca
xarjviTi nawilis tG zrda damokidebulia sar-
geblis ganakveTis tR Semcirebaze. meore mxriv
ki, )2.4( -Tanaxmad, momdevno periodisaTvis sabi-
70
arCil iakobaSviliarCil iakobaSvili
ujeto inflaciis molodini
gnttE
, romelic
)1.1( da
)2.1( Tanaxmad, Seicavs mimdinare periodis
inflaciis faqtobriv maCvenebels t , dadebiT
kavSirSia biujetis xarjviTi tG nawilis cvli-
lebasTan:
)1.5(
t
tttg
ntt
tttt
PGMfE
RGPT
;;1
gantolebaTa es sistema gamosaxavs makroeko-
nomikuri stabilizaciis farglebSi politikuri
miznebisa ...; tntt GE
da politikuri in-
strumentebis ttt RMT ;;... 1 erTobliobas.
ramdenadac maTi raodenoba gansxvavdeba erTmane-
Tisgan, e.i. ekonomikuri politikis “oqros wesi”
pirdapir ver sruldeba, sistema amoxsnadia mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu instrumentebs Soris erT-erTis
gansazRvra winaswar moxdeba.
yvelaze logikuria aseTi daSveba gakeTdes
fulis masis cvlilebasTan 0ntM
dakavSire-
biT. konservatiuli centraluri bankis kompeten-
ciiT, romlis umTavresi prioritetia mkveTrad an-
tiinflaciuri monetaruli politika, institucio-
naluri damoukideblobis pirobebSi aRniSnuli mi-
zani savsebiT miRwevadia Ria bazris operaciebis
saSualebiT. Sesabamisad, mxolod msgavsi daSvebis
safuZvelze gamartivebis gziT, SesaZlebeli xdeba
71
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
sabiujeto inflaciis optimizaciis 0g
nttE
pirobebis ( 0;0;0 - regresiis koeficien-
tebi) gansazRvra:
)2.5(
.;; ttttttg
ntt RGTRGTfE
kiTxvaze – “ramdenad misaRebia fiskaluri
politikisTvis likvidobis funqciis aucilebeli
winapirobis 0ntM Sesruleba mravalperio-
dian modelSi - fiskalistebisgan mosalodnelia
Semdegi pasuxi: “marTalia, 1n daSvebis safuZ-
velze miRebuli optimizaciis Sedegi )2.5( ver
daakmayofilebs monetaruli moTxovnis stabiluro-
bis pirobas )5.2( , magram mravalperiodian modelSi
SesaZlebelia fasebis )( ntP alternatiuli dina-
mikis gansazRvra, romelic damokidebuli iqneboda
axali sasesxo valdebulebebis moculobaze
)( 1ntB . swored inflaciis danarCeni (e.i. arasabi-
ujeto) komponentebiT (miwodebis inflacia; impor-
tirebuli inflacia) gamowveuli fasebis dinamikis
zrdadi tempi iqneboda biujetSi sagadasaxado Se-
mosavlebis gazrdis wyaro tt PT , ris gamoc, cen-
traluri bankis mxridan mkacrad konservatiuli
0ntM monetaruli politikis pirobebSic ki,
sabiujeto deficitis SenarCuneba dagegmil doneze
72
arCil iakobaSviliarCil iakobaSvili
miuRwevad mizans ar warmoadgens idealuri
SemTxveva: 1ntnt BP .
)1.4( safuZvelze mniSvnelovania swored
iseTi SemTxvevis ganxilva, roca mTavroba axerxebs
deficitis donis SenarCunebas e.i:
nZ nt ;0 mravalperiodian modelSi. “mra-
valperiodianobaSi” igulisxmeba ukve grZelvadiani
ekonomikuri dro, romlis pirobebSic inflaciis
mrudisTvis wrfivi )1.1( -dan gamomdinare:
nP nt ;0 gamosaxulebis SenarCuneba da-
mokidebulia ara mxolod miznobrivi funqciis
)2.3( dakmayofilebaze, aramed imaze, moqmedi
fiskaluri paketi ramdenad iZleva fulis bazarze
wonasworobis SenarCunebis SesaZleblobas, e.i.
kmayofildeba Tu ara )5.2( gantoleba. saqme isaa,
rom deficitis donis SenarCuneba mxolod iribad
aris damokidebuli periodebs Soris sabiujeto Se-
mosavlebisa da sabiujeto xarjebis
?; 1ntntnt BGT cvlilebaze1.44
im SemTxvevaSi, roca sabiujeto inflaciis
molodinis cvlileba uaryofiTia 0gnttE ,
politikuri gadawyvetilebis miReba sabiujeto
xarjebis gazrdis 0ntG Sesaxeb damokidebu-
li xdeba mxolod sargeblis ganakveTebis struq-
turaze ntR . drois mixedviT, rac ufro uaryo-
1 Mishkin, F. “Fiscal Policy and Price-Level Determinancy in a Cash-in-Advance Economy” (Journal of Monetary Economics, 2007).
73
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
fiTia ganakveTebis mrudi ntntnt RRR 12 ,
miT ufro Seecdeba mTavroba, grZelvadiani saxazi-
no valdebulebebis gamoSvebiT
ntntnt BBB 12 daafinansos sabiujeto
xarjebis zrda. yovelive es mxolod droebiT gamo-
savalia sabiujeto inflaciis gazrdis Tavidan
asacileblad, e.i. sabiujeto xarjebis gazrda avto-
maturad ar gamoiwvevs mTliani inflaciis gazrdas.
Tumca, am dros, sakmarisia, centralurma bankma ki-
dev ufro gaamkacros monetaruli politika, e.i.
refinansirebis oficiluri ganakveTis, Tundac um-
niSvnelo matebam %25,0RFR im zomiT gaaZ-
viros mokle- da saSualovadiani sakredito resur-
sebi firmebisa da momxmareblebisaTvis, rom grZel-
vadian ekonomikur droSi ekonomikis realuri seq-
toridan warmoiqmnas monetaruli destabilizaciis
safrTxe, e.i. sabiujeto inflaciis 0gnt nac-
vlad, mTliani inflaciis 0nt xelSemwyob
komponentad ukve miwodebis inflacia mogvevlinos.
Determining Factors for Optimizing Budgetary Inflation
(Laffer - Kagan Model)
A. Jacobashvili
This article discusses the current issues of the budgetary in-flation in macroeconomic policy analysis, which hinges on the pos-sibility of multiple solutions in the Rational Expectations (RE) mod-els. Through the connection of the relevant models a la Cagan and
74
arCil iakobaSviliarCil iakobaSvili
Laffer, the fiscal theory of the price levels is based on the stability of the expectations, but also on the adaptive learnability of policy mak-ers as of their Solutions, which might suggest, that only one of them (either rational expectations of economic subjects, or the adaptive learnability of policy makers) is a viable equilibrium candidate.
Facing the reality of budgetary inflation, macroeconomic policy might not aim at the neutralization, but at the optimization of the level of the budgetary inflation, as a component of the whole inflation. More generally, such constellation of the political targets suggest that learnability, not indeterminacy, should be viewed as the relevant issue for policy-oriented theoretical analysis of macroeco-nomic stabilization policy. More contentiously, it might be argued that RE solution multiplicity should be viewed basically as a ma-thematical curiosity, stemming from an insufficiently specific defi-nition of rational expectations, rather than as a substantive problem for actual policy makers.
75
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi
saqmiani ciklis Teoriis TvalsazrisiT saqmiani ciklis Teoriis TvalsazrisiT
malxaz Ciqobavamalxaz Ciqobava
iv. javaxiSvilis Tsu-is asocirebuliprofesori,iv. javaxiSvilis Tsu-is asocirebuliprofesori,
ekonomikis akademiuri doqtoriekonomikis akademiuri doqtori
globalizaciis pirobebSi krizisuli movlenebis
mizezebi ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikisaTvis,
arsebiTad, sagareo xasiaTisaa. is gamoixateba nedleulze
moTxovnis vardnasa da kapitalis gadinebaSi, rac iwvevs
Tanamdev standartul jaWvur reaqcias – aqtivebis
gadafasebas, dakreditebis mkveTrad Semcirebas da
moTxovnis Semdgom vardnas. amasTan, Siga mizezebis
kvleva, rac ganapirobebs ekonomikis ciklur ryevebs,
aseve did interess iwvevs.
nebismieri krizisis warmoSobis, Semdgomi
gaRrmavebisa da ekonomikuri ciklis dasrulebis
ZiriTadi mizezi sakredito operaciebis SezRudvaa,
rac ekonomikuri aqtivobisa da moTxovnis gardauval
vardnas iwvevs. Tavis mxriv, es foni Semdgom etapze
ganapirobebs kreditebze dabal moTxovnas. es kargad
Cans rogorc 2008 wlis krizisis dawyebis mizezebis,
aseve aSS-is ekonomikis ganviTarebis momdevno etapis
magaliTebze, romelic aqtiuri fuladi ineqciebis
miuxedavad, TiTqmis 10-procentian umuSevrobas
ganicdis. aq saqme ara imdenad ineqciebis moculobaSia,
ramdenic im fulad masaze, romelic mimarTul iqna
dakreditebaze.
kreditebis Semcireba sabanko sistemis bunebrivi
reaqciaa recesiis niSnebisa da dakreditebis riskebis
zrdis mimarT. es SeiZleba meorad gamovlinebad
76
malxaz Ciqobavamalxaz Ciqobava
CavTvalod. raSi gamoixateba saqmiani aqtivobis
vardnis pirveladi mizezebi da SesaZlebelia Tu
ara misi prognozireba? ratom xdeba, rom krizisebi
zogjer damangrevel zemoqmedebas axdens ekonomikaze,
zogjer ki SedarebiT umtkivneulod Caivlis? ra
movlenebi uswrebs krizisebs da rogoria am krizisebis
dinamika?
am kiTxvebze sapasuxod aucilebelia ramdenime
hipoTezis moSvelieba. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT
sainteresoa `finansuri simyifis” hipoTeza, romelic
ekuTvnis keinzianuri skolis warmomadgenels haiman
minskis1. is mas kreditebis xelmisawvdomobisa da
misi momsaxurebis SesaZleblobebis funqciis saxiT
warmogvidgens. minskis hipoTezis Tanaxmad, krizisi
warmoiSoba bazris subieqtebis mier sakuTari
valis momsaxurebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis
TandaTanobiT gamwvavebis Sedegad: ekonomikuri
aRmavlobis sawyis stadiaze firmebs SeuZliaT
daafinanson sakuTari proeqtebi sakuTari saSualebebis
an kreditebis xarjze, amasTan, maTi Semosavali
aRemateba sesxebze gadasaxdel procentebsa da sesxis
ZiriTad Tanxas, Semdgom vali grovdeba da kreditis
momsaxureba rTuldeba, amasTan, Semosavali, marTalia,
faravs procentebs, magram sesxis ZiriTadi Tanxis
asanazRaureblad arasakmarisia; sabolood, roca
sistema aRwevs finansuri simyifis mwvervals, romlis
drosac iwyeba e.w. ponci-dafinanseba (es ukavSirdeba
italiuri warmoSobis amerikel finansists, Carlz
poncis, romelmac meanabreebisadmi Zalian maRali
procentebis gadaxdis dapirebiT Seqmna finansuri
1Столбов М.И. Гипотеза финансовой нестабильности Хаймана Мински и эко-номический кризис в России / М.И. Столбов // Мировая экономика и междуна-родные отношения. 2010, № 3, с. 56-64.
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ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
piramida). es stadia xasiaTdeba imiT, rom kompaniaTa
umravlesoba ver faravs araTu sesxis mTlian Tanxas,
aramed am sesxze arsebul procentebsac. arcTu
iSviaTad, krizisis wina periodSi firmebi iZulebulni
xdebian moaxdinon TavianTi sesxebis refinansireba
axali kreditebis meSveobiT.
aqve upriania gavixsenoT hipoTeza, romlis
mixedviTac eWvqveS dgeba sasesxo procentis arsebobis
marTlzomiereba, romlis Tanaxmadac, realur seqtors
apriorulad ar SeuZlia vali srulad aunazRauros
sabanko seqtors. saqme aq ara marto procentis arsebobas,
aramed mis sididesac exeba. realurma seqtorma SeiZleba
aitanos krediti wliuri 5-7%-iani ganakveTiT, magram
20-25%-iani kreditis atana TiTqmis gamoricxulia.
finansuri sistema aseTi maRali procentebiT
nebismieri inovaciisa da modernizaciis umTavresi
mteria. magram, sesxze procentebi Tanamedrove sabanko
sistemis arsebobis safuZvelia. is ganapirobebs fulis
mimoqcevis elastikurobas fuladi multiplikatoris
efeqtiT, romelic gulisxmobs erTi bankis mier
gacemuli kreditis gadaqcevas sxva bankis resursad
da a.S.
korporaciuli da saxelmwifo valis `Seqmna”
fulis miwodebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
meqanizmia. fuladi multiplikatoris moqmedeba kidev
ufro swrafad moqmedebs ukumimarTulebiT, rodesac
romeliRac banki CarTulia am sistemaSi, xolo sxva
bankebi ukve ar `awarmoeben” kreditebs. finansuri
bazrebi isea mowyobili, rom am SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli
xdeba fulis sesxad miReba Zalian maRali saprocento
ganakveTiTac ki.
davubrundeT ekonomikuri ciklis dinamikis
mizezebisa da Sedegebis analizs. haiman minskiseuli
78
malxaz Ciqobavamalxaz Ciqobava
ekonomikuri ciklis zemoTaRwerili sqema SegviZlia
kidev ufro gavSaloT investiciebis efeqtianobisa da
fulis miwodebis dinamikis gaTvaliswinebiT. ciklis
sawyis stadiaze, rodesac adgili aqvs moTxovnis
`droebiT gadavadebas~, ekonomikaSi warmoiqmneba
daukmayofilebeli moTxovnilebebis kerebi, amasTan,
masSi arsebobs Warbi Tavisufali resursebi, maT Soris,
samuSao Zala. mewarmeebi mimarTaven sakuTar resursebs
axal biznes-proeqtebSi. am SemTxvevaSi riskis xarisxi
dabalia, xolo warmatebis albaToba Zalian maRali.
magram, investiciebis (da mis safuZvelze kapitalis)
zrdis kvalobaze, samewarmeo marJis gajerebis gamo,
mraval sainvesticio proeqtze Semosavlianoba ecema,
zogierTi ki saerTod wamgebiani xdeba. hipoTeza
investiciebis Semosavlianobis Semcirebaze misi
moculobis zrdis kvalobaze, SemoTavazebul iqna j. m.
keinzis mier kapitalis zRvruli efeqtianobis TeoriaSi.
aseTi kanonzomiereba saerTo ekonomikuri kanonis
– warmoebis faqtorTa zRvruli mwarmoeblurobis
klebadobis Sedegia.
marTlac, 2000-iani wlebis Sua periodSi, roca
aRmoCnda, rom saofise, uZrav qonebas mohqonda sakmaod
maRali Semosavali, investorebma kapitaldabandebebis
mZlavri nakadi mimarTes samSeneblo biznesSi. maTi
mniSvnelovani nawili ver (an ar) xedavda dabandebis
sxva sferoebs. magram, miwodebisa da konkurenciis
zrdis gamo, masze Semosavlianoba Semcirda. Sesabamisad,
investiciebis efeqtianobis vardnam droTa ganmavlobaSi
Seamcira firmebis mier kreditebis dafarvis unari,
rac recesiis obieqturi mizezi gaxda. Tavdapirvelad
kompaniebisa da bankebis mogeba gaizarda, magram Semdeg
korporaciuli da sabanko seqtorebis rentabeloba
79
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
swrafad Semcirda.
rogorc cnobilia, sakredito SezRudvebis
periodSi, romelic uswrebs finansur kraxs, yvelaze
metad sainvesticio saqonlis warmoeba zaraldeba.
am faqtze gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gaamaxviles
avstriuli ekonomikuri skolis warmomadgenlebma
- ludvig fon mizesma da fridrix fon haiekma, aseve
ernando de sotom. garkveulwilad es gamowveulia imiT,
rom rac ufro xangrZlivia sainvesticio proeqti, miT
ufro metia albaToba imisa, rom is aRmoCndes krizisis
zonaSi, rac gulisxmobs mocemul proeqtebze gacemuli
sesxebis daubruneblobas.
ufro mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom am saqonlis
didi nawilis yidva SeuZlebelia xelfasiT da
muSakTa mier Seqmnili danazogebiT. rogorc wesi, maTi
warmoeba mimdinareobs sakredito resursebis mozidviT.
amitom, aseTi tipis saqonlis miwodeba da masze
moTxovna emyareba, upirveles yovlisa, dakreditebis
xelmisawvdomobas, rac ganapirobebs mis kardinalur
simyifes recesiis fazaSi. sakredito bumi `finansuri
piramidebis~ mSeneblobis provocirebas axdens,
romelic ganwirulia gardauvali rRvevisaTvis.
miuxedavad `finansuri simyifis~ Teoriis
mimzidvelobisa da simartivisa, sinamdvileSi situacia
bevrad rTulia. magaliTad, Znelia gavigoT, Tu romelia
arsebuli procesebis Tavdapirveli mizezi da romeli
- Sedegi. recesiaSi aRmoCenas kumulaciuri xasiaTi
aqvs, romelSic morigi mizezi erTdroulad Sedegicaa.
dakreditebis nebismieri Semcireba iwvevs investiciebis,
Semdeg Semosavlebis Semcirebas, rac defoltebis meorad
inducirebas axdens. amas ki dakreditebis, investiciebisa
da moTxovnis kidev ufro masStaburi Semcireba mohyveba
80
malxaz Ciqobavamalxaz Ciqobava
da a.S. yovelive es kraxiT sruldeba, rac gamowveulia
aqtivebis gaufasurebiT, fuladi ineqciebis SemcirebiT
da momdevno savalo krizisiT gardauvali deflaciis
fonze. vidre mimdinareobs dakrediteba im tempebiT,
romelic sakmarisia moTxovnis SesanarCuneblad,
recesiis realuri niSnebi praqtikulad ar SeimCneva.
sakredito ̀ bumi~ ara marto ganapirobebs, aramed axdens
`gadaxurebis~ SeniRbvas. Aarsebuli rentabelobis
maCvenebeli damakmayofilebelia, magram momavali
proeqtebis rentabeloba damokidebulia imaze, Tu
ramdenad sakmarisia mimdinare da momavali dakreditebis
tempebi. amitom, rogorc ki dakrediteba arasakmarisi
xdeba, kompania-investorebis rentabeloba da misi
kreditunarianoba swrafad ecema. am Temas qvemoT
davubrundebiT. amjerad ganvixiloT ekonomikuri
zrdis TviTSezRudvis sxva mizezebi.
ekonomikuri zrdis procesSi mewarmeebi qmnian
axal Rirebulebebs da gegmaven mogebis miRebas. magram,
rogorc ki rTuldeba Seqmnili produqciis gayidva,
iwyeba gardauvali ekonomikuri vardna, radganac
SeuZlebeli xdeba kreditebis dabruneba. maSasadame,
ekonomikuri zrdis mxardasaWerad fuladi masa
adekvaturad da uwyvetad unda izrdebodes, xolo fulis
mimoqcevis siCqare daaxloebiT mudmivi unda iyos.
pirveli piroba cnobilia, rogorc `monetaristuli
wesi~, romelic SemoTavazebul iqna m. fridmenis
mier. ciklis mimdinareobis procesSi dagegmili
investiciebisa da produqciis moculoba, romelic
aucilebelia am proeqtebis sarealizaciod, mudmivad
izrdeba, Sesabamisad, izrdeba resursebis gamoyeneba
da samuSao Zalis dasaqmeba, xolo radganac resursebi
da gansakuTrebiT samuSao Zala mkacrad SezRudulia,
81
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
adre Tu gvian warmoiqmneba disbalansi, adgili
eqneba danaxarjebis zrdas, romelic xels SeuSlis
gegmis ganxorcielebas, investiciebis gamosyidvas da
kreditebis dabrunebas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
sistemis proporciuli gafarToeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
misi erT-erTi komponenti amowurulia, SeuZlebelia
wminda praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT.
sakredito `bumis~ stadiaze mudmivad izrdeba
moTxovna samuSao Zalaze, rac iwvevs dasaqmebis
zrdas. dasaqmebulTa xelfasebi moTxovnis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani komponentia, rac warmoebuli produqciis
realizaciis saSualebas iZleva. maSasadame, samuSao
Zalis SezRuduloba `sruli dasaqmebis~ miRwevis
SemTxvevaSi zRudavs moTxovnis Semdgom gafarToebas.
am moments TiTqmis erTdroulad miaqcies yuradReba
keinzianuri skolis warmomadgenlebma jon hiksma
naSromSi ̀savaWro-samrewvelo ciklebi~ da edvin hansenma
- `ekonomikuri ciklebi da erovnuli Semosavali~.
aRsaniSnavia, rom jer kidev karl marqsma miaqcia
yuradReba mTeli warmoebuli produqciis srulad
gayidvis SeuZleblobas. misi azriT, Warbwarmoebis
mizezi kapitalistebis mier zedmeti Rirebulebis
miTviseba da muSakTa dabali xelfasia. miuxedavad
imisa, rom marqsis receptebi sakamaToa, ekonomikuri
ciklis TeoriaSi is erT-erTi pioneria.
erToblivi moTxovnis ukmarisobis problemis
droebiT gadaWra SesaZlebelia `valebis~ inducirebiT,
magram valis moculoba SeuZlebelia usasrulod
gaizardos. resursebis SezRuduloba bankebs aiZulebs
kreditebis Sekvecas, dgeba `Warbwarmoebis~ krizisi,
romelic ar dasruldeba manam, vidre Seqmnili maragebis
ZiriTadi masa ar gaiyideba, xolo valis didi nawili
82
malxaz Ciqobavamalxaz Ciqobava
ar daifareba, rac arasakmarisi moTxovnis pirobebSi
axdens deflaciis provocirebas, warmoebis Semcirebasa
da umuSevrobis zrdas.
postkrizisul periodSi TandaTanobiT grovdeba
moTxovnis deficiti, kapitali cvdeba fizikurad da
moralurad, grovdeba Warbi likviduroba, valebi
TandaTanobiT ̀ gaiwoveba~, rac ciklis aRmaval talRaze
mianiSnebs. ra Tqma unda, moTxovna SeiZleba droebiT
gaizardos xelfasebis an saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis zrdis
xarjze, magram sruli dasaqmebis miRwevis fundamenturi
faqtorebis amowurvis SemTxvevaSi, moTxovnis zrda
dakreditebis, xelfasebis an saxelmwifo valis zrdis
xarjze SeuZlebelia usasrulod gagrZeldes.
j. m. keinzis azriT, fulis ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli
niSani isaa, rom misi warmoeba SeuZlebelia nebismieri
masStabiT. igive SeiZleba iTqvas samuSao Zalaze,
romelic, marTalia, izrdeba Sobadobis xarjze, magram
ara yvela qveyanaSi da ara adekvaturi tempebiT.
sabazro ekonomika unariania gafarTovdes manam,
vidre masSi arsebobs Tavisufali resursebi. rogorc
ki is amoiwureba, iwyeba vardna. swored vardnis
dros iqmneba pirobebi, roca adgili aqvs resursebis
gamoTavisuflebas, danazogebisa da gadavadebuli
moTxovnis realizebas da a.S.. magram, ramdenad
SesaZlebelia sruli dasaqmebis miRweva? sruli
dasaqmeba sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi miuRwevadia
ara marto socialuri da individualuri xasiaTis,
aramed regionuli, samuSao Zalaze moTxovna-miwodebas
Soris disproporciebis gamo. bumTan axlos mdgom
ciklis stadiaze dasaqmebis zrdis tempi arasakmarisi
xdeba da saerTo ekonomikuri zrdac ferxdeba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom wminda statistikuri
TvalsazrisiT investiciebis saerTo moculobis
83
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
garkveuli nawili mcdar gadawyvetilebebs efuZneba,
rac ganpirobebulia momavali moTxovnis araswori
SefasebiT, kreatiuli ideebis mcdarobiT, sainvestico
proeqtebis arasaTanado SefasebiT da a.S. msgavsi
Secdomebi, romelic iwvevs problemuri valebis
dagrovebas, ileqeba sabanko sistemaSi da fizikuri
enTropiis msgavsad izrdeba. ludvig fon mizesis
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, adgili aqvs araswor sainvesticio
gadawyvetilebebs.
cxadia, momgebiani investiciebi qmnis pirobebs
dadebiTi fuladi nakadebis generaciisaTvis, zrdis
maT Rirebulebas, rac Tavis TavSi moicavs axali
fulis Seqmnis meqanizms. dausabuTebeli, wamgebiani
investiciebi amcirebs aqtivebis Rirebulebas, rac
faqtobrivad kvecavs fulad masas. analogiuri procesi
mimdinareobs sabanko sistemaSi investiciebis kreditebiT
dafinansebis dros: warmatebuli investiciebis dros
aqtivebi aWarbebs pasivebs, banki Rebulobs mogebas.
dausabuTebeli investiciebi iwvevs kreditebis
daubruneblobas, aqtivebis Rirebulebis Semcirebas da
bankebis balansSi `xvrelebis~ warmoqmnas, rac, Tavis
mxriv, kvecavs fulad masas. warmatebuli bankebisaTvis
es `xvrelebi~ ifareba warmatebuli proeqtebidan,
magram ekonomikuri ciklis mxolod aRmaval stadiaze.
problema isaa, rom es procesi bankebis mier iniRbeba
da sakmaod gaumWvirvalea.
avstriuli ekonomikuri skolis erT-erTi
damsaxureba isaa, rom marTebulad aCvena sabanko
dakreditebis gafarToebisa da ekonomikuri ciklis
urTierTkavSiri. am skolis mixedviT, krizisebSi
damnaSavea sakredito bumi, romlis drosac adgili aqvs
sakredito ganakveTebis Semcirebas, xolo sainvesticio
84
malxaz Ciqobavamalxaz Ciqobava
proeqtebi droSi iweleba. es empiriul faqtebTan
SesabamisobaSia. amitom, SeiZleba daveTanxmoT maT
mtkicebas imis Taobaze, rom sakredito bumis warmoSoba
mcdari investiciebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
mizezi da winapirobaa. avstriuli skolis Tanaxmad,
am SemTxvevaSi investiciebi aWarbebs danazogebs
da erovnuli danazogebis arsebuli struqtura da
moculoba ar Seesabameba axal Warb investiciebs.
arsebobs sxva mizezic. kerZod, aucilebeli informaciis
ararseboba iwvevs stiqiur sainveticio aqtivobas,
romlis drosac Zalian maRalia dausabuTebeli
investiciebis albaToba.
sabanko seqtori ekonomikis gulsisZarRvTa
sistemis rols asrulebs, sadac bankebi gulia, xolo
saangariSsworebo sistema – sisxlZarRvi. Warbi pulsi
(romelic izomeba, rogorc dakreditebis matebis tempi)
arRvevs sistemas, magram misi sisuste an sulac, misi
ararseboba iseve, rogorc cocxal organizmSi, aqac
damRupvelia.
krizisis meore ZiriTadi mizezi kreditebis
Sekvecaa, romelsac adgili aqvs ekonomikaSi pirveladi
negatiuri fonis gaZlierebis Sedegad. ciklebis
TeoriaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxia is, Tu ra
warmoadgens negatiuri movlenis dawyebis pirvelad
mizezs. SeiZleba ase vivaraudoT: kompaniebis finansuri
mdgomareobis gauareseba, sabanko sistemaSi resursebis
deficiti da normatiuli SezRudvebi, kreditebis zrdis
tempis Semcireba, vadagadacilebuli davalianebebis
pirveladi zrda da riskebis gadafaseba, finansur
bazrebze Siga da gare Sokebi an maTi kombinacia.
rogorc krizisis wina periodebis analizi
gviCvenebs, krizisebis mwvave stadias uswrebs garkveuli
85
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
moduneba, ekonomikaSi fuladi masis zrdis tempebis
Seneleba. magaliTad, aseT movlenas hqonda adgili
aSS-Si 1929 da 2008 wlebis pirvel naxevarSi. es faqti
monetaristebis mxridan daJinebuli yuradRebis
obieqtia. aseTi mdgomareoba kargad Seesabameba haiman
minskiseul ̀ finansuri simyifis~ stadias. SesaZlebelia,
rom es gamowveuli iyos `sakredito Sekvecis~ pirveli
niSnebiT. am momentSi sakmarisia umniSvnelo biZgic ki,
romelic qmnis minimalur fulad deficits, romelsac
SeuZlia masStaburi krizisis provocireba jer safondo
bazarze, Semdgom safinanso da sabanko sistemaSi, rac
iwvevs erToblivi moTxovnis mniSvnelovan Semcirebas
da ekonomikis kolafss.
yvelaze rTuli procesi, romelic iwvevs
krizisebis gaWianurebas, esaa wamgebiani investiciebis
likvidacia, kompaniebisa da bankebis gaTavisufleba
problemuri valebisagan. aseTi suraTi kidev erTxel
usvams xazs krizisuli movlenebis materialur
safuZvels. wamgebiani investiciebis maCvenebeli
makrodoneze daubrunebeli valebis wilia mTlian Siga
produqtSi, bankebis aqtivebSi, wamgebiani da gakotrebuli
firmebis wili firmebis saerTo raodenobaSi.
valTan dakavSirebiT Zvel aRTqmaSi mravladaa
warmodgenili periodulad patiebis rekomendaciebi,
aseve sasesxo procentis akrZalvebi: `yoveli meSvide
wlis Tavze gamoacxade patieba; ai, patiebis raoba:
apatios yovelma mevalem, visac rame usesxebia Tavisi
moyvasisTvis, da nurafers moTxovs Tavis moyvass an
moZmes, radgan patieba iqneba gamocxadebuli uflis
saxelze; ucxoels mosTxove, magram apatie Sens moZmes,
Tu Seni vali eqna~ (meore rjuli, 15, 1-3).1 `ar misce
sargebelSi Sens moZmes arc vercxli, arc saWmeli 1biblia, saqarTvelos sapatriarqo, Tb., 1989, gv. 177.
86
malxaz Ciqobavamalxaz Ciqobava
da arc raime nivTi, rac sargebelSi SeiZleba gaices;
ucxoels mieci sargebelSi, Sens moZmes ki nu miscem
sargebelSi, rom gikurTxos ufalma, Senma RmerTma, mTeli
Seni naamagari im qveyanaSi, romlis dasamkvidrebladac
midixar~ (meore rjuli, 23, 19-20).1
praqtikaSi nebismieri ekonomikuri krizisi
sruldeba sakuTrebis totaluri gadanawilebiT
finansuri seqtorisa da umsxvilesi kompaniebis
sasargeblod. es Zalian saintereso momentia da masze
unda gamaxvildes gansakuTrebuli yuradReba. amasTan,
ekonomikuri ciklis dinamika praqtikulad srulad
ganisazRvreba sabanko sakredito ciklis dinamikiT da
realuri seqtoris valis dagrovebiT sabanko seqtoris
mimarT. es procesi mkacrad cikluri xasiaTisaa da
ekonomikaSi zrdisa da vardnis ZiriTadi mizezia.
warmoebis sabazro wesisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
winaaRmdegoba warmoebasa da moxmarebas Soris. arsebobs,
sul mcire, sami faqtori, romelic zRudavs moTxovnisa
da miwodebis gafarToebas da ganapirobebs kidec
Tanamedrove ekonomikuri sistemis aramdgradobas:
investiciebze Semosavlianobis Semcireba, sruli
dasaqmebis miRweva da sabanko sistemis mxridan
dakreditebis SezRuduloba. mokled, ciklis Teoria
SeiZleba ase CamovayaliboT: sakredito `bumi~,
`finansuri simyife~, Warbwarmoeba da savalo krizisi.
rac Seexeba alternatiul gegmian ekonomikas,
sadac dakreditebaze gadawyvetileba miiReboda
saxelmwifos mier, depresia da finansuri krizisi,
rogorc aseTi, ar arsebobda.
meore alternatiul magaliTs warmoadgens bolo
35 wlis ganmavlobaSi mudmivi sagareo eqspansiis
fonze uwyvetad ganviTarebadi CineTis ekonomika, 1 iqve, gv. 184.
87
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
romelsac `ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis~ paralelurad
gaaCnia saxelmwifo regulirebis aSkarad gamoxatuli
specifika, sadac ZiriTadi saqmianoba finansuri
sistemisa da bunebrivi monopoliebis regulirebaa.
finansuri sistemis guls saxelmwifo bankebi
warmoadgens, romlebic axorcieleben direqtiul
dakreditebas. arsebobs SezRudvebi kapitalis
moZraobaze, konvertirebadobaze, aqcenti keTdeba
suvenerul finansur politikaze, erovnuli valutis
dominirebaze, saxelmwifo sakuTrebis dominirebaze
bunebrivi monopoliiis seqtorSi, romelic qveyanaSi
sakmaod dabali tarifebis arsebobas uzrunvelyofs.
erTi sityviT, saxezea aSkara antiliberaluri modeli,
romelic ekonomikas absoluturad mdgrad sistemad
aqcevs. yovelive es eyrdnoba iafi samuSao Zalis
uzarmazar marags, romelsac mudmivad gaaCnia dasaqmebisa
da uwyveti sagareo eqspansiis mniSvnelovani maragebi,
rac mas jerjerobiT saSualebas aZlevs gayidos
yvelaferi, rac iwarmoeba. am eqspansiis meore mxarea
ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikaSi tradiciuli
dargebis stagnacia, romlebic kargaven samuSao
adgilebs CineTis ekonomikis zrdis fonze.
miuxedavad riskisa da `gadaxurebis~ zogierTi
niSnisa, CineTis ekonomikas uwindeburad SeuZlia Tavi
daaRwios recesias, radganac misi finansuri bazrebi
daculia, saxelmwifo mzadaa nebismier momentSi
moaxdinos sabanko sistemis rekapitalizacia da
miawodos imdeni likviduroba, ramdenic saWiro iqneba.
rac Seexeba samuSao Zalas, misi maragi jerjerobiT
amouwuravia.
globaluri ekonomikuri krizisis erT-erTi
mizezi msoflio ekonomikaSi arsebuli disproporciaa,
romelic xangrZlivi drois manZilze SeniRbuli iyo
88
malxaz Ciqobavamalxaz Ciqobava
valis zrdiT, upirveles yovlisa, aSS-sa da iaponiaSi.
garda amisa, bolo 40 wlis manZilze industiulad
ganviTarebul qveynebSi yvelaze swrafad mzardi
sfero finansuri seqtori iyo, romelmac kolosalur
masStabebs miaRwia. magaliTad, aSS-Si ekonomikis
finansuri kapitalizacia 2008 wlisaTvis daaxloebiT
48 trln dolars Seadgenda, rac samjer aRemateboda am
qveynis mTlian Siga produqts. es ki imaze metyvelebs, rom
globaluri finansur-ekonomikuri krizisis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani mizezi msoflio ekonomikasa da calkeuli
qveynebis ekonomikaSi warmoqmnili struqturuli
disproporciaa, rac gulisxmobs finansuri seqtoris
mowyvetas `fizikuri ekonomikisagan~1.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba
Semdegi daskvnis gakeTeba: a) ekonomikis mdgrad
ganviTarebas unda hqondes zrdis optimaluri tempebi.
ufro maRali tempebi sistemas `gadaxurebisken~
ubiZgebs; b) zrdis optimaluri tempebi miRweul unda
iqnes saprocento ganakveTebis adekvaturi regulirebiT,
moqnili anticikluri fiskaluri politikiT; g) unda
moxdes valebis restruqturizacia, valebis SesaZlo
mTliani an Tundac nawilobrivi Camowera, aseve
maTi gaufasureba da likvidurobis SeTavazeba; d)
sainvesticio proeqtebis dafinansebis farTo arCevanis
SeTavazeba; sainvesticio proeqtebis mniSvnelobidan
gamomdinare maTi dafinansebis uzrunvelyofa
procentebis gadaxdis valdebulebis gareSe.
rogor unda daiZlios Warbwarmoebis krizisi?
cnobilia, rom didi depresiis sawyis etapze aSS-Si
adgili hqonda warmoebuli produqciis mniSvnelovani
nawilis totalur ganadgurebas milionobiT
elguja meqvabiSvili. saxelmwifos maregulirebeli roli
globaluri finansur-ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi. Jurn.,
`ekonomika da biznesi~, 2010 w., #2, gv. 21-22.
89
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
Semosavlebis gareSe darCenili adamianebis arsebobis
fonze. depresiidan gamosvla ara imdenad ruzveltis
`axalma industriulma kursma~ ganapiroba, ramdenic
manamde arnaxulma samxedro xarjebma. analogiurma
politikam dasavleT evropis qveynebSic moaxdina
erToblivi moTxovnis omisSemdgomi zrda. aRsaniSnavia,
rom maSin saxelmwifo xarjebis zrdis kvalobaze
gaizarda gadasaxadebic. sazogadoebis yvelaze
mdidarma fenebma gamoavlines maRali socialuri
TviTSegneba, gaiRes ra uzarmazari xarjebi Tavisufali
bazris sistemis stabilizaciisaTvis socialisturi
alternativisa da socialuri daZabulobis Tavidan
aridebis mizniT. magram, bolo 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi
monetarizmisa da liberalizmis zeobis dros,
gadasaxadebi aSS-Si Semcirda, xolo misi zrda
praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, rac, TavisTavad, savalo
problemas kidev ufro amwvavebs. socialisturi
sistemis mSvidobianma demontaJma negatiuri gavlena
iqonia TviT sabazro sistemaze. sabazro ekonomikis
aramdgradoba aqtualurs xdis misi dabalansebis
aucileblobas, es ki warmoudgenelia infrastruqturul
proeqtebSi, mecnierebaSi, ganaTlebaSi, jandacvasa da
sxva sferoSi saxelmwifos aqtiuri monawileobis
gareSe. kerZo seqtoris Warbi resursebis Tavisdroul
da kompetentur amoRebas ZaluZs Warbi investiciebis
nivelireba krizisul periodSi da piriqiT, saxelmwifo
xarjebis zrdiT erToblivi moTxovnis stimulirebas -
kerZo sainvesticio xarjebis deficitis kompensireba.
politikosebs, romlebsac ekonomikis idealuri
modeli warmoudgeniaT nulovani saxelmwifo
seqtoriT, ar esmiT, rom msgavsi sistema ukiduresad
arastabiluria. dReisaTvis sadavo ar unda iyos
is, rom bazari TavisTavad panacea araa da mas ar
ZaluZs srulad moaxdinos ekonomikuri saqmianobis
90
malxaz Ciqobavamalxaz Ciqobava
koordinacia, gansakuTrebiT krizisul situaciebSi,
amitomac saWiroa gonivruli saxelmwifo regulireba
da dagegmva.
Modern World Economic Crisis from the Standpoint of the Modern World Economic Crisis from the Standpoint of the Business Cycle TheoryBusiness Cycle Theory
M. ChikobavaM. ChikobavaThe work analyses the modern problems of the world economic
crises from the standpoint of the business cycle theories. The main cause of the present global crisis is a disproportion
of the world economy, which has been hidden behind the growth of national debt in for a long time fi rst of all in the USA and Japan. This disproportion is caused by a huge gap between potential possibilities of production in the USA, Japan and on the one hand and on the other hand, the adequate markets for their production. This is caused by historical desire of western countries to benefi t from the backwardness of the Third World countries and maintain their hegemony over them. This will be like a boomerang to them. Probably, economic conditions would be better in these countries if Africa, Russia, Latin America and India had more developed economy. J. Stiglitz called this “weakness in global demand”.
Those politicians who see ideal model of economy with zero public sector, don't understand that such system can be especially unstable. Nowadays there should be no doubt that market itself isn't panacea and can't completely coordinate economic activities, especially in a crisis situation. Therefore, competent and reasonable state regulation and planning is necessary.
91
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
giorgi gafrindaSviligiorgi gafrindaSvili
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tsu – is doqtorantiTsu – is doqtoranti
saxelmwifo Sesyidvebs miekuTvneba nebismieri donis
xelisuflebis organoebis da saxelmwifo organizacia
–dawesebulebebis danaxarjebis erToblioba, romelic
gaiweva sazogadoebriv saWiroebaTa dasakmayofileblad
SeZenili saqonlisa da momsaxurebis anazRaurebisTvis1.
saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis mniSvneloba izrdeba gardamava-
li ekonomikis qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi, radgan
sabazro garemoSi, saxelmwifo Semosavlebis mobilizaci-
asTan erTad, aqtualuri xdeba xarjebis gawevis raciona-
lizacia. saxsrebis efeqtiani marTvis sakuTar modelebs
saxelmwifoebi qmnian saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis sistemaze
dayrdnobiT. saxelmwifo Sesyidvebi Seadgens mTliani
Siga produqtis mniSvnelovan nawils da emsaxureba
saxelmwifo saxsrebis racionalur xarjvasa da gamWvi-
rale - konkurentuli garemos Seqmnas rogorc saxelm-
wifo, aseve biznesseqtorisaTvis. man unda uzrunvelyos
Semsyidveli organizaciisa da sazogadoebis interesebis
maqsimaluri dacva sajaroobis, racionalurobis, Tanas-
worobis, pasuxismgeblobis da efeqtianobis amaRlebis
gziT. adgilobriv bazarze saxelmwifo uwyebebis mier
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Sesyidvis aucilebloba gan-
pirobebulia imiT, rom mTavrobam SeZlos sajaro momsax-
urebis miwodebis uzrunvelyofa da masze dakisrebuli
sxva amocanebis Sesruleba. Sesyidvebis sistema sakmaod
did gavlenas axdens saxelmwifo saxsrebis efeqtian
gamoyenebaze. aseve, igi gviCvenebs sazogadoebis ndobas,
damokidebulebas rogorc xelisuflebis, aseve mwarmoe-
blebis mimarT.
saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis politikis saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis politikis
reforma da misi Sedegebi saqarTveloSireforma da misi Sedegebi saqarTveloSi
1 saxelmwifo Sesyidvebi, redaqtor-Semdgeneli T. xomeriki, ino-
vacia, Tb., 2006, gv. 216.
92
giorgi gafrindaSviligiorgi gafrindaSvili
saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi gansxvavebuli saxelm-
wifo Sesyidvebis sistemebia, rac ZiriTadad central-
izaciis sxvadasxva donesa da administrirebis xarisxiT
gamoixateba. Tumca, maT aqvT saerTo niSnebic zogadi
principebisa da gamoyenebuli meTodebis TvalsazrisiT.
saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis efeqtiani sistemis formirebi-
sa da funqcionirebisaTvis mniSvnelovania samTavrobo
kontraqtebis Sesaxeb informaciis sajaroobis da xelmi-
sawvdomobis uzrunvelyofa; aseve, saxelmwifo Sesyidve-
bis sferoSi mimwodeblebisaTvis samarTliani da sru-
lyofili konkurenciis arseboba.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, kvlevis miznad davisax-
eT Segveswavla saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis
politikis ganviTarebis etapebi, am sferoSi ganxorciele-
buli reformebi da miRebuli Sedegebi, rac saxelmwifo
Sesyidvebis politikis sferos Sefasebis safuZvels
mogvcems.
saqarTveloSi mimdinare saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis
sistemis reforma daiwyo 1998 wels, rodesac pirvelad
iqna miRebul kanoni saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis Sesaxeb.
reforma orientirebuli iyo radikaluri cvlilebebis
ekonomikuri uzrunvelyofisken da igi dRemde cvlilebe-
bisa da daxvewis procesSia. kanonis mizans warmoadgenda
saxelmwifos monitoringis arealSi moeqcia sajaro seq-
torSi ganxorcielebuli Sesyidvebi da xeli Seewyo jan-
saRi, konkurentunariani da gamWvirvale sistemis Camoya-
libebisaTvis. misi danergva sawyis etapze SeuZlebeli
gaxda, rasac saerTaSoriso normebTan harmonizaciis
mizniT 2001 wlisTvis sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi mohyva.
kanonmdeblobis mravalgvari interpretacia, maregulre-
beli kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli normebis ignorire-
ba araefeqtian xdida reformebis moqmedebas aRniSnul
sferoSi. am periodSi saxelmwifo Sesyidvebi mxolod
centraluri da adgilobrivi biujetis saxsrebiT ganx-
orcielebul Sesyidvebs moicavda, xolo sxva mniSvnelo-
vani xarjebi moZraobda kanonis miRma. Sesabamisad, kanonma
ver SeZlo sazogadoebrivi ndobis mopoveba.
saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis Sesaxeb kanonis sruly-
ofis mizniT didi finansuri da teqnikuri daxmareba iqna
93
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
gaweuli saerTaSoriso safinanso organizaciebis mxri-
dan saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis sistemur reformirebis miz-
niT.
saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis politikis instituciuri
da instumentariuli srulyofis mizniT Zireuli re-
formis etapi 2005 wels daiwyo. kanonmdeblobis didma
nawilma cvlilebebi ganicada da daiwyo reformebis
sistemuri danergva, Tumca, am mcdelobiTac ver moxerxda
saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis principebis samarTliani da gam-
Wvirvale garemos Seqmna.
saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis reformis mesame etapi 2010
wlis 1 ianvridan daiwyo. aRniSnuli reformis Sedegebi
aRiarebul iqna saerTaSoriso sazogadoebriobis mxri-
dan, amitom swored aRniSnuli etapi warmoadgens Cveni
kvlevisa da analizis sferos.
saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis sistemis reformisas gan-
isazRvra prioritetebi da moTxovnebi, romelic unda
daekmayofilebina sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebs kerZo da
saxelmwifo seqtorisaTvis. reformis ZiriTad mizans
warmoadgenda samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifo Se-
syidvebis politikis mimarT ndobis amaRleba. am miznis
misaRwevad gamoiyo ramdenime Zireuli sakiTxi:
• Sesyidvebis procedurebis maqsimaluri gamWvir-
valobis uzrunvelyofa;
• saxelmwifo finansebis racionaluri xarjvis
xelSewyoba;
• pretendentebis Sefasebisas obieqturi gadaw-
yvetilebebis uzrunvelyofa;
• Sesyidvis procesis dagegmvisa da ganxorcielebis
xarisxis gaumjobeseba;
• davebis ganxilvis efeqtiani da gamWvirvale
meqanizmis Seqmna;
• saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis sferos mimarT sazoga-
doebrivi cnobierebis/ndobis amaRleba;
• Sesyidvebis sferoSi evrokavSiris da sxva mowi-
nave qveynebis kanonmdeblobasTan etapobrivi harmoniza-
cia;
• saagentos restruqturizacia/modernizacia (HR–
sistemis, eleqtronuli dokument-brunvis sistemis dan-
94
giorgi gafrindaSviligiorgi gafrindaSvili
ergva, arqivis digitalizacia).
cvlilebebis Sedegad procedurebi da biurokra-
tiuli safexurebi minimumade Semcirda, rac reformis
erT – erTi yvelaze warmatebuli miRwevaa. aseve, 4–jer
Semcirda satendero mosakreblis gadasaxadi – 200 lar-
idan 50 laramde, ramac reformis gatarebis periodidan
saxelmwifo SesyidvebSi monawile mxareebs saxsrebis
didi ekonomia misca. mTlianobaSi, gamocxadebuli da
Catarebuli tenderebis raodenobam 48 243 erTeuli, xolo
Tanxobrivad ekonomiam 7 236 450 lari Seadgina1.
Seiqmna eleqtronuli portali da SemoRebuli
iqna eleqtronuli tenderis instrumenti, romlis mTa-
vari funqciaa Sesyidvebis procesis organizebulad
da gamWvirvaled ganxorcielebis xelSewyoba. aRniSnul
portalze daregistriebulia rogorc Semsyidveli, aseve
mimwodebeli organizaciebi da Seqmnilia maTi erTiani
sistemuri baza. erTiani eleqtronuli bazis arseboba
amartivebs Sesyidvebis procesis monawileTa Soris in-
formaciis urTierTgacvlas da formalur mxareebs.
Semsyidveli organizaciebi portalze aqveyneben
TavianT winadadebebs, rac informaciulad xelmisawvdo-
mia yvela dainteresebuli pirisaTvis. kanoniT, Sesasyidi
saqonlisa Tu momsaxurebis Tanxobrivi moculobidan
gamodinare, gansazRvrulia tenderis tipebi, rac Sem-
dgom aisaxeba satendero dokumentacis atvirTvis vadaze,
vaWrobis gamocxadebaze, gamarjvebulis gamovlenasa da
xelSekrulebis gaformebaze.
aRniSnuli reformis Sedegad Semsyidvel organiza-
ciebs miecaT Sesyidvebis muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli sa-
biujeto xarjebis gamWvirvaled da racionalurad xar-
jvis SesaZlebloba. SesaZlebelia satendero winadade-
baSi miTiTebuli savaraudo fasebis Semcireba, rac Semsy-
idveli organizaciebisTvis Zalian mimzidveli Sedegia.
auqcionis wesiT monawile mimwodebel organizaciebs
uwevT fasis dakleba tenderSi gamarjvebulis statusis
mopovebisa da saqonlisa Tu momsaxurebis faqtobri-
vi fasis gansazRvris mizniT. savaraudo da faqtobriv
1 www.sps.ge
95
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
fasebs Soris gansxvavebiT miRebulma ekonomiam, 2010 wli-
dan 2012 wlis maisis CaTvliT, 300 mln laramde Seadgina,
rac imas niSnavs, rom reformis Sedegad sajaro seqtorSi
sakmaod didi Tanxis ekonomia gakeTda da Semsyidvel or-
ganizaciebs gamoTavisuflebuli saxsrebis sxva mizniT
gamoyenebis saSualeba miecaT.
aRniSnulma sistemam mimwodebel organizaciebs sa-
Sualeba misca gamWvirvale konkurenciul garemoSi mi-
iRon monawileoba saxelmwifo SesyidvebSi da warmoadgi-
non TavianTi saqoneli an momsaxureba TavianTvis sasur-
veli pirobebiT. aseve, SeuZliaT winaswar gansazRvron
da dagegmon TavianTi biznesinteresebi, Tu ra mxriv ga-
naviTaron da gaaZlieron saqmianobis areali. analizis
safuZvels maT aZlevs is mimdinare da Caterebuli ten-
derebis statistika, romelic mocemuli da xelisawvdo-
mia sainformacio eleqtronul portalze.
reformis mniSvnelovani Sedegia Sesyidvebis pro-
cesis gamWirvalobis uzrunvelyofa. Sesyidvebisas war-
moqmnili davebis, uTanxmoebebisa da uzustobebis daregu-
lirebis mizniT, saagentoSi iqmneba sabWo, romlis Semad-
genlobaSic paritetuli principis safuZvelze Sedian
saagentosa da arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgenlebi.
davebis ganmxilveli sabWos Semadgenloba da saqmiano-
bis wesis gansazRvra moxda kanonqvemdebare normatiuli
aqtiT.
davebis warmoSobisas Semsyidvel organizacias an
saagentos gamoaqvs dasabuTebuli werilobiTi gadaw-
yvetileba da acnobebs mas momCivans, saCivris miRebidan
ara ugvianes 10 samuSao dRisa. saagentos gadawyvetileb-
is cnobebad CaiTvleba gadawyvetilebis gamoqveyneba
saagentos oficialur vebgverdze.
sistemis efeqtiani funqcionirebisTvis mniSvnelo-
vania arakeTilsindisieri mimwodebeli organizaciebis
gamovlena saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis sistemaSi da maT mi-
marT sanqciebis gatareba. am mizniT, kanoniT ganisazRvra
Savi siis warmoebis aucilebloba, romelSic xvdeba is
organizaciebi, romlebic kanondarRveviT cdiloben Sesy-
idvebSi monawileobas. Sav siaSi moxvedril organizacie-
bs 1 wlis manZilze ekrZalebaT ekonomikuri saqmianoba
96
giorgi gafrindaSviligiorgi gafrindaSvili
da es informacia xelisawvdomia nebismieri dainterese-
buli pirisaTvis.
2012 wlis 1 maisidan, aseve, daiwyo keTilsindisieri
mimwodeblebis TeTri siis warmoeba rac biznesseqtori-
saTvis keTilsindisieri qmedebis motivaciis gamomwvevi
gadawyvetilebaa. dRemde TeTr siaSi moxvda 2 organiza-
cia, xolo Sav siaSi – 284 mimwodebeli subieqti1.
aucilebelia SevexoT konsolidirebul tenders,
romelic mTavrobis gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze saxelm-
wifo Sesyidvebis saagentom Caatara navTobproduqtebT-
an mimarTebiT. ganisazgvra sami gamarjvebuli kompania
romelTanac xelSekrulebis gaformebis saSuleba miecaT
Semsyidvel organizaciebs eleqtronuli tenderis ganx-
orcielebis gareSe. am gadawyvetilebam didi SeRavaTi
misca Semsyidvel organizaciebs, radgan am mxriv gamocx-
adebuli eleqtronuli tenderebis umravlesoba iSle-
boda safondo birJaze navTobproduqtebis fasis swrafi
cvalebadobis mizeziT.
amrigad, saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis sferoSi gatare-
buli reformebis Sefasebis Sedegad SegviZlia daskvnaT,
rom aRniSnuli sferos sworad regulirebis da Se-
sabamisi politikis gatarebis gziT SesaZlebelia qveya-
naSi moxdes sabiujeto xarjebis racionalurad da gamW-
virvaled gankargva. aseve, biznesseqtors eZleva bazarze
konkurenciis pirobebSi damkvidrebisa da winaswari ana-
lizis gakeTebis saSualeba.
State procurement policy, reforms and resultes in Georgia State procurement policy, reforms and resultes in Georgia
G. GaprindashviliG. GaprindashviliThe importance of state procurements is increasing in transition
economies, including Georgia, as in terms of market environment along with the mobilization of state, the issue of rationalizing expenditures becomes crucial. Based on the evaluation of the reforms implemented in Georgia re-garding the state procurement, we can conclude that it’s possible to manage budget expenses in a rational and transparent way through proper regulation and appropriate policy. In addition, for the business sector it becomes pos-sible to make preliminary analysis in a competitive environment.1 www.sps.ge
97
mikro-makroekonomika
saerTaSoriso strategiuli saerTaSoriso strategiuli
dagegmva mravalerovnul dagegmva mravalerovnul
kompaniebSikompaniebSi
daviT niJaraZe,daviT niJaraZe,
ivane javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-is doqtorantiivane javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-is doqtoranti
strategiuli menejmenti aris organizaciis
ZiriTadi misiisa da grZelvadiani miznebis gansazRvris,
Semdgom am miznebis miRwevisaTvis aucilebeli samoqmedo
gegmis implementaciis procesi. Tavdapirvelad
mravalerovnuli kompaniebis (mk) umetesobaSi strategiis
realizaciaze pasuxismgebloba umaRlesi rgolis
menejerebs ekisrebodaT. saSualo rgolis menejerebis
roli ki strategiuli dagegmvis procesSi SedarebiT
umniSvnelo iyo. Tumca, Tanamedrove kompaniebma
gaacnobieres, rom aRniSnul procesSi CarTuli unda
iyos yvela rgolis menejeri.1 cnobili avtomobilebis
mwarmoebeli kompania `Volvo’’-s vice prezdentma Siga
strategiuli komunikaciebis dargSi Carli nordblamma2
aRmoaCina, rom sanam gundis wevrebs gaacnobdnen axal
strategiul gegmas, yvelaze kompetenturi, enTuziazmiT
aRsavse da efeqturi menejerebi iyvnen isini, vinc
CarTuli iyo dagegmarebis mTlian procesSi. `Volvo’’-s msgavsad iqceva misi konkurenti `BMW’’, romelic
strategiuli da operaciuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
dros axdens yvela donis menejerebis integracias.3
strategiuli dagegmvis upiratesobebi.strategiuli dagegmvis upiratesobebi.
mk-ebis umetesoba darwmunebulia, rom strate-
1Hotget R.M., Luthans F., International Management: Culture, Strategy and Be-havior, 2012, p. 271.2 http://www.volvologistics.com3 Charlie Nordblom, “Involving Middle Managers in Strategy at Volvo Group,” Stra-tegic Communication Management 10, no. 2 (February–March 2006), p. 26–29.
98
daviT niJaraZedaviT niJaraZe
giuli dagegmva saqmianobis warmatebis umniSvnelovanesi
faqtoria da cdilobs mis gamoyenebas rogorc saTavo
ofisSi, aseve filialebSic. statistikis Tanxamad, mk-ebis
70% iyenebs strategiul dagegmvas, raTa gansazRvros
firmis saqmianoba Semdgomi 5-10 wlis ganmavlbaSi.1 imaze
Tu ramdenad sasargebloa da exmareba strategiuli
dagegmva saerTaSoriso kompaniebs globalur bazarze
warmatebis miRwevaSi, dResdReobiT calsaxa pasuxi
ar arsebobs. Tumca faqtia, rom mk-ebis umravlesobas
strategiuli gegma exmareba sakuTari biznessaqmianobis
koordinaciaSi. aseTi saqmianoba ki umetes SemTxvevaSi
moicavs TiTqmis mTel msoflios. strategiuli gegma
mk-ebs aseve saSualebas aZlevs gaiTvaliswinos da
daZlios iseTi problemebi, romelic dakavSirebulia
politikur riskebTan, konkurenciasTan, valutebis
kursis arastabilurobasTan da a.S.
strategiis formirebasa da impelmentaciasTan strategiis formirebasa da impelmentaciasTan
dakavSirebuli midgomebi.dakavSirebuli midgomebi.
saerTaSoriso menejmentSi arsebobs strategiuli
dagegmvisadmi oTxi zogadi midgoma:
ekonomikur imperativze dafuZnebuli midgoma;1.
politikur imperativze dafuZnebuli midgoma;2.
xarisxis imperativze dafuZnebuli midgoma;3.
danergvisa da administraciul koordinaciaze 4.
dafuZnebuli midgoma.
ekonomikur imperativze dafuZnebuli midgoma.ekonomikur imperativze dafuZnebuli midgoma.
mk-ebi, romlebic koncentrirdebian ekonomikur
imperativze iyeneben iseT saerTaSoriso strategias,
romelic emyareba liderobas danaxarjebis mixedviT,
diferenciaciasa da segmentirebas. am SemTxvevaSi
saSualo rgolis menejerebi asruleben mniSvnelovan
rols kompaniis mogebis zrdis stimulirebaSi. ase, rom
msgavsi Zalisxmevis gaZliereba warmoadgens aucilebel
1 Barry Hopewell, “Strategic Management: A Multi-perspectiveApproach,” Long Range Planning 36, no. 4 (July 2003), p. 317.
99
mikro-makroekonomika
instruments, romelic unda icodes Tanamedrove
menejerma.1 mk-ebis umravlesoba, romelic ekonomikur
imperativs efuZneba, yidis iseT produqcias, romlis
Rirebuleba mrewvelobaSi Seqmnilia zemoT mimarTuli
RirebulebaTa jaWvis mixedviT. RirebulebaTa jaWvi
ki es aris procesi, romelic grZeldeba kompaniis mier
nedleulis SeZenidan mza produqciis momxmarebelze
gadecmamade. merewvelobis aseT dargebs miekuTvneba
saavtomobilo, qimiuri, energetikuli sistemebi, foladi
da a.S. ekonomikur imperativze dafuZnebul midgomas
mimarTaven iseTi cnobili mk-ebi, rogoricaa: `IBM’’, `Ap-ple’’ da `Compaq’’-i. 2
politikur imperativze dafuZnebuli midgoma. politikur imperativze dafuZnebuli midgoma.
am SemTxvevaSi mk-ebi strategiuli gegmis for-
mulirebasa da danergvas axdenen iseTi strategiis
gamoyenebiT, romelic gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva qvey-
nisaTvis da igi ZiriTadad mimarTulia adgilobri-
vi bazrebis niSebis dasacavad. mk-ebis mier am dros
gayiduli saqoneli warmoebulia RirebulebaTa jaWvs
qvemoT mimarTuli saqmianobis Sedegad. aseTi saqmiano-
bis magaliTebia sadazRvevo da finansuri saqmianoba,
samomxmareblo produqciis warmoeba da a.S. aRniSnu-
li saqonlis an momsaxurebis warmatebas ganapirobebs
swori marketinguli politika, rogorc wesi, msgavsi in-
dustriebi iyeneben konkretul qveyanaze fokusirebul
an multi-adgilobriv strategias.
qveyanaze fokusirebuli strategiis sakmaod kargi
magaliTia induri gamagrilebeli sasmeli `Thums Up’’. misi warmoeba daiwyo 1977 wels kompaniam `Parle’’. 1993
1Johanna Mair, “Exploring the Determinants of Unit Performance:The Role of Middle Managers in Stimulating Profi t Growth,”Group & Organization Manage-ment 30, no. 3 (June 2005), p. 263–288.2Hotget R.M., Luthans F., International Management: Culture, Strategy and Be-havior, 2012, p. 273.
100
daviT niJaraZedaviT niJaraZe
wels igi 60 mln dolarad SeiZina `Coca-Cola’’- m.1 Tumca,
aRniSnuli kompaniis aqciebi maleve gayida da datova
indoeTis bazari. momdevno aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi
`Thums Up’’, romelsac gaaCnia koka-kolas mgavsi gemo, gaxda yvelaze popularuli da gayidvadi gamagrilebe-
li sasmeli sakuTar qveyanaSi. Semdeg `Coca-Cola’’ kvlav
dabrunda indur bazarze, isev SeiZina xsenebuli bren-
di da gadawyvita misi ukana planze gadatana da sana-
cvlod sakuTari markebis win waweva, Tumca, msoflios
mraval qveyanaSi warmatebulma sasmelma amjerad momxa-
mrebalTa interesi ver gamoiwvia, radgan `Thums Up’’ myarad inarCunebda popularobas da gayidvebis maRal
maCvenebls. garda amisa, man SeamCnia, rom misi konku-
renti `PePsi’’ am viTarebiT Zalin kargad sargeblobda.
sabolood, `Coca-Cola’’-m adgilobrivi bazris moTxov-
nebidan gamomdinare, Secvala sakuTari strategia da
koncentrireba moaxdina kvlav `Thums Up’’- ze, romelic
dResdReobiT indoeTSi yvelaze swarafad mzardi da
gayidvadi brendia. rogorc dakvirvebebma aCvena, dRes-
dReobiT ̀ Coca-Cola’’ aRniSnuli markis warmoebaze ufro
mets xarjavs, vidre sakuTar produqtebze.2
xarisxis imperativze dafuZnebuli midgoma.xarisxis imperativze dafuZnebuli midgoma.
am SemTxvevaSi xarisxis imperativi warmodgenilia
ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT:
1. damokidebulebis Secvla da molodinis gazrda
momsaxurebis xarisxisadmi;
2. iseTi praqtikuli nabijebis gadadgma menej-
mentSi, romelic mowodebuli iqneba gadaaqcios xaris-
xis gaumjobeseba uwyvet procesad. es ukanaskneli ki
gulisxmobs e.w. xarisxis marTvis totaluri sistemis
danergvas.
1 http://www.coca-colaindia.com/products/thumsup.html2 http://www.brandchannel.com/features_profi le.asp?pr_id=211
101
mikro-makroekonomika
xarisxis totaluri menejmenti moicavs saqmia-
nobis mTel speqtrs, dawyebuli strategiis formuli-
rebidan, misi ganxorcielebiT damTavrebuli. xarisxis
totaluri menejmenti SeiZleba ganisazRvros Semdeg-
nairad:
totaluri xarisxi miiRweva momxmarebelTa mo-1.
lodinis gamarTlebiT an gadaWarbebiT;
xarisxis strategia formulirdeba umaRlesi 2.
donis menejerebis mier da Semdgom igi miewodeba or-
ganizaciis yvela rgolsa da struqturas;
xarisxis uzrunvelyofis teqnikaSi gamoiyeneba 3.
yvela meTodi, dawyebuli tradiciuli inspeqtirebidan
da xarisxis kontrolis statistikidan, adamianuri re-
sursebis menejmentis Tanamedrove meTodebiT damTa-
vrebuli.
cnobili mk-ebis umravlesobisaTvis xarisxis kon-
troli strategiis Semadgeneli nawilia, vinaidan igi
bazris wilisa da mogebis maCveneblis gazrdis arsebi-
Ti faqtoria1.
sakuTari standartebis SemuSavebisas msxvili
korporaciebi eyrdnobian xarisxis iseT standartebs,
rac SemuSavebulia standartizaciis msoflio orga-
nizacia ISO-s mier. ISO aris umsxvilesi organizacia,
romelic awesebs saerTaSoriso satandartebs. igi war-
modgenilia 163 qveyanaSi da saTavo ofisi ganTavsebu-
lia qalaq JenevaSi, romlic koordinacias uwevs aRniS-
nul warmomadgenlobebs.
ISO 9000 - xarisxis menjmentis seriis standar-tebis kompleqsi moicavs xarisxis marTvis mTeli sis-
temis standartizacias da gamoiyenebas evrokavSirsa
da msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi Semavali qveynebis
mier.2
1 Hotget R.M., Luthans F., International Management: Culture, Strategy and Behavior, 2012, p. 275-276.2 http://www.iso.org/iso/about.htm
102
daviT niJaraZedaviT niJaraZe
xarisxis imperativis magaliTad ganvixiloT vi-
deoTamaSebis eleqtromowyobilobaTa industriaSi
funqcionirebadi mk `Nintendo‘’, romelic yovelTvis
imyofeboda misi konkurenti cnobili kompania `Sony‘’-is saerTaSoriso bazarze warmatebis CrdilqveS. es
ukanaskneli awarmoebs videoTamaSebis sakmaod cnobil
brends _ `PlayStation‘’-s. mogvianebiT, `Nintendo‘’ mis ki-dev erT konkurent firma `Wii‘’-ze dakvirvebis Sede-gad, rasac, Tavis mxriv, saerTaSoriso menejmentSi ben-
Cmarkingi ewodeba, mivida im daskvnamde, rom mocemul
SemTxvevaSi efeqturi iqneboda produqciis xarisxis
imperativze dafuZnebuli strategiis ganxorciele-
ba. Sedgead `Nintendo‘’-m sakuTar warmoebaSi danerga
xarisxis saerTaSorisoOstandartebi, riTac uzrunve-
lyo sakuTari elqtromowyobilebebis maRali xarisxi,
aman ki MmkveTrad Seasusta `Sony‘’-is lideris pozicia
globalur bazarze.Yyovelive amas aseve xeli Seuwyo
`Sony‘’-is mier gamoSvebulma videoTamaSebis axali mo-
delis `PlayStation 3’’-is warumateblobam.
administraciul koordinaciaze dafuZnebuli administraciul koordinaciaze dafuZnebuli
midgoma. midgoma.
administarciul koordinaciaze agebuli stra-
tegia gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac mk-ebi gadawyvetile-
bas iReben calkeuli situaciidan gamomdinare da ara
winaswar ganasazRvruli ekonomikuri an politikuri
strategiis gaTvaliswinebiT.1
globaluri strategiis ganxorcielebisas saq-
mianobis koordinacia konkurentuli upiratesobis mo-
povebis sakmaod kargi SesaZleblobaa. koordinaciis
upiratesobaa codnisa da gamocdilebis dagroveba, ro-
melic sxvadasxva adgilidan moipoveba. koordinacias
SeuZlia firmis produqciis diferenciaciis gaZliere-
ba. mobiluri da mravalerovnuli klientebis momsaxu-
1 Hotget R.M., Luthans F., International Management: Culture, Strategy and Behavior, 2012, p. 277.
103
mikro-makroekonomika
rebis unari sakmaod mniSvnelovani argumentia ganyofi-
lebaTa saqmianobis kargi koordinaciis sasargeblod.
sxvadasxva ganyofilebis SeTanxmebul saqmiano-
bas xels uSlis organizaciuli xasiaTis sirTuleebi,
firmisa da filialebis interesebis SeTanxmebis siZne-
leebi, kulturuli da enobrivi barierebi.1
magaliTad, cnobilma amerikulma kompaniam _ `Wal-mart’’, romelic flobs fasdaklebis maRaziaTa qsels
msoflios mraval qveyanaSi, operireba daiwyo laTinu-
ri amerikis regionSi, risTvisac gamoiyena igive stra-
tegia, rac ukve warmatebiT hqonda ganxorcielebuli
CrdiloeT amerikis bazarze, Tumca, igi male mixvda, rom
aq momxmarebelTa gemovneba radikalurad gansxvavdebo-
da wina regionisagan. amis Semdeg mas mouwia sakuTari
strategiis koordinacia da adaptacia axali regionis
ekonomikur da kulturul maxasiaTeblebTan. Sedegad
2003 wels saerTaSoriso operaciebis moculoba am re-
gionSi 25-30%-iT gaizarda. `Walmart’’-i dResdReobiT
warmodgenilia msoflios 27 qveyanaSi da 2012 wlis
monacemebiT, misi gayidvebis moculobam 444 mlrd do-
lars gadaaWarba.2
globaluri da regionuli strategiebi. globaluri da regionuli strategiebi.
saerTaSoriso strategiuli menejmentis aspeqtiT,
bunebrivad ismis kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, mk-ebma globaluri
strategia unda ganaxorcielon Tu regionuli.
saerTaSoriso menejmentSi am movlenas ewodeba
,,konfliqti globalizaciasa da erovnul gamoZaxils
Soris’’. globalizacia, anu globaluri integracia
aris homogenuri tipis da xarisxis produqciis an
momsaxurebis warmoeba da gasaReba msoflios masStabiT.
swored homogenur produqciaze momxmarebelTa mzardi
moTxovna ganapirobebs saerTaSoriso samomxmareblo
bazris gafarToebas. am SemTxvevaSi konkurentuli upi-1Пивоваров С, Тарасевич Л. Международный менеджмент, 2008, с. 266.2 http://www.walmartstores.com/AboutUs/7606.aspx
104
daviT niJaraZedaviT niJaraZe
ratesobani ivseba upiratesobebiT, romelic Cndeba sxva
qveynebSi. es iTvaliswinebs saqmianobis mniSvnelovan
masStabs, ramac unda Seamciros danaxarjebi samecnie-
ro-kvleviT da sakonstruqtoro samuSaoebze da ama-
vdroulad gamoyenebul iqnes mecnierebis ukanaskneli
miRwevebi. ZiriTadi amocanaa mizanTa jaWvis gansazRvra
da saqmianobis ganxorcieleba msoflio masStabiT.
erovnul gamoZaxilze reagireba (mravalerovnu-
li strategia) ki warmoadgens segmentirebul, regio-
nul bazrebze momxmarebelTa gansxvavebuli gemovnebis
amocnobasa da sxvadasxva erovnuli standartebis, da-
moukidebeli mTavrobebis da saagentoebis mier SemuSa-
vebuli moTxovnebis dacvas. aseTi strategiis mizania
strategiuli midgomebis misadageba yoveli qveynis pi-
robebTan, sadac ki saqmianobs firma. es niSnavs mizno-
briv qveynebSi iuridiulad damoukidebeli kompaniebis
Seqmnas, iseTi kerZo strategiebis SemuSavebas, romle-
bic Seesabameba mocemuli qveynis pirobebs, minimaluri
koordinaciiT, anda mnk-s SigniT koordinaciis saerTod
ar arsebobiT. mocemul strategias axasiaTebs aseve
adgilobriv momwodeblebze orientireba da erovnuli
moTxovnis, kulturisa da qveynis Cveulebebis specifi-
kisadmi sruli adaptireba.1
arsebobs dargebi, sadac aris rogorc mravale-
rovnuli, aseve globaluri konkurenciis segmentebi.
magaliTad, gemebis Zravebis sapoxi zeTebis warmoeba
gamoirCeva globaluri konkurenciiT, radgan gemebs
erTnairi momsaxureba sWirdebaT dedamiwis nebismier
portSi. avtomobilis Zravis zeTebis segmenti ki mra-
valerovnuli konkurenciiT xasiaTdeba, radgan didi
mniSvneloba aqvs klimatur pirobebs, erovnul stan-
dartebs, transportirebis maRal xarjebs da masSta-
bis ekonomiis SezRudul SesaZleblobebs. gemis Zra-
vebis sapoxi zeTebis segmentSi arsebobis SenarCuneba
SeZles mxolod msoflio liderebma: ‘’Exxon’’, ‘’British 1 Hotget R.M., Luthans F., International Management: Culture, Strategy and Be-havior, 2012, p. 277-278.
105
mikro-makroekonomika
Petrolium’’, ‘’Shell’’, saavtomobilo zeTebs ki warmatebiT
uSvebs erovnul bazarze funqcionirebadi firmebi, ro-
goricaa-‘’Pennzoil’’-aSS-Si, ‘’Castrol’‘-did britaneTSi da
sxva.
mravlerovnuli konkurencia moiTxovs mravale-
rovnul korporaciul strategias, globaluri ki _
globalur strategias.1
globalizaciasa da erovnul specifikur globalizaciasa da erovnul specifikur
moTxovnebze reagirebis matrica. moTxovnebze reagirebis matrica.
globalizaciasa da erovnul specifikur
moTxovnebze reagireba konceptualurad SeiZleba
warmovadginoT organzomilebiani matricis saxiT (ix.
diagrama 1).2
diagramaze vertikaluri RerZi aRniSnavs ekonomi-
kuri integraciis dones, anu globalizacias. mocemul
RerZze rac ufro zeviT avdivarT, miT ufro didia
ekonomikuri integraciis xarisxi. globalizacia, um-
1Пивоваров С, Тарасевич Л. Международный менеджмент, 2008, с. 267.2 Christopher A. Bartlett and Sumantra Ghoshal, ManagingAcross Borders: The Trans-national Solution , 2nd ed. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1998, p. 309.
diagrama 1. globalizaciasa da erovnul specifikur
moTxovnebze reagirebis matrica
globalizacia (integracia)
erovnuli gamoZaxili (diferenciacia)
maRali dabali
3.
transnacionalu-
ri strategia
4.
multi -
adgilobrivi
strategia
dabali
maRali
1.
globaluri
strategia
2.
saerTaSoriso
strategia
106
daviT niJaraZedaviT niJaraZe
etes SemTxvevaSi, warmoSobs masStabis ekonomias da
mk sargebels iRebs gamoSvebul produqciaze klebadi
danaxarjebis donisgan.
horizontaluri RerZi zomavs mk-sadmi wayenebul
erovnul specifikur moTxovnebze reagirebis dones. igi
mk-s miuTiTebs, rom maT unda gaiTvaliswinon adgilo-
brivi bazris gemovneba, ekonomikuri da samarTlebrivi
regulaciebi, ris Sedegadac SeiZleba miviRoT bazris
geografiuli danawileba.
pirveli da meoTxe kvadratebi warmoadgens um-
artives mdgomareobas. pirvel kvadratSi, integraciis
saWiroeba aris maRali, xolo diferanciaciis (erovnu-
li gamoZaxili) - dabali. aseTi saxis biznesgaremoSi
yvelaze xSirad xdeba kompaniebis Serwyma da SeZena.
amis sawinaaRmdego mdgomareobaa gamosaxuli meoTxe
kvadratze - multilokaluri mdgomareobis maCvene-
beli. am SemTxvevaSi mk ignorirebas ukeTebs masStabis
ekonomias da cdilobs sakuTari produqciis bazarze
adaptacias, raTa daakmayofilos moTxovnis maRali
done.
meore da mesame kvadarati ufro rTul garemos
gamoxatavs. meore kvadrati gansazRvravs iseT SemTx-
vevas, romelSic moTxovnebi integraciisa da diferen-
ciaciis mimarT dabalia, masStabis ekonomiis saWiroeba
da diferenciaciis mimarT mgrZnobeloba umniSvneloa.
meore kvadratis garemos Sesabamisi tipuri strate-
giebi xasiaTdeba produqciisa da momsaxurebis mzardi
saerTaSoriso standartizebiT. msgavsi situacia xazs
usvavs xarisxis kontrolsa da menejmentis mier miRe-
buli gadawyvetilebebis centralizacias.1
mesame kvadratSi moTxovnebi integraciisa da
diferenciaciisadmi maRalia, ris gamoc SemTxvevaSi mk-
ebis mier marketinguli saqmianobis ganxorcielebis
proceSi warmoiSoba warmoebis integraciis aucile-
1Гриффин Р. Пастей М. Международный бизнес, 2006, с. 556-558.
107
mikro-makroekonomika
bloba regionuli diferenciaciis moTxovnebTan. mk-s,
romelic cdilobs miaRwios aRniSnul miznebs, ewodeba
transnacionaluri strategiis mqone kompania.
strategiis SemuSavebis ZiriTadi etapebi.strategiis SemuSavebis ZiriTadi etapebi.
strategiuli dagegmvis saWiroebebi, sargebeli,
midgomebi da Taviseburebebi aTvlis wertilebia
strategiis Camoyalibebis procesSi. mk-ebSi strategi-
uli dagegmvis procesi SeiZleba daiyos sam ZiriTad
etapad (ix. diagrama 2 )1:
gare garemos analizi, raTa dadgindes SesaZle-1.
blobebi da safrTxeebi;
kompaniis Sida resursebis analzi, raTa dadg-2.
indes susti da Zlieri mxareebi;
garemosa da Siga resursebis analizis safuZ-3.
velze Sesabamisi miznebis Camoyalibeba.
diagrama 2. mk-ebSi strategiis SemuSavebis etapebi
kompaniis garemos analizi. amis mizania menej-
ments miawodos zusti prognozi im cvlilebebisa da
tendenciebis Sesaxeb, rac mimdinareobs im geografiul
regionebSi, sadac kompania awarmoebs bizness an geg-
1Hotget R.M., Luthans F., International Management: Culture, Strategy and Be-havior, 2012, p. 278-280.
108
daviT niJaraZedaviT niJaraZe
mavs saqmianobis dawyebas. es cvlilebebi dakavSire-
bulia ekonimikur, politikur, socialur, teqnologiur,
saxelmwifo maregulerebel da sabazro faqtorebTan
(ix. diagrama 3).1
diagrama 3. organizaciaze moqmedi gare faqtorebi
Siga resursebis analizi. strategiis Camoyalibe-
bisas zogierTi mk garemos analizis Semdeg, atarebs Siga resursebis analizs. zogierTi ki-orive analizs
erTdroulad atarebs. Siga resursebis analizi exmare-
ba komanias Seafasos arsebuli menejeruli, teqnikuri,
materialuri da finansuri siZliere, raTa gamoavli-
nos Zlieri da susti mxareebi. menejmentSi aRniSnul
process SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analizs uwodeben, romelic xazs usvavs imas, rom kom-
paniam sworad unda Seafasos sakuTari Zlieri da sus-
ti mxareebi, SesaZleblobebi da safrTxeebi.2
1Kendra S. Albright, “Environmental Scanning: Radar for Success,” Information Management Journal 38, no. 3 (May/June 2004), p. 42.2 artur a. tomsoni umc., a. j. striklendi. strategiuli me-
nejmenti: koncefciebi da biznessituaciebi, SoTa rusTavelis
saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 2010, gv. 175.
109
mikro-makroekonomika
miznebis Camoyalibeba. praqtikaSi, miznebis dasaxva
xSirad uswrebs gare da Siga garemos analizs. Tumca,
strategiuli dagegmarebisaTvis specifikuri miznebi
swored garemosa da Siga resursebis analziis Sed-
egad gamoikveTeba. mk isaxavs sxvadasxva mizans, Tumca,
unda aRiniSnos, rom dResdReobiT mk miznebSi momgebi-
anobasa da marketingul saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli
sakiTxebi mudam dominirebs.
strategiis ganxorcieleba. strategiuli gegmis
Camoylibebis Semdeg iwyeba ganxorcilebis anu dan-
ergvis etapi. strategiis ganxrocieleba saqonlis an
momsaxurebis miwodebaa dasaxuli gegmis Tanaxmad. sak-
maod xSirad, aseTi gegma dafuZnebulia marTvis pro-
cesebis saerTo filosofiasa da principebze. saerTa-
Soriso menejmenti mxedvelobaSi iRebs mk-is strate-
giis ganxorcielebis sam zogad mimarTulebas:
mk-m unda gadawyvitos Tu sad ganaxorcielebs 1.
saqmianobas;
unda daisaxos konkretul bazarze Sesvlis 2.
strategia;
menejmentma unda ganaxorcielos funqciuri 3.
strategiebi iseT umniSvnelovanes sferoebSi, rogori-caa: marketingi, warmoeba da finansebi.1
amrigad, Tanamedrove etapze biznesis strategiis
mniSvneloba mkveTrad gaizarda. mkacri konkurencii-
sa da mudmivad cvalebadi garemos pirobebSi, mk-m war-
matebis misaRwevad unda SeimuSaos swori strategia,
romelic dafuZnebuli iqneba ara marto misi Siga po-
tencialis maqsimalur gamoyenebaze, aramed konkuren-
tuli upiratesobis mopovebaze.
menejerebis arCevani konkretul strategiaze, es
aris ama Tu im kompaniis Semdgomi ganviTarebis Sesa-
1 Hotget R.M., Luthans F., International Management: Culture, Strategy and Behavior, 2012, p. 284.
110
daviT niJaraZedaviT niJaraZe
Zlo gzebi.
strategiis gareSe kompanias ar aaqvs mofiqrebuli
moqmedebis gegma da Sesabamisad ar gaaCnia gzamkvlevi
saerTaSoriso biznesSi, anu ar arsebobs sasurveli
Sedegebis miRwevis erTiani programa.
International Strategic Planning International Strategic Planning in Multinational Companiesin Multinational Companies
D. Nizharadze D. Nizharadze The article discusses strategic planning process in multinational
companies, its stages, importance and infl uence on achieving success in international market. It also covers modern approaches to strategic plan-ning, which is based on political, economical and quality imperatives and administrative coordination. The article provides specifi c examples of the strategies and approaches the successful multinational companies like Volvo, BMW, IBM, Apple, Compaq, Nintendo, Thums Up, Coca-Cola, Walmart and others use to increase competitiveness in the global market.
The article pays special attantion to the stages of strategy devel-opment in multinational companies, selecting global and regional strate-gies and their comparative analysis. This issue is illustrated with the matrix of responding to globalization and national specifi c demands in accordance with matrix.
111
mikro-makroekonomika
Г. М. Яблучанска, Г. М. Яблучанска, Докторант Тбилисского государственного Докторант Тбилисского государственного
университета им. И. Джавахишвилиуниверситета им. И. Джавахишвили
Фармацевтический рынок занимает одно из главных мест в социальной политике государства и все страны в той или иной мере пытаются регулировать его с целью сделать медикаменты максимально доступными для населения. Каждая страна выбирает наиболее приемлемую для себя стратегию, ставя акценты на кон-троле входных цен, фиксировании наценок, создании списка рефе-ральных цен и др.
Грузия не стала исключением, выбрав для этого, однако, достаточно беспрецендентный способ. Правительство страны 22 октября 2009 года издало указ №188, вносящий принципиальные изменения в функционирование фармацевтического рынка. Осо-бенностью стало не жесткое регулирования цен и наценок, а, на-против, максимальная либерализация регистрации лекарственных средств и разрешение параллельного импорта из списка утвержден-ных стран. Указом определен список стран, из которых разрешает-ся ввоз лекарственных средств (ЛС) в режиме допуска, в составе: США, Австралия, Австрия, Новая Зеландия, Бельгия, Болгария, Германия, Дания, Великобритания, Эстония, Испания, Ирландия, Италия, Япония, Исландия, Канада, Кипр, Корея, Люксембург, Лат-вия, Литва, Мальта, Норвегия, Нидерланды, Португалия, Польша, Румыния, Франция, Словения, Словакия, Греция, Венгрия, Фин-ляндия, Швеция, Швейцария, Чехия.
Реакция фармацевтического Реакция фармацевтического рынка Грузии на облегчение ввоза рынка Грузии на облегчение ввоза
лекарственных средствлекарственных средств
112
Г. М. ЯблучанскаГ. М. ЯблучанскаДо этого рынок работал, в основном, по прямым эксклюзив-
ным контрактам между отдельно взятыми дистрибьюторами и произ-водителями, за исключением некоторых компаний-призводителей, которые были в партнерстве одновременно с несколькими дистри-бьюторами. Такая ситуация приводила к формированию высоких розничных цен на медикаменты и практически исключала внутрен-нюю конкуренцию1 Разрешенное одновременное присутствие на рынке упаковок из разных стран на один препарат создает условия для разрушения эксклюзивности контрактов, появления в Грузии новых компаний-импортеров, инициирует поискновых поставщи-ков с новых рынков, предлагающих наименьшую цену.
Указ, ожидается, должен сломать состоявшуюся на годы не-зависимости, фактически, монополию на рынке и включить нор-мальные конкурентные механизмы, спровоцировав, в конечном итоге, падение розничных цен.
График 1. Динамика импорта ЛС в Грузию с 2008 по 2011 год в долларах и национальной валюте
Pharmaceutical market trends in 2010. CIS Pharma Intelligence. cispharma.blog-spot.com; Фармацевтический рынок Грузии Business Грузия. http://bizzone.info/markets/1250970250.php
113
mikro-makroekonomika
Как отреагировал рынок на данное разрешение правитель-ства и как изменилась структура импорта лекарственных средств, стало предметом изучения в данной статье.
Оценка изменений соотношения объемов импорта ЛС из перечисленных стран-импортеров проанализирована за период с 2008 по 2011 год включительно.
Ее источником послужили официальные данные, предостав-ленные министерством Финансов Грузии по нашему запросу.
Как видно на графике 1, общие объемы импорта ЛС в денеж-ном выражении прогрессивно росли на протяжении всего указан-ного периода. Небольшая отрицательная динамика в 2009 году в долларовом эквиваленте связана с курсовой разницей, при том, что положительная тенденция в национальной валюте сохранялась.
Чтобы проанализировать, насколько привлекательным ока-залось новое законодательство для импортеров и как это повлияло на распределение импорта между разными странами, включен-ными в список стран,была расчитана суммарная доля всех стран-импортеров к общему импорту лекарственных средств.
График 2 .Доля импорта из стран с облегченным доcтупом от общего объема импорта ЛС, $
114
Г. М. ЯблучанскаГ. М. ЯблучанскаКак видно из графика 2, никакого значительного изменения
в суммарной доле не наблюдалось. Такой результат логичен, так как данное законодательство касалось медикаментов, зарегистри-рованных в данных странах. Поэтому, чтобы посмотреть, было ли какое-то перераспределение импорта между странами, каждая страна изучалась отдельно. Был расчитан темп прироста по объему импорта в долларах (аутлайеры исключены). Анализировался темп прироста 2009/2008, 2010/2009, 2011/2010 и 2011/2008. Последнее соотношение особенно интересно, так как выступает индикато-ром изменения за период времени до принятия указа и спустя три года.
В 2009 году, по отношению к 2008 году, положительный прирост в доле импорта наблюдался только из США, Финляндии, Румынии и очень незначительный из Словакии, В 2009 году, по отношению к 2008 году, положительный прирост в доле импорта наблюдался только из США, Финляндии, Румынии и очень незна-чительный из Словакии, Латвии и Кореи. В 2010, по отношению к 2009 году, был прирост импорта из Японии, Литвы, Греции, Ита-лии, Великобритании, Кореи и незначительный из Австрии, Бол-
График 3. Темп прироста импорта медикаментов из стран, включенных в список с облегченным импортом, $
115
mikro-makroekonomika
гарии, Франции и Кипра. В 2011, по отношению к 2010, положи-тельный прирост был из Литвы, Греции, Великобритании, Латвии и незначительный из Кореи, Словакии, Германии, Венгрии, Поль-ши, Испании и Швейцарии. В 2011, по отношению к 2008 году, положительный прирост импорта наблюдался из таких стран как Южная Корея, Латвия, Словакия, Великобритания, Италия, Гре-ция, Румыния, Финляндия и Литва. Важно учитывать, что немалый процент ЛС стран-производителей, входящих в список стран из которых позволена регистрация медикаментов в режиме допуска, поставлялся в Грузию из России, Украины, Казахстана и др. стран СНГ, в связи с соответствующим привязкой Грузии к различным территориальным офисам внутри компаний-производителей, по-этому данный график отражает только страны-поставщики и не отражает страны-производители. Также, не возможно говорить о странах-производителях, так как продукты, произведенные в стра-нах не входящих в список, но зарегистрированные в странах из списка попадают под общее правило более свободного доступа в Грузию.
В связи с тем, что общий объем ввоза в страну ЛС не позво-ляет оценить динамики развития параллельного импорта, нужно было проанализировать изменения на уровне отдельно взятых ЛС. Для этого была проведена дополнительная обработка данных, пре-доставленных Министерства Финансов. Так как Министерство Фи-нансов, по всей видимости, не интересовало количество поступае-мых в страну лекарственных средств по торговым названиям, база данных содержала не однородную информацию, затрудняя полную ее обработку с вычленением всех медикаментов. Из предоставлен-ной базы были случайным образом отобраны и проанализированы 100 медикаментов, европейских и американских производителей, импорт которых прослеживался из разных стран в 2011 году. Вы-бранное количество является статистически значимым и позволяет отследить тенденции, происходящие на фармацевтическом рынке
116
Г. М. ЯблучанскаГ. М. Яблучанскапосле введения закона об облегченном доступе ЛС в Грузию. Важ-но отметить, что изучить импорт ЛС по формам выпуска и дози-ровкам не представлялось возможным, так как в большинстве слу-чаев данная информация отсутствовала в исходной базе, поэтому анализ осуществлялся только по общему названию.
Каждая из выбранных позиций ЛС в 2011 году поставлялась в Грузию из нескольких стран. Их количество колебалось в диапа-зоне от 3 до 12. Распределение количества стран-поставщиков для разных ЛС представлено на графике 4.
Примечательно, что две позиции поставлялись в Грузию из 12 стран, среди которых были 4 (Россия, Украина, Армения и Азер-байджан), не входящие в перечень стран с облегченной регистра-цией. Такой факт говорит о вероятности присутствия на этих рын-ках упаковок, аналогичных зарегистрированным в Грузии, либо же осуществлялся реэкспорт из других стран. Большая часть ЛС, попавшая в выборку, имела от 4 до 6 стран поставщиков.
Частота встречаемости стран-импортеров представлена на графике 5. Всего 100 продуктов, попавшие в выборку, поставля-лись в Грузию из 31страны. Чаще всего импортерами выступали Латвия, Великобритания, Азербайджан и Болгария.
График 4. Распределение колисчества стран-импортеров
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mikro-makroekonomika
На официальном сайте министерства Здравоохранения, Тру-да и Социального Обеспечения Грузии представлена информация об импорте ЛС на территорию Грузии начиная с 2008 года1. Дан-ный источник содержит информацию о компаниях-импортерах, но не указывает стран, из которых импорт был осуществлен. Мы попытались наложить информацию о продуктах из двух источни-ков. Нам было интересно проанализировать различия в количестве компаний-импортеров до введения закона об облегченном импорте ЛС из ряда стран и спустя несколько лет после начала действия данного законодательства. Для этого мы отобрали 20 ЛС из нашего списка медикаментов, которые характеризовались наибольшим ко-личеством стран-поставщиков в 2011 году и сравнили количество компаний-импортеров в 2008 и 2011 году.
График 5. Частота встречаемости стран-импортеров
1 Официальный сайт Министерства Здравоохранения, труда и социальной политики Грузии. http://www.moh.itdc.ge/
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Г. М. ЯблучанскаГ. М. Яблучанска
Как видно из графика 6, в 2011 году вольтарен и бетасерк имеют максимальное количество стран-импортеров (по 12). Кла-ритин и ламисил поставлялся в Грузию из 11 источников элоком – из 9 . Нормодипин, дипросалик, имодиум, ренитек, дюфастон, эриус,аугментин, креон, смекта, конкор и аспирин из 8 стран, энап, хартил, низорал и габагамма из 7. При этом важно отметить, что до вступления в силу нового закона, некоторые медикаменты име-ли одного поставщика, как в случае кларитина, нормодипина, ди-просалика, эриуса, аугментина, смекты, аспирина (производство компании Байер), хартила и габагаммы. Это указывает на наличие прямых эксклюзивных контрактов между производителями и дис-трибьюторами. В некоторых случаях медикаменты поставлялись несколькими ( от двух и более, максимально – препарат конкор) им-портерами. После введения законодательства наблюдался всплеск количества компаний - импортеров. Максимальный рост был от-
График 6. Изменения количества импортеров с 2011 году по отношению к 2008 году
119
mikro-makroekonomika
мечен на аугментин и аспирин – на 1000%, с одного до десяти компаний. С одного до девяти увеличилось у смекты и эриуса. На некоторые позиции изменения были не такие разительные. Напри-мер, препарат хартил приобрел трех поставщиков вместо одного, а элоком – четырех. По продуктам дюфастон и конкор наблюдалась обратная ситуация. Количество их импортеров уменьшилось. Это могло быть связано с прекращением активности некоторых компа-ний на рынке Грузии.
Интересным является тот факт, что по некоторым позициям количество стран и компаний-импортеров различалось. Например, у таких продуктов, как бетасерк, кларитин, ламисил, элоком, нормо-дипин, дипросалик, дюфастон, креон, хартил и габагамма количе-ство компаний импортеров меньше чем стран. По всей видимости, некоторые из компаний ввозили один продукт из нескольких рын-ков. На другие же позиции, такие как вольтарен, имодиум, ренитек, эриус, аугментин, смекта, конкор, аспирин и низорал, количество стран-импортеров превышало количество компаний импортеров, что говорит о том, что одновременно несколько компаний завозили продукт с одного рынка. Только энап составлял исключение, когда количество стран и компаний совпадало. Предположительно, каж-дая компания завозит продукт с отличного от других рынка.
Интересно было проанализировать, есть ли отличия между рецептурными (Rx) и безрецептурными (OTC) препаратами. Для этого обсуждаемые сто позиций были сверены с данными о реги-страции на официальном сайте Министерства здравоохранения. Наши выбранные позиции разбились в следующем соотношении: 66 – рецептурных, 31 – безрецептурных препарата. Оставшиеся 3 (вольтарен, кетонал и диклак) имели некоторые формы выпуска зарегистрированные как безрецептурные (гелевые формы), и неко-торые как рецептурные (таблетки, капсулы, свечи, инъекционные формы). Так как информация об импорте отдельно взятых форм не была доступна, то эти три продукта учитывались как смешанные.
120
Г. М. ЯблучанскаГ. М. ЯблучанскаАнализ частоты встречаемости стран-импортеров отдельно по Rxи OTC продуктам представлен на графике 7.
Из анализ частоты встречаемости стран-импортеров отдель-но по рецептурным и безрецептурным препаратам следует, что по рецептурным препаратам лидируют Латвия, Великобритания, Азербайджан и Болгария, те же, что и для всей выборки медика-ментов. Для безрецептурных – Латвия, Азербайджан, Великобри-тания и Болгария – изменилась только последовательность стран. Те же лидеры сохранялись для продуктов со смешанной регистра-цией. Следовательно, цены у оптовых компаний в данных странах ниже на все медикаменты, что и определяет их присутствие во всех анализируемых группах.
Дополнительно были изучены количества стран-поставщиков в каждой группе ЛС. Как видно из графика 8, распределение ко-
График 7. Частота встречаемости стран-импортеров отдельно по рецептурным и безрецептурным препаратам
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mikro-makroekonomika
личества стран-поставщиков во всех группах ЛС происходило по-хоже. Так, рецептурные препараты поставлялись одновременно в диапазоне от 3 до 12 стран-поставщиков. Основной объем прихо-дился на 4-6 страны. Безрецептурные – в диапазоне от 3 до 11, с основным объемом из четырех и шести стран по-позиционно. Про-дуктов со смешанным типом регистрации было всего 3, тем не ме-нее, и они тоже попали в такое же распределение: 5, 6 и 12 стран.
Проведенный анализ на примере 100 наименований медика-ментов показал, что рынок позитивно откликнулся на облегчение ввоза как рецептурных, так и безрецептурных ЛС с утвержденного перечня рынков Поставленные цели, в виде увеличение количества импортеров и источников для ЛС, реализовались. Как этот процесс повлиял на формирование розничных цен и насколько произошло их снижение является темой для дополнительного исследования и должно обсуждать в отдельной статье.
График 8. Распределение колисчества стран-импортеров по рецептурным и безрецептурным препаратам
122
Г. М. ЯблучанскаГ. М. ЯблучанскаsaqarTvelos farmacevtuli bazris reaqcia saqarTvelos farmacevtuli bazris reaqcia
samkurnalo saSualebebis liberalizebul samkurnalo saSualebebis liberalizebul
importzeimportze
g. iabluCanska g. iabluCanska
saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2009 wlis oqtombris
dadgenilebam wamlis registraciis Sesaxeb, gamoiwvia
farmacevtul bazarze moqmedi kompaniebis mier sxva-
dasxva qveynidan axali momwodeblebis Zebna. bazarze
axladSeqmnili garemoebis gavlenis gamosakvlevad Ses-
wavlili iqna, saqarTvelos finansTa saministros mier
mowodebuli, importis monacemTa baza. 2011 wels 2012
welTan SedarebiT, mTliani importi gaizarda litvi-
dan, didi britaneTidan, rumineTidan, saberZneTidan da
sxva qveynebidan.
gaanalizda sul 100 medikamenti, gamoiyo sacalo
gayidvebi da recepturuli wamlebi. analizma gviCvena,
rom 2011 wels saqarTveloSi erTi da igive wamlis
importi modioda ramdenime qveyanaze. ZiriTadi impor-
tiori qveynebi iyo litva, latvia, didi britaneTi, bul-
gareTi da azerbaijani.
bazris reaqcia axal dadgenilebaze iyo poziti-
uri, importiori qveynebis ricxvi da qveyanaSi Semot-
anili wamlebis raodenoba gaizarda.
123
mikro-makroekonomika
nona gelitaSvilinona gelitaSvili
ekonomikis akademiuri doqtoriekonomikis akademiuri doqtori
sapensio sistema saqarTveloSi, iseve, rogorc bevr
sxva qveyanaSi, sadac jer kidev moqmedebs `pay as you go~1 sistema, romlis drosac socialuri gadaxdebi damokide-
bulia saxelmwifos Semosavlebze, gakotrebis pirasaa.
adre Tu gvian, am sistemebis reformireba aucilebelia.
amasTan, rac ufro didi xniT gadaideba es reforma, miT
ufro rTuli iqneba gadasvla TviTdafinansebad sapen-
sio sistemaze.
samecniero literaturaSi sapensio reformebis
or tipologias gamoyofen. erTi mxriv, es aris `laTi-
noamerikuli~ ganviTarebis gza, STagonebuli 1980-ian
wlebSi CileSi ganxorcilebuli radikaluri sapensio
reformiT. am qveynis magaliTs mibaZes laTinuri ameri-
kis sxva qveynebmac, kerZod: perum (1993w.), kolumbiam (1994),
argentinam (1994), urugvaim (1996), boliviam (1997), meqsikam
(1997) da salvadorma (1998). reformis arsia dagrovebiTi
sapensio sistemis danergva da misi momsaxurebisTvis
saWiro kerZo sapensio fondebis qselis Seqmna.
meore mxriv, arsebobs ekonomikuri TanamSrom-
lobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis (OECD) qveyneb-
is gamocdileba, romelTac arsebul saxelmwifoebriv
gamanawilebel sistemaze `daaSenes~ axali dagrovebiTi
doneebi. aRniSnul or tipologias mkvlevarTa nawili
mesame tipsac umatebs, esaa gardamavali ekonomikis
qveynebis praqtika, romelTac reformebi 1990-ian wlebSi 1 Pay-as-you-go tipis sapensio modeli _ iTvaliswinebs dabegvri-
dan saxelmwifo biujetSi Semosuli TanxebiT pensiebis dafin-
ansebas.
Ciles sapensio reforma: Ciles sapensio reforma:
arsi da mniSvneloba arsi da mniSvneloba
saqarTvelosaTvissaqarTvelosaTvis
124
nona gelitaSvilinona gelitaSvili
daiwyes. is warmoadgens `hibriduli~ sistemis nimuSs da
ganviTarebuli qveynebis sistemebis msgavsia.1
Ciles modeli sapensio reformis erTgvar etal-
onad miiCneva. igi ukve 30 welze metia gamoiyeneba, marTa-
lia, yvela qveyanaSi garkveuli modifikaciebiT, magram _
TiTqmis erTnairi warmatebiT. Ciles sapensio modelis
ZiriTadi principia is, rom garkveuli momentidan saer-
Tod uqmdeba Zveli, saxelmwifos mier garantirebuli,
gamanawilebeli sistema da mis adgils ikavebs ramdenime
kerZo fondis mier organizebuli dagrovebiTi sistema.
Tumca, marTebulia davsvaT kiTxva _ aris Tu ara Ciles
sapensio reformis grZelvadiani efeqti iseTi STambe-
Wdavi, rogorc amas mkvlevarTa erTi nawili afasebs.
nebismieri Teoriuli modelis msgavsad, Ciles axal sap-
ensio modelsac hyavda Tavisi momxreebi da kritikosebi.
amitom, sainteresoa am urTierTsawinaaRmdego mosazre-
bebis ganxilva da Ciles sapensio reformis ganxor-
cielebis procesisa da Sedegebis Sefaseba.
laTinuri amerikis qveynebi xSirad awydebodnen
biujetis deficitis problemas, aseve sirTuleebs ga-
dasaxadebis akrebaSi, rac didi Crdilovani seqtoris
arsebobiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rac TavisTavad arTuleb-
da pensiebis gacemas. drodadro am qveynebis mTavrobebi
ekonomikuri problemebis mosagvareblad fulis sabeWd
manqanas mimarTavdnen, rac inflaciis tempebs SesamCne-
vad zrdida. amis Sedegad, sapensio danazogebi ufasurd-
eboda, xolo daqiravebuli muSakebi mTavrobas aRar
andobdnen sakuTari saxsrebis gankargvas da `Crdil-
Si~ darCenas amjobinebdnen. aseT SemTxvevaSi sapensio
reformis mTavari amocana iyo myari kavSiris Seqmna
sistemaSi monawileobasa da gadaxdebs Soris, imavdrou-
lad, am procesis gamWvirvaloba unda yofiliyo uzrun-
velyofili. varaudobdnen, rom pirveli gamanawilebeli
done unda Semcirebuliyo dagrovebiTi donis gazrdis
xarjze. 1 Katharina Müller. Pension Reform Paths in Comparison: The Case of Central-Eastern Europe, Czech Sociological Review p. 7, 1999. 51–66.
125
mikro-makroekonomika
aseTi iyo 1981 wlis Ciles sapensio reformis Ziri-
Tadi mimarTuleba. swored am mimarTulebiT wavidnen
SemdgomSi argentina, peru, kolumbia, meqsika, urugvai
da bolivia. aRsaniSnavia, rom yofili postsabWoTa da
postsocialisturi banakis qveynebidan, Ciles magaliTs
garkveulwilad mibaZes ungreTma, poloneTma da yazax-
eTma.1 laTinoamerikuli modelis erT-erTi umTavresi
damaxasiaTebeli niSania daqiravebuli muSakis pasux-
imgebloba mis mier sapensio fondis arCevis Taobaze.
Crdilovan seqtorTan brZoliT daRlilma mTavrobam
ubralod gadawyvita, Seeqmna situacia, roca moqalaqeebs
minimaluri sapensio garantiebis Seqmnasa da kerZo sap-
ensio fondebSi dagrovebas Soris arCevanis saSualeba
miecemodaT.
reformebma laTinur amerikaSi xeli Seuwyo kon-
sensusis Camoyalibebas im sakiTxSi, rom sapensio sistema
unda moZraobdes ̀ privatizebis~ mimarTulebiT da kerZo
da saxelmwifo sapensio fondebis faqtobriv kombinire-
bamde midiodes. iTvleboda, rom aseTi kombinacia xels
Seuwyobda mTeli rigi problemis gadawyvetas ara mar-
to sapensio, aramed sainvesticio sferoSic. garda amisa,
moxdeboda erovnuli bazrebis kapitalis ganviTare-
bis xelSewyoba. am TvalsazrisiT, msoflio bankis 1994
wlis angariSi _ `sapensio krizisis Tavidan acileba~
(World Bank, 1994), gadaiqca saetapo gamocemad, sadac praq-tikulad yvela qveyanas mieca rekomendacia, SemoeRoT
samsafexuriani sistema, romelSic igulisxmeba trad-
iciuli gamanawilebeli, savaldebulo dagrovebiTi da
nebayoflobiTi danazogebis doneebi.
Ciles SemTxveva _ es aris SedarebiT radikaluri da
garkveulwilad iZulebiTi reformis magaliTi, romelic
daefuZna pay-as-you-go tipis sapensio modelidan personal
1 M. A. Orenstein. “How Politics and Institutions Affect Pension Reform in Three Postcommunist Countries”, Policy Research Working Paper No. 2310, World Bank, Washington D.C. 2000.
126
nona gelitaSvilinona gelitaSvili
retirement account tipis modelze1 mkveTr gadanacvlebas.
Ciles reformebis ganxilvis dros aucileblad unda
gaviTvaliswinoT gansakuTrebuli demografiuli da
ekonomikuri konteqstebi. aq reformebis dawyebis peri-
odisTvis (1970-iani wlebis bolo) dasaqmebulTa raode-
noba mniSvnelovnad aRemateboda pensionerTa raodenobas.
garda amisa, sapensio uzrunvelyofaze gaweuli xarjebi
da socialuri miznebi arcTu ise maRali iyo. sapensio
anaricxebic sakmaod dabali iyo, kerZod, xelfasis 10%.
es gakeTda rac SeiZleba meti adamianis mosazidad, maT
Soris, dabalanazRaurebadi kategoriebidanac. Tumca,
rogorc reformatorebi varaudobdnen, ise ar warimarTa
procesi da yvela dasaqmebul pirs ar gamouTqvams axal
sistemaSi monawileobisTvis mzadyofna. miuxedavad ami-
sa, oficialurad daregistrirebuli muSakebisTvis es
aucileblobas warmoadgenda, xolo sapensio fondebis
saqmianobas saxelmwifo akontrolebda.2
axali sapensio kanonis (Decree Law 3500)3 ZalaSi Ses-
vlis Semdeg, moxda etapobrivi gadasvla Zveli 1 sve-
tiani modelidan axal 3 svetian sapensio modelze (ix.
cxrili). imisaTvis, rom momxdariyo siberis mixedviT
dazRvevisa da redistribuciis funqciis realizeba,
Tavdapirvelad ganxorcileda sruli gaTavisufleba
pirveli modelis maxasiaTeblebisgan.
20 wlis manZilze Ciles sapensio sistema ganu-
wyvetliv icvleboda, ramac gamoiwvia is, rom 2000-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi, dominirebuli mdgomareoba daikava
samma sapensio fondma, romlebSic koncentrirebuli iyo
klientebis 68% da mTeli sapensio sistemis resursebis
54%. momuSaveebs aqvT fondis arCevis ufleba, amasTan,
erTi fondidan meoreSi gadasvla uproblemodaa Ses-
aZlebeli, rac erTi kalendaruli wlis ganmavlobaSi
4-jer SeiZleba moxdes. 1 personal retirement acoount tipis sapensio modeli _ uzrunvelyofs saku-
Tari pensiis uzrunvelyofas piradi angariSebis formirebis gziT. 2C. Mesa-Lago. Reassessing Pension Reform in Chile and Other Countries in Latin America, International Social Security Review, 54, 4. 2001. 67–92.3 htt p://www.svs.cl/siti o/english/asegurado/rentas_3500.php
127
mikro-makroekonomika
Ciles mTavrobam daadgina Semosavlebis mini-
maluri odenoba, romlis miRebac SeuZliaT fondebs
maTSi ganxorcielebuli sainvesticio saxsrebidan. an-
gariSebi mogebisa da zaralis Sesaxeb yovelTviurad
ganixileba, xolo sajaro angariSebis warmodgena we-
liwadSi samjer xdeba. ase rom, Semosavlebis minimumis
Seusrulebloba kompaniisTvis SeiZleba gaxdes fondis
mmarTvelobidan Camocilebis mizezi. garda amisa, dawese-
bulia Semosavlebis zeda zRvaric, rac dakavSirebulia
sarisko aqtivebSi dabandebebis SezRudvasTan.
mokle da saSualovadian periodebSi Ciles sap-
ensio reformam xeli Seuwyo Sida investiciebis zr-
das, gansakuTrebiT _ binaTmSeneblobasa da infrastruq-
turis ganviTarebaSi (gzebi da komunikaciebi), aseve sam-
Tomompovebeli mrewvelobis aRorZinebaSi. garda amisa,
gaizarda grZelvadiani investiciebis wilic. 2000-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi TiToeuli fondis saSualo-statis-
tikuri portfeli Seadgenda saxelmwifo fasiani qaR-
aldebis 40%-s da korporaciuli fasiani qaRaldebis
40%-s. danarCeni wili modioda sadepozito Senatanebze,
sapensio fondebis saSualo Semosavlianoba ki wliur
12,5%-s Seadgenda.1
saerTod, iTvleba, rom CileSi ganxorcielebul-
ma sapensio reformam sami umTavresi dadebiTi efeqti
moitana: sainvesticio stimulebi, piradi Tavisuflebis
gafarToeba da ekonomikuri zrdis stimulireba. 2001
wlis monacemebiT, Ciles mSromelTa 95%-s hqonda pi-
radi sapensio danazogebi sxvadasxva sapensio fondSi,
romelTa mTliani aqtivebi gaizarda 34 bilion (aTas
mlrd) dolaramde, rac Ciles mSp-s 42%-s Seadgenda.2 2005
wlisTvis es maCvenebeli 64,9%-mde gaizarda da sapensio
fondebi Ciles safinanso bazris mniSvnelovani moTama-
Seebi gaxda.
1 Economic Commission for Latin America and Caribbean (ECLAC). 2001. Preliminary over-view of the economies of Latin America and the Caribbean 2001. Santiago: December.2 E.I. Mihaita. Lessons from the Latin American pension reforms: Developments in central and eastern Europe. The Chilean Case. 2001. 9-10.
128
nona gelitaSvilinona gelitaSvili
Zveli sistema (1924-
1981ww.)
erTi sveti pay-as-you-go tipis gamanawile-
beli sistema, romelsac marTavs
saxelmwifo heterogenuli Semosav-
lebisa da xarjebis meSveobiT.
axali sistema (1981
wlidan)
sami sveti
pirveli sveti
(dazRveva da
redistribucia siberis
mixedviT)
meore sveti (dazogva
da siberis dazRveva)
mesame sveti
(nebayoflobiTi
danazogebi siberis
uzrunvelsayofad)
sapensio daxmarebebi gaWirve-buli xandazmulebisTvis,
romlebic ar monawileobd-
nen programaSi (saWiroebaze
Semowmebis Semdeg);
minimaluri sapensio garan-tiebi programaSi monawile
gaWirvebuli xandazmulebisT-
vis (saWiroebaze Semowmebis
Semdeg).
garkveuli Senatanebi;
individualuri sapensio an-gariSebi;
samrewvelo firmebisa da sadazRvevo kompaniebis saku-
Tari fondebi;
mkacri saxelmwifo reguli-reba da kontroli;
saxelmwifos garantiebi sap-ensio fondebisa da aqtivebis
TvalsazrisiT.
sagadasaxado stimulebi maTT-vis, vinc damatebiT danazogebs
akeTebs siberis uzrunvelsay-
ofad.
Ciles Zveli da axali sapensio sistemebi1
1K. S. Hebbel. Chile’s Pension Revolution coming of age. Central Bank of Chile. 1999, p. 4-5.
129
mikro-makroekonomika
swored am movlenebma ganapiroba kritikosebis gaaq-
tiureba. miuxedavad imisa, rom axali sapensio sistema
funqcionirebda 1981 wlidan da 25 wlis manZilze man
moaxerxa arasaxelmwifo fondebSi mSp-s 65%-is akumu-
lireba, Seusrulebeli darCa reformatorebis mTavari
danapirebi. nacvlad bolo 10 wlis manZilze gamomuSave-
buli Tanxis 70%-isa, romelic am reformis Tanaxmad
unda mieRoT moqalaqeebs, maT mxolod xelfasis 39%-is
miReba SeZles, qalebisTvis ki am maCvenebelma mxolod
14% Seadgina. aRmoCnda, rom saSualo dagrovebiTi pensia
arafriT gansxvavdeboda im pensiisgan, romelsac mTav-
roba reformamde uxdida 65 wels miRweul pensionerebs.
aseve gairkva, rom mTeli Tavisi saqmiani cxovrebis man-
Zilze adamiani ver SeZlebda imdeni Tanxis dagrovebas,
rac mas eyofoda Tavisi minimaluri pensiis uzrunvel-
sayofad.
kritikosTa azriT, araswori gamodga warmodgena
imis Sesaxebac, rom pirad sapensio angariSebze sakuTre-
bis ufleba iqneboda seriozuli stimuli, raTa aRniS-
nuli sapensio sistemiT moecvaT mTeli mosaxleoba.
2006 wlisTvis cxadi gaxda, rom dasaqmebuli mosaxle-
obis mxolod 60% iyo CarTuli aRniSnul sistemaSi.
fiqroben, rom 2020 wlamde SesaZloa es maCvenebeli 50%-
mdec Semcirdes. eqspertTa SefasebebiT, Ciles sapensio
sistemis saerTo deficitma 5,7% Seadgina.11 aRniSnuli
problemebis gamo, 2008 wels Cilem daiwyo reformebis
ganxorcielebis axali etapi. axali reformis Tanaxmad,
dagrovebiTi sistemis paralelurad, funqcionirebas
iwyebs Zveli, solidaruli sapensio sistemac, romelic
sabazo asakobriv pensiasa da invalidobis mixedviT sap-
ensio uzrunvelyofas gulisxmobs. rac Seexeba individ-
ualuri danazogebis sistemas, tardeba misi srulyofis
RonisZiebebi. aseve inergeba arasaxelmwifo fondebsa da
sadazRvevo kompaniebs Soris auqcionis sistema, axali
1 R. Madrid. The Politics and Economics of Pension Privatization in Latin America, Latin American Research Review, 37, 2. 2002, p. 159–182.
130
nona gelitaSvilinona gelitaSvili
klientebis momsaxurebis mizniT. garda amisa, bazarze
Cndeba kidev erTi moTamaSe _ sagareo iuridiuli pire-
bis saxiT.
axla ki SegviZlia davsvaT kiTxva imis Taobaze,
kargia Tu ara Ciles magaliTi saqarTvelosTvis? _
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT mis yvela pozitiur da negatiur
Sedegs, pasuxi, albaT, dadebiTi iqneba.
saqarTvelom udavod unda gaiziaros is gamocdile-
ba, romelic am sferoSi sxvadasxva qveynis praqtikiT
dagrovda. adamianebs unda mieceT ufleba, TavianTi sap-
ensio danazogebi ganaTavson individualur pirad an-
gariSebze, romelTac gankargaven erTmaneTTan konkuren-
ciaSi myofi kerZo firmebi. es firmebi moaxdenen sapen-
sio danazogebis investirebas safinanso bazrebze, Tavisi
klintebis mTeli SromiTi saqmianobis manZilze. garda
amisa, moqalaqeebs unda davutovoT arCevanis ufleba,
raTa maT, survilis SemTxvevaSi, SeeZloT Senatanebis
warmoeba rogorc saxelwifo sapensio sistemaSi, aseve
kerZo sapensio fondebSi. imavdroulad, sapensio refor-
ma unda movargoT qveynis specifikas.
imisaTvis, rom sapensio sistemis privatizebidan
maqsimaluri sargebeli miviRoT, cxadia, aucilebelia
sxva socialuri reformebis gatarebac, da umetes SemTx-
vevaSi, sruliad axali sistemebis formirebac ki. sapen-
sio reformas, socialuri sistemis Camoyalibebis Tval-
sazrisiT, katalizatoris rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia.
axali sistemis Tanaxmad, momavali pensiis ode-
nobas gansazRvravs im Tanxis raodenoba, romelsac ada-
miani agrovebs Tavisi SromiTi saqmianobis manZilze.
saxelmwifos arc dasaqmebulebi da arc damsaqmeblebi
ar gadauxdian gadasaxads, romelsac igi socialuri
uzrunvelyofisTvis gamoiyenebda. aqedan gamomdinare,
momuSavec ar miiRebs momavalSi saxelmwifo pensias.
amis nacvlad, mTeli Tavisi SromiTi biografiis ganmav-
131
mikro-makroekonomika
lobaSi, damqiravebeli yovelTviurad avtomaturad gad-
aricxavs daqiravebulis xelfasidan 10%-s mis sakuTar,
pirad sapensio Semnaxvel angariSze. aRniSnuli sapro-
cento ganakveTi Seexeba Semosavlis mxolod garkveul
nawils. Tu ekonomikur zrdasTan erTad, dasaqmebulis
Semosavalic gaizrdeba, maSin amgvari `iZulebiTi da-
zogvis~ roli sapensio sistemaSi Semcirdeba.
dasaqmebuls, ra Tqma unda, SeuZlia nebayoflobiTi
Senatanebis gakeTebac da damatebiT kidev 10%-is gad-
aricxva yovelTviuri xelfasidan, rac aseve ar daibe-
greba saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT. saerTo angariSiT, Tu
mas ufro adre surs pensiaze gasvla, an ubralod maR-
ali odenobis pensiis miReba unda, ufro mets dazogavs
da sakuTar angariSzec Tavisi xelfasis 10%-ze mets
Seitans.
momuSaveebs unda SeeZloT erTi sapensio fondi-
dan meoreSi sakuTari angariSebis gadatana. amis gamo
kompaniebi mudmivad konkurenciaSi iqnebian, ris gamoc
ufro meti Semosavlis miRebas Seecdebian investiciebi-
dan, klientebs ki momsaxurebis ufro maRal xarisxsa da
dabal sakomisios SesTavazeben.
amgvari dagrovebiTi sistema saSualebas iZleva,
ufro iolad gadaiWras mSromeli mosaxleobis raode-
nobasTan dakavSirebuli gamanawilebeli sistemis prob-
lema: mosaxleobis daberebasTan erTad, mcirdeba im
momuSaveTa ricxvi, romelTac uwevT erTi pensioneris
uzrunvelyofa. dagrovebiTi sistemis pirobebSi, dasaqme-
bul mosaxleobas ar uwevs pensionerTa Senaxva. piriqiT,
gamanawilebeli sistemisgan gasxvavebiT, qreba TaobaTa
Soris konfliqtis warmoqmnis yovelgvari safuZveli, da
aseve _ mTeli sistemis gakotrebis SesaZleblobac. axal
sistemaSi ar iarsebebs saxelmwifos mier Seusrulebel
sapensio valdebulebaTa problema, rasac bevri qveyana
awydeba.
132
nona gelitaSvilinona gelitaSvili
axal sistemaze gadasvlis procesi martivi ar iqne-
ba. gardamaval etapze SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sami wesi:
saxelmwifom unda misces garantia maT, vinc ukve 1.
iRebs pensias, rom maT pensiebs reforma ar Seexeba;
yoveli momuSave, romelmac ukve gaakeTa Sena-2.
tanebi Zvel gamanawilebel sistemaSi, miiRebs arCevanis
uflebas, darCes am sistemaSi an gadavides axal da-
grovebiT sistemaze;
yvela im adamianisaTvis, romelic mimdinare pe-3.
riodSi SeuerTdeba dasaqmebulebs, savaldebulo iqneba
romelime maTganSi CarTva _ axal sistemaSi an Zvel,
saxelmwifoebriv gamanawilebel sistemaSi.
Pension Reform in Chile: the Essence and Importance for Georgia
N. GelitashviliN. GelitashviliIn 1981, Chile passed the Decree Law 3500, partially replacing the
state-run pay-as-you-go (PAYG), unfunded social security system with individually capitalized accounts in pension funds managed by private administrators. The seminal reforms have made a large contribution to Chile’s economic performance since then and inspired many other coun-tries to follow the case. Similar reforms have been initiated or are being actively considered in Argentina, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Bolivia and Uruguay as well as in Hungary, Poland, and Kazakhstan.
The pension system in Georgia, like in many other countries, where still there are old distribution systems, in which social payments depend on state income, is about to go bankrupt. It’s essential to reform this sys-tem earlier or later. What’s more, the later the reform is carried out, the more diffi cult it will be to have self- fi nancing pension system.
Pension reform in Chile – is it a good example for Georgia? Taking into consideration all its negative and positive results, the answer prob-ably will be – yes. The article analyses the essence of the Chile reform and its importance for Georgia.
133
mikro-makroekonomika
asmaT gulordavaasmaT gulordava
iv. javaxiSvilis Tsu-is doqtoranti iv. javaxiSvilis Tsu-is doqtoranti
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kvalobaze erovnul
ekonomikaSi agraruli seqtoris wili SefardebiT
mcirdeba. Tu XIX saukunis bolos msoflios yvela
qveyanaSi (gamonaklisia didi britaneTi) soflis
meurneoba ekonomikis ZiriTadi dargi iyo dasaqmebulTa
raodenobiT, aseve mSp-Si xvedriTi wonis mixedviT,
dRes, ganviTarebul qveynebSi misi wili mSp-Si saSualod
3-5%-ia, xolo dargSi dasaqmebulia mosaxleobis
mxolod 10%1. amis safuZveli agrarul sferoSi Sromis
mwarmoeblurobis mkveTri zrdaa, ramac ganapiroba is,
rom erTi amerikeli fermeri 100 adamians kvebavs2. aSS-
Si soflis meurneobis, kvebis produqtebis warmoebis,
gadamuSavebis, transportirebisa da gadazidvebis
sferoSi dasaqmebulia mosaxleobis 7,3%, anu 22 mln kaci,
maTgan 4,6 mln uSualod miwaTmoqmedebas misdevs; aSS-
is mTliani farTobi 917 mln haa, aqedan 47% sasoflo-
sameurneo daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba3. qveyana msoflioSi
sasursaTo produqtebis umsxvilesi mwarmoebelia.
saSualod yovel erT saaTSi eqsportirdeba 6 mln
dolaris Rirebulebis soflis meurneobis produqcia.
saqarTveloSi, 2000-2009 wlebSi, mSp-Si soflis
meurneobis wili klebadi tendenciiT xasiaTdeba (ix.
grafiki 1). am seqtorSi dasaqmebulia mosaxleobis
naxevarze meti. mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili, aseve,
dasaqmebuli iyo samSeneblo seqtorSi, Tumca, am
saqarTvelos agrosasursaTo saqarTvelos agrosasursaTo
seqtoris ganviTarebis zogierTi seqtoris ganviTarebis zogierTi
sakiTxisakiTxi
1 xaraiSvili e. konkurenciisa da konkurentunarianobis problemebi
saqarTvelos agrosasursaTo seqtorSi, Tb., 2011, gv. 43.2 www.faostat.org3 ix. e. xaraiSvilis dasax. naSr. gv. 43.
134
asmaT gulordavaasmaT gulordava
ukanasknelze globalurma krizisma da safinanso
bazrebis ryevebma mkveTrad uaryofiTad imoqmeda
da Sesabamisad, dasaqmebis araefeqtiani struqtura
Camoyalibda. amave periodSi agrarul seqtorSi realuri
warmoeba daaxloebiT 5%-iT Semcirda.
saqarTvelos mSp-Si soflis meurneobis wilis dinamika1
grafiki 1
mniSvnelovani korelacia vlindeba soflis meurne o bis
mTliani produqciis dinamikasa da warmoebis ganviTarebis
xelSemSlel faqtorebs Soris (ix. cxrili 1).
soflis meurneobis mTliani produqciis dinamika
xelSemSleli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT (ucvlel fasebiT)
cxrili 1
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
mTliani
produq ciis
kleba (_),
mateba (+)
_3%
_15%
+ 6%
_ 4%
+ 11%
_10%
_1%
_ 17%
_ 8%
_ 10%
_ 9%
ხელის
შემ -
შლელ
იფაქტორები
გვალ
ვა
გვალ
ვა
ფრინ
ველის
გრიპ
ი
გვალ
ვა,
ფრინ
ველის
გრიპ
ი
ღორის
ჭირი
ომი
1 saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebi. 2 www.geostat.ge (ssf-is mier Catarebuli gaTvlebi).
135
mikro-makroekonomika
rogorc monacemebidan Cans, soflis meurneobis
produqciis Semcireba gansakuTrebiT maRalia im
periodSi, roca warmoebis ganviTarebis xelSemSleli
faqtorebia dafiqsirebuli, kerZod, 2000, 2004, 2006,
2008 wlebSi. Sesabamisad, agrosasursaTo seqtoris
zrdisTvis saWiroa masze saxelmwifoebrivi zemoqmedeba
garantirebuli fasebis, stimulirebis programis,
dazRvevisa da sxva berketebis meSveobiT.
saqarTvelos agrosasursaTo seqtorSi arsebul
problemebs Soris, bolo periodSi, erT-erTi mTavaria
arasasurveli dargobrivi struqturis Camoyalibeba (ix.
cxrili 2).
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis Taviseburebidan
gamomdinare, aucilebelia mecxoveleobasTan SedarebiT
(rac TavisTavad CamorCenilobiT xasiaTdeba)
memcenareobis mniSvnelovani CamorCenis daZleva, ris
gareSec Tavad mecxoveleobis ganviTarebac arsebiTad
ferxdeba.
saqarTvelos soflis meurnebis dargobrivi struqturis
dinamika 2006-2009 wlebSi (%%)1
cxrili 2
adgilobrivi warmoebis kvebis produqtebiT
mosaxleobis dakmayofileba nebismieri qveynisaTvis
prioritetuli amocanaa. aRniSnulis ganxorcieleba
obieqturad moiTxovs soflis meurneobis iseTi
dargobrivi struqturis Camoyalibebas, romelSic
2006 2007 2008 2009სოფლის მეურნეობის მთლიანი პროდუქცია 100 100 100 100
მემცენარეობა 43 47 41 44მეცხოველეობა 55 51 56 53
სასოფლო-სამეურნეო
მომსახურება
2 2 3 3
1 saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba 2009 wels, gv. 18.
136
asmaT gulordavaasmaT gulordava
wamyvani adgili daeTmoba sasursaTo balansis
formirebisaTvis saWiro produqtebis warmoebas. pirvel
rigSi, agrosasursaTo seqtoris zrdisTvis, aucilebelia
soflis meurneobis dargobriv struqturaSi daaxloebiT
Tanabari raodenobiT iyos warmodgenili memcenareobisa
da mecxoveleobis produqcia.
agrosasursaTo seqtorSi dargobrivi struqturis
realuri suraTis misaRebad aucilebelia fasebis
cvlilebis, sagareo vaWrobisa da ucxouri valutis
reJimis gaTvaliswineba. am faqtorebis gavlena msoflios
nebismier qveyanaSi Zalze didia, miT umetes, dRes. isic
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom moTxovna agrosasursaTo
produqtebze zrdadia, sasursaTo problemas kidev ufro
amwvavebs masze fasebis ukontrolo zrda. maSin, rodesac
evrokavSiris mTeli kanonmdebloba mimarTulia xalxis
cxovrebis donis amaRlebaze, saqarTveloSi sapirispiro
movlenebebs aqvs adgili - sursaTis uxarisxobas
kidev ufro amZimebs masze fasebis mkveTri zrda. es
gansakuTrebiT exeba mecxoveleobis produqcias, ris
fasic bolo periodSi katastrofulad gaizarda1. amas
emateba isic, rom saqarTveloSi agrosasursaTo seqtori
ZiriTadad arasaeqsporto daniSnulebiT viTardeba da
bazarze faqtobrivad ar xorcieldeba fasebis pirdapiri
intervencia. fasebis swori politikis SemuSaveba da
aRricxvis sistemis mowesrigeba xels Seuwyobs moqnili
finansuri sistemis Seqmnas da realuri dargobrivi
struqturis dadgenas. amasTan, dargobrivi struqturis
srulyofa sainvesticio uzrunvelyofis gaTvaliswinebiT
unda moxdes.
saqarTveloSi, dRes, mosaxleobis umsxvilesi
damsaqmebeli dargi dabalSemosavliani soflis
meurneobaa, magram warmoebisa da dasaqmebis arsebul
pirobebSi, ra Tqma unda, garTulebulia agrosasursaTo
1 revaz gogoxia, giorgi doRonaZe. soflis meurneobis mxardamWeri
politika msoflioSi da qarTuli realoba, Jurn. ,,ekonomika da bi-
znesi~, 2011, #6, gv. 29.
137
mikro-makroekonomika
seqtoris mdgradi ganviTareba. amasTan, am seqtoris
zrdis Semaferxebeli faqtoria mosaxleobis
siRaribis maRali donec, rac ara marto sazogadoebis
qonebriv diferenciacias aRrmavebs, aramed abrkolebs
warmoebis mdgrad ganviTarebas agrosasursaTo
seqtorSi da safrTxes uqmnis adamianis Tavisuflebis
realizaciasac1.
agrosasursaTo seqtoris zrda - ganviTarebisTvis
aucilebelia saxelmwifos mxridan mxardaWera.
uwinaresad mTavrobis TanadgomiTa da xelSewyobiT,
soflad maqsimalurad unda ganviTardes kooperaciuli
kavSirebi, rogorc sawarmoo, aseve soflis meurneobis
teqnikis da sxva materialur - teqnikuri saSualebebis,
aseve kreditis da sxva sferoSi. amasTan, aucilebelia,
miwis wvril mesakuTreTa nebayoflobiTi kooperaciuli
gaerTianebebis Camoyalibebis kvalobaze, maTi integracia
gadamamuSavebel sawarmoebTan2. aRniSnulTan erTad,
mxolod saxelwifos xelewifeba soflis meurneobis
produqciisa da soflis meurneobisaTvis saWiro
materialur - teqnikuri saSualebebis fasebis optimaluri
Tanfardobis, anu paritetis damkvidreba, rac erT-erTi
umwvavesi problemaa. misi drouli da Tanmimdevruli
gadawyveta did Svebas moutans, rogorc mTlianad
soflis meurneobas, aseve fermerebs, glexebs da soflis
meurneobiT dakavebul yvela pirovnebas. mwvave problemaa,
aseve, saqarTveloSi didi tradiciebis mqone, magram
dReisaTvis savsebiT miviwyebuli, miwis nayofierebis
aRdgenisa da amaRlebis samuSaoTa gaaqtiureba, raSic
gadamwyveti sityva saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis
saministrom unda Tqvas. mTavrobam ZirSive unda aRkveTos
yovelgvari monopilizmis gamovlineba sasoflo -
sameurneo warmoebis, produqciis Sesyidva - gasaRebis,
fermerul meurneobebTan saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis
Tu sxva sferoSi. 1 gaeros ganviTarebis programa (2008). humanuri ganviTarebis anga-
riSi 2007-2008, gv. 39.2p. koRuaSvili. kooperacia _ qarTuli soflis meurneobis aRor-
Zinebis gza, Jurn. ,,ekonomika da biznesi~, 2011, gv. #3, gv.42.
138
asmaT gulordavaasmaT gulordava
dasasrul, Zalze sayuradRebo da praqtikulad rac
SeiZleba swrafad gansaxorcielebelia saqarTvelos
patriarqis, uwmidesisa da inetaresis ilia II-is Semdegi
rCeva: „vfiqrobT saxelmwifosTvisac da ojaxis
ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaTvisac
sasargeblo iqneba soflis meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis
zrunva. me adrec miTqvams da kvlavac gavimeoreb,
yovlad aucilebelia ekologiurad sufTa produqciis
warmoeba, adgilobrivi jiSebis SenarCuneba da, ra Tqma
unda, xalxisaTvis miwisadmi interesis dabruneba.
kargi iqneba, Tu am process mTavroba mxars dauWers da
mravalwliani SeRavaTiani kreditebiT gaamagrebs, rac
dasavleTis qveynebSi (miuxedavad ganviTarebis donisa)
dResac xorcieldeba“1.
Some Issues of Agricultural Sector Development in GeorgiaSome Issues of Agricultural Sector Development in Georgia
A. GulordavaA. GulordavaThe article discusses the trends and indicators of agriculture sector
development in Georgia in 2000-2009. On the basis of comparative analysis, the situation in the same fi eld of the developed countries is evaluated.
Correlative connection is identifi ed between the dynamics of agricultural products and the factors impeding the production development. The conclusion is made regarding the growth of agricultural sector and appropriate recommendation are provided using guaranteed prices, incentive programs, insurance and other levers.
The article studies the structure of agriculture sector and reveals the problem of signifi cant decrease in plant-growing.
The state support measures, such as development of cooperative ties, providing cheap loans, etc are considered to be essential for the growth of agriculture sector.
1 saaRdgomo epistole, Tb., 2011, gv. 9-10.
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menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi
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asocirebuli profesori,asocirebuli profesori,
ivane javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-is ekonomikasa da ivane javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-is ekonomikasa da
biznesSi informaciuli biznesSi informaciuli
teqnologiebis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli teqnologiebis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli
Tanamedrove etapze sainformacio-komunikaciuri
da multimedia teqnologiebis ganviTarebam mkveTrad
daaCqara msoflio integraciuli procesebi, swrafi
tempebiT mimdinareobs socialur-ekonomikuri procesebis
informatizacia, eleqtronuli mmarTvelobis sisteme-
bis danergva. yovelive es gansakuTrebul moTxovnebs
uyenebs qveynis ganaTlebis sistemas. gaCnda codnis
aTvisebis daCqarebis, pedagogikis aqtualizებis, swavlis
motivirebis zrdis, moswavleebSi kompetenciebis
sakmarisi donis formirebis aucilebloba. aRniSnuli
moTxovnebis ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia ganaTlebis
sferoSi inovaciebis, upirveles yovlisa, uaxlesi
informaciuli teqnologiebis danergviT1.
ganaTlebis sferoSi sainformacio-komunikaciuri
da multimedia teqnologiebis farTod danergva
radikalurad cvlis swavlebis arsebul sistemas.
saswavlo procesis organizaciis inovaciuroba
gadadis ufro maRal safexurze im TvalsazrisiT, rom
swrafad izrdeba swavlebis analizuri, praqtikuli
da eqsperimentuli principebi, rac saSualebas iZleva
swavlebis mTeli procesi orientirebuli gaxdes yovel
calkeul moswavleze, studentze. Sesabamisad, iqmneba da
swrafad vrceldeba swavlebis axali meTodikebi, rac
1Браун А. Бимроуз Дж. Инновационные образовательные технологии//высшее образование. 2007, №4.
eleqtronuli swavlebis eleqtronuli swavlebis
ganviTarebisganviTarebis
ZiriTadi mimarTulebebiZiriTadi mimarTulebebi
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eyrdnoba tradiciuli ganaTlebis saukeTeso miRwevebs
da kargad integrirdeba masTan.
tradiciuli swavlebidan kompiuterul-qselur
teqnologiebze dafuZnebul swavlebaze gadasvlis
procesi ramdenime aTwleulis win daiwyo da dResac
intensiurad viTardeba. kompiuterul matareblebze
monacemTa da codnis didi arqivebis (bazebis) Seqmnis
droidan viTardeboda azri swavlis procesSi maTi
gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. praqtikulad es SesaZlebeli gaxda
internetis qselis ganviTarebiT, romelmac SesaZlebeli
gaxada informaciis swrafi gadacema, qselis abonentTa
Tavisufali on-line kavSiri, internetsaitebze informa-ciis ganTavseba da masze Tavisufali wvdoma.
kompiuteruli teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT
swavlebis ganviTarebis etapebi, pirobiTad, SeiZleba
warmovadginoT Semdegi sqemiT: saswavlo kursebi
kompaqtdiskebze _ distanciuri swavleba _ eleqtronuli
swavleba. yoveli momdevno etapi moicavs winas.
saswavlo kursebi kompaqtdiskebze gamoCnda
yvelaze adre, Semdegi upiratesobebiT: novatoruli idea;
Tematuri informaciis Tavmoyra kompaqtur matarebelze;
garkveuli interaqtiuli SesaZleblobebis arseboba;
gamoyenebis moxerxebuloba, misawvdomoba. naklovanebebs
SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT: kursis SezRuduloba;
modifikaciis SeuZlebloba; didi droiTi danaxarjebi
Seqmnaze.
distanciuri swavlebis upiratesobebia: swavlebis
grafikis moqniloba; swavlis warmarTva individualuri
gegmiT, sakuTari SesaZleblobebisa da moTxovnebis
gaTvaliswinebiT; codnis Sefasebis obieqturi da
maswavleblisgan damoukidebeli meTodikis arseboba;
swavlebis procesSi maswavlebelTan aqtiuri dialogis
SesaZlebloba. distanciuri swavlebis ZiriTadi
naklovanebaa swavlebis tradiciul meTodebTan
integraciis sirTule.
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menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
swavlebis distanciurma formam, misi aSka-
ra Rirsebis gamo, saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi
swrafad moipova udidesi popularoba. saswavlo
dawesebulebebisa da individualuri swavlebis
paralelurad, TandaTanobiT igi gavrcelda msxvil
firmebsa da korporaciebSi sakuTari kadrebis mokle
droSi mosamzadeblad da gadasamzadeblad, SedarebiT
iafad, xarisxianad da rac mTavaria, profesiuli
saqmianobisgan mouwyvetliv.
internetis qselis ganviTarebasTan erTad
distanciuri swavlebis Semdgomma srulyofam,
gansakuTrebiT on-line swavlebis da multimediis
uaxloes miRwevebze orientaciam, warmoSva kompiuterul
teqnologiebze dafuZnebuli swavlebis axali, ufro
maRali safexuri – eleqtronuli swavleba (e-learning). ganaTlebaSi informaciuli teqnologiebis iuneskos
instituti mas ganmartavs rogorc multimediis axali
teqnologiebisa da internetis gamoyenebas swavlebis
xarisxis asamaRleblad resursebze da servisebze
wvdomis gaumjobesebis, codnis daSorebuli gacvlis
da maswavleblisa da moswavlis erToblivi muSaobis
saSualebiT.
eleqtronuli swavleba viTardeba da perspeqtivaSi
Camoyalibdeba rogorc SinaarsiT kompleqsuri da
universaluri swavlebis forma, romlis mniSvneloba
ganisazRvreba swavlebis individulizebis gaZlierebiT,
komfortulobis amaRlebiT da a.S1.
ukanasknel wlebSi eleqtronuli swavleba
moqceulia sxvadasxva profesiis mecnierTa yuradRebis
centrSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samecniero naSromebis
udidesi nawili eZRvneba mis teqnologiur aspeqtebs.
SedarebiT naklebi yuradReba eTmoba eleqtronuli
swavlebis pedagogiur, meTodikur aspeqtebs. sakmaod
xSirad, radikalurad gansxvavdeba mecnierTa da
1 Дайджест «e-Learning глазами профессионалов». №18. от 05. 2010г. http//www.stel.ru
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specialistTa Sexedulebebi eleqtronuli swavlebis
sxvadasxva aspeqtis Camoyalibebasa da SefasebaSi.
jer kidev ar aris azrTa erTianoba eleqtronuli
swvlebis principebis, dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebis,
gamoyenebis sferosa da ganviTarebis perspeqtivebze.
arsebuli literaturis analizis safuZvelze SevecadeT
Camogveyalibebina eleqtronuli swavlebis ZiriTadi
aspeqtebi, tendenciebi, problemebi da ganviTarebis
mimarTulebebi.
ZiriTadi principebi, rac safuZvlad udevs
eleqtronul swavlebas, SeiZleba Semdegi saxiT
CamovayaliboT:
interaqtiuloba. uaxlesi sainformacio da komunikaciuri teqnologiebis bazaze swavlebis axali
meTodebi interaqtulobis principis ganviTarebis axa-
li formebia. upirvels yovlisa, multimedias, rogorc
saswavlo masalis aRqmisa da maqsimalurad aTvisebis
uzrunvelyofis SesaZleblobas.
adapturoba. igi gulisxmobs saswavlo masa-lis organizaciis arawrfiv formas, romelSic misi
Semadgeneli komponentebi warmodgenilia ara rogorc
garkveuli Tanmimdevroba, aramed rogorc gadasvlebi-
sa da mimTiTeblebis (hiperkavSirebis) mqone qseluri
erToblioba. aseTi struqtura saSualebas iZleva
adekvaturad iqnes warmodgenili codnis miRebasTan
dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis Sesabamisi informaciuli ma-
salebi, nebismieri aspeqtis, siRrmisa da donis gaTval-
iswinebiT. amiT, codnis gadacemis procesi maqsimalu-
rad uaxlovdeba bunebriv urTierTobebs da uzrunve-
lyofilia swavlebis traeqtoriis moxerxebuloba da
adapturoba. Tanamedrove sainformacio-komunikaciuri
sistemebi ara mxolod uzrunvelyofs saswavlo masa-
lis saswavlo procesis konkretul pirobebTan adap-
taciis axal SesaZleblobebs, aramed qmnis agreTve
maswavleblis mier saswavlo kursis Seqmnis gaiolebis
axal pirobebs.
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menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
swavlebis moduluri sistema da variaciulo-ba. yoveli saswavlo kursi qmnis garkveuli sagnobri-
vi sivrcis erTian warmodgenas. es saSualebas iZleva
damoukidebeli kursebisgan – modulebisgan formire-
bul iqnes axali saswavlo programa, romelic pasuxobs
rogorc individualur, aseve jgufur moTxovnebs;
swavlis procesis moqniloba – swavlis Sesa-Zlebloba nebismier dros;
swavlisa da saswavlo masalebis misawvdomo-ba – swavlis Sesalebloba nebismier adgilas.
eleqtronuli swavlebis upiratesoba
tradiciul swavlebasTan SedarebiT, ganisazRvreba
misi funqcionirebis ZiriTadi principebiT, riTac
SesaZlebelia uzrunvelyofil iqnes:
swavleba moxerxebul dros, moxerxebul adg-ilze da optimaluri tempiT;
swavlis individualuri programis formireba; saganmanaTleblo procesSi pedagogiuri mec-
nierebisa da kompiuteruli teqnologiebis uaxlesi
miRwevebis gamoyeneba;
swavleba profesiuli saqmianobis paralelurad, e.i. profesiuli saqmianobisgan mouwyvetliv;
moswavlis saganmanaTleblo donis sistematuri amaRleba;
informaciis mravalferovani wyaroebis gamoyen-eba (eleqtronuli biblioTekebi, monacemTa bazebi, cod-
nis bankebi da a.S.);
saswavlo masalis Sinaarsis swrafi ganaxleba; maswavleblis mier saswavlo masalis eleqtronu-
li formiT Senaxvisa da nebismier momentSi misi gamoy-
enebis SesaZlebloba;
swavlis motivaciis amaRleba (damoukidebeli swavlis stimulireba, kritikulad azrovnebis SesaZle-
bloba, TviTdisciplina da pasuxismgebloba, miznis mis-
aRwevad mizandasaxuloba);
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- specialistis momzadebaze danaxarjebis
Semcireba sawavlo farTis, teqnikuri da satransporto
saSualebebis efeqtianad gamoyenebiT, saswavlo
informaciisa da multimediis unificirebuli da
koncentrirebuli warmodgeniT.
dauswreblad swavlebasTan SedarebiT, eleqtronul
swavlebas gaaCnia mniSvnelovani upiratesobani.
eleqtronuli swavlebisas SesaZlebelia:
maswavlebelTan (tutorTan) mudmivi kontaqti, wamoWrili sakiTxebisa da problemebis erToblivi op-
eratiuli ganxilva (rogorc wesi, telekomunikaciebis
saSulebaTa gamoyenebiT);
diskusiebis organizeba; proeqtebze erToblivi muSaoba, aseve jgufuri
muSaobis sxva saxeobebis ganxorcieleba;
moswavlisTvis saswavlo da meToduri masalebis eleqtronuli formiT miwodeba, rac saSualebas iZleva
arsebiTad Seicvalos tradiciuli sesiebi, maTi ricxvi
(raodenoba) da xangrZlivoba;
saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo procesSi interne-tis momsaxurebaTa farTod gamoyeneba;
kompiuteruli teqnikis gamoyeneba saswavlo resursebis Senaxvis, moZebnisa da miwodebis uzrunvel-
sayofad;
moswavlis damoukidebeli kontroli. saswavlo masalebis informaciuli masivebis
modelirebisa da ganawilebul monacemTa bazebis
daSorebuli instrumentuli saSualebebis
individualuri daproeqtebiT SesaZlebelia:
koleqtiuri saswavlo procesebis ganxor-cieleba;
swavlis procesis individualizeba, misi ,,morgeba” TiToeul moswavleze;
maswavleblisa da moswavlis urTierTzemoq-medeba swavlis procesSi, moxerxebuli mswavlel-ma-
kontrolebeli, interaqtiul-sacnobaro programuli
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menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
saSualebebis gamoyenebiT;
sabiblioTeko eleqtronuli katalogebis Se-qmna;
saerTo daniSnulebis an individualuri dis-tanciur-laboratiuli praqtikumebis Seqmna da gamoy-
eneba.
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos saswavlo
procesSi vizualizebisa da mediateqnologiebis
farTod gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba: virtualuri
realobis teqnologiebi, vizualizebis 3D da 4D teqnologiebi, monitoris ekranze virtualuri
obiqtebis materializaciis teqnologiebi sakontrolo,
sakurso da sadiplomo mocemulobebisTvis, samecniero
naSromebisTvis; realuri procesebis trenaJorebisa
da modelirebis sistemebis Seqmna, romelic saswavlo
procesebs Seaxamebs samecniero kvlevebTan, aseve
SesaZlebelia sxva inovaciuri interaqtiuli procesebis
mofiqreba da ganxorcieleba.
eleqtronul swavlebaSi gamoyenebuli
kompiuteruli telekomunikaciebi pedagogebis mier
aRiqmeba da gamoiyeneba rogorc gare samyaros aRqmis
erT-erTi aqtiuri instrumenti, romelic xels uwyobs
swavlebis didaqtikis meTodikis gaaqtiurebasa da
stimulirebas. aseT meTodikebad, instrumentebad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo
amocanebis gadawyveta iseTi qselur-jgufuri
teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT, rogoricaa: eleqtronuli
fosta, telekonferenciebi, informaciis SerCeviT
ganawilebis sistemebi, SetyobinebiTi interaqtiuli
gacvlis sistemebi, forumi, eleqtronuli gancxadebebis
dafa, audio da videokonferenciebi, korporaciuli
intranet-sistemebi da sxva.
eleqtronuli swavlebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia
moswavleTa mier erTmaneTTan da maswavlebelTan
urTierTobisTvis sxvadasxva qseluri saSualebis
gamoyeneba. urTierTobis erT-erTi aseTi saSualeba,
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romelic SeiZleba dainergos tradiciul swavlebaSic,
aris maswavleblis internetsaiti, romlis ZiriTadi
funqciebia: informaciis gavrceleba (magaliTad,
prezentaciebi, sakontrolo da sareferato Temebi
samuSaoTa mocemulobebi da a.S.); moswavleebisgan
informaciis mopoveba (pasuxebi, Sesrulebuli
sakontrolo samuSaoebi da a.S.) eleqtronuli fostiT;
moswavleTa CarTva kvlevis procesSi (magaliTad,
gancxadebebis onlaindafa, diskusia mocemuli Temebze);
forumis Seqmna, romelzec ganixileba swavlebis
procesSi dasmuli kiTxvebi (sakiTxebi). „mudmivad
kavSirze” yofnis SesaZleblobis Sedegad, maqsimalurad
Semcirdeba saauditorio sakonsultacio saaTebis
moculoba, gamartivdeba masalis damoukideblad
aTvisebis procesis kontroli, Seiqmneba moswavleebTan
naklebad formalizebuli urTierTobebi, rac xels
Seuwyobs swavlebis ufro komfortuli pirobebis
formirebas.
Tanamedrove etapze xdeba swavlebis eleqtronuli
da tradiciuli meTodebis elementebis daaxloeba–
integracia. tradiciul swavlebaSi, saganmanaTleblo
procesis efeqtianobis amaRlebis mizniT, sul
ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba eleqtronuli swavlebis
ZiriTadi principebi, magaliTad, interaqtiuloba da
distanciuroba. aseTi interaqtiuri saSualebebidan
SeiZleba aRiniSnos mravalfunqciuri interaqtiuli
dafebi, romelic iqmneba infrawiTeli teqnologiebis
safuZvelze da muSaobs PowerPoint prezentaciebTan,
mediafailebTan, da saSualebas iZleva ,,Caiweros”
gamosaxuleba ekranidan; dokumentkamera, romelic
uzrunvelyofs mcire detalebisa da ferebis palitris
asaxvis umaRles xarisxs. igi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes
rogorc multimediuri komutatori mravalfunqciur
saswavlo kompleqsSi, romelic moicavs videokameras,
DVD-fleers, nouTbuqs, kompiuters, proeqtors,
interaqtiul dafas da sxva Semadgenel elementebs;
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menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
interaqtiuli da monitorTan Tavsebadi planSetebi,
romlebic saSulebas iZleva specialuri kalmis
saSualebiT Sesruldes naxatebi, naxazebi, gadaweros
warwerebi (CaniSvna) ekranze an interaqtiul dafaze
gamosaxulebebis, dokumentebis an mediafailebze;
gamokiTxvis interaqtiuli sistemebi romlebic
uzrunvelyofen SromiTi da droiTi danaxarjebis
mniSvnelovan Semcirebas, testirebis Sedegebis myisier
miRebas TvalsaCino angariSgebis, cxrilebis, grafikebis
da a.S. saxiT1.
saswavlo procesSi gamoyenebuli teqnikuri
da teqnologiuri saSualebebis mrvalferovnebis
miuxedavad, swavlebis xarisxi uwinares yovlisa,
damokidebulia saswavlo masalis srulyofilebaze
(xarisxze), misi warmodgenis formebsa da saswavlo
procesis organizaciaze.
informaciis didi moculoba, sxvadasxva
informaciul nakadebsa da wyaroebs Soris maRali
konkurencia warmoSobs axal moTxovnebs saswavlo
masalis warmodgenisa da miwodebis xerxebis mimarT.
codnisadmi interesi farTovdeba misi maqsimalurad
moxerxebuli da cxadi saxiT miwodebis xarjze.
swavlebis procesi maqsimalurad efeqtiani xdeba
maSin, rodesac momxmarebeli urTierTmoqmedebs iseT
garemosTan, sadac xdeba saswavlo da saTamaSo procesebis
daaxloeba. amas xels uwyobs samganzomilebiani
interaqtiuli sistemebis Seqmna, romelic gamoiyeneba
eleqtronuli swavlebisas sxvadasxva saxeobis amocanis
gadasawyvetad – saswavlo masalis vizualizebasa da
prezentaciidan, perspeqtiuli gegmebis SemuSavebasa da
procesebis simulaciamde. aseTi sistemebis ZiriTadi
upiratesobebia: virtualur sivrceSi muSaobisas
minimaluri riskebi; eqsperimentebis dabali Rirebuleba
1Горбунов А.С. Виртуальные миры, информационные среды и амбиции e-Learning// Оразовательные технологии и общество (Education technogy & Soci-ety), 2009, т. 12.№2 с.423-437.
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virtualur garemoSi; distanciurad erToblivi
muSaobis SesaZlebloba da sxva.
saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi samganzomi-
lebiani interaqtiuli modelireba SesaZlebelia
gamoyenebul iqnes swavlebaSi procesebis
vizualizebisTvis, upirveles yovlisa, teqnikur,
biologiur, socialur sistemebSi. aseve warmatebiT
SeiZleba misi gamoyeneba humanitarul disciplinebSi
samganzomilebiani interaqtiuli kursebis
Sesaqmnelad.
Tanamedrove 3D da 4D teqnologiebi moswavleebs
saSualebas aZlevs Tavisuflad gadaadgildnen
samganzomilebiani modelis virtualur sivrceSi.
magaliTad, saxelmZRvaneloebis statikuri gamosaxu-
lebis nacvlad, SeuZliaT iseirnon perspeqtivaSi
asaSenebeli qalaqis quCebSi, Sesaqmneli qarxnis
samqroSi da a.S. aseTi interaqtiuli sistemebis mTavari
Taviseburebaa is, rom informacia aisaxeba adamianis
warmosaxvisTvis yvelaze bunebrivi 3D modelis
saxiT, romelic SeiZleba moZraobdes, trialebdes
da daTvalierdes yvela mxridan, rac realurad
yovelTvis araa SesaZlebeli. garda amisa, informacia
SeiZleba gaxmovanebuli iyos videogidis TanxlebiT.
realuri procesebis 3D kontentis dasamzadebeli
teqnologiebis gamoyeneba saswavlo kurss xdis
maqsimalurad TvalsaCinos, xolo sawyisi monacemebis
Segrovebis teqnologia saSualebas iZleva warmatebiT
moxdes realobis rekonstruqcia. saswavlo masalis
aseTi warmodgena mniSvnelovnad zrdis swavlisadmi
interess da aiolebs masalis (informaciis) aTvisebas.
eleqtronuli swavlebis ganviTarebisa da
gafarToebis paralelurad ikveTeba misi ZiriTadi
tendenciebi:
tradiciuli da eleqtronuli swavlebis daax-loeba;
cvlilebebi maswavleblebsa da moswavleebis
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menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
urTierTobebSi. moswavle xdeba saganmanaTleblo pro-
cesis centri, xolo maswavleblis roli sul ufro
izrdeba saswavlo procesis xelmZRvanelobis mi-
marTulebiT. misi umTavresi funqcia xdeba moswavle-
Ta konsultacia (tutoriali) saswavlo kursis yvela
etapze da maTi codnis xarisxis kontroli da Sefase-
ba;
mecadineobaTa Catarebis da codnis kontro-lis formebis Secvla. kerZod, qseluri saSualebebiT
konsultaciebi maswavleblisa da moswavlis urTier-
Tobisas; swavlebisTvis video da audio Canawerebis
gamoyeneba; referatebis, eseiebis, Txzulebebis dawera
eleqtronuli formiT; kompiuteruli testireba da
a.S.;
iseTi interaqtiuli saSualebebis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa mikrotalRuri televizia (WiMAX – World-wide Interoperability for Microwave Access), audiografika, Se-kumSuli video, telekonferenciebi, audiokonferencie-
bi da a.S.;
hipermediis programebze damyarebuli sainfor-macio da kompiuteruli teqnologiebis gamoyeneba, rac
moswavles saSualebas aZlevs TviTon gaakontrolos
im sainformacio saswavlo masalebisa da monacemTa
bazebis aTvisebis mdgomareoba, romelic misawvdomia
internetisa da sxva qselebisTvis;
swavlebis efeqtianobis amaRleba saganmanaTle-blo procesis teqnologiuri uzrunvelyofis xarjze.
maswavlebels, romelic flobs sainformacio-kom-
piuteruli teqnologiebis uaxles produqtebs, SeuZlia
drois erTeulSi moswavleebs gadasces gacilebiT
meti informacia (codna) da operatiulad akontrolos
maTi momzadebis done.
eleqtronuli swavlebis ganviTarebis dinamikur
procesSi SeimCneva asinqronuli reJimidan sinqronul
telekomunikaciur on-line reJimze gadasvla1.
1 Буханцева Н. В. и др. Модель e-Learning как инструмент управления елек-
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interaqtiuli on-line diskusiebi da konferenciebi, on-line leqciebi da seminarebi, testirebebi, virtualuri
videodarbazebi da lingafonuri kabinetebi,
kompiuteruli modelirebis virtualuri praqtikumebi
xdeba eleqtronuli swavlebis informaciuli
Tanxlebis ZiriTadi niSnebi. perspeqtivaSi, qveyanaSi
eleqtronuli swavlebis mdgomareobis ganmsazRvreli
iqneba ZiriTadad saswavlo procesis sinqronuli
satelekomunikacio Tanxlebis aparatul-programuli
sistemebis ganviTareba.
elqtronuli swavlebis uaryofiTi mxareebia:
virtualuri, praqtikuli da laboratoriuli samuSaoebis SesrulebisTvis moswavlis mier rigi praq-
tikuli Cvevis gamomuSavebis sirTule;
swavlebis Sedegebis garkveulwilad damokide-buleba moswavlis mier internetisa da kompiuterTan
muSaobis codnaze;
ekranidan didi moculobisa da mravalferovani warmodgenis formiT mocemuli informaciis aRqmis
sirTule;
maswavleblis mxridan swavlebis procesis kon-trolis Sesusteba;
xarisxiani saswavlo kursebis Seqmnis maRali Sromatevadoba da TviTRirebuleba;
saswavlo kursebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobis Semcireba sakomunikacio sistemebis da kompiuterebis
muSaobis Seferxebisas an SezRudulobisas (xmis, video
da grafikuli informacis gadacemisas);
maRali SesaZleblobebis mqone kompiuteruli, programuli da satelekomunikacio saSualebaTa maR-
ali Rirebuleba.
garda amisa, eleqtronuli swavlebis farTod
danergvam SeiZleba gamoiwvios rigi problema moswavlis
garkveuli unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT:
тронными ресурсами вуза// Оразовательные технологии и общество (Educa-tion Technogy & Society), 2009, т. 12. №2 с.438-444.
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menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
teqstebis Tavisufali weris, naxatebis, naxazebis, proeqtebis Seqmnis unaris daqveiTeba, romelsac Caen-
acvleba kompilaciis, mza formebis gamoyenebis unare-
bi;
moswavleTa mexsierebis gantvirTva eleqtronu-li mexsierebis masobrivad gamoyenebiT;
weriTi kulturisa da gamoTvliTi SesaZle-blobebis daqveiTeba, maTi Canacvleba mokle teqsturi SMS-Setyobinebis eniT;
urTierTobaTa virtualizeba, ararsebuli real-obebis programebsa da obieqtebTan urTierToba;
gaazrebis procesebis kompresia da misi Secvla informaciuli gajerebis procesebiT;
internetdamokidebulebis warmoSoba da a.S 1.
eleqtronuli swavlebis zemoaRniSnuli
upiratesobebisa da naklovanebebis analizi gviCvenebs,
rom dRevandel etapze, kompiuteruli da sakomunikacio
teqnologiebis xarisxisa da gavrcelebis donis
gaTvaliswinebiT, misi izolirebulad, ..wminda”
saxiT gamoyeneba umravles SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba
araefeqtianad CaiTvalos. gacilebiT mizanSewonilia
misi warmodgena etapebisa da modulebis saxiT da
kombinireba tradiciuli saauditorio swavlebis
calkeul monakveTebTan.
saboloo angariSiT, teqnikuri da programuli
SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, unda SeirCes da
Camoyalibdes swavlebis erTiani, integrirebuli da
SeZlebisdagvarad efeqtiani sistema.
Cveni azriT, saWiroa erTi metad mniSvnelovani
problemis gamokveTa, romelic atarebs meTodologiur
xasiaTs da warmoadgens umniSvnelovanes indikators
eleqtronuli swavlebis praqtikuli efeqtianobis
gansazRvrisTvis. problemis arsi Semdegia:
maswavleblebis azriT, maTi codna sainformacio-
1 Владимир Ткаченко. Электронные книги и обучение в Интернет. http//www.lessons-tva.info
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kompiuterul teqnologiebSi arasakmarisia. isini
mudmivad cdiloben aRniSnul sferoSi codnis
gafarToebas. SezRuduli droisa da resursebis
pirobebSi ki zaraldeba TviT swavlebis xarisxi,
calkeuli disciplinis, sagnobrivi sferos Seswavlis
siRrme. es miuTiTebs imaze, rom gamokvlevebi ganaTlebis
sferoSi sainformacio-komunikaciuri teqnologiebis
gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT, ar aris orientirebuli
ganaTlebis realur problemebze. samecniero kvlevebi
ufro koncentrirebulia aRniSnuli teqnologiebis,
rogorc saswavlo dawesebulebebSi teqnikur-
programuli obieqtebis an kidev, maswavleblisa da
moswavlis, rogorc am teqnologiebis momxmareblebze.
problemas aRrmavebs aseve is garemoeba, rom sainformacio
teqnologiebis swavlebaSi integraciis xerxebis
mniSvnelovani nawili emyareba moZvelebul meTods,
rodesac swavleba xdeboda adamianis sicocxleSi
erTxel _ saklaso-saauditorio modeliT. amJamad,
mudmivad cvalebad qselur sazogadoebaSi, sayovelTao
uwyveti ganaTlebis pirobebSi, aucilebelia samecniero
kvlevebis gafarToeba eleqtronuli swavlebis
pedagogikuri, meTodikuri da meTodologiuri
problemebis Seswavlis mimarTulebiT;
eleqtronuli swavlebis problemebis gadawyvetis
magistralur mimarTulebebad unda miviCnioT:
tradiciuli da eleqtronuli swavlebis teq-nologiebis sistemuri integracia;
calkeuli eleqtronuli teqnologiebis in-tegracia maTi ganzogadebisa da gamartivebis mi-
marTulebiT;
saganmanaTleblo programebis SemuSaveba klasi-kuri da inovaciuri eleqtronuli teqnologiebis
moTxovnaTa gaTvaliswinebiT;
sainformacio teqnologiebis swavlebis ga-Zliereba saganmanaTleblo procesis yvela safex-
urze.
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menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos
profesiuli da umaRlesi swavlebis safexurebze
profesiuli informatikis swavlebas, rac
mniSvnelovanwilad Seuwyobs xels eleqtronuli
swavlebis teqnologiebis, swavlebis sagnobrivi
sivrcisa da swavlebis pedagogikur-meTodologiuri
aspeqtebis integracias.
saboloo angariSiT, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom
eleqtronuli swavlebis ganviTareba obieqturi
procesia, romelic ganpirobebulia sazogadoebis,
saxelmwifos, saganmanaTleblo sistemisa da
pirovnuli moTxovnilebebiT; eleqtronuli
swavlebis saSualebebis gamoyenebis upiratesobebiT,
gansakuTrebiT, mobilurobiTa da internetis
SesaZleblobaTa gamoyenebiT; eleqtronuli swavleba
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes rogorc ganaTlebis
miRebis distanciuri, aseve tradiciuli (daswrebuli
da dauswrebeli) formebiT swavlebisas. eleqtronuli
swavleba qmnis realur SesaZleblobebs swavleba
warimarTos individualuri reJimiT, miuxedavad droisa
da adgilisa, ganaTleba miRebul iqnes individualuri
SesaZleblobebis, pirobebisa da moTxovnebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, Ria ganaTlebis principebis Sesabamisad.
igi uzrunvelyofs mTeli cxovrebis manZilze uwyveti
ganaTlebis miRebaze adamianis uflebas.
Main Directions in e-Learning Development
E. LagvilavaIn contemporary stage of world development when it is in various
economic and social transition, and refl ects the availability of modern communications and new technologies in the changing world, the rapid development of current informational – communication and multimedia technologies sped up the world integration process, accelerated computing of social-economic activities and e-learning process. The
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application of Information, Communication and multimedia Technology will crucially change the existing system of education. Technology is becoming increasingly important in both our personal and professional lives. Day by day our learners will be using technology more and more. e-Learning will become a popular form of learning targeted at individual learners, oriented at strengthening of individuality of every single learner.
As evidenced by introducing and discussing advantages and disadvantages of e-learning, it is considered as ineffective, if it is used isolated from other approaches, but if it is used in combination with other traditional classroom teaching activities, consequences are much more effective. As practice shows, it is more reasonable to introduce e-learning materials combined with appropriate traditional forms of learning, considering various technical and curriculum development perspectives for development of effective and integrated course of study.
We would recommend the following directions for problem solving in e-learning:
Systematic Integration of traditional and e-learning techniques Integration of separate electronic technologies for their gener-
alization and simplifi cation Development of educational programs based on classical and
innovative electronic technologiesStrengthening of information technology in teaching at all stag-
es of educational processIn conclusion, e-learning gives real opportunities for individual
education in all schooling institutions despite time and location. Education should be based on individual opportunities considering individual abilities, demands and requirements. The use of new technologies in e-learning is becoming increasingly important, and it will become an important part in education in the coming years. The e-learners are growing up with technology, and it will become a natural and integrated part of their lives.
155
menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
rati abulaZerati abulaZe
ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,
ivane javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-is mowveuli ivane javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-is mowveuli
profesoriprofesori
saxelmwifo marTvaSi informaciuli teqnolo-
giebiT transformirdeba saxelmwifos, biznessa da
moqalaqeebs Soris damokidebuleba, TanamSromloba,
urTierTobebis tendenciebi, marTvis koncefcia,
momsaxurebis miwodebis pirobebi da saxeebi.
informaciul komunikaciuri teqnologiebis
(ICT) gamoyeneba saxelmwifos marTvaSi xorcieldeba
eleqtronuli marTvis (e-marTva) koncefciiT, romliTac
miiRweva saxelmwifos efeqtiani da qmedunariani mar-
Tva.1 mas axasiaTeben, rogorc saxelmwifos mier warmod-
genili momsaxurebis avtomatizaciis process,2romlis
imperativebi mimarTulia molodinis, gamWvirvalobis,
angariSvaldebulebisa da sazogadoebis sxvadasxva
monawileebs Soris interaqtiulobisaken,3 sadac ele-
qtronuli saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Camoyalibeba
1 Durrant F. The World Wide Web enhancing e-government in the Caribbean. World Library and Information Congress: 71th IFLA General Conference and Council `Libraries - A voyage of discovery~. Oslo, Norway. August 14th - 18th 2005. http://archive.ifl a.org/IV/ifl a71/papers/167-e_Durrant.pdf 2 http://www.admhmao.ru/adm_reform/publikac/publik21.htm 3Spremić M., Šimurina J., Jaković B., Ivanov M. `E-Government in Transition Economies~. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. 2009 . http://www.waset.org/journals/waset/v53/v53-84.pdf
eleqtronuli marTvis eleqtronuli marTvis
aqtualuri sakiTxebiaqtualuri sakiTxebi
156
rati abulaZerati abulaZe
transformirebuli, gamWvirvale, efeqtiania da warmo-
adgens sazogadoebis demokratizaciis umniSvnelova-
nes instruments.
eleqtronuli mmarTveloba, rogorc momsa-
xurebis wardgenis uwyveti optimizaciis procesi, in-
ternetisa da masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis
gamoyenebiT, moqalaqeebis politikuri monawileobiTa
da CarTulobiT,1 mimarTulia saxelmwifo marTvis or-
ganoebis efeqtiani muSaobis Sedegebis amaRlebasa da
momsaxurebis/produqtebis ganviTarebaze,2 moicavs br-
Zanebebis moZraobisa da kontrolis meqanizms poli-
tikis implementaciis doneze.3 igi, erTi mxriv, iZleva
efeqtianobis amaRlebis SesaZleblobas, xolo meore
mxriv, - ufro sajaros xdis saxelmwifo organoebis
muSaobas. mmarTvelobis reJimis eleqtronuli saqmia-
noba principulad cvlis Cinovniksa da mosaxleobas
Soris urTierTqmedebis atmosferos.3
eleqtronuli mmarTvelobis realizaciis Ziri-
Tadi teqnologiebia: internet-portalebi, veb-saitebi, e-fosta, Setyobinebis myisieri gacvla (IM- Instant Mes-saging), forumi, CeTi, inteleqtualuri agentebi - botebi
(Intelligent Agents -BOTS), nakaduri multimedia (Streaming Media), socialuri qseli da socialuri programebi,
viki (wiki), blogebi, mobiluri komerciis danarTebi, po-
dkastingi (podcast), Really Simple Syndication (RSS), cifruli
televizia da radio, semantikuri-web, telefoni (fiqsi-
1 Ерофеев Е. Электронное правительство: как приблизить чиновника к граж-данину? Журнал: ,,Connect!/Мир связи. http://www.connect.ru/article.asp?id=5103 2 http://is2.lse.ac.uk/asp/aspecis/20080090.pdf 3http://emag.iis.ru/arc/infosoc/emag.nsf/BPA/b423468353130801c325714-c004a0866
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menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
rebuli da mobiluri), Setyobinebebis gacvlis sistema
(MMS, SMS), faqsi, biometruli identifikacia da sxva.
e-marTvis fundamentaluri mizania: marTvis swra-
fi, efeqtiani da SemoqmedebiTi funqciebis floba; bi-
znesisa da samTavrobo marTvis aspeqtebis gamartiveba
da srulyofa; moqalaqeebs, saxelmwifo organizacieb-
sa da SerCeul organizaciebs Soris urTierTqmedebis
xelSewyoba; e-federalizmi, e-demokratia; gonivruli
politikis gatarebisTvis ukukavSiris organizeba; sa-
erTaSoriso implikacia; informaciisa da e-mTavrobis
marTva.
e-marTvis birTvis Camoyalibebis mTavari faqto-
rebia: e-mTavroba, e-demokratia da e-komercia. e-marTvis,
rogorc mega mimarTulebebis warmodgenis safuZveli
gaxda globalizacia da bazris liberalizacia, in-
formaciuli teqnologiebis (IT) revolucia, qseluri
infrastruqturis ganviTareba, sazogadoebis codnis
donis amaRleba; e-biznesis funqcionaluri sferoebisa
da modelebis ganviTareba, mTavrobasa da recipients
Soris urTierTobebis formebis ganviTareba (ix. naxazi).1
`eleqtronuli marTvis~ koncefciis CarCoebSi
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organoebi qmnis e-marTvis
sistemas, mis infrastruqturas, informaciul resursebs,
onlain momsaxurebis sistemasa da sistemasTan daSve-
bis uzrunvelmyof pirobebs.
e-marTvis sistemisa da misi infrastruqturis
xelSewyobis gegmaa mTavrobis strategia, romelic ax-
dens organizaciis miznis miRwevisaTvis marTvis SesaZ-
1 Song Joon H. E-Government in Developing Countries. Published by Communica-tion and Information in Asia, UNESCO Bangkok. 2006 . http://www2.unescobkk.org/elib/publications/083/e-government.pdf
158
rati abulaZerati abulaZe
leblobebis maqsimizacias. es aris e-mTavrobis reali-
zebis bazisi, romelic moicavs strategiul mimarTule-
bas, amocanebs, komponentebs, saxelmZRvanelo principeb-
sa da gzis maCveneblebs.1 e-marTvis sistema iTvaliswi-
nebs «moqalaqe-saxelmwifos», «biznesi-saxelmwifos»,
«saxelmwifo-saxelmwifos» urTierTqmedebis sqemas da
moqmedebs igive koncefciiT, rogorc e-biznesi, Tumca,
ufro didi masStabiT.
e-marTvis mega mimarTulebebie-marTvis mega mimarTulebebi
e-marTvis programebis mamoZravebelia ganviTare-
bis Sedegisken swrafva teqnologiebis swrafad cvale-
badi bunebisa da dainteresebuli mxareebis cvalebadi
molodinis adaptirebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
1 Rabaiah A., Vandijck E. A Strategic Framework of e-Government: Generic and Best Practice. Electronic Journal of e-Government. Volume 7, Issue 3, 2009. http://www.ejeg.com/volume-7/vol7-iss3/Rabaiah_and_Vandijck.pdf
159
menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
e-mmarTveloba dafuZnebulia 4 ZiriTad pro-
cesze: e-konsultacia; e-kontroli; eleqtronuli ur-
TierTqmedeba da qseluri sazogadoebis marTva. 1
e-marTva cvlis Zalauflebis bunebas, xdis mas
ufro gamWvirvales, sajarosa da sazogadoebis mier
kontrolirebads, uzrunvelyofs moqalaqeTa CarTulo-
bas marTvaSi, mTavrobis daqvemdebarebas moqalaqeebi-
sadmi, moqalaqeebis realur monawileobas politikur
procesebSi, arCevnebSi, kanonSemoqmedebaSi.
e-marTva aZlierebs demokratiul institutebs, zr-
dis usafrTxo e-komerciis warmoebis SesaZleblobas,2
srulyofs moqalaqeebisTvis saxelmwifo momsaxurebisa
da informaciasTan wvdomas, saxelmwifos menejmentis
SesaZleblobebsa da uflebebs, efeqtianobas, biznesTan
da samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan urTierTqmedebas. 3
e-marTvis danergviT miiRweva Semdegi: saxelmwifo
informaciis sajarooba, obieqturoba, sandooba; sajaro
saxelmwifo informaciasTan moqalaqeebis SeuzRudavi
daSveba; moqalaqeebTan mudmivi dialogis uzrunvelyo-
fa; saxelmwifo uwyebebisa da organizaciebis saqmiano-
bis sazogadoebrivi kontroli; teqnologiuri inova-
ciis marTva; saxelmwifo marTvis sistemis srulyofa
da saxelmwifo organoebis struqturebis optimizacia,
mis Senaxvaze saWiro finansuri da materialuri dana-
xarjebis Semcireba; efeqtiani integrireba regionul,
1 http://www.egovmonitor.com/node/6556 2 Durrant F. The World Wide Web enhancing e-government in the Caribbean. World Library and Information Congress: 71th IFLA General Conference and Council `Libraries - A voyage of discovery~. Oslo, Norway. August 14th - 18th 2005. http://archive.ifl a.org/IV/ifl a71/papers/167-e_Durrant.pdf 3 REHEMA BAGUMA. AFFORDABLE E-GOVERNANCE USING FREE AND OPEN SOURCE SOFT-WARE. HTTP://CIT.MAK.AC.UG/ICCIR/DOWNLOADS/SREC_05/REHEMA%20BAGUMA_05.PDF
160
rati abulaZerati abulaZe
saerToerovnul da msoflio ekonomikur sivrceSi;
aqtualuri politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri sa-
xelmwifo amocanebis gadawyveta; saxelmwifo organo-
ebis urTierTqmedeba da TanamSromloba sxva qveynis
saxelmwifo organoebTan, saerTaSoriso, samTavrobo da
arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan da sxva.
e-marTvis panorama moicavs e-moqalaqis, e-momsaxu-
rebis, e-sazogadoebis, e-marTvis danarTebs2 da aCvenebs
situacias, rodesac saxelmwifo momsaxureba da proce-
sebi xorcieldeba qselis meSveobiT, xolo saxelmwifo
ufro metad kontrolisa da koordinaciis centralur
rols TamaSobs, vidre momsaxurebis Seqmnisa da uzrun-
velyofis. 1
e-marTva mTavrobis instrumentia sazogadoebis
mSeneblobisTvis, mas didi mniSvneloba aqvs e-marTvis
sxvadasxva komponentis gansazRvrasa da urTierTda-
mokidebulebaSi. misi ZiriTadi komponentebia: teqniku-
ri komponentebi eleqtronuli sididiT; socialuri
komponentebi Tanasworobis sididiT; kulturuli kom-
ponentebi eTikuri sididiT; politikuri komponentebi
samarTlebrivi sididiT; fsiqologiuri komponentebi
eqstensionaluri sididiT; momsaxurebis komponentebi
uflebebisa da SesaZleblobebis gafarToebis sidi-
diT.2
e-marTva ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc mTa-
vrobis meqanikuri SeerTeba informaciul teqnologie-
bTan, romelic mTlianobaSi qmnis saxelmwifos marTvis 1 Aibar E. E-Governance and Citizen Information. Summary of the fi nal Re-search Report Barcelona, July , 2006. http://openaccess.uoc.edu/webapps/o2/bitstream/10609/300/1/pic_egovernance.pdf 2 Sangeeta Sh. E- Governance: An Approach to Manage Bureaucratic Impediments. http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan019250.pdf
161
menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
filosofiis formirebis pirobebs.
e-marTvis meSveobiT sazogadoebrivi da socialu-
ri problemebis gadaWra xdeba IT-is safuZvelze, ro-
melic drosa da sivrceSi aTavisuflebs yovelgvar
SezRudvas. e-marTviT izrdeba mTavrobis pasuxismge-
bloba moqalaqeTa cxovrebasa da sakuTrebis dacvaze.1
e-mmarTvelobis gza uzrunvelyofs administra-
ciuli marTvisa da momsaxurebis xarisxis amaRlebas,
interaqtiuli urTierTobas, informirebas, iuridiuli
transaqciis Sesrulebas, mmarTvelobis organoebis saq-
mianobis gamWvirvalobas, sajaroobas da xarisxian fun-
qcionirebas yovelgvari zedmeti biurokratiis gareSe,
droisa da materialuri resursebis ekonomias, flobs
pirdapiri politikuri sargeblis mZlavr komponentebs.
e-mmarTveloba e-mTavrobasa da cifrul sazoga-
doebas uzrunvelyofs infrastruqturiT da gavlena
aqvs rogorc e-mTavrobaze, aseve cifrul sazogadoeba-
ze.2
e-mmarTvelobis koncefcia Sedgeba ori urTier-
TdakavSirebuli qvekoncefciisagan: SigasamTavrobo in-
formaciuli infrastruqtura (korporatiuli qselis
analogi) da gareinformaciuli infrastruqtura, ro-
melic urTierTobs moqalaqeebsa da organizaciebTan,3
sadac saxelmwifo mxolod erTi subieqtia mraval su-
bieqtTa Soris.
e-marTvis struqturis funqciuri valdebulebebi
1Song Joon H. E-Government in Developing Countries. Published by Communica-tion and Information in Asia, UNESCO Bangkok. 2006 . http://www2.unescob-kk.org/elib/publications/083/e-government.pdf 2 http://www.itgov.org.sa/jalasat/khalid-1.ppt#1 3http://emag.iis.ru/arc/infosoc/emag.nsf/BPA/b423468353130801c325714-c004a0866
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moicavs: menejmentis muSaobis cvlilebis mimarTule-
bas (organizaciuli cvlilebebi, kvalifikaciis amaR-
leba, liderobis ganviTareba, SromiTi urTierTobebi,
biznes procesebis reinJiringi), momxmarebelTa servise-
bis muSaobis mimarTulebas (momxmarebelTa moTxovni-
lebis marTva, miwodebis marTva, Sedegebis ganmtkiceba,
eqspluataciaSi miReba, farTo samomxmareblo momsaxu-
reba), miwodebis aqtivobis muSaobis mimarTulebas (mo-
Txovnilebis nakrebi, analizi, proeqtireba, miwodebis
swavleba, eqspluataciaSi gadacema, kadrebiT uzrunve-
lyofa) da e-mTavrobis muSaobis mimarTulebas (stan-
dartebi, meTodologia, e-mTavrobis proeqtebis inicire-
ba da promouSeni, Ffinansuri kontroli, urTierTobis
marTva).1
e-marTvisgan miRebuli sargebelia: marTvis efe-
qtianobis amaRleba da Sedegianoba, eleqtronuli
dokumentbrunvis organizacia teqnikuri da samarTle-
brivi uzrunvelyofis CarCoebSi; korufciis Semcireba,
gamWvirvalobis zrda, meti xelsayreloba; komunikaciu-
ri teqnologiebis meSveobiT moqalaqeebis informire-
ba, moqalaqeebsa da mTavrobas Soris interaqtiuloba
da urTierTobis SesaZlebloba; moqalaqeebis mozidva
politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri problemebis gan-
xilvisaTvis; monawileobis miReba saxelmwifo marTva-
Si; Semosavlebis zrda, danaxarjebis Semcireba, ekono-
mikuri ganviTareba, moqniloba, masStaburoba da a.S.
zemoaRniSnuli Rirsebebis konstatirebis safu-
Zvelze, saxelmwifoSi e-marTvis danergvisaTvis auci-
lebelia: interfeisi moqalaqeebisa da saxelmwifo
1 United Nations. e-Government Survey 2008 New York, 2008. http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan028607.pdf
rati abulaZerati abulaZe
163
administracias Soris urTierToebisTvis; samarTle-
brivi, organizaciuli, teqnologiuri, sakadro da fsi-
qologiuri aspeqtebis formireba; e-marTvis samoqmedo
wesebi da politika; e-marTvis strategiis formireba;
samTavrobo qseluri informaciuli infrastruqturis
Seqmna, ganviTareba da marTvis procesis yvela siste-
mis reinJirigi; samTavrobo qseluri infrastruqturis
xelmisawvdomoba; normatiul-samarTlebrivi aqtebis
formalizacia; instituciuri meqanizmebi; biujeturi
dafinanseba; kvalificiuri kadrebi; teqnologiuri
inovaciebis, eqsperimentebis, axali eleqtronuli mode-
lebis SemuSavebis stimulireba; biurokratiuli ste-
reotipebis moSla da saxelmwifos marTvis sistemis
modernizacia;
Current Issues in Electronic Governance
R. AbuladzeR. Abuladze
The article notes that catalyzation of information and communication technologies is resulting in the transformation of State governance, the need to develop the state administration system for delivering effective and valuable service, automation of service and formation of e-government.
Imperatives of e-Governance are targeted to expectancy, transparency, accountability and interaction among the various parts of society, where the formation of e-government is transformed, transparent, effi cient and serves as a main instrument for a democratic of a society.
The article reviews the changes caused by e-Governance, concepts
menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
164
rati abulaZerati abulaZe
and benefi t of electronic governance. It also provides analysis of panorama of e-governance, a wide range of technologies for realization of electronic governance, the main factors of formation of e-government and mega trends.
The article presents the values caused due to introduction of E- Governance, these are as follows: publicity of information, objectivity, involvement in governance, giving the citizens unlimited access to state public information, interaction of the state with citizens and maintaining constant dialogue with them, control of the activities of governmental institutions and organizations by society, managing technological innovation, improvement of state governance system and optimization of the structures of government institutions, effective integration in regional, general national and world economy; etc.
165
menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
kiberterorizmi - XXI saukunis kiberterorizmi - XXI saukunis
mwvave gamowveva mwvave gamowveva
guladi nakaSiZeguladi nakaSiZe
ekonomikis akademiuri doqtoriekonomikis akademiuri doqtori
civilizebul samyaroSi kompiuterizaciis da te-
qnologiuri progresis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba masze
damokidebuleba, rac Tavis mxriv, miuTiTebs misi dacu-
lobis da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis aucileblo-
baze. informaciuli teqnologiebis ganviTarebam da
danergvam Seqmna danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis axali
saxe - kiberdanaSauli.
termini - „kiberterorizmi“, informaciuli te-
qnologiebis leqsikonSi 1997 wels gaCnda, rodesac
federaluri gamoZiebis biuros agentma mark polit-
ma gansazRvra terorizmis aRniSnuli saxeoba rogorc
„samoqalaqo miznebis mimarT, winaswar gansazRvruli
politikurad motivirebuli Setevebi informaciul,
kompiuterul sistemebze, kompiuterul programebsa da
monacemebze, subnacionaluri dajgufebebis an saidum-
lo agentebis mxridan, gamoxatuli ZaladobiT“1.
cnobili eqsperti doroTi deningi kibertero-
rizms gansazRvravs rogorc „xelisuflebis organoe-
bis iZulebiTi dayoliebis mizniT politikuri an so-
cialuri miznebis misaRwevad kanonsawinaaRmdego Sete-
vas an Setevis ganxorcielebis safrTxes kompiutereb-
ze, qselsa an masSi arsebul informaciaze“2.
1 Larry J. Siegel (2008) Criminology- Cyber crime and technology - Cyber terrorism: Cyber Crime With Political Motives . pp № 449 2 Dorothy E. Denning. (23.05.2000). "CYBERTERRORISM". Special Oversight Panel on Ter-rorism Committee on Armed Services U.S. House of Representatives. Georgetown University http://www.cs.georgetown.edu/~denning/infosec/cyberterror.html
166
guladi nakaSiZeguladi nakaSiZe
kiberterorizmis cneba SeiZleba, agreTve, ganv-
sazRvroT rogorc teroristuli saqmianobis ganxor-
cieleba kibersaSualebaTa gamoyenebiT. aRniSnuli gu-
lisxmobs kibersivrceSi eleqtronuli saSualebebis
gamoyenebiT, teroristuli RonisZiebebis (operacie-
bis) gatarebas. teroristul operaciebs SesaZlebelia
gaaCndes religiuri, eTnikuri Tu rasobrivi motivacia.
romelTa mixedviTac terorizmis mizani SesaZlebelia
iyos rogorc potenciuri samiznesTvis ekonomikuri
zianis miyeneba, agreTve adamianTa sicocxlis xelyo-
fa.
kiberdanaSauli moicavs danaSaulTa im katego-
rias, romelic ganxorcielda kibersivrcis gamoyenebiT.
xSirad, kiberdanaSaulis da kiberterorizmis cnebebs
erTi konteqstiT moiazreben. realurad ki, kibertero-
rizmi aris kiberdanaSaulis erT-erTi saxe, romelic
Tavisi miznebidan da potenciuri Sedegebidan gamomdi-
nare, sxva saxeobis kiberdanaSaulebebisgan imiT gansx-
vavdeba, rom xelyofs sazogadoebriv usafrTxoebas, sa-
xelmwifos politikur, strategiul an ekonomikur in-
teresebs da qmnis mZime Sedegebis miRebis saSiSroebas.
agreTve kiberterorizmi, kibersivrceSi ganxorciele-
buli sxva danaSaulebisagan danaSaulebrivi motiva-
ciiT da misi ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi mosalodne-
li danakargebiT gansxvavdeba.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi kiber-
tetorizmis Sesaxeb 324′-e muxls aqvs Semdegi dispozi-
cia: „kiberterorizmi, ese igi kanoniT daculi kompi-
uteruli informaciis marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba,
misi gamoyeneba an gamoyenebis muqara, rac qmnis mZime
Sedegis saSiSroebas da xelyofs sazogadoebriv usa-
frTxoebas, saxelmwifos strategiul, politikur an
ekonomikur interess, Cadenili mosaxleobis daSinebis,
an da xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedebis mizniT“1.
167
menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
kiberterorizms agreTve gamoyofen rogorc e.w
teqnologiuri terorizmis erT-erT saxeobas.
teqnologiuri terorizmi, teroristuli aqtebis
ganxorcielebisas iyenebs uaxles informaciul teqno-
logiebs, radioeleqtronikas, genur inJinerias, imuno-
logias da Tanamedrove mecnierebis sxva sferoebSi
arsebul miRwevebs.
msoflio masStabiT kiberdanaSauls ra wili
ukavia kiberterorizmSi, sakmaod rTuli dasadgenia,
radgan SesaZlebelia yovelTvis ver moxerxdes kiber-
danaSaulis saTanado Sefaseba kiberterterorizmis
makvalificirebeli niSnebis mixedviT. es, agreTve, ga-
momdinareobs iqidan, rom kiberteroristuli operacia
yovelTvis ver iqneba warmatebuli da Sesabamisad, yo-
velTvis SesaZlebelia ver gamovlindes kiberterori-
stuli operaciis namdvili mizani da daniSnuleba.
agreTve, sayuradReboa samomavlo teroristuli
operaciebis dagegmvis da maTi ganxorcielebis miz-
niT, teroristuli organizaciebis da kiberdamnaSaveTa
dajgufebebs Soris aqtiuri TanamSromloba. kiber-
damnaSaveebs gaaCniaT is teqnikuri unarCvevebi da po-
tenciuri SesaZleblobebi, rac saWiroa kibersivrceSi
teroristuli operaciebis Casatareblad da kinetikur
sferoSi Casatarebeli teroristuli operaciebis te-
qnikuri mxardaWerisTvis. amitomac, teroristuli da-
jgufebebis mxridan arsebobs daintereseba gamoiyenon
kiberdamnaSaveebi teroristuli saqmianobisTvis.
mravali teroristuli dajgufeba Tu organiza-
cia dRes ufro metad orientirebulia kibersivrceSi
teroristuli aqtebis ganxorcielebisken. aRniSnuls
gansazRvravs ramdenime mniSvnelovani faqtori, maT So-
ris: kibersivrceSi Catarebuli operaciebis dabali
barieri, adamianuri resursebis efeqtiani gamoyeneba,
1 The criminal code of Georgia (1999) - (Georgian law code about crime)
168
guladi nakaSiZeguladi nakaSiZe
operaciis faruloba da mobiloba.
zogierTi operaciis Casatareblad kibersivrcis
gamoyenebis mizanSewoniloba ganisazRvreba mis gansa-
xorcieleblad gaweuli dabali danaxarajebis mixed-
viT, rasac operaciis barieris dones uwodeben. sxvag-
varad rom ganvmartoT, erTi da imave efeqtis misaRebad
Tu kibersivrceSi operaciebis Casatareblad gaweuli
danaxarjebi ufro mcirea, vidre nebismier sxva sfe-
roSi gaweuli danaxarjebi, maSin kibersivrces gaaCnia
ufro dabali barieri dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad.1 es
ki niSnavs imas, rom zogjer kibersivrceSi operaciis
Catareba ufro xelsayrelia, vidre kinetikur sfero-
Si.
nebismieri adamianis unar-Cvevebis gamoyeneba Se-
saZlebelia rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uayofiTi mimar-
TulebiT. adamianuri resursebis efeqtiani gamoyeneba
gulismobs maTi inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis
saSualebiT maqsimaluri sargeblis miRebas. terori-
stuli dajgufebebi interesdebian adamianTa intele-
qtualuri potencialiT, radgan xSirad teroristuli
operaciis Catareba dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad moi-
Txovs specifikur codnas da specializacias. magali-
TisTvis, jihadis gansaxorcieleblad erTi potenciuri
kandidatis momzadebaze gaweuli danaxarjebi mizanmi-
marTulia erTjeradi amocanis Sesasruleblad, radgan
kinetikur sferoSi terorists mxolod erTxel SeuZ-
lia jihadis ganxorcieleba, riTac amoRebul samiznes
erTjeradad miayenebs zians. kiberteroristis upirate-
soba ki teroristuli saqmianobis mravaljeradobaSia.
mas SeuZlia araerTxel miayenos kibernetikul sfero-
Si samizne qveyanas ziani da garkveuli qmedebebis Se-
1 Dorothy E. Denning (IO Journal, April 2009) - Barriers to Entry: Are They Lower for Cyber Warfare? http://faculty.nps.edu/dedennin/publications/Denning-Barrier-sToEntry.pdf pp. 7-8
169
menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
degad ki, xelyos adamianTa sicocxle. amdenad, zogjer
terorizmisaTvis adamianTa teqnikur-inteleqtualuri
SesaZleblobebis mizanmimarTuli gamoyeneba ufro ma-
Rali efeqtis momtani SeiZleba iyos, vidre adamianTa
mxolod fizikuri unari.
teroristuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis
kibersivrce, rogorc brZolis veli, teroristebs mo-
bilurobisa da farulobis upiratesobas aniWebs, rac,
agreTve, warmoadgens kiberoperaciebis Casatareblad
kibersivrcis gamoyenebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan prio-
ritets. faruloba warmoadgens kiberdamnaSavis unars
kiberisvrceSi ganaxorcielos Seteva ise, rom potenci-
urma samiznem Tavisi monacemebis dakargvis, cvlilebis
anda dazianebis Sesaxeb kiberSetevis amocanis warmate-
buli ganxorcielebis Semdeg gaigos. kibersivcis mobi-
lurobis principi ki gulisxmobs unars dafaros ad-
gili, saidanac xorcieldeba kiberSeteva, kibersivrceSi
operacia mravali obieqtidan erTdroulad ganaxor-
cielos da dafaros kiberSetevis Semdeg darCenili
kvali.
kibersivrceSi Tanamedrove teroristuli qmede-
bebi axal safexurze gadavida da misgan momdinare sa-
frTxe dRes ukve ganviTarebuli qveynebis nacionaluri
usafrTxoebis dacvis strategiebSi mowinave adgils
ikavebs. aRniSnuli ganpirobebulia kiberterorizmidan
momdinare safrTxeebis realurobiT da mniSvnelovne-
biT, rasac adasturebs kiberSetevebiT ukve gamowveuli,
anda misi ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi mosalodneli
potenciuri danakargebis maCvenebeli.
saxelmwifoebis da xelisuflebis diskreditaciis
mizniT kiberterorizmi iyenebs internets - terori-
stuli xasiaTis vebgverdebis ganTavsebiT, saxelmwifo
mniSvnelobis eleqtronul sistemebSi falsificirebu-
li monacmebis SetaniT an am sistemebis mwyobridan si-
170
guladi nakaSiZeguladi nakaSiZe
stematuri gamoyvaniT, riTic qmnis SiSis faqtors, rac
warmoadgens tradiciuli terorizmis damaxasiaTebel
niSanTvisebas, aseve gansazRvravs kiberterorizms, ro-
gorc mis erT-erT saxeobas. maSasadame, kiberteroriz-
mi warmoadgens teqnikuri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT
teroristuli da kriminaluri saqmianobis specifikur
formas.
teroristebi kibersivrces iyeneben Semdegi mizne-
bisaTvis1:
- internetis saSualebiT potenciur samizneebze
Seagrovon informacia mdebareobis da maxasiaTeblebis
gansasazRvrad;
- teroristul moZraobaTa mxardaWerisaTvis fin-
ansuri resursebis Sesagroveblad;
- teroristuli moZraobebis Sesaxeb detaluri
informaciis Semcveli vebgverdebis Sesaqmnelad, rac
moicavs dajgufebebis miznebis, amocanebis, protestis
gamoxatvis formebis da dajgufebebTan dakavSirebu-
li sxva saxeobis Semcvel informacias. riTac terori-
stuli moZraobebi cdiloben teroristebis mxardamWer
jgufebze sinergiul zemoqmedebas, rac gulisxmobs aR-
niSnul jgufebze gavlenis moxdenas marTvis arakla-
sikuri, qvecnobieri meTodebis gamoyenebiT;
- finansuri institutebisgan fulis gamoZalvisT-
vis, raTa maT Tavi aaridon kiberterorizmis aqtebs da
ar dakargon reputacia;
- internetis farTo auditoriis gamosayeneblad
ukve dagegmili an samomavlo moqmedebebis, an ganxorcie-
lebul teraqtebze pasuxismgeblobis aRebis Taobaze
informaciis gasavrceleblad, agreTve, msgavsi Sinaar-
sis eleqtronuli werilebis masobrivad dasagzavnad;
1Tropina Tatyana Lvovna (2005) - Cybercriminality: concept, a condition, criminally-legal measures of struggle from http://www.crime.vl.ru/index.php?p=986&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1
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menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
- internetis gamoyeneba informaciul-fsiqolo-
giuri zemoqmedebisTvis, „fsiqologiuri terorizmis“
inicirebisaTvis. internetis saSualebiT sazogadoeba-
Si SiSisa da panikis dasanergad an dezinformirebis
gziT adamianebis SecdomaSi Sesayvanad. agreTve, tero-
ristuli organizaciebi aqtiurad iyeneben internetis
msoflio qsels sxvadasxva Woris da maT Soris sagang-
aSo informaciis gasavrceleblad;
- teroristul saqmianobaSi saTanado potencia-
lis da gamocdilebis mqone pirovnebebis CasarTavad,
romelTaTvisac cnobili ar unda iyos maTi saqmianobis
namdvili mizani. magaliTad, kompiuteruli xulignebis
dayolieba, romelTaTvis ucnobia, Tu ras emsaxureba
maTi samomavlo saqmianoba;
- eleqtronuli fostiT an eleqtronuli Setyo-
binebebis „dafebiT“ daSifrul SetyobinebaTa gasacv-
lelad;
- teroristuli Sinaarsis vebgverdebis gansaTav-
seblad, sadac saubaria feTqebad nivTierebebsa Tu sa-
Sualebebze, Sxamebze, momwamvlel gazebsa da maTi da-
moukideblad miReba–damzadebis instruqciebze.
internetSi mravlad aris ganTavsebuli msgavsi
vebgverdebi, sadac aRniSnuli informaciis mopoveba
Tavisufladaa SesaZlebeli.
yuradsaRebia termini – „qseluri omi“ romelic
devid ronfeldma (David Ronfeld) da jon arkrilam
(John Arquilla) Semoitanes. devid ronfeldis gansaz-
RvrebiT omis es saxeoba - „warmoadgens sazogadoebri-
vi konfliqtis erT-erT saxes, romelic warmoebuli
komunikaciis saSualebebis gamoyenebiT mimdinareobs
internetis meSveobiT“1. jon arkrilas ganmartebiT ki,
„qseluri omi“ - „socialur doneze, tradiciuli sao-
mari Zalis gamoyenebis gareSe, konfliqtebis warmoebis
axali xerxia, rodesac protagonistebi (mTavar rol-
172
guladi nakaSiZeguladi nakaSiZe
Si myofi adamianebi) iyeneben organizaciis qselur
formebs da masTan dakavSirebul doqtrinebs, strate-
giebs da teqnologiebs, romlebic Seesabameba informa-
ciuli sazogadoebas epoqas.2“
informaciuli omis gansazRvrebis ZiriTad cne-
bebs warmoadgens netwar da cyberwar. orive konfli-
qtis warmoebis erTgvar formaa, romlis drosac Se-
saZlebelia gamoiyenon kiberterorizmis meTodebi da
saSualebebi. netwar – kibersivrceSi konfliqtis war-
moebaa socialur doneze, xolo cyber war - kibersivrce-Si konfliqtis warmoebaa samxedro doneze. maT Soris
gansxvaveba kibersivrceSi konfliqtis warmoebis for-
ma da mizania.
kiberterorizmi qseluri omis warmoebis for-
mad iqceva maSin, rodesac teroristuli operaciebiT
cdilobs sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis darRvevis
da mosaxleobis daSinebis gziT, xelisuflebaze ze-
moqmedebis mizniT, gavlena moaxdinos sociumze. Tu
kibersivrceSi teroristuli qmedebebis miznebi scde-
ba socialuri zemoqmedebis sazRvrebs da mimarTulia,
magaliTad, saxelmwifos ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis an
TavdacviTi SesaZleblobebis dazianebis an ganadgu-
rebisken, maSin konfliqtis warmoeba gadava samxedro
doneze da miiRebs kiberomis saxes.
kiberterorizmi miekuTvneba saxelmwifos winaaRm-
deg mimarTul danaSaulTa saxeobas, rac aqcevs mas
nacionaluri usafrTxoebis erT-erT prioritetad. mis
mniSvnelobas adasturebs: mowinave qveynebis nacio-
naluri usafrTxoebis strategiaSi gansazRvruli ris-
kebsa da safrTxeebs Soris kiberusafrTxoebis maRali
1 John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt (1993) - CYBERWAR IS COMING!: Both Netwar and Cyberwar Are Likely – pp. № 272 J.Arquilla and D.Ronfeldt (2001) Networks And Netwars- THE ADVENT OF NETWAR (REVISITED): Defi ning Netwar pp. № 6
173
menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
prioriteti, kiberusafrTxoebaze gaweuli danaxarje-
bis yovelwliuri zrda da kiberusafrTxoebaSi axa-
li da mravalmxrivi kvlevebis warmoeba da dafinanse-
ba, informaciis masobrivi saSualebebis yuradReba da
msoflio gamoxamaureba. yovelive aRniSnuli ganpiro-
bebulia imiT, rom msoflioSi kiberdanaSaulis ricx-
vi yoveldRiurad izrdeba da Sesabamisad izrdeba am
danaSauliT gamowveuli danakargebis raodenobac (2009
wlis 29 maiss aSS-is prezidentis barak obamas TeTr
saxlSi gakeTebuli gancxadebiT, ori ukanaskneli wlis
manZilze kiberdanaSauliT miyenebuli zianis odenobam
aSS-sTvis 8 mlrd dolariT ganisazRvra). aRniSnul
sakiTxebze SedarebiT did yuradRebas amaxvileben is
qveynebi, romelTa infrastruqturac damokidebulia ki-
bersivrcis Seuferxebel funqcionirebaze da romlis
marTvac eleqtronul sistemebzea orientirebuli.
magaliTad, aSS-m 2008 wels SeimuSava sainiciativo
programa, romlis mixedviTac unda Seqmniliyo saxelm-
wifo dawesebulebaTa Soris kibersivrcis kontrdaz-
vervis samsaxuri da agreTve saxelmwifo dawesebule-
bebis qselebSi usafrTxoebis donis amaRlebis Ronis-
Ziebebi Caatara. garda amisa, sainiciativo programis
farglebSi gansazRvruli iyo saxelmwifo informaci-
ul sistemebSi SeRwevis potenciuri meTodebis dadge-
na da informaciuli usafrTxoebis sferoSi kvlevebis
warmoeba.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi kiberdanaSaulis winaarm-
deg brZola ukve saerTaSoriso problemad iqca da
Tavisi mniSvnelobiT saerTaSoriso terorizmsac gau-
tolda. transnacionaluri kompiuteruli danaSaulis
da kiberterorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis efeqtiani me-
Todebis SemuSaveba warmoadgens msoflio kibersivr-
cis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis ZiriTadi elemen-
tia. swored amitom, kibersivrcis usafrTxoebis kvleva
174
guladi nakaSiZeguladi nakaSiZe
msoflioSi mravali qveynis muSaobis priotetul mi-
marTulebad iqca.
estoneTSi 2007 wlis 27 aprils dawyebuli kiber-
Setevebi, romlebic 3 kviris ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda,
warmoadgenda saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli ki-
berSetevebis pirvel da uprecendento SemTxvevas. Sete-
vis samizned iqca rogorc saxelmwifo, agreTve kerZo
seqtoris internet infrastruqtura. aRniSnuli movle-
na gaxda estoneTisa da Crdiloatlantikuri aliansis
wevri qveynebisaTvis kiberusafrTxoebis sferoSi rigi
RonisZiebis gatarebis safuZveli, raTa samomavlod sa-
valalo Sedegebisgan Tavi aeridebinaT da moexdinaT
kiberSetevebiT miRebuli danakargebis minimizeba. am
mizniT, estoneTSi Seiqnma Crdiloatalntikuri alian-
sis wevri qveynebis kiberusafrTxoebis centri, romel-
mac SeimuSava kadrebis momzadebis axali programa da
daiwyo Tanamedrove dacvis saSualebis Seqmna da maTi
ganviTareba.
Tanamedrove msoflios moTxovnebis Sesabamisad,
saqarTveloc gadadis informaciuli teqnologiebis
marTvis sistemebis aqtiur gamoyenebaze. saxelmwifo
dawesebulebebis zogierT sistemaSi ukve dainerga da
gamoiyeneba saqmis warmoebis eleqtronuli sistemebi.
aTasobiT eleqtronuli dokumentis gadacema qselSi,
monacemTa bazebis informaciis moZieba, damuSaveba, Sen-
axva, gadacema da a.S. Tavis mxriv saWiroebs infor-
maciuli sistemebis dacvis da usafrTxoebis uzrun-
velyofas. ramdenadac kiberteorizmis Setevis obieqts
wamoadgens qveynis kibersivrceSi funqcionirebadi
eleqtronuli sistemebi, SesaZlebeli gamovyoT tero-
ristuli motivaciis mqone kiberSetevebis Semdegi Zi-
riTadi samizneebi: saxelmwifo sakanonmdeblo da aR-
masrulebeli xelisuflebis sainformacio eleqtro-
nuli sistemebi; qveynis finansuri seqtoris marTvis da
175
menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
sainformacio eleqtronuli sistemebi da masmedia.
_ saxelmwifo sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis sainformacio eleqtronuli sistemebi
iseTi masobrivi informaciis wyaroebia, romliTac xe-
lisuflebis mmarTeli organoebi awvdian da iReben
qveyanaSi mimdinare movlenebis, qveynis saSinao da sa-
gareo politikis, xelisuflebis mier miRebuli ofi-
cialuri gadawyvetilebebis da misi poziciebis Sesa-
xeb informacias. aRniSnuls gaaCnia dominanturi pozi-
cia xelisuflebis oficialuri informaciis gacvlis
TvalsazrisiT. zemoxsenebul sistemebze kiberSeteve-
bis ganxorcieleba mimarTulia aRniSnul informaci-
ul nakadebze zemoqmedebis mosaxdenad _ informaciis
farulad mopovebis, anda misi SezRudvisa da parali-
zebis mizniT;
_ rogorc cnobilia, finansuri seqtoris ele-
qtronuli marTvis sistemebi qveynis ekonomikuri fun-
qcionirebis ZiriTadi rgolia, romelzec damokide-
bulia qveynis Siga da sagareo finansuri operaciebi.
zemoxsenebul seqtorze kiberSetevebis ganxorcieleba
miznad isaxavs qveynis finansuri infrastruqturis pa-
ralizebas, masSi arsebuli informaciis dauflebas ko-
merciuli an politikuri mizniT, riTac SesaZlebelia
qveynisaTvis grZelvadiani da mniSvnelovani ekonomiku-
ri zianis miyeneba;
_ masmediis amocanaa sazogadoebas miawodos utyu-
ari informacia qveynis SigniT da mis farglebs gareT
ganviTarebuli movlenebis Sesaxeb. misi daniSnulebaa
jansaRi sazogadoebrivi azris formireba. aRniSnul-
ze kiberSetevebis ganxorcielebis mizania garkveuli
saxeoba informaciis masobrivi gavrcelebis da siste-
maturi miwodebis SezRudva. masmediis eleqtronuli
saSualebebi, agreTve, SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes
dezinformaciis gasavrceleblad, mcdari sazogadoe-
176
guladi nakaSiZeguladi nakaSiZe
brivi azris formirebis da qaosis gamowvevis mizniT.
2007 wels (27 aprili _ 18 maisi) estoneTis ki-
bersivrceze ganxorcielebuli kiberSetevebis samiz-
nes warmoadgenda zemoxsenebuli samive seqtori. ker-
Zod, estoneTis prezidentis da parlamentis vebgverde-
bi, estoneTis yvela saministros eleqtronuli fosta,
politikuri partiebis vebgverdebi, sami sainformacio
samsaxuri, qveynis ori udidesi banki, samTavrobo inter-
netprovaiderebi da satelekomunikacio kompaniebi:
www.mkm.ee (Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communi-cations); www.peaminister.ee (Website of the prime minister); www.riigikogu.ee (Estonian Parliament); www.sisemin.gov.ee (Ministry of Internal Affairs); www.valitsus.ee (Estonian Government); www.vm.ee (Ministry of Foreign Affairs).
estoneTze ganxorcielebuli kiberSetevebis sa-
fuZvels warmoadgenda estoneTis xelisuflebis ga-
dawyvetileba talinis centraluri moednidan sabWoTa
memorialis periferiaSi gadatanis Taobaze.
2008 wels (28 ivnisi _ 30 ivlisi) litvaze ganxor-
cielebuli kiberSetevebis samiznes am SemTxvevaSic
warmoadgenda saxelisuflebo, safinanso organoebis
da masmediis vebgverdebi. aRniSnul faqts win uZRoda
litvis parlamentis gadawyvetileba, romelic krZalav-
da sabWoTa periodis simbolikis sazogadoebriv Cve-
nebas da mis warmoCinebas, magaliTad, sabWoTa himnis
gaJRereba.
2008 wels saqarTvelos kibersivrceze ganxorcie-
lebuli kiberSetevebis samizned, agreTve, iqca samive
zemoaRniSnuli seqtori. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis
vebgverdebi, romlebzec ganxorcielda kiberSeteve-
bi: saqarTvelos prezidentis vebgverdi (www.president.gov.ge); sagareo saqmeTa saministro (www.mfa.gov.ge); sa-qarTvelos mTavrobis vebgverdi (www.government.gov.ge); saqarTvelos parlamentis vebgverdi (www.parliament.ge);
177
menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
Tavdacvis saministros vebgverdi (www.mod.gov.ge); cen-traluri saarCevno komisiis vebgverdi (www.cec.gov.ge); finansTa saministros vebgverdi (www.mof.ge); afxazeTis
avtonomiuri respublikis mTavrobis vebgverdi (www.abkhazia.gov.ge); saqarTvelos ganaTlebis da mecnierebis
saministro (www.mes.gov.ge) saqarTvelos finansuri seqtori, romelzec gan-
xorcielda kiberSetevebi: saqarTvelos erovnuli ban-
kis vebgverdi (www.nbg.gov.ge); Tibisi bakis vebgverdi
(www.tbcbank.ge); respublika bankis vebgverdi (www.repu-blic.ge); viTbi bankis vebgverdi (www.vtb.com.ge)
2008 wlis 9 agvistos, finansur seqtoris dacvis
mizniT, saqarTvelos erovnulma bankma gasca gankar-
guleba droebiT yvela banks Seewyvita eleqtronuli
momsaxureba.
masmediis vebgverdebi, romlebic gaxda 2008 wlis
kiberSetevebis samizne: samauwyeblo kompania rusTavi
2-is vebgverdi (www.rustavi2.com); mTavari sainformacio
saagento (www.interpress.ge); sainformacio saagento, axa-li ambebi saqarTvelodan (www.civil.ge); sainformacio
saagentos vebgverdi (www.presa.ge); informaciul anali-
tikuri portali (www.apsny.ge); saqarTvelos, azerbai-
janis da somxeTis sainformacio saagentos vebgverdi
(www.day.az).agreTve Setevebi ganxorcielda iseT sazogadoe-
briv- kulturul veb gverdebzec rogoricaa: www.in-ternet.ge; www.geres.ge; www.chca.org.ge; www.forum.ge; www.mu-seum.ge; www.grena.ge da sxva.
zemomoyvanili samive kiberkonfliqtis dros ga-
movlenili faqtebi ar aris gamyarebuli mtkicebule-
bebiT, rom aRniSnuli kiberSetevebi romelime konkre-
tuli saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebis mier iyo
organizebuli. magram, samive SemTxvevaSi ganxorciele-
bul kiberSetevebs aerTianebs Setevis samizne, Setevis
178
guladi nakaSiZeguladi nakaSiZe
mizani da damdgari Sedegebi. kiberSetevebi, romlebic
estoneTSi, litvasa da saqarTveloSi iqna ganxorcie-
lebuli, mravali saerTo niSnis matarebelia da rac
mTavaria, samive SemTxvevaSi Setevebi ganxorcielebul
iqna saxelmwifo, finansur da masmediis seqtorebze. sa-
qarTvelos sisixlis samarTlis kodeqsis 324’-e mux-
lis dispoziciaSi gansazRvruli Sedegebi, romliTac
kvalificirdeba kiberterorizmi, SesaZlebelia dadges
mxolod aRniSnul seqtorebze kiberSetevebis ganxor-
cielebiT, ris safuZvelzec mocemul faqtebs SegviZ-
lia mivaniWoT kiberterorizmis kvalifikacia.
2008 wlis agvistos movlenebma saqarTvelos didi
gamocdileba SesZina kiberSetevebis starategiis da
taqtikis mimarTulebiT, ramac 2007 wlis estoneTis ki-
berSetevebis Semdeg, kidev erTxel daanaxa msoflios
kiberusafrTxoebis mniSvneloba. dReisaTvis saqarTve-
loc aqtiuradaa CarTuli kiberusafrTxoebasTan da-
kavSirebuli sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi.
2008 wlis agvistos kiberSetevebis Semdeg saqarT-
velom miiRo qveynis kibersivrcis dacvis realuri ga-
mowveva, rac moiTxovs erTiani nacionaluri kiberu-
safrTxoebis sistemis Seqmnas, estoneTis magaliTze
dayrdnobiT. aRniSnuli ki upirvelesad gulisxmobs:
- qveyanaSi arsebuli informaciuli sistemebis
„susti rgolebis“ da maTi gamoyenebiT kiberSetevebis
ganxorcielebis potenciuri safrTxeebis gamovlenas
da maT aRmosafxvrelad konkretul muSaobas da kvle-
vebis warmoebas;
- aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT kadrebis aRzrdis
mizniT umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi
konkretuli specializaciis Seqmnas, raTa am mimarTu-
lebiT daiwyos konkretuli kvlevebis warmoeba, rac
momavalSi qveynis informaciuli usafrTxoebis dasa-
cavad da samomavlo kiberSetevebis Sedegad miRebuli
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menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
danakargebis Tavidan acilebis aucilebeli winapiro-
baa;
- agreTve, samomavlod iseTi Tanamedrove progra-
muli uzrunveyofis Seqmnas, romelic ar iqneboda zo-
gadad gavrcelebuli da iqneboda Seqmnili qveynis kon-
kretuli miznebisa da amocanebis Sesasruleblad.
dasasruls xazgasmiTunda aRvniSnoT, rom ramdena-
dac informaciuli usafrTxoebis faqtori didadaa da-
mokidebuli konkretuli programuli uzrunvelyofe-
bis cnobadobaze, amgvari programuli uzrunvelyofis
gamoyeneba msoflio Tanamedrove kiberusafrTxoebis
standartebTan erTad, xels Seuwyobda informaciuli
operaciebis SedarebiT usafrTxo warmoebas; aseve ki-
berusafrTxoebis mimarTulebiT saerTaSoriso TanamS-
romlobis farglebSi samuSao da erToblivi kvleviTi
saqmianobis da gamocdilebis gaziarebas, rac qveynis
informaciuli usafrTxoebis mniSvnelovani faqtoria.
Cybersafety - Crucial Challenge of the 20th CenturyCybersafety - Crucial Challenge of the 20th Century
G. NakashidzeG. NakashidzeThe article focuses on the necessity of revealing attempts of using
cyberspace for terrorist and criminal purposes. Cyberspace is conside-red as one of the forms and means of cooperation for the members of organized crime and terrorist organizations for organizing (planning and implementation) of criminal activities. The article shows the purpose of using cyberspace by terrorist groups and defi nes the role and function of cyber terrorism in information war. The paper provides defi nite tasks and activities to be implemented, methods for dealing with the problem are suggested to the countries for fi ghting against terrorism.
The article is based on the analysis of the reports of different competent organizations and appropriate arguments are provided from public sources.
180
nadeJda kvataSiZenadeJda kvataSiZe
iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-isiv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-is
asocirebuli profesoriasocirebuli profesori
finansuri instrumentia nebismieri xelSekruleba, finansuri instrumentia nebismieri xelSekruleba,
romelic warmoqmnis rogorc erTi sawarmos finansur romelic warmoqmnis rogorc erTi sawarmos finansur
aqtivs, aseve meore sawarmos finansur valdebulebas an aqtivs, aseve meore sawarmos finansur valdebulebas an
wilobriv instrumentswilobriv instruments1. bass 32 iZleva rekomendacias, . bass 32 iZleva rekomendacias,
rom vidre emitenti moaxdens finansuri instrumentebis rom vidre emitenti moaxdens finansuri instrumentebis
finansur angariSgebaSi saTanado elementad finansur angariSgebaSi saTanado elementad
klasifikacias, xelSekruleba unda iqnes Seswavlili da klasifikacias, xelSekruleba unda iqnes Seswavlili da
gaanalizebuli. kerZod, emitentma sawarmos finansuri gaanalizebuli. kerZod, emitentma sawarmos finansuri
mdgomareobis angariSgebaSi finansuri instrumentebis mdgomareobis angariSgebaSi finansuri instrumentebis
klasifikaciis dros, mxedvelobaSi unda miiRos misi klasifikaciis dros, mxedvelobaSi unda miiRos misi
Sinaarsi da ara samarTlebrivi forma. Cveulebriv, Sinaarsi da ara samarTlebrivi forma. Cveulebriv,
finansuri instrumentis Sinaarsi da samarTlebrivi finansuri instrumentis Sinaarsi da samarTlebrivi
forma erTmaneTs Seesabameba, Tumca yovelTvis ara. forma erTmaneTs Seesabameba, Tumca yovelTvis ara.
magaliTad, zogierTi finansuri instrumenti iRebs magaliTad, zogierTi finansuri instrumenti iRebs
wilobrivi instrumentis samarTlebriv formas, wilobrivi instrumentis samarTlebriv formas,
magram SinaarsiT valdebulebas warmoadgens, xolo magram SinaarsiT valdebulebas warmoadgens, xolo
sxvebi SeiZleba aerTianebdes rogorc wilobrivi sxvebi SeiZleba aerTianebdes rogorc wilobrivi
instrumentebis, aseve finansuri valdebulebebis instrumentebis, aseve finansuri valdebulebebis
TvisebebsTvisebebs2.
finansuri mdgomareobis angariSgebaSi, misi Tav-finansuri mdgomareobis angariSgebaSi, misi Tav-
dapirvelad aRiarebisas, finansuri instrumentis emi-dapirvelad aRiarebisas, finansuri instrumentis emi-
tentma finansuri instrumentis an misi Semadgeneli tentma finansuri instrumentis an misi Semadgeneli
nawilebis klasifikacia unda moaxdinos finansuri nawilebis klasifikacia unda moaxdinos finansuri
1 bass 32 `finansuri intrumentebi: wardgena~, Tb., 2009. p.11.2 iqve, p.18.
finansuri instrumentebis asaxvafinansuri instrumentebis asaxva
finansur angariSgebaSifinansur angariSgebaSi
nadeJda kvataSiZenadeJda kvataSiZe
181
sabuRaltro aRricxva da analizisabuRaltro aRricxva da analizi
valdebulebis, finansuri aqtivis an wilobrivi instru-valdebulebis, finansuri aqtivis an wilobrivi instru-
mentis saxiT, xelSekrulebis Sinaarsisa da finansuri mentis saxiT, xelSekrulebis Sinaarsisa da finansuri
valdebulebis, finansuri aqtivisa da wilobrivi in-valdebulebis, finansuri aqtivisa da wilobrivi in-
strumentis ganmartebebis Sesabamisad. strumentis ganmartebebis Sesabamisad.
ase, magaliTad, privilegiuri aqciebi SeiZleba ase, magaliTad, privilegiuri aqciebi SeiZleba
gamoSvebul iqnes sxvadasxva uflebiT, privilegiuri gamoSvebul iqnes sxvadasxva uflebiT, privilegiuri
aqciebis valdebulebad da sakuTar kapitalad klas-aqciebis valdebulebad da sakuTar kapitalad klas-
ificirebis dros, sawarmom unda Seafasos aqciebTan ificirebis dros, sawarmom unda Seafasos aqciebTan
dakavSirebuli gansakuTrebuli uflebebi imis dasad-dakavSirebuli gansakuTrebuli uflebebi imis dasad-
genad, Tu rogor gamovlindeba finansuri angariSgebis genad, Tu rogor gamovlindeba finansuri angariSgebis
elementebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi.elementebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi.
privilegiuri aqciebis Sinaarss gansazRvravs privilegiuri aqciebis Sinaarss gansazRvravs
gamoSvebis pirobebi, rac ZiriTadad exeba xmis uflebas, gamoSvebis pirobebi, rac ZiriTadad exeba xmis uflebas,
gamosyidvasa da dividendebis gacemas. rogorc wesi, gamosyidvasa da dividendebis gacemas. rogorc wesi,
privilegiur aqciebs ara aqvs xmis ufleba da maTze privilegiur aqciebs ara aqvs xmis ufleba da maTze
gaicema garantirebuli fiqsirebuli dividendebi gaicema garantirebuli fiqsirebuli dividendebi
_ procenti nominaluri Rirebulebidan. magram, _ procenti nominaluri Rirebulebidan. magram,
saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi cnobilia sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi cnobilia sxvadasxva
pirobiT gamoSvebuli privilegiuri aqciebi, romlebic pirobiT gamoSvebuli privilegiuri aqciebi, romlebic
iTvaliswinebs aqciebis dabrunebis/gamosyidvisa da iTvaliswinebs aqciebis dabrunebis/gamosyidvisa da
dividendebis gacemis sakiTxebs. aqciebis dabrunebis dividendebis gacemis sakiTxebs. aqciebis dabrunebis
pirobebi, aqcionerTa uflebebi wminda mogebis pirobebi, aqcionerTa uflebebi wminda mogebis
ganawilebaSi (dividendebis ganawilebaSi) da wminda ganawilebaSi (dividendebis ganawilebaSi) da wminda
aqtivebze sawarmos likvidaciis dros gansazRvravs aqtivebze sawarmos likvidaciis dros gansazRvravs
aqciis bunebas. amdenad, gamoSvebis pirobebidan aqciis bunebas. amdenad, gamoSvebis pirobebidan
gamomdinare privilegiuri aqciebi SeiZleba iyos gamomdinare privilegiuri aqciebi SeiZleba iyos
wilobrivi instrumenti (kapitali) an finansuri wilobrivi instrumenti (kapitali) an finansuri
valdebuleba:valdebuleba:
wilobrivi instrumenti aris nebismieri wilobrivi instrumenti aris nebismieri
xelSekruleba, romelic adasturebs sawarmos aqtivebSi xelSekruleba, romelic adasturebs sawarmos aqtivebSi
yvela misi valdebulebis gamoqviTvis Semdeg darCeni-yvela misi valdebulebis gamoqviTvis Semdeg darCeni-
li wilis sakuTrebis uflebas. aqciebi klasificird-li wilis sakuTrebis uflebas. aqciebi klasificird-
eba wilobriv instrumentad (kapitalad), rodesac ar eba wilobriv instrumentad (kapitalad), rodesac ar
182
arsebobs saxelSekrulebo valdebulebi fuladi saxs-arsebobs saxelSekrulebo valdebulebi fuladi saxs-
rebisa an sxva finansuri aqtivis gadacemaze. rebisa an sxva finansuri aqtivis gadacemaze.
bass 32-is Tanaxmad, instrumenti wilobrivia bass 32-is Tanaxmad, instrumenti wilobrivia
mxolod orive pirobis (a) da (b) Sesrulebisas: mxolod orive pirobis (a) da (b) Sesrulebisas:
a) instrumenti ar Seicavs saxelSekrulebo val-a) instrumenti ar Seicavs saxelSekrulebo val-
debulebas:debulebas:
gadasces fuladi Tanxa an sxva finansuri val-gadasces fuladi Tanxa an sxva finansuri val-debuleba meore sawarmos; andebuleba meore sawarmos; an
gaucvalos finansuri aqtivi an finansuri val-gaucvalos finansuri aqtivi an finansuri val-debuleba sxva sawarmos emitentisaTvis potenciurad debuleba sxva sawarmos emitentisaTvis potenciurad
araxelsayreli pirobebiT.araxelsayreli pirobebiT.
b) instruments aqvs an SeiZleba hqondes b) instruments aqvs an SeiZleba hqondes
unari, daifaros emitentis sakuTari wilobrivi unari, daifaros emitentis sakuTari wilobrivi
instrumentebiT.instrumentebiT.
rodesac emitents aqvs saxelSekrulebo valde-rodesac emitents aqvs saxelSekrulebo valde-
buleba sakuTari aqciebi Seisyidos naRdi fuliT an buleba sakuTari aqciebi Seisyidos naRdi fuliT an
sxva finansuri aqtiviT (anu aris dabrunebadi), es aris sxva finansuri aqtiviT (anu aris dabrunebadi), es aris
valdebuleba. magaliTad: Tu privilegiuri aqciebi iT-valdebuleba. magaliTad: Tu privilegiuri aqciebi iT-
valiswinebs emitentis mier maT savaldebulo gamosy-valiswinebs emitentis mier maT savaldebulo gamosy-
idvas fiqsirebuli an gansazRvradi TanxiT, romelime idvas fiqsirebuli an gansazRvradi TanxiT, romelime
fiqsirebuli an gansazRvradi momavali TariRisaT-fiqsirebuli an gansazRvradi momavali TariRisaT-
vis, aseTi valdebuleba finansuri valdebulebaa; an vis, aseTi valdebuleba finansuri valdebulebaa; an
privilegiuri aqcia, romlis dafarvas iTvaliswinebs privilegiuri aqcia, romlis dafarvas iTvaliswinebs
garkveuli TariRisaTvis mflobelis arCevaniT, akmay-garkveuli TariRisaTvis mflobelis arCevaniT, akmay-
ofilebs finansuri valdebulebis cnebas, radgan emi-ofilebs finansuri valdebulebis cnebas, radgan emi-
tenti valdebulia aqciis mflobels gadasces finan-tenti valdebulia aqciis mflobels gadasces finan-
suri aqtivebi. emitentis arCevanis ufleba, dafaros suri aqtivebi. emitentis arCevanis ufleba, dafaros
aqciebi, ar akmayofilebs finansuri valdebulebis aqciebi, ar akmayofilebs finansuri valdebulebis
cnebas, radgan emitents aRebuli ara aqvs mimdinare cnebas, radgan emitents aRebuli ara aqvs mimdinare
valdebuleba aqciebis mflobelTaTvis finansuri aq-valdebuleba aqciebis mflobelTaTvis finansuri aq-
tivebis gadacemis Sesaxeb. aqciebis dafarva damok-tivebis gadacemis Sesaxeb. aqciebis dafarva damok-
idebulia mxolod emitentis gadawyvetilebaze, magram idebulia mxolod emitentis gadawyvetilebaze, magram
valdebuleba SeiZleba warmoiqmnas, rodesac emitenti valdebuleba SeiZleba warmoiqmnas, rodesac emitenti
nadeJda kvataSiZenadeJda kvataSiZe
183
sabuRaltro aRricxva da analizisabuRaltro aRricxva da analizi
ganaxorcielebs Tavis arCevanis uflebas, Cveulebrivi ganaxorcielebs Tavis arCevanis uflebas, Cveulebrivi
aqciebis gamosyidvis ganzraxvis Sesaxeb oficialuri aqciebis gamosyidvis ganzraxvis Sesaxeb oficialuri
Setyobinebis safuZvelze.Setyobinebis safuZvelze.
amdenad, finansuri instrumentiamdenad, finansuri instrumenti1 klasificirdeba klasificirdeba
finansur valdebulebad, Tu sawarmos ara aqvs upirobo finansur valdebulebad, Tu sawarmos ara aqvs upirobo
ufleba Tavi aaridos fuladi saxsrebis an sxva finan-ufleba Tavi aaridos fuladi saxsrebis an sxva finan-
suri aqtivis gadacemas saxelSekrulebo valdebuleb-suri aqtivis gadacemas saxelSekrulebo valdebuleb-
is dasafarad da dafarvisas gadascems:is dasafarad da dafarvisas gadascems:
fulad saxsrebs an sxva finansur aqtivs; anfulad saxsrebs an sxva finansur aqtivs; ansakuTar aqciebs, romelTa Rirebuleba mniS-sakuTar aqciebs, romelTa Rirebuleba mniS-
vnelovnad aWarbebs fuladi saxsrebis an sxva finan-vnelovnad aWarbebs fuladi saxsrebis an sxva finan-
suri aqtivis Rirebulebas. suri aqtivis Rirebulebas.
finansuri valdebuleba nebismieri valdebulebaa, finansuri valdebuleba nebismieri valdebulebaa,
rogoricaa:rogoricaa:
a) sawarmos saxelSekrulebo valdebuleba:a) sawarmos saxelSekrulebo valdebuleba:
sxva sawarmos gadasces fuladi saxsrebi an sxva sawarmos gadasces fuladi saxsrebi an sxva finansuri aqtivebi; ansxva finansuri aqtivebi; an
potenciurad araxelsayreli pirobebiT potenciurad araxelsayreli pirobebiT sxva sawarmos gaucvalos finansuri aqtivebi an sxva sawarmos gaucvalos finansuri aqtivebi an
valdebulebebi; anvaldebulebebi; an
b) xelSekruleba, romelic daifareba an SesaZle-b) xelSekruleba, romelic daifareba an SesaZle-
belia daifaros sawarmos sakuTari wilobrivi instru-belia daifaros sawarmos sakuTari wilobrivi instru-
mentebiT. mentebiT.
rodesac privilegiuri aqciebi ar SeiZleba iqnes rodesac privilegiuri aqciebi ar SeiZleba iqnes
gamosyiduli investoris moTxovniT, maSin maT klas-gamosyiduli investoris moTxovniT, maSin maT klas-
ifikacias kapitalad da valdebulebad gansazRvravs ifikacias kapitalad da valdebulebad gansazRvravs
uflebebi dividendebze. rodesac dividendebi ar aris uflebebi dividendebze. rodesac dividendebi ar aris
kontrolirebadi emitentis mier, anu emitenti valde-kontrolirebadi emitentis mier, anu emitenti valde-
bulia gadaixados dividendebi garkveuli periodulo-bulia gadaixados dividendebi garkveuli periodulo-
biT, maSin es niSnavs saxelSekrulebo valdebulebas biT, maSin es niSnavs saxelSekrulebo valdebulebas
da klasificirdeba emitentis finansur angariSgebaSi da klasificirdeba emitentis finansur angariSgebaSi
finansur valdebulebad.finansur valdebulebad.
1 fass 7 `finansuri instrumentebi: ganmartebiTi SeniSvnebi~.
Tb., 2009. p.7.
184
magram, arsebobs gamonaklisic, rodesac dabrune-magram, arsebobs gamonaklisic, rodesac dabrune-
badi aqciebi klasificirdeba wilobriv instrumentad. badi aqciebi klasificirdeba wilobriv instrumentad.
gamonaklia finansuri instrumenti, romelic akmay-gamonaklia finansuri instrumenti, romelic akmay-
ofilebs finansuri valdebulebis ganmartebas, magram ofilebs finansuri valdebulebis ganmartebas, magram
klasificirdeba wilobriv instrumentad, Tu mas axasi-klasificirdeba wilobriv instrumentad, Tu mas axasi-
aTebs yvela qvemoT CamoTvlili niSani:aTebs yvela qvemoT CamoTvlili niSani:
a) instrumenti mflobels sawarmos wminda aq-a) instrumenti mflobels sawarmos wminda aq-
tivebis proporciuli wilis miRebis uflebas aniWebs tivebis proporciuli wilis miRebis uflebas aniWebs
sawarmos likvidaciis SemTxvevaSi; sawarmos likvidaciis SemTxvevaSi;
b) es instrumenti iseT klass ganekuTvneba, romel-b) es instrumenti iseT klass ganekuTvneba, romel-
sac instrumentebis yvela sxva klasTan SedarebiT sac instrumentebis yvela sxva klasTan SedarebiT
daqvemdebarebuli pozicia aqvs. aseT kategorias rom daqvemdebarebuli pozicia aqvs. aseT kategorias rom
miekuTvnos, instruments:miekuTvnos, instruments:
ar unda hqondes upiratesoba likvidaciis dros ar unda hqondes upiratesoba likvidaciis dros sawarmos aqtivebTan dakavSirebul sxva moTxovnebTan sawarmos aqtivebTan dakavSirebul sxva moTxovnebTan
SedarebiT; da SedarebiT; da
ar unda saWiroebdes sxva instrumentad kon-ar unda saWiroebdes sxva instrumentad kon-vertacias, sanam instrumentebis iseT klass miekuTvneba, vertacias, sanam instrumentebis iseT klass miekuTvneba,
romelsac daqvemdebarebuliromelsac daqvemdebarebuli1 pozicia ukavia yvela sxva pozicia ukavia yvela sxva
instrumentTan SedarebiT.instrumentTan SedarebiT.
g) yvela sxva klasTan SedarebiT daqvemdebare-g) yvela sxva klasTan SedarebiT daqvemdebare-
buli poziciis mqone instrumentebis klasSi Semaval buli poziciis mqone instrumentebis klasSi Semaval
yvela instruments identuri maxasiaTeblebi aqvs. yvela instruments identuri maxasiaTeblebi aqvs.
magaliTad, yvela maTgani dabrunebadi unda iyos da magaliTad, yvela maTgani dabrunebadi unda iyos da
ukan dabrunebis anu gamosyidvis fasis gamosaangariSe-ukan dabrunebis anu gamosyidvis fasis gamosaangariSe-
blad gamoyenebuli formula an sxva meTodi erTi da blad gamoyenebuli formula an sxva meTodi erTi da
igive unda iyos am klasSi Semavali yvela instrumen-igive unda iyos am klasSi Semavali yvela instrumen-
1 instruments likvidaciis SemTxvevaSi upiratesi ufleba im instruments likvidaciis SemTxvevaSi upiratesi ufleba im
SemTxvevaSi gaaCnia, Tu is mflobels uflebas aniWebs fiqsire-SemTxvevaSi gaaCnia, Tu is mflobels uflebas aniWebs fiqsire-
buli sididis dividendis miRebaze likvidaciis dros sawar-buli sididis dividendis miRebaze likvidaciis dros sawar-
mos wminda aqtivebis proporciul wilTan erTad, rodesac sxva mos wminda aqtivebis proporciul wilTan erTad, rodesac sxva
masze daqvemdebarebuli poziciis mqone klasis instrumentebs masze daqvemdebarebuli poziciis mqone klasis instrumentebs
(romlebsac sawarmos wminda aqtivebis proporciul wilze aqvs (romlebsac sawarmos wminda aqtivebis proporciul wilze aqvs
ufleba) ara aqvs analogiuri ufleba likvidaciis dros (bass ufleba) ara aqvs analogiuri ufleba likvidaciis dros (bass
32, mg14g).32, mg14g).
nadeJda kvataSiZenadeJda kvataSiZe
185
sabuRaltro aRricxva da analizisabuRaltro aRricxva da analizi
tisTvis.tisTvis.
d) garda imisa, rom emitents akisria saxelSekrule-d) garda imisa, rom emitents akisria saxelSekrule-
bo valdebuleba, gamoisyidos es instrumenti fulad bo valdebuleba, gamoisyidos es instrumenti fulad
saxsrebze an sxva finansur aqtivze gacvlis gziT, es saxsrebze an sxva finansur aqtivze gacvlis gziT, es
instrumenti ar moicavs sxva saxelSekrulebo valde-instrumenti ar moicavs sxva saxelSekrulebo valde-
bulebas _ sxva sawarmos gadasces fuladi saxsrebi bulebas _ sxva sawarmos gadasces fuladi saxsrebi
an sxva finansuri aqtivi, aseve potenciurad araxel-an sxva finansuri aqtivi, aseve potenciurad araxel-
sayreli pirobebiT sxva sawarmos gaucvalos finan-sayreli pirobebiT sxva sawarmos gaucvalos finan-
suri aqtivebi an valdebulebebi da ar arsebobs iseTi suri aqtivebi an valdebulebebi da ar arsebobs iseTi
xelSekruleba, romelic daifareba an SesaZlebelia xelSekruleba, romelic daifareba an SesaZlebelia
daifaros sawarmos sakuTari wilobrivi instrument-daifaros sawarmos sakuTari wilobrivi instrument-
ebiT, rogorc esa gansazRvrulia finansuri valdeb-ebiT, rogorc esa gansazRvrulia finansuri valdeb-
ulebis ganmartebaSi.ulebis ganmartebaSi.
Tu sawarmos ar SeuZlia imis gansazRvra, rom ze-Tu sawarmos ar SeuZlia imis gansazRvra, rom ze-
moaRniSnuli piroba dakmayofilebulia, man dabrunebad moaRniSnuli piroba dakmayofilebulia, man dabrunebad
instruments ar unda mianiWos wilobrivi instrumentis instruments ar unda mianiWos wilobrivi instrumentis
klasifikacia. klasifikacia.
dabrunebadi aqciebi, romlebic gamonaklisis sax-dabrunebadi aqciebi, romlebic gamonaklisis sax-
iT kapitalad aris klasificirebuli individualur iT kapitalad aris klasificirebuli individualur
finansur angariSgebaSi da ar aris aramakontrole-finansur angariSgebaSi da ar aris aramakontrole-
beli wilebi, jgufis konsolidirebul finansur an-beli wilebi, jgufis konsolidirebul finansur an-
gariSgebaSi klasificirdeba valdebulebad. gariSgebaSi klasificirdeba valdebulebad.
konvertirebad sasesxo valdebulebebSi CarTulia konvertirebad sasesxo valdebulebebSi CarTulia
konvertaciis ofcioni da Sesabamisad Seicavs or konvertaciis ofcioni da Sesabamisad Seicavs or
komponents: finansur valdebulebas (saxelSekrulebo komponents: finansur valdebulebas (saxelSekrulebo
SeTanxmebas fuladi saxsrebis an sxva finansuri aqtivebis SeTanxmebas fuladi saxsrebis an sxva finansuri aqtivebis
miwodebis Sesaxeb) da wilobriv instruments. miwodebis Sesaxeb) da wilobriv instruments.
finansuri instrumenti, romelic moicavs finansuri instrumenti, romelic moicavs
rogorc valdebulebis, aseve sakuTari kapitalis rogorc valdebulebis, aseve sakuTari kapitalis
komponents, rTuli finansuri instrumentia. fass 7 komponents, rTuli finansuri instrumentia. fass 7
`finansuri instrumentebi: ganmartebiTi SeniSvnebi~, `finansuri instrumentebi: ganmartebiTi SeniSvnebi~,
iZleva rekomendacias ganmarteba mieces informacias iZleva rekomendacias ganmarteba mieces informacias
sawarmos mier finansuri instrumentebis gamoyenebis sawarmos mier finansuri instrumentebis gamoyenebis
186
Sinaarssa da xarisxze, aseve sawarmos miznebs, romelsac Sinaarssa da xarisxze, aseve sawarmos miznebs, romelsac
emsaxureba isini, maTTan dakavSirebul riskebsa da am emsaxureba isini, maTTan dakavSirebul riskebsa da am
riskebis kontrolis politikasriskebis kontrolis politikas1. fass-i aseve moiTxovs . fass-i aseve moiTxovs
rTuli finansuri instrumentebis komponentebad rTuli finansuri instrumentebis komponentebad
klasificirebasklasificirebas finansur valdebulebad da wilobriv finansur valdebulebad da wilobriv
instrumentad da maT aRiarebas xelSekrulebis instrumentad da maT aRiarebas xelSekrulebis
Sinaarsisa da ganmartebebis Sesabamisad. amdenad, Sinaarsisa da ganmartebebis Sesabamisad. amdenad,
Sinaarsisa da aRiarebis kriteriumebidan gamomdinare, Sinaarsisa da aRiarebis kriteriumebidan gamomdinare,
emisiidan miRebuli Semosavali or nawilad unda emisiidan miRebuli Semosavali or nawilad unda
gaiyos da emitentis balansSi cal-calke unda gaiyos da emitentis balansSi cal-calke unda
aisaxos sakuTari kapitali (konvertaciis uflebaze aisaxos sakuTari kapitali (konvertaciis uflebaze
misakuTvnebeli nawili) da valdebuleba. misakuTvnebeli nawili) da valdebuleba.
jer gamoiTvleba valis instrumentze jer gamoiTvleba valis instrumentze
misakuTvnebeli Tanxa, rogorc wminda fuladi saxsrebis misakuTvnebeli Tanxa, rogorc wminda fuladi saxsrebis
diskontirebuli Rirebuleba, xolo Semdeg _ wilobriv diskontirebuli Rirebuleba, xolo Semdeg _ wilobriv
komponentze misakuTvnebeli Tanxa, rogorc sxvaoba komponentze misakuTvnebeli Tanxa, rogorc sxvaoba
saemisio Semosavalsa da valis komponents Soris.saemisio Semosavalsa da valis komponents Soris.
Refl ecting Financial Instruments Refl ecting Financial Instruments in Financial Reportingin Financial Reporting
N. KvatashidzeN. KvatashidzeFinancial instruments, such as convertible debt liabilities, share Financial instruments, such as convertible debt liabilities, share
repurchase and privileged shares are share instruments or fi nancial repurchase and privileged shares are share instruments or fi nancial liabilities; but sometimes they include both components. According liabilities; but sometimes they include both components. According to International Financial Reporting Standards, before refl ecting such to International Financial Reporting Standards, before refl ecting such fi nancial instruments in fi nancial reporting it’s necessary to analyze fi nancial instruments in fi nancial reporting it’s necessary to analyze the summary of the agreement. Financial instruments should be tested the summary of the agreement. Financial instruments should be tested as privet equity and fi nancial liabilities. Financial instruments can be as privet equity and fi nancial liabilities. Financial instruments can be classifi ed as private equity or liabilities only in case they meet the classifi ed as private equity or liabilities only in case they meet the relevant criteria. relevant criteria.
1 fass 7 `finansuri instrumentebi: ganmartebiTi SeniSvnebi~.
fass. Tb., 2009, p. 6, 30-33.
nadeJda kvataSiZenadeJda kvataSiZe
187
sabuRaltro aRricxva da analizisabuRaltro aRricxva da analizi
nana sreseli nana sreseli
iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-is iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-is
asocirebuli profesori asocirebuli profesori
obieqturi istoriuli mizezebis gamo, Tanamedro-
ve bazarze damkvidrebuli finansuri instrumentebis
buRaltrul aRricxvisa da finansur angariSgebaSi
asaxvis rogorc meTodologiuri, aseve praqtikuli sa-
kiTxebi, qarTul aRricxvaSi naklebadaa Seswavlili.
Tanamedrove finansuri bazris dinamikuri ganvi-
Tarebis pirobebSi, sawarmos saqme aqvs mravalferovan
finansur instrumentebTan, romlebic SinaarsiT mud-
mivad icvleba da rTuldeba. Sesabamisad, finansuri
instrumentebis finansuri aRricxva rTuli da sakama-
To sakiTxia. ori aTwleulze metia profesionalebs
Soris mimdinareobs mwvave polemika, ramac garkveul-
wilad daxvewa finansuri instrumentebis Sefasebis,
aRricxvisa da aRiarebis sakiTxebi.
bass 32 - „finansuri instrumentebi: wardgena“ gan-
martavs, rom `finansuri instrumenti aris nebismieri
xelSekruleba, romelic warmoSobs rogorc erTi sa-
warmos finansur aqtivs, aseve meore sawarmos finans-
ur valdebulebas an wilobriv instruments~1. saxel-
Sekrulebo urTierToba SeiZleba iyos rogorc ormx-
rivi, aseve mravalmxrivi, mTavaria, warmoqmnas mkafiod
1 bass 32 finansuri instrumentebi: wardgena – fass (II nawili)
2009 weli – gv. 165 .
warmoebuli finansuri warmoebuli finansuri instrumentebis aRricxvis instrumentebis aRricxvis
Taviseburebebi Taviseburebebi
188
formulirebuli ekonomikuri Sedegebi, romlis acile-
ba moqmedi kanonmdeblobidan gamomdinare mxareebs ar
SeeZlebaT.
finansuri instrumentebia: finansuri aqtivebi;
finansuri valdebulebebi; wilobrivi instrumentebi.
bass-is Tanaxmad, finansuri aqtivi da finansuri
valdebuleba Tavdapirveli aRiarebis TariRisaTvis,
unda Seafasdes realur Rirebulebas damatebuli
operaciis is danaxarjebi, romelic uSualod miekuTvneba
finansuri aqtivis SeZenis an finansuri valdebulebis
emisias.
finansuri instrumentebis Tavdapirveli
aRiarebisas realuri Rirebulebis saukeTeso
ganmsazRvreli faqtori garigebis fasia. amdenad, yvela
finansuri aqtivisa da valdebulebis sawyisi Sefaseba
/garigebis mTeli Rirebuleba/ moicavs garigebis fass
da garigebis danaxarjebs: agentebis, konsultantebis,
brokerebisa da dilerebisTvis gadaxdili sakomisioebs
finansuri finansuri
aqtivia:aqtivia:
fuladi saxsrebi;fuladi saxsrebi;• •
sxva sawarmos wilo-sxva sawarmos wilo-• •
brivi instrumentebi;brivi instrumentebi;
sawarmos sawarmos • •
saxelSekrulebo saxelSekrulebo
ufleba: miiRos ufleba: miiRos
fuli an finansuri fuli an finansuri
aqtivi, an potenci-aqtivi, an potenci-
urad xelsayreli urad xelsayreli
pirobiT gacvalos pirobiT gacvalos
finansuri aqtivi an finansuri aqtivi an
valdebuleba;valdebuleba;
xelSekruleba, xelSekruleba, • •
romelic SeiZleba romelic SeiZleba
anazRaurdes sawar-anazRaurdes sawar-
mos sakuTari wilo-mos sakuTari wilo-
brivi instrumentiT.brivi instrumentiT.
sawarmos nebismieri sawarmos nebismieri • •
saxelSekrulebo saxelSekrulebo
valdebuleba: gad-valdebuleba: gad-
asces fuli an sxva asces fuli an sxva
finansuri aqtivi, an finansuri aqtivi, an
potenciurad araxel-potenciurad araxel-
sayreli pirobiT sayreli pirobiT
gacvalos finansuri gacvalos finansuri
aqtivi an valdeb-aqtivi an valdeb-
uleba;uleba;
xelSekruleba, xelSekruleba, • •
romelic SeiZleba romelic SeiZleba
daifaros sawarmos daifaros sawarmos
sakuTari wilobrivi sakuTari wilobrivi
instrumentiT.instrumentiT.
nebismieri nebismieri • •
xelSekruleba, xelSekruleba,
romelic adas-romelic adas-
turebs sawarmos turebs sawarmos
aqtivebSi yvela aqtivebSi yvela
misi valdebulebis misi valdebulebis
gamoqviTvis Semdeg gamoqviTvis Semdeg
darCenili wilis darCenili wilis
sakuTrebis uflebas;sakuTrebis uflebas;
Cveulebrivi aqciebi;Cveulebrivi aqciebi;• •
emitentis ofcioni emitentis ofcioni • •
Cveulebrivi aqcie-Cveulebrivi aqcie-
bis gamoSvebaze.bis gamoSvebaze.
• •
finansuri finansuri
valdebulebaa:valdebulebaa:
wilobrivi wilobrivi
instrumentebia:instrumentebia:
nana sreselinana sreseli
189
sabuRaltro aRricxva da analizisabuRaltro aRricxva da analizi
da gasamrjeloebs; maregulirebeli organoebisa da
safondo birJebis mier dawesebuli gadasaxadebs;
transferis gadasaxads da mosakrebels. garigebis
danaxarjebi ar moicavs savalo instrumentis premias,
diskonts, dafinansebis an Siga administraciul xarjebs.
Bbass-iT sawarmom finansuri aqtivi balansSi mxolod
maSin unda aRiaros, rodesac finansuri instrumentis
Sesaxeb dadebuli xelSekrulebis monawile gaxdeba.
finansuri instrumentebi moicavs 1:
pirvelad finansur instrumentebs- debitorul da kredit-orul davalianebebs (obligaciebs),
wilobriv fasian qaRaldebs da a.S
warmoebul finansur instrumentebs-finansur ofcionebs, fiuCersebs, forvardebs, saprocento
ganakveTiani svopebs, savaluto svopebs, qefebs, qolarebs,
floebs da a.S.
bass-iT gansazRvrulia rom warmoebuli aris
finansuri instrumenti an sxva kontraqti: 1. romlis
Rirebuleba icvleba gansazRvruli saprocento
ganakveTis, fasiani qaRaldebis kursis, saqonlis fasis,
valutis gacvliTi kursis, fasebis indeqsis, sakredito
ideqsis an msgavsi cvladis (bazisis) cvlilebiT;
2. romelic ar iTxovs sawyisi neto investicias,
an sxva xelSekrulebebTan SedarebiT saWiroebs
mcire sawyis neto investicias; 3. romlis ganaRdeba
xorcieldeba momavali TariRiT.
warmoebuli finansuri instrumenti warmoqmnis
iseT uflebebsa da valdebulebebs, romelic Tan axlavs
ZiriTadi pirveladi finansuri instrumentisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli finansuri riskebis erTi mxaris mier
meoreze gadacemas. amasTan, warmoebuli instrumentebi
ar gulisxmobs rom ZiriTadi pirveladi finansuri
instrumentis gadacema aucilebelia xelSekrulebis
moqmedebis vadis ganmavlobaSi.1 bass 32 finansuri instrumentebi: wardgena – fass (II nawili)
2009 weli, gv. 185.
190
ganvixiloT warmoebuli finansuri instrumentebis
aRricxvis zogierTi Tavisebureba.
ofcioni aris or investors Soris dadebuli
kontraqti, romelTagan erTi gamowers ofcions
da yidis, xolo meore yidulobs mas da Rebulobs
uflebas, ofcionis pirobebiT gaTvaliswinebul vadaSi,
fiqsirebuli fasiT iyidos aqciebis gansazRvruli
raodenoba ofcionis gamomweri pirisgan an mihyidos
mas. ofcionis Taviseburebaa is, rom myidveli iZens ara
aqciebs, aramed uflebas aqciebis SeZenaze.
saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi arsebobs ofcionis
ori tipi: ofcioni yidvaze (Call options) “C” da ofcioni gayidvaze (Put options) “P”.
ofcionis kontraqtis myidveli gamyidvels
uxdis sakomisios, romelsac premia ewodeba. ofcionis
premia mniSvnelovnad naklebia investiciaze, romelic
saWiro iqneboda im finansuri instrumentis SesaZenad,
romelzec mibmulia ofcioni. kontraqti ideba erT
lotze, anu 100 aqciaze da erTeul kontraqtad iwodeba.
kontraqtSi dafiqsirebulia ofcionis realizaciis
fasi da kontraqtis amowurvis TariRi.
ofcionis realizaciis fasia is, romliTac
`C~ ofcionis mflobelma SeiZleba SeiZinos da `P~ ofcionis mflobelma SeiZleba gayidos aqcia.
kontraqtis gasvlis vadad miRebulia Tve, rodesac
iwureba kontraqti. ofcionis realizacia SeiZleba
moxdes ofcionis damTavrebamde nebismier dRes
(amerikuli tipis ofcionebi) an mxolod dadgenil
vadaSi, Cveulebriv, ofcionis moqmedebis damTavrebis
dRes (evropuli tipis ofcioni).
ofcioniT warmoqmnili operaciebi monawile
sawarmos buRaltrul aRricxvaSi aisaxeba Semdegi
muxlebiT:
sapremio gasamrjelos anazRaureba ofcionis
nana sreselinana sreseli
191
sabuRaltro aRricxva da analizisabuRaltro aRricxva da analizi
kontraqtis SeZenisas aisaxeba gatarebiT:
debeti _ 1790 ofcionze gadaxdili premia
krediti _1110, 1210 fuladi saxsrebi
ofcionis kontraqtiT aqciebis Sesyidvaze
Sedgeba buRaltruli muxli:
debeti _ 1310 moklevadiani investiciebi aqciebSi
krediti _ 1110, 1210 fuladi saxsrebi
aqciebis gayidva aisaxeba gatarebiT (aqciis
sabalanso Rirebuleba CamorCeba gasayid fass):
debeti _ 1110, 1210 fuladi saxsrebi
krediti _ 8130 arasaoperacio mogeba
krediti _ 1310 moklevadiani investiciebi
aqciebSi
ofcionis premiis Camoweraze Sesabamisad Sedgeba
muxli:
debeti _ 8220 arasaoperacio zarali
krediti _ 1790 ofcionze gadaxdili premia
fiuCersuli kontraqti aris SeTanxmeba, romli-
Tac investori (myidveli) Rebulobs, xolo gamyidveli
axorcielebs gansazRvruli saqonlis an finansuri in-
strumentis miwodebas gansazRvrul adgilsa da droSi
kontraqtis Sedgenis TariRiT dadgenili fasiT.
fiuCersuli kontraqtebis vadis gasvlis Semdeg
angariSsworeba savaldebuloa. amdenad, fiuCersuli
garigebebis riski maRalia investorisaTvis. fiuCersu-
li garigebebi qmnis iseT garemos, romelic sabirJo
saqonlis mwarmoebel an momxmarebel sawarmoebs gark-
veulwilad umcirebs saqonlis flobasTan dakavSire-
bul risks am ukanasknelis im pirebisaTvis gadacemis
gziT, romlebsac surT pasuxismgeblobis aReba SesaZ-
lebeli mogebis miRebis sanacvlod.
fiuCersuli sabirJo bazari aregulirebs fase-
bis arasasurveli cvlilebebisagan dacvas riskis sxva-
ze gadataniT, anu hejirebiT (SemofargvliT).
192
fiuCersuli vaWrobis monawile mxareebi axorcie-
leben sagarantio Senatanebs yoveli garigebis mixed-
viT.
sagarantio Senatani ori saxeobisaa: Tavdapirve-
li (depoziti), anu sawyisi marJa da cvladi, anu varia-
ciuli marJa. swrafi safondo operaciebis Sesrulebi-
sas marJa aris sxvaoba myidvelisa da gamyidvelis fa-
sebsa da fasiani qaRaldebis kursebs Soris, garigebis
dadebisa da misi Sesrulebis TariRebis mixedviT.
garigebis dadebis TariRi aris TariRi, ra droisT-
visac sawarmo iRebs aqtivis SeZenis valdebulebas.
angariSsworebis (garigebis Sesrulebis) TariRi
aris sawarmosTvis aqtivis miwodebis TariRi.
depozitis sawyisi marJis odenoba fiqsirdeba yo-
vel kontraqtze da Seadgens kontraqtis Rirebulebis
2-10%-s, Tumca, saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi dafiqsirebu-
lia ufro maRali procentic.
saxsrebis Setana depozitis angariSze xdeba naR-
di fuliT, gadaricxviT, akreditiviT an birJis wesebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli sxva sabuTebiT. garigebis mTel pe-
riodSi aucilebelia brokerTan, depozitis saxiT, iyos
Senatani _ fuladi Tanxa an girao, rac saSualebas
miscems ganaxorcielos yidva marJiT. termini - `yidva
marJiT~, niSnavs, rom investori ixdis naRdi fulis sa-
xiT fasis mxolod nawils, Sesabamisad mimarTavs bro-
keris kredits.
vaWrobis monawile sawarmo sawyisi marJis ga-
daricxvas fiuCersul birJaze asaxavs gatarebiT:
debeti _ 1470 fiuCersuli kontraqtis depoziti
krediti _ 1210, 1290 fuladi saxsrebi
depozitis (sawyisi marJa) dabrunebis SemTxvevaSi
Seadgeba gatareba:
debeti _ 1210, 1290 fuladi saxsrebi
krediti _ 1470 fiuCersuli kontraqtis depoziti
nana sreselinana sreseli
193
sabuRaltro aRricxva da analizisabuRaltro aRricxva da analizi
variaciuli marJa Seitaneba monawile sawarmos
mier mxolod fasebis araxelsayreli cvlilebisas.
kerZod, Tu fasebi ise Seicvleba, rom monawile sawar-
mos angariSze rCeba sawyisi marJis (depozitis) 75%-
ze naklebi, igi valdebulia Seavsos marJa. variaciuli
marJis Setana monawile sawarmos mier aisaxeba erT-
droulad ori gatarebiT:
variaciuli marJis gadaricxva gatardeba:
debeti _ 1470 fiuCersuli kontraqtis depoziti
krediti _ 1210, 1290 fuladi saxsrebi
gadaricxuli variaciuli marJis mikuTvneba ara-
saoperacio xarjebisaTvis (zaralisaTvis) gatardeba:
debeti _P8220 arasaoperacio zarali
krediti _1470 fiuCersuli kontraqtis depoziti
garigebebiT SeiZleba warmoiqmnas ara mxolod
uaryofiTi variaciuli marJa (fasebis dacemis SemTx-
vevaSi), aramed dadebiTic (fasebis awevis pirobebSi),
Sesabamisad, e.w. dadebiTi variaciuli marJa eqvemdeba-
reba monawile sawarmosaTvis dabrunebas, rac aisaxeba
gatarebiT:
debeti _ 1110, 1210 fuladi saxsrebi
krediti _ 8130 arasaoperacio mogeba
forvardi aris gansazRvruli finansuri
instrumentis momavali TariRiT, fiqsirebuli
fasiT SeZenis an gayidvis valdebuleba. forvardis
xelSekruleba, rogorc fiqsirebuli fasiani
valdebuleba gansazRvruli droiT, Cveulebriv,
garigebis dadebisa da angariSsworebis TariRebs Soris
Sesabamisi monakveTiT, akmayofilebs warmoebulis
ganmartebas. Tumca, valdebulebis xanmokleobis gamo
SeiZleba arc iyos aRiarebuli finansur instrumentad.
praqtikaSi aseTi xelSekruleba zogjer `Cveulebriv
xelSekrulebad~ iwodeba. finansuri aqtivis yidva-
gayidvis operaciebi ki _ `Cveulebrivi gziT~ SeZenis an
194
`Cveulebrivi gziT~ gayidvis operaciebad moixsenieba.
forvarduli kontraqti mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba
ofcionis kontraqtisgan, radgan forvarduli
kontraqtis dros mxareebs valdebulis Sesruleba
evalebaT daTqmul droSi, xolo ofcionis kontraqtiT
Sedegi dgeba maSin rodesac ofcionis mflobeli
gadawyvets mis ganxorcielebas.
finansuri aqtivebis SeZena aRiricxeba oridan
erT-erTi meTodiT:
garigebis TariRiT aRricxvis meTodiT; angariSsworebis TariRiT aRricxvis meTodiT.
garigebis TariRiT aRricxvisas misaRebi aqtivisa
da, Sesabamisad, gadaxdis valdebulebis aRiareba xdeba
garigebis dRis realuri RirebulebiT (garigebis
danaxarjebis CaTvliT). amasTan, angariSsworebis
TariRamde ar warmoebs procentis daricxva aqtivze
da Sesabamis valdebulebaze.
angariSsworebis TariRiT aRricxvisas misaRebi
aqtivis aRiareba xdeba misi sawarmosaTvis gadacemis
dRes. amasTan, sawarmo misaRebi aqtivis realuri
Rirebulebis nebismier cvlilebas garigebis da
angariSsworebis TariRebs Soris periodSi aRricxavs
iseve, rogorc SeZenili finansuri aqtivis realuri
Rirebulebis cvlilebas.
arsebobs bass 32-iT reglamentirebuli forvardis
kontraqtis uzrunvelyofis sami varianti:
1. neto fuliT uzrunvelyofa (fuli fulis
sanacvlod); 2. neto aqciiT uzrunvelyofa (aqcia
aqciis sanacvlod); 3. bruto fizikuri uzrunvelyofa
(naRdi fuli aqciebis sanacvlod). sawarmos
forvarduli xelSekrulebis monawile mxared
gaxdomisas uflebebisa da valdebulebebis realuri
Rirebulebebi xSirad Tanabaria da forvardis neto
realuri Rirebuleba nulia. aqtivad an valdebulebad
nana sreselinana sreseli
195
sabuRaltro aRricxva da analizisabuRaltro aRricxva da analizi
SeiZleba aRiarebuli iyos nulisgan gansxvavebuli
neto realuri Rirebuleba.
magaliTi: 2011 wlis 1 Tebervals firmebma-
“eleganti”da “favoriti‘‘ gaaformes kontraqti, romlis
Tanaxmad “eleganti” 1000 Cveulebrivi aqciis realuri
fasis misaRebad cvlida maT 115 000 laris
Tanxaze. erTi aqciis sabazro fasi Seadgens :
01.02. 2011w. 110 lari
31.12. 2011w. 125 lari
31.01. 2012w. 120 lari
31.12 2012w. 115 lari
2012 31 ianvars dasafaria 115 000 lari. “eleganti”-s
aRricxvaSi gakeTdeba Semdegi saaRricxvo Canawerebi:
01.02.2011 w. kontraqtis gaformebis TariRiT erTi
aqciis fasi 110 laria. Fforvarduli kontraqtis
sawyisi realuri Rirebuleba aris nuli. Sesabamisad,
buRaltruli gatareba ar Sedgeba, vinaidan ar
momxdara fuladi saxsrebis arc miReba da arc gacema.
31.12.2011w. erTi aqciis fasi gaizarda da Seadgina 125
lari, Sesabamisad, forvarduli kontraqtis realuri
Rirebuleba 10 000 ((125-115)*1000) laramde gaizarda.
forvardis realuri Rirebulebis zrdaze Sedgeba
gatareba:
debeti –1390 forvardebi 10 000
krediti _8130 mogeba 10 000
31.01.2012 w erTi aqciis sabazro fasma daiwia da
Seadgina 120 lari. Sesabamisad, forvardis realuri
Rirebuleba 5 000 ((120* 1000- 115 000) laria. imave
TariRiT kontraqtis uzrunvelyofa moxda neto
TanxiT. “eleganti“ valdebuli iyo “favoritisTvis”
gadaexada 115 000 lari, xolo“favoriti” valdebuli
iyo “elegantisTvis” gadaeca 120 000 lari. amrigad
“favorit”-ma gadixada neto Tanxa 5 000 lari.
forvarduli kontraqtis realuri Rirebulebis
196
Semcireba aisaxeba gatarebiT:
debeti – 8220 arasaoperacio zarali 5 000
krediti _ 1390 forvardebi 5 000
xolo forvardis kontraqtis uzrunvelyofaze
Sedgeba gatareba:
debeti – 1110,1210 fuladi saSualebebi 5 000
krediti _ 1390 forvardebi 5 000
ganxiluli sakiTxebi, rogorc Teoriul,
aseve praqtikuli aspeqtiT, sakmaod rTulad aris
warmodgenili bass 32 `finansuri instrumentebi:
wardgena~ da bass 39 `finansuri instrumentebi:
aRiareba da Sefaseba~.
bass sabWos gadawyvetilebiT mimdinareobs
finansuri instrumentebis bundovani sakiTxebis daxvewa,
gadamuSaveba da uaxloes perspeqtivaSi samoqmedod
Semova axali fass, romelic Caanacvlebs bass 32-s da
bass 39-s.
Peculiarities of Accounting Derived Financial Instruments
N. Sreseli The article emphasizes that both methodological and practical
issues of refl ecting the current fi nancial instuments in accounting and fi nancial reporting are not suffi ciently studied in accounting in Geor-gia. Methods and principles of assessing and accounting of fi nancial instruments, including derivatives, and their recognition in fi nancial re-portings are given in International Accounting Standards 32 and 39. In addition, the article provides assessment of fi nancial assets, fi nancial lia-bilities and components of partial instruments during initial recognition. Derivative instruments are classifi ed based on the company‘s shares. Pe-culiarities of accounting forward and futures contracts are revealed with respect to their collateral („net cash provided“, „net share provided“).
nana sreselinana sreseli
197
redaqciisaganredaqciisagan
gasuli 2011 wlis mais-ivnisis nomerSi Cvens Jur-
nalSi rusul enaze gamoqveynda profesor iuri ananiaS-
vilisa da profesor vladimer papavas erToblivi statia
_ “Макроэкономическая модель лафферо-кейнсианского синтеза”. avtorebma statiaSi maT mier Seqmnili saintereso Teori-
uli koncefcia makroekonomikuri wonasworobis modelis
originaluri variantis saxiT warmoadgines, romelSic
erToblivi moTxovna da erToblivi miwodeba ara fasebis
donis funqciebadaa ganxiluli, rogorc amas tradiciuli
midgomebis SemTxvevaSi aqvs adgili, aramed saSualo sa-
gadasaxado ganakveTze damokidebuli funqciebis saxiTaa
mocemuli. aseTma midgomam avtorebs saSualo sagadasax-
ado ganakveTis rolis kompleqsuri ganxilvis saSualeba
misca.
statiaSi SemoRebulia optimaluri da wonasworuli
saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTis cnebebi. pirveli maTgani
axasiaTebs sagadasaxado tvirTs, romlis pirobebSic er-
Toblivi miwodebis sidide maqsimalur mniSvnelobas aRw-
evs; sagadasaxado ganakveTis meore mniSvnelobis dros ki
erToblivi moTxovna da erToblivi miwodeba erTmaneTs
emTxveva. rogorc wesi, sagadasaxado ganakveTis es ori
mniSvneloba erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulia. sayuradReboa,
rom, roca wonasworuli sagadasaxado ganakveTi ucv-
lel donezea SenarCunebuli, maSin sagadasaxado ganakve-
Tis optimaluri mniSvneloba fasebis doneze damokide-
buli sidide xdeba da erToblivi moTxovnis garkveuli
mimarTulebiT cvlilebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios am ori
ganakveTis urTierTgatoleba. SemoTavazebuli modelis
gamokvlevis safuZvelze statiis avtorebma ori mniS-
vnelovani daskvna gaakeTes:
Jurnal `ekonomika da biznesisa~ da mis Jurnal `ekonomika da biznesisa~ da mis qarTvel avtorTa qarTvel avtorTa
saerTaSoriso aRiareba saerTaSoriso aRiareba
qarTvel avtorTa saerTaSoriso aRiarebaqarTvel avtorTa saerTaSoriso aRiareba
198
qarTvel avtorTa saerTaSoriso aRiarebaqarTvel avtorTa saerTaSoriso aRiareba
pirveli, optimaluri saSualo sagadasaxdo ganakve-
Tis SemoRebas TavisTavad ar SeuZlia dasaqmebis donis
zrda da potenciuri, anu maqsimalurad SesaZlo gamoSveb-
is Sesabamis wonasworobaSi gadasvlis inicireba. lafer-
keinzianuri sinTezis pirobebSi ekonomikuri aqtiurobis
amaRlebasa da sruli dasaqmebis miRwevaSi mniSvnelovan
rols, dabegvris reJimTan erTad, erToblivi moTxovna as-
rulebs;
meore, wonasworuli sagadasaxado ganakveTis yovel
mocemul konkretul mniSvnelobas SeiZleba Seesabame-
bodes erToblivi miwodebis mrudebis mTeli erToblio-
ba, romlebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulia optimaluri
sagadasaxado ganakveTis mniSvnelobebiT, aseve SeiZleba
Seesabamebodes laferis mrudebis erToblioba biujetis
maqsimaluri sagadasaxado Semosavlebis momtani ganakve-
Tis gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebiT.
statiis gamoqveynebidan ramdenime Tvis Semdeg Jur-
nal “ekonomika da biznesis” mTavarma redaqtorma miiRo
werili, romelSic erT-erTi amerikuli gamomcemloba _
“M. E. SHARPE” iTxovda nebarTvas profesorebis _ iuri
ananiaSvilisa da vladimer papavas statiis “Макроэконо-мическая модель лафферо-кейнсианского синтеза” inglisurad
Targmnasa da JurnalSi _ “Problems of Economic Transition”-Si gamoqveynebaze. es Jurnali Tematur xasiaTs atarebs
da inglisurenovani mkiTxvelsaTvis xelmisawvdoms xdis
yovel bolo or weliwadSi ZiriTadad rusul enaze gamo-
qveynebul saintereso statiebs. niSandoblivia, rom Jurna-
lis 2012 wlis aprilis nomerSi, romlis Tematuri saxel-
wodebaa “Tax Burden, Government Spending, and Economic Growth”, zemoT aRniSnuli statiis garda, iuri ananiaSvilisa da
vladimer papavas ruseTis federaciis JurnalebSi gamo-
qveynebuli kidev ori statiaa warmodgenili. aRsaniSnavia,
rom am Jurnalis saredaqcio kolegiis wevria profesori
vladimer papava. Jurnalis mocemuli konkretuli nomeri
swored misi redaqtorobiT gamovida.
Jurnal “ekonomika da biznesis” redaqcia qarTvel
mecnierebs ulocavs am warmatebas.
199
JurnalSi – ,,ekonomika da biznesi~, samecniero JurnalSi – ,,ekonomika da biznesi~, samecniero
statiis warmodgenis da gamoqveynebis wesistatiis warmodgenis da gamoqveynebis wesi
1. statiaSi warmodgenili unda iyos: sakvlevi prob-
lemis aqtualuroba, kvlevis mizani da amocanebi, kvlevis
meTodologia; kvlevis Sedegebi (siaxle); rekomendacie-
bi;
2. statiaSi unda Candes sakvlev problemasTan dakav-
Sirebuli mniSvnelovani literaturis gamoyeneba, risT-
visac aucilebelia ramdenime maTganis miTiTeba teqstSi
(miRebuli wesiT sqolioebis miniSnebebiT Sesabamis gver-
debze);
3. statiis qarTuli teqsti unda aikrifos Sylfaen-iT,
12-iani SriftiT da xazebs Soris 1,5-iani daSorebiT;
4. statia warmodgenili unda iyos A4 formatiT, 6-10
gverdis moculobiT;
5. statiis saTauris qvemoT (marjvena mxares) unda
mieTiTos avtoris (an avtorebis) sruli saxeli, gvari, aka-
demiuri xarisxi, Tanamdeboba, telefoni da eleqtronuli
fostis misamarTi;
6. statias unda axldes referati qarTul da ingli-
sur enebze (8-10 striqonis moculobiT);
7. statiebi warmodgenili unda iyos eleqtronuli
da qaRaldze amobeWdili formiT (2 egzemplarad);
8. moTxovnebis darRveviT warmodgenili masala Jur-
nalSi ar daibeWdeba;
9. JurnalSi statiis gamoqveyneba ufasoa iv. javaxiS-
vilis Tsu-is profesor-maswavlebelTa, doqtorantebisa
da yvela TanamSromlisaTvis, xolo sxva (gare) avtorebi
ixdian safasurs –erT gverdze 10 (aTi) lars, rac maT
mier Cairicxeba iv. javaxiSvilis Tsu-is ekonomikuri Se-
mosavlebis angariSSi.
200
daibeWda ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis bazaze
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa -
manana jixviSvili
ISSN 1987-5789