Ekonomi Regional: Suatu Perkembangan dalam Ilmu Ekonomi · 2021. 4. 4. · Di dalam Teori Ekonomi...

Ekonomi Regional: Suatu Perkembangan dalam Ilmu Ekonomi

Oleh: Sjafrizal

Summary

Regional economics which was rapidly developed during the 1950s was newly introduced to Indonesia during the periode. This new field of economics was welcomed enthusiastically by some economists who realized that regional economic development was important as one of the way to reach national goals. On the other hand, however, there are still various questions, such as relating to the roles of regional development in solving the problems of regions and urban areas, and as well as the question relating the particularity of regional economics, whether what is found in regional economy can also be generalized. Hence, it is questioned whether regional economics is able to be considered a new field in economic studies and able to be an independent field. This article is aimed to answer such general questions.

The author analyzes that basically regional economics has two particularity. Fistly, this field of study concentrates on the analysis of the elements of space which have been ignored in economics. The elements of space can emerge in two forms, namely "homogeneous region " to analyzed the_ economic phenomena from the macro point of views, and "nodal region" to analyze the so-called micro types of economic phenomena. Considering the elements of space, regional economics turns up with different type of theories from

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those commonly utilized by traditional economics. Secondly, because regional economics focuses on the analysis of a particular place on region, to solve some problems the analysis covers even the others fields outside of economics, such as political science, sociology, agriculture, regional finance, and so on. In other words, regional economics are multidisciplinary.

The heterogeneous social conditions and geographic diversity in Indonesia are making the problems of development for a particular region are needed besides general policies on the national level. Because of the above reason, the author believes that regional economics will have an important role to analyze the future development in Indonesia.

S u a t u i l m u d a p a t d i k a t a k a n " b a r u " d a n " b e r d i r i s e n d i r i " a p a b i l a i a m e m p u n y a i o l e h i l m u - i l m u l a i n . K e k h u s u s a n i n i b i s a d i l i h a t d a r i j e n i s p e r m a s a l a b a n y a n g d i b a h a s , m e t o d a y a n g d i g u n a k a n , d a n y a n g l e b i h p e n t i n g l a g i a d a i a h p e r b e d a a n d a l a m t e o r i - t e o r i y a n g d i t a m p i i k a n . T i d a k p u l a j a r a n g t e r j a d i d i m a n a i l m u b a r u t e r s e b u t t i m b u l d a r i g a b u n g a n b e b e r a p a i l m u y a n g s u d a h a d a g u n a m e i a h i r k a n s u a t u b e n t u k a n a l i s a d a n t e o r i b a r u . H a l i n i t e r l i h a t d a l a m p e r k e m b a n g a n E k o n o m e t r i k a y a n g m e r u p a k a n g a b u n g a n a n t a r a S t a t i s t i k d a n I l m u E k o n o m i , E k o n o m i P e n d u d u k y a n g d i p e r o l e h d a r i g a b u n g a n a n t a r a I l m u E k o n o m i d a n D e m o g r a p h y , d a n i a i n - i a i n .

E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l a d a l a h c a b a n g d a r i I l m u E k o n o m i y a n g r e l a t i f b a r u d a n t e l a h d i a n g g a p m e r u p a k a n s a t u k e s a t u a n t e r s e n d i r i ' . W a l a u p u n p e m i k i r a n k e a r a h i n i t e l a h d i c e t u s k a n o l e h b e b e r a p a p e n g a r a n g t e r d a h u i u a n t a r a i a i n : W e b e r ( 1 9 2 9 ) , O h h n ( 1 9 3 9 ) , d a n L o s c h ( 1 9 5 4 ) , n a m u n d e m i k i a n d i a k u i s e c a r a u m u m b a h w a W a l t e r I s a r d d i a n g g a p s e b a g a i b a p a k d a r i E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l d e n g a n d i t e r b i t k a n n y a d i s e r t a s i b e h a u d i H a r v a r d y a n g b e r j u d u l " L o c a t i o n a n d S p a c e E c o n o m i c s " ' . P e r k e m b a n g a n i l m u i n i k e m u d i a n d i g a i a k k a n de n g a n d i b u k a n y a R e g i o n a l S c i e n c e D e p a r t e m e n t p a d a U n i v e r s i t y o f P e n s y l -v a n i a d i t a h u n 1 9 5 6 y a n g . d i p i m p i n i a n g s u n g o l e h W a i t e r I s a r d s e n d i r i d a n t e r p i s a h d a r i D e p a r t e m e n t o f E c o n o m i c s . S e m e n j a k i t u i l m u i n i b e r k e m b a n g d e n g a n p e s a t n y a d a n i k a t a n s a r j a n a b a r u t i m b u l d e n g a n n a m a " R e g i o n a l S c i e n c e A s s o c i a t i o n " y a n g m u n c u l d i A m e r i k a m a u p u n d i E r o p a h , d a n b e b e r a p a j u r n a i b a r u t i m b u l p u l a u n t u k m e n a m p u n g t u i i s a n - t u i i s a n d a n h a s i i p e n e i i t i a n d i b i d a n g i n i .

1 Di Amerika Serikat, ilmu ini lebih dikenal dengan nama Regional Science.

2 Walter Isard (1956)

164 E K I , VOL.XXXI, NO. 2, JUNE 1983

S e m e n j a k p e r m u l a a n t a h u n t u j u h p u l u h a n , i l m u i n i t e l a h m e n y e i u s u p p u l a k e I n d o n e s i a d a n k e p o p u i e r a n n y a m e n i n g k a t c e p a t d e n g a n d i s a d a r i n y a o l e h p e m e r i n t a h a n p e n t i n g n y a p e m b a n g u n a n e k o n o m i d a e r a h s e b a g a i s a l a h s a t u c a r a u n t u k m e n c a p a i t u j u a n n a s i o n a l * . W a l a u p u n d e m i k i a n , t i d a k s e d i k i t d a r i p a r a s a r j a n a E k o n o m i y a n g b e r t a n y a - t a n y a d i d a l a m h a t i : " A p a k a b s e b e n a r n y a E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l i t u ? B e n a r k a h E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l a d a i a h i l m u e k o n o m i y a n g d i t e r a p k a n u n t u k m e m e c a b k a n m a s a l a h d a e r a h d a n p e r -k o t a a n . K e k h u s u s a n a p a k a b y a n g d i m i l i k i o l e h E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l s e h i n g g a i l m u i n i d a p a t d i a n g g a p s e b a g a i c a b a n g b a r u d a n b e r d i r i s e n d i r i ? T u l i s a n s i n g k a t i n i d i m a k s u d k a n u n t u k m e n j a w a b p e r t a n y a a n - p e r t a n y a a n t e r s e b u t s e c a r a u m u m . 1

1. P e r s o a l a n P o k o k

S a m u e l s o n ( 1 9 6 1 ) t e l a h m e n y i m p u l k a n d e n g a n j e l a s b a h w a p e r s o a l a n p o k o k i l m u e k o n o m i d a p a t d i c a k u p d a l a m 3 b a l u t a m a ( h . l 7 ) :

( 1 ) What c o m m o d i t i e s s h a l l b e p r o d u c e d a n d i n w h a t q u a n t i t i e s ? ( 2 ) How s h a l l g o o d s b e p r o d u c e d ? ( 3 ) For Whom axe g o o d s t o b e p r o d u c e d ?

K e t i g a b a l i n i t e l a h m e l a n d a s i a n a l i s a e k o n o m i " c l a s s i c " a t a u t r a d i s i o n a l . D i p e r t e n g a h a n t a h u n l i m a p u l u h a n b e b e r a p a o r a n g t e r k e n a l a n t a r a l a i n : D o m a r ( 1 9 4 6 ) , S o l o w ( 1 9 5 6 ) , S w a n ( 1 9 6 0 ) d a n l a i n - l a i n , m e n c o b a p u l a m e n j a w a b p e r s o a l a n p o k o k l a i n y a i t u : ( 4 ) When a l l o f t h o s e a c t i v i t i e s s h o u l d b e c a r r i e d o u t ?

P e r t a n y a a n i n i d i j a w a b d e n g a n m e n c i p t a k a n t e o r i y a n g d i n a m i s ( d y n a m i c e c o n o m i c a n a l y s i s ) d e n g a n m e m a s u k k a n u n s u r w a k t u k e d a l a m a n a b s a . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n k e l u a r l a h t e o r i - t e o r i t e n t a n g p e r t u m b u h a n e k o n o m i ( G r o w t h T h e o r i e s ) , B u s i n e s s C y c l e s , D e v e l o p m e n t P l a n n i n g d a n s e b a g a i n y a . D i s a m p i n g

i t u k e l o m p o k i n i m e n g e m b a n g k a n p u l a b e b e r a p a m e t o d a a n a l i s a y a n g d a p a t m e n c a k u p a s p e k d i n a m i s t e r s e b u t s e p e r t i : D i f f e r e n c e / D i f f e r e n t i a l E q u a t i o n s , C a l c u l u s o f V a r i a t i o n s , D y n a m i c P r o g r a m m i n g , d a n y a n g t e r a k h i r a d a l a h O p t i m a l C o n t r o l t h e o r y . *

W a l a u p u n p e r k e m b a n g a n I l m u E k o n o m i s u d a h d e m i k i a n p e s a t n y a a k a n t e t a p i m a s i h a d a b e b e r a p a p e r t a n y a a n p e n t i n g y a n g b e l u m d a p a t d i j a w a b

3 Republik Indonesia (1974)

4 Texbook terbaru tentang metoda analisa dinamis ini adalah Miller (1978). Lihat juga Takayama (1974) untuk beberapa aplikasi di bidang ekonomi.


o l e h p a r a a h l i . P a d a u m u m n y a p a r a e k o n o m seca ra i m p l i s i t b e r a n g g a p a n b a h w a p r i n s i p - p r i n s i p e k o n o m i y a n g t e l a h d i g a r i s k a n a k a n b e r l a k u u m u m d i s e l u -r u h t e m p a t , b a i k k o t a , p r o p i n s i , d a e r a h d a n d e s a . A k a n t e t a p i k e n y a t a a n m e n u n j u k k a n b a h w a k o n d i s i e k o n o m i t i a p - t i a p k o t a d a n d a e r a h t e r s e b u t a d a l a h t i d a k s a m a , a n t a r a l a i n : j a r a k k e p a s a r , k o n s e n t r a s i p e r m i n t a a n , o n g k o s a n g k u t b a i k u n t u k b a s i l m a u p u n u n t u k b a b a n b a k u , u p a h b u r u h , t i n g k a t k o n s e n t r a s i i n d u s t r i ( a n g g l o m e r a t i o n ) , h a r g a t a n a b , d a n s e b a g a i n y a . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n p e n e n t u a n " p r o d u k s i y a n g o p t i m u m " a k a n b e r b e d a d i b e r b a g a i t e m -o a t , t e r g a n t u n g p a d a k e a d a a n e k o n o m i s e k i t a r n y a . J a d i b u k u m - b u k u m e k o n o m i y a n g t e l a h l a z i m b i i a d i t e r a p k a n d e n g a n m e m a s u k k a n u n s u r " t e m p a t " a t a u " r e g i o n " , a k a n t e r j a d i b e b e r a p a m a s a l a b y a n g b a r u s d i j a w a b d e n g a n t e o r i - t e o r i k b u s u s y a n g t i d a k t e r c a k u p d i d a l a m E k o n o m i .

U n t u k m e n j a w a b p e r s o a l a n i n i , t i m b u l l a b i b n u E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l d e n g a n m e m a s u k k a n " T e o r i L o k a s i " k e d a l a m i b n u e k o n o m i y a n g t r a d i s i o n a l . J a d i s e c a r a r i n g k a s , p e r s o a l a n p o k o k y a n g d i b a h a s d a l a m E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l a d a i a b p e r t a n y a a n s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :

( 5 ) W A e r e d o a l l o f t h o s e a c t i v i t i e s s h o u l d b e c a r r y o u t ? . : ; ; ;

D e n g a n d e m i k i a n j e l a s b a b w a i l m u e k o n o m i R e g i o n a l t i m b u l u n t u k m e m e c a b k a n m a s a l a b k b u s u s e k o n o m i y a n g b e r s a n g k u t a n d e n g a n p e r t a n y a a n " d i m a n a " y a n g p a d a u m u m n y a d i a b a i k a n p a d a a n a l i s a t r a d i s i o n a l . H a l i n i l a b m e n y e b a b k a n t e o r i - t e o r i y a n g d i t a m p i i k a n d a i a m i l m u E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l j u g a b e r b e d a d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n t e o r i - t e o r i y a n g m u n c u l p a d a i l m u e k o n o m i t r a d i s i o n a l , w a l a u p u n i s t i i a b dasa r s e p e r t i d e m a n d , s u p p l y , t r a d e d a n seb a g a i n y a m a s i b t e t a p d i g u n a k a n .

I I . Konsep "Region"

P e n g e r t i a n r e g i o n y a n g d i g u n a k a n d a l a m E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l a d a i a b s a n g a t l u a s , s e p a n j a n g d i d a l a m n y a t e r k a n d u n g u n s u r t e m p a t a t a u " s p a c e " . I t u l a b s e b a b n y a t e o r i E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l s e r i n g p u l a d i n a m a k a n " S p a t i a l E c o n o m i c T h e o r y " a t a u " S p a c e E c o n o m i c s " . R e g i o n d a i a m b a l i n i d a p a t b e r a r t i p r o p i n s i , k o t a , k a b u p a t e n , k e c a m a t a n , desa m a u p u n s u a t u k e l o m p o k n e g a r a s e p e r t i A S E A N . D i s a m p i n g i t u r e g i o n d a p a t p u l a b e r a r t i s e k e i o m p o k d a e r a b a t a u p r o p i n s i y a n g m e m p u n y a i c b i - c b i d a n k e a d a a n y a n g s a m a y a n g d i a n a l i s a d a n d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n s e k e i o m p o k l a m y a n g b e r b e d a . S e b a g a i c o n t o b d a p a t d i l i b a t d i A m e r i k a S e r i k a t d a n I t a l i a y a n g m e m b a g i n e g a r a n y a a t a s d u a : U t a r a d a n S e i a t a n . K a d a n g - k a d a n g d a e r a b d i k e i o m p o k k a n m e n u r u t s t r u k t u r i n d u s t r i n y a s e p e r t i " M a n u f a c t u r i n g B e l t " d a n " S n o w B e i t " a t a u d i b a g i m e n u -


r u t k o n d i s i e k o n o m i s o s i a i s e t e m p a t s e p e r t i : d a e r a h m a j u d a n k u r a n g m a j u , U r b a n - R u r a i , C e n t e r - P b e r i p e r a i r e g i o n a t a u J a w a - i u a r J a w a ( I n d o n e s i a ) d a n l a i n - l a i n . P a d a a n a l i s a y a n g l e b i b b e r s i f a t m i k r o , r e g i o n d a p a t d i a r t i k a n sebag a i i n t e r a k s i a n t a r a s u m b e r b a b a n d e n g a n p a s a r ( W e b e r i a n a n a l y s i s ) a t a u s u a t u d a e r a b p e m a s a r a n d i m a n a p e r m i n t a a n t e r k u m p u l ( L o s b i a n a p p r o a c h ) . B a b k a n i n t e r a k s i a n t a r a p i n g g i r a n k o t a ( s u b u r b a n ) d e n g a n p u s a t k o t a ( C e n t r a l B u s i n e s s D i s t r i c t ) j u g a t e r c a k u p d a i a m a n a l i s a r e g i o n a l .

S e p l n t a s l a i n r e g i o n b i s a d i t e r j e m a b k a n m e n j a d i " d a e r a b " , a k a n t e t a p i d a i a m p e n g e r t i a n k i t a d i I n d o n e s i a b a l i h i d a p a t m e n g e l b u k a n . H a l i n i d i s e b a b k a n k a r e n a b a n y a k o r a n g m e n g a r t i k a n d a e r a b s e b a g a i p r o p i n s i - p r o p i n s i d i l u a r J a k a r t a , b a b k a n k a d a n g - k a d a n g d i a r t i k a n s e b a g a i d a e r a b - d a e r a b d i i u a r J a w a . B e r d a s a r k a n p a d a k o n s e p r e g i o n y a n g d i p a k a i d a l a m E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l , p e n g e r t i a n t e r s e b u t t i d a k i a b t e p a t k a r e n a k o t a J a k a r t a s e n d i r i d a p a t d i a n g g a p s e b a g a i s u a t u r e g i o n k a r e n a d i d a l a m n y a t e r k a n d u n g u n s u r t e m p a t . O l e b k a r e n a i t u l a b d i d a i a m l i t e r a t u r , E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l s e r i n g k a l i d i s a m a k a n d e n g a n " U r b a n a n d R e g i o n a l E c o n o m i c s " k a r e n a m a s a l a b e k o n o m i p e r k o t a a n j u g a t e r c a k u p d i d a l a m n y a .

D a r i u r a i a n d i a t a s t e r l i b a t b a b w a d a i a m E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l , k o n s e p r e g i o n d a p a t d i t a m p i i k a n d a i a m d u a b e n t u k . Pertama, d a i a m a n a l i s a y a n g b e r s i f a t m a k r o , r e g i o n b i a s a n y a m u n c u l d a i a m b e n t u k s a t u d a e r a b a t a u t e m p a t t e r t e n t u a t a u s e k e i o m p o k t e m p a t y a n g m e m p u n y a i c i r i d a n s t r u k t u r y a n g s a m a b a i k d a r i s eg i e k o n o m i , s o s i a i m a u p u n p o b t i k ( H o m o g e n e r u s R e g i o n ) . Kedua, d a i a m a n a l i s a y a n g i e b i b b e r s i f a t m i k r o , k o n s e p r e g i o n b i a s a n y a m u n c u l d a i a m b e n t u k b e b e r a p a p u s a t ( N o d a l R e g i o n ) y a n g s a t u s a m a i a i n d i b u b u n g k a n o l e b s u a t u j a r a k t e r t e n t u . D a i a m b a l i n i o n g k o s t r a n s p o r t m e m e -g a n g p e r a n a n p e n t i n g d a i a m a n a U s a .

jarak jarak

Grafik 1 : Homogenous Region

E K I , VOL.XXXI, NO. 2, JUNE 1983

Grafik 2 : Nodal Region

167

rv. Sifat Keteikaitan dengan Ilmu Lain

B i i a a n a l i s a d i t i t i k - b e r a t k a n p a d a s u a t u t e m p a t t e r t e n t u m a k a k i t a t i d a k d a p a t m e n g k b u s u s k a n a n a U s a p a d a s a t u a s p e k t e r t e n t u sa j a . H a l i n i d i s e b a b k a n k a r e n a s i t u a s i p a d a t e m p a t t e r s e b u t d i p e n g a r u b i o l e b b e r b a g a i b a l y a n g s e r i n g k a l i t e r m a s u k p a d a b e b e r a p a j a l u r U m i a b . S e b a g a i c o n t o b b i i a k i t a m e n g a n a U -sa p r o s e s p e m b a n g u n a n d a e r a b S u m a t e r a B a r a t m a k a t i d a k d a p a t d i e l a k k a n b a b w a u n s u r - u n s u r e k o n o m i , s o s i a l b u d a y a , b n g k u n g a n b i d u p d a n p o U t i k b a r u s d i p e r t i m b a n g k a n . D e n g a n k a t a l a i n i l m u E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l m e m p u n y a i s i f a t k e t e r k a i t a n d e n g a n i l m u l a i n ( I n t e r - d e s i p l i n e r ) , s e b i n g g a d e f i n i s i y a n g l e n g k a p d a n p a s t i s u k a r u n t u k d i r u m u s k a n . S e p e r t i d i j e l a s k a n o l e b P e r l o f f ( 1 9 5 7 , p . v . ) :

N o f u l l y s a t i s f a c t o r y w a y o f c l a s s i f y i n g r e g i o n a l s t u d i e s w a s f o u n d - n o t u n e x p e c t e d l y . R e g i o n a l s t u d i e s t e n d t o d e a l w i t b m a n y f e a t u r e s a n d o f t e n i n v o l v e t b e u s e o f s e v e r a l a c a d e m i c d i s c i p l i n e s . T b u s , n o g e n e r a l s y s t e m o f c l a s s i f i c a t i o n c a n b e e x p e c t e d t o p r o v i d e s e l f - c o n t a i n e d c a t e g o r i e s ; t b e r e i s i n e v i t a b l e s p i l l - o v e r . T h e s u b j e c t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n e m p l o y e d i n t b i s r e p o r t s e t s u p c a t e g o r i e s w b o s e c o r e s , i f n o t b o u n d a r i e s , a r e i d e n t i f i a b l e w b o s e t i t l e s a r e w i d e l y u s e d , w i t b p o p u l a r a n d t e c b n i c a l m e a n i n g s t b a t a r e n o t t o o f a r a p a r t .

D i s a m p i n g i b n u E k o n o m i d a n T e o r i L o k a s i , U m u - i l m u l a i n y a n g e r a t b u b u n g a n n y a d e n g a n E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l a d a i a b : G e o g r a p h y , S o s i o l o g y , I l m u P o U t i k , E n v i r o n m e n t a l E c o n o m i c s , D e m o g r a p h y d a n i l m u T a t a R u a n g . O l e b k a r e n a b a n y a k n y a u n s u r - u n s u r i l m u l a i n y a n g d i p a k a i , m a k a t i d a k i a b b e r a n k a l a u d i A m e r i k a S e r i k a t i b n u E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l d i n a m a k a n " R e g i o n a l S c i e n c e " . A k a n t e t a p i k a r e n a i l m u i n i a d a i a b r e l a t i f m a s i b m u d a , m a k a s a m p a i s aa t i n i l e b i b d a r i s e p a r o b d a r i t e o r i - t e o r i y a n g d i p a k a i m a s i b b e r a s a l d a r i i l m u E k o n o m i .

V. Beberapa Prinsip Teori

T e r d a h u i u s u d a b d i s i n g g u n g b a b w a E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l b a r u a k a n d a p a t d i a n g g a p c a b a n g i l m u t e r s e n d i r i k a l a u i a m e m p u n y a i k e k h u s u s a n . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n p e r t a n y a a n y a n g t i m b u l s e k a r a n g a d a i a b : " K e k h u s u s a n a p a k a b y a n g t i m b u l s e c a r a t e o r i d a l a m i l m u E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l d e n g a n d l p e r t i m b a n g k a n -n y a k o n s e p r e g i o n s e p e r t i d i j e l a s k a n d i m u k a ? " U n t u k m e m b a h a s b a l i n i , k i t a a k a n m e n g a m b i l b e b e r a p a t e o r i e k o n o m i d a s a r s e p e r t i T e o r i P r o d u k s i d a n T e o r i P e r m i n t a a n d a n d a r i s i n i d i c o b a m e n u n j u k k a n p e r b e d a a n y a n g t i m b u l .

168'' E K I , VOL.XXXI, NO. 2, JUNE 1983

P e r t a m a - t a m a m a r i l a h k i t a l a k u k a n p e m b a h a s a n d a r i T e o r i P r o d u k s i ( T h e o r y o f t b e F i r m ) . D i d a l a m T e o r i E k o n o m i M i k r o s u d a b k i t a k e t a h u i b a b w a T e o r i P r o d u k s i m e r u p a k a n b a g i a n p e n t i n g d a r i i l m u e k o n o m i y a n g b e r t u j u a n m e n c a r i d a n m e n e n t u k a n t i n g k a t p r o d u k s i p e r u s a h a a n y a n g o p t i m a l d a l a m r a n g k a m e n d a p a t k a n k e u n t u n g a n y a n g m a k s i m a l , U n t u k m e m p e r l i b a t k a n k a i t a n y a n g j e l a s d e n g a n t e o r i E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l , m u l a - m u l a k i t a t a m p i l -k a n p e n e n t u a n p r o d u k s i o p t i m a l s e c a r a t r a d i s i o n a l d a n k e m u d i a n k i t a b a n -d i n g k a n d e n g a n t e o r i y a n g s a m a p a d a E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l . D a l a m T e o r i E k o n o m i M i k r o d i j e l a s k a n b a b w a b i i a q m e l a m b a n g k a n j u m i a b p r o d u k s i d a n p a d a i a b b a r g a d a r i s e t i a p u n i t p r o d u k s i t e r s e b u t m a k a k e u n t u n g a n p e r u s a h a a n :

T ( q ) = P - q - c ( q ) ( 1 ) d i m a n a c ( q ) a d a i a b o n g k o s p r o d u k s i y a n g t e r g a n t u n g p a d a b e s a r k e c i l n y a p r o d u k s i . D e n g a n m e n g a m b i l " t u r u n a n " d a r i p e r s a m a a n ( 1 ) k i t a p e r o l e b :

= P - C ( q ) = 0 , ^ < 0 d q d q ' a t a u : p = c ' ( q )

D e n g a n d e m i k i a n t i n g k a t p r o d u k s i y a n g o p t i m a l d i t e n t u k a n d e n g a n m e n y a -m a k a n o n g k o s m a r g i n a l d a r i p e r u s a h a a n d e n g a n t i n g k a t b a r g a d i p a s a r . * A n a -Ksa i n i b e r l a k u d a l a m _ k e a d a a n p e r s a i n g a n s e m p u r n a ( p e r f e c t c o m p e t i t i o n ) d i m a n a t i n g k a t b a r g a p a s a r a d a i a b t e t a p .

S e k a r a n g m a r i l a b k i t a l i b a t b a g a i m a n a p e n e n t u a n t i n g k a t p r o d u k s i o p t i m a l p a d a t e o r i E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l d e n g a n m e m p e r t i m b a n g k a n u n s u r t e m p a t / l o k a s i . S e a n d a i n y a p e r u s a h a a n y a n g d i a n a l i s a a k t i f i t a s p r o d u k s i n y a a d a i a b m e m b u a t s e m e n . E H u m p a m a k a n p u l a b a b a n u t a m a y a i t u t a n a b l i a t d a n b a t u k a p u r b a n y a d a p a t d i p e r o l e b d a r i d a e r a b M s e d a n g k a n p a s a r a d a i a b p a d a d a e r a b C . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n k o n s e p " r e g i o n " d i s i n i d i t a m p i i k a n d a l a m b e n t u k d u a t i t i k ( n o d a l r e g i o n ) d a n j a r a k a n t a r a n y a ( d i s t a n c e f u n c t i o n ) .

Grafik 3 : Pemilihan Lokasi Sepanjang 2 Daerah Tertentu.

^ D

M . : ^ c

5 Lihat Handerson and Quandt (1972) untuk analisa yang bersifat matematis.

E K I , V O L . X X X I , N O . 2, J U N E 1 9 8 3 169

D a l a m h a l i n i p e r u s a h a a n d a p a t m e m i l i h l o k a s i d i m a n a saja s e p a n j a n g g a r i s a n t a r a M d a n C y a n g p a n j a n g n y a a d a l a h u . B i i a s e a n d a i n y a p e r u s a h a a n m e m i l i h l o k a s i p a d a t i t i k D m a k a j a r a k a n t a r a l o k a s i p e r u s a h a a n k e s u m b e r b a b a n b a k u a d a i a b u s e d a n g k a n j a r a k k e p a s a r m e n j a d i ( i f - u ) . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n j u m i a b k e u n t u n g a n p e r u s a h a a n b i i a b e r l o k a s i p a d a t i t i k D m e n j a d i :

Tt ( q , u ) = p q - [ u n a q + ( u - u ) m q ] - C ( q ) ( 3 )

d i m a n a " a " a d a i a b p r o p o r s i d a r i b a b a n b a k u y a n g d i p e r l u k a n u n t u k m e m -p r o d u k s i s a t u u n i t s e m e n , s e d a n g k a n n d a n m m a s i n g - m a s i n g a d a i a b o n g k o s u n t u k b a b a n b a k u d a n b a s i l p r o d u k s i . B e r d a s a r k a n p e r s a m a a n ( 3 ) m a k a p e n e n t u a n t i n g k a t p r o d u k s i o p t i m a l d a p a t d i l a k u k a n d e n g a n c a r a y a n g s a m a d e n g a n p e r s a m a a n ( 2 )

^ ^ = p - [ u n a + ( u - u ) m ] - C ( q ) = 0 ( 4 ) d q

p = C ( q ) + [ u n a + ( u - u ) m ] ( 5 )

D i s i n i t e r l i b a t b a b w a t i n g k a t p r o d u k s i o p t i m a l t i d a k b a n y a d i t e n t u k a n d e n g a n m e n y a m a k a n b a r g a p a s a r d e n g a n o n g k o s m a r g i n a l t e t a p i j u g a b a r u s d i -i k u t k a n u n s u r l a i n y a i t u o n g k o s a n g k u t s e t i a p u n i t b a i k u n t u k b a b a n b a k u m a u p u n b a s i l p r o d u k s i . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n p e n e n t u a n p r o d u k s i o p t i m a l p a d a E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l t i d a k s a m a d e n g a n p e r s a m a a n ( 2 ) .

S e b a g a i m a n a y a n g t e l a b d i t e r a n g k a n d i m u k a , t e o r i E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l m e n j a w a b j u g a p e r t a n y a a n d i m a n a l o k a s i p e r u s a h a a n y a n g o p t i m a l s e b i n g g a k e u n t u n g a n p e r u s a h a a n d a p a t d i m a k s i m u m k a n . H a l i n i d a p a t d i k e t a b u i d e n g a n j a l a n m e n a r i k t u r u n a n d a r i p e r s a m a a n ( 3 ) t e r b a d a p u n s u r u :

9 TT ( q , u )

- y ^ - - - n a q + m q = 0 ( 6 )

a t a u , m = a n K o n d i s i i n i l a z i m j u g a d i n a m a k a n " W e b e r i a n L o c a t i o n a i W e i g h t " b i i a d i t u l i s d i d a l a m b e n t u k :

W = — ^ 1 ( 8 ) m

170 EKI , VOL.XXXI, NO. 2, JUNE 1983

B i i a W > 1 a t a u a n > m y a i t u o n g k o s a n g k u t p e r u n i t u n t u k b a h a n b a k u l e b i b b e s a r d a r i u n t u k b a s i l p r o d u k s i , p e r u s a h a a n d i k a t e g o r i k a n p a d a " W e i g h t L o o s i n g I n d u s t r y " d a n l o k a s i y a n g o p t i m a l a d a i a b p a d a d a e r a b t e m p a t b a b a n b a k u d i p e r o l e b . S e b a l i k n y a b i i a W < 1 a t a u a n < m , p e r u s a h a a n d i k a t e g o r i k a n p u l a " W e i g h t G a i n i n g I n d u s t r y " d a n l o k a s i y a n g o p t i m a l a d a i a b p a d a d a e r a b p a s a r . D a n b i i a W = 1 a t a u a n = m y a i t u o n g k o s a n g k u t p e r u n i t o u t p u t a d a i a b s a m a b a i k u n t u k b a b a n b a k u m a u p u n b a s i l p r o d u k s i . D a l a m b a l i n i p e r u s a h a a n d i k a t a g o r i k a n p a d a " f o o t l o o s e I n d u s t r y " d a n d i a b e b a s m e n e n t u k a n l o k a s i d i m a n a saja t a n p a m e n g u r a n g i t i n g k a t k e u n t u n g a n p e r u s a h a a n . *

/ ^Ongkos angkut

una + (u--u) m (Jumlah Ongkos angkut)

aigkus

Jarak

M C Grafik 4 : Penentuan Lokasi Optimal Perusahaan Berdasarkan Ongkos Angkut.

6 Perluasan dari teori Lokasi ini dengan memasukkan Unsur dinamis melalui konsep "Product Life Cycle" dikembangkan oleh Sja&izal (1981), akan tetapi konsep "tempat" yang dipakai adalah "homogeneous region" yaitu dalam bentuk daerah maju dan daerah sedang beikembang.


U n t u k l e b i h j e l a s n y a , s i t u a s i d i a t a s d a p a t p u l a d i t e r a n g k a n m e l a l u i g r a f i k 4 . D i s i n i j e l a s t e r l i b a t b a b w a o n g k o s a n g k u t s e t i a p k e s a t u a n p r o d u k s i d a n j a r a k u n t u k b a b a n b a k u a d a i a b l e b i b b e s a r d a r i o n g k o s a n g k u t u n t u k b a r a n g j a d i y a n g d i t u n j u k k a n o l e b s u d u t k u r v a X y a n g l e b i b b e s a r d a r i s u d u t k u r v a Y . H a l i n i m e n u n j u k k a n b a b w a p e r u s a h a a n y a n g b e r s a n g k u t a n a d a i a b t e r m a s u k d a l a m k a t e g o r i " W e i g h t L o o s i n g I n d u s t r y " . D e n g a n b e r d a s a r k a n g r a f i k i n i k i t a d a p a t m e n e n t u k a n b a b w a l o k a s i p e r u s a h a a n y a n g " o p t i m a l " a d a i a b p a d a M k a r e n a j u m i a b o n g k o s a n g k u t u n t u k s e t i a p k e s a t u a n p r o d u k s i a d a i a b y a n g t e r e n d a b . J e l a s t e r l i b a t d i s i n i b a b w a k e s i m p u l a n y a n g d i t a r i k s e c a r a g r a f i s a d a i a b s e s u a i d e n g a n k e s i m p u l a n p a d a p e r s a m a a n ( 8 ) d i a t a s . P e m b a c a t e n t u n y a a k a n d a p a t p u l a m e m b a c a g r a f i k y a n g b e r l a w a n a n d e n g a n g r a f i k 4 d i a t a s y a i t u a p a b i l a s u d u t d a r i k u r v a X l e b i b k e c i l d a r i s u d u t k u r v a Y ( W e i g h t G a i n i n g I n d u s t r y ) d a n a k a n d i t e m u i n a n t i l o k a s i y a n g t e r b a i k a k a n b e r a d a p a d a C k a r e n a t i t i k i n i d a p a t m e m b e r i k a n j u m i a b o n g k o s a n g k u t y a n g m i n i m a l .

S e b e g i t u j a u b k i t a b a r u m e n i n j a u d a r i s eg i t e o r i p r o d u k s i d a n m e n g a b a i -k a n u n s u r p e r m i n t a a n . S e k a r a n g m a r i l a b k i t a t a m p i l k a n s e d i k i t p e r b e d a a n a n t a r a E k o n o m i t r a d i s i o n a l d a n E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l d a l a m b a l t e o r i p e r m i n t a a n . D a l a m i l m u E k o n o m i M i k r o t e o r i p e r m i n t a a n t e l a b l a z i m d i k e m u k a k a n d a l a m b e n t u k f u n g s i d e m a n d y a n g d a p a t d i t u l i s :

q = f ( p ) , d q / d p < 0 ' ( 9 )

y a i t u t e r d a p a t b u b u n g a n y a n g n e g a t i f a n t a r a j u m i a b b a r a n g y a n g d i m i n t a d e n g a n b a r g a b a r a n g y a n g b e r s a n g k u t a n . A k a n t e t a p i t e o r i i n i t i d a k d a p a t m e n j e l a s k a n d i m a n a f u n g s i p e r m i n t a a n i n i b e r l a k u . K e n y a t a a a n m e n u n j u k k a n b a b w a d e n g a n m e n e n t u k a n b a r g a p e n j u a l a n t e r t e n t u p a d a p a b r i k , m a k a j u m i a b p e r m i n t a a n a k a n b e r b e d a - b e d a p a d a s e t i a p d a e r a b p e m a s a r a n . H a l i n i d i s e b a b k a n k a r e n a a d a n y a o n g k o s a n g k u t u n t u k b a s i l p r o d u k s i y a n g t i d a k d a p a t d i e l a k k a n d a n a d a n y a k o m p e t i s i a n t a r a b e b e r a p a t e m p a t p e n j u a l a n ( s p a t i a l C o m p e t i t i o n ) .

U n t u k l e b i b j e l a s n y a , m a r i l a b k i t a a m b i l k a s u s m e n g e n a i p e m a s a r a n S e m e n P a d a n g y a n g d i j e l a s k a n m e l a l u i g r a f i k 6 . S e a n d a i n y a b a r g a s e m e n p a d a l o k a s i p a b r i k ( I n d a r u n g / P a d a n g ) a d a i a b P ^ d a n j u m i a b s e m e n y a n g d i m i n t a a d a l a h q ^ . A k a n t e t a p i b i i a s e m e n y a n g s a m a d i p a s a r k a n d i P e k a n b a r u m a k a b a r g a p e n j u a l a n a k a n n a i k m e n j a d i P j d i s e b a b k a n a d a n y a o n g k o s a n g k u t

s e b e s a r U j m . S e l a n j u t n y a b i i a s e m e n y a n g s a m a d i p a s a r k a n k e k o t a y a n g l e b i b j a u b d a r i P a d a n g , m i s a l n y a M e d a n , m a k a t i d a k d a p a t d i e l a k k a n b a r g a


a k a n l e b i h m e n i n g k a t m e n j a d i ?2 " i ^ " j u m l a h s e m e n y a n g d i m i n t a s e m a k i n m e n u r u n m e n j a d i 92- D e n g a n d e m i k i a n j e l a s l a h , w a l a u p u n u n s u r p e r s a i n g a n k i t a a b a i k a n , a k a n t e t a p i b a i k h a r g a m a u p u n j u m l a h b a r a n g y a n g d i m i n t a a k a n b e r b e d a - b e d a d i b e r b a g a i d a e r a h p e m a s a r a n . H a l i n i d i s e b a b k a n k a r e n a a d a n y a j a r a k t e r t e n t u a n t a r a l o k a s i p a b r i k d e n g a n d a e r a h p e m a s a r a n t e r s e b u t y a n g m e n g h a r u s k a n s i p e n j u a l m e n g e l u a r k a n s e j u m l a b o n g k o s a n g k u t , d a n h a l i n i s e l a n j u t n y a a k a n d a p a t p u l a m e m p e n g a r u h i p e m i l i h a n l o k a s i p e r u s a h a a n .

D a l a m r a n g k a m e n j a w a b p e r t a n y a a n i n i , t e o r i E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l t a m p i l d e n g a n t e o r i " S p a t i a l P r i c e " d a n t e o r i " M a r k e t A r e a s " y a n g d i p e l o p o r i o l e h A u g u s t L o s c h ( 1 9 5 4 ) . M e n u r u t L o s c h a p a b i l a u n s u r t e m p a t t u m t d i p e r t i m b a n g k a n d a l a m a n a l i s a p e r m i n t a a n , m a k a t i d a k d a p a t d i s a n g k a l l a g i u n s u r o n g k o s t r a n s p o r u n t u k b a s i l p r o d u k s i d a n k o m p e t i s i a n t a r t e m p a t p e n j u a l a n h a r u s d i p e r t i m b a n g k a n k a r e n a k e d u a n y a a k a n m e n e n t u k a n b e s a r n y a d a e r a h p e m a s a r a n y a n g d a p a t d i k u a s a i p e r u s a h a a n . S e h u b u n g a n d e n g a n h a l i n i m a k a f u n g s i p e r m i n t a a n d a l a m E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l b e r u b a h m e n j a d i : j

q. = f j (p„ + u.m) , j = 1 , 2 , . . . s ( 1 0 )

S e l a n j u t n y a b i i a p a s a r a d a l a h b e r s i f a t " d e s c r e t e " a r t i n y a p e r m i n t a a n h a n y a t e r k o n s e n t r a s i p a d a b e b e r a p a t e m p a t t e r t e n t u s a j a , m a k a k u r v a p e r m i n t a a n p a d a p e r s a m a a n ( 1 0 ) m e n j a d i :

Q ( P ^ , u ) f j ( P o + U j m ) , 0 0

d i m a n a Uj a d a l a h j a r a k d a r i l o k a s i p a b r i k k e p a s a r j s e d a n g k a n m a d a l a h o n g k o s a n g k u t b a r a n g j a d i u n t u k s e t i a p t o n / k i l o m e t e r y a n g d i a n g g a p s a m a u n t u k s e t i a p p a s a r . A k a n t e t a p i b i i a p a s a r a d a l a h b e r s i f a t " c o n t i n o u s " a r t i n y a p e m b e h t e r s e b a r l u a s k e s e m u a t e m p a t , m a k a k u r v a p e r m i n t a a n p a d a p e r s a m a a n ( 1 1 ) b e r o b a h m e n j a d i ;

Q ( P o , u ) = 2 7 r / f ( p ^ , + u m ) d u ( 1 2 )

B e r d a s a r k a n f u n g s i p e r m i n t a a n d i a t a s m a k a , k u r v a p e r m i n t a a n d a l a m E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l m e n j a d i b e r b e d a s e p e r t i t e r l i h a t p a d a g a m b a r 6 d a n g a m -b a r 7 . G a m b a r 6 m e m p e r l i b a t k a n k u r v a p e r m i n t a a n i n d i v i d u p a d a s u a t u t e m p a t t e r t e n t u . P e r b e d a a n y a n g j e l a s t e r l i h a t d i s i n i a d a l a h b a h w a h a r g a d i s i n i t e r m a s u k j u g a o n g k o s a n g k u t . A k a n t e t a p i b e n t u k k u r v a p e r m i n t a a n p a d a


% 0 i i % q 0 %

G r a f i k 6 : K u r v a P e r m i n t a a n S e m e n P a d a n g S e c a r a H i p o t e t i s . G r a f i k 7 : D e m a n d C o n e

g a m b a r i n i m a s i h t e t a p s a m a d e n g a n k u r v a p e r m i n t a a n y a n g t r a d i s i o n a l y a i t u m e n u r u n d a r i s u d u t k i r i a t a s k e s u d u t k i r i b a w a h s e b a g a i p e n a m p i i a n d a r i a d a n y a h u b u n g a n n e g a t i f a n t a r a j u m l a h b a r a n g y a n g d i m i n t a d a n h a r g a . B i i a h a r g a p r o d u s e n , p d a l a m g a m b a r 6 d a p a t d i j e l a s k a n d e n g a n p a n j a n g g a r i s O A m a k a A B a k a n m e r u p a k a n j u m l a h p e r m i n t a a n p a d a l o k a s i p r o d u s e n . D e n g a n d a s a r i n i l u a s d a e r a h p e m a s a r a n d a r i p e r u s a h a a n a k a n d a p a t d i k e t a b u i d e n g a n j a l a n m e m u t a r k u r v a p e r m i n t a a n d a l a m g r a f i k 6 p a d a s u m b u A ( y a i t u s eg i t i g a A B C ) . S e b a g a i h a s i l n y a , k i t a p e r o l e h s u a t u " D e ^ n a n d C o n e " s e p e r t i t e r l i h a t p a d a g r a f i k 7 , d a n l i n g k a r a n p a d a g r a f i k i n i m e m p e r l i b a t k a n l u a s d a e r a h p e m a s a r a n . '

D a r i u r a i a n d i a t a s t e r l i h a t b e b e r a p a p e r b e d a a n t e o r i t i s y a n g p r i n s i p i l b a i k d a r i s eg i t e o r i p r o d u k s i m a u p u n d a r i s eg i t e o r i p e r m i n t a a n . H a l i n i m e r u p a k a n k e k h u s u s a n d a r i T e o r i E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l y a n g m e n y e b a b k a n i l m u i n i d i a n g g a p s e b a g a i j u r u s a n t e r t e n t u y a n g b e r d i r i s e n d i r i s e b a g a i a k i b a t d i m a s u k -k a n n y a u n s u r " t e m p a t " d i d a l a m a n a l i s a .

S e b e g i t u j a u h k i t a b a r u m e n g a n a h s a p e r b e d a a n p r i n s i p i l a n t a r a E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l d a n E k o n o m i U m u m s e c a r a m i k r o d e n g a n m e n d a s a r k a n a n a b sa p a d a k o n s e p " n o d a l r e g i o n " . S e k a r a n g m a r i l a h k i t a b e r a i i h p a d a a n a l i s a y a n g l e b i h b e r s i f a t m a k r o d e n g a n m e m a k a i k o n s e p " b o m o g e n e u s " . A d a l a h j e l a s b a h w a b a n y a k s e k a l i t e o r i - t e o r i d a l a m E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l y a n g d i s u s u n a t a s d a s a r k o n s e p b o m o g e n e u s r e g i o n i n i , a k a n t e t a p i p a d a k e r t a s k a r y a i n i h a n y a s a t u d i a n t a r a n y a y a n g a k a n d i b a h a s y a i t u m e n y a n g k u t d e n g a n t e o r i a l o k a s i i n v e s t a s i ( a n g g a r a n p e m b a n g u n a n ) s e c a r a r e g i o n a l . D a l a m h a l i n i a n a l i s a a k a n d i t i t i k b e r a t k a n p a d a " R a h m a n m o d e l " * y a n g t e l a h d i s e m p u r n a k a n o l e h T a k a y a m a ( 1 9 6 7 ) d e n g a n m e n t e r a p k a n m e t o d a " O p t i m a l C o n t r o l " . "

D i d a l a m E k o n o m i P e m b a n g u n a n t e l a h d i a k u i u m u m b a h w a k e b i j a k s a n a a n a l o k a s i a n g g a r a n p e m b a n g u n a n d i l a k u k a n s eca ra s e k t o r a l . B i i a s u a t u n e g a r a b a r u m e m u l a i p r o s e s p e m b a n g u n a n n y a m a k a a l o k a s i a n g g a r a n s e b a r u s n y a d i k o n s e n t r a s i k a n p a d a s e k t o r p e r t a n i a n , d a n k e m u d i a n s eca ra b e r t a h a p a l o k a s i a k a n d i p i n d a h k a n p e r i o r i t a s n y a p a d a s e k t o r i n d u s t r i . K e b i j a k s a n a a n i n i p a d a d a s a r n y a a d a l a h m e r u p a k a n a p l i k a s i t e o r i " U n b a l a n c e G r o w t h "

7 Buku khusus tentang "Spatial Price and Market Area Theory" adalah Greenhut dan Ohta (1975), sedangkan kumpulan bacaan mengenai hal ini disiapkan oleh Dean (1970).

8 Lihat. Rahman (1963).

9 Penjelasan tentang metoda ini dapat dilihat dalam Takayama (1974) dan Miller (1978).


y a n g t e r k e n a l . ' ° A k a n t e t a p i p a r a e k o n o m j a r a n g s e k a l i m e m p e r b i c a n g k a n b a g a i m a n a c a r a m e m p e r i o r i t a s k a n a l o k a s i i n v e s t a s i s e c a r a r e g i o n a l d a l a m s u a t u n e g a r a . W a l a u p u n d i d a s a r k a n p a d a t e o r i y a n g t e r k e n a l t e r s e b u t , a k a n t e t a p i b i i a d a e r a b y a n g a k a n d i p e r i o r i t a s k a n t i d a k d i t e n t u k a n m a k a b e s a r s e k a b k e m u n g k i n a n t i n g k a t p e r t u m b u b a n e k o n o m i y a n g d i b a r a p k a n t i d a k a k a n t e r c a p a i . H a l i n i d i s e b a b k a n k a r e n a t i a p - t i a p d a e r a b s e n d i r i m e m p u n y a i p o t e n s i p e m b a n g u n a n y a n g b e r b e d a y a n g s u k a r d i a n a l i s a s e c a r a s e k t o r a l .

S e k a r a n g m a r i l a b k i t a l i b a t s e p i n t a s l a l u b a g a u n a n a p a r a a b l i E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l m e m e c a b k a n m a s a l a b a l o k a s i i n v e s t a s i t e r s e b u t s e c a r a r e g i o n a l , b u k a n s e c a r a s e k t o r a l . A k a n t e t a p i t i d a k a d a s a m a s e k a b m a k s u d k i t a m e n g a t a k a n b a b w a y a n g s a t u a d a i a b l e b i b b a i k d a r i y a n g l a i n , k a r e n a k e d u a - d u a -n y a s e b e n a r n y a a d a i a b s a U n g m e l e n g k a p i .

M e n g i k u t i l o g i k a y a n g d i k e m u k a k a n o l e b R a b m a n , d i u m p a m a k a n s u a t u n e g a r a t e r d b i b a n y a a t a s 2 r e g i o n y a n g d a p a t d i n a m a k a n r e g i o n 1 d a n r e g i o n 2 . S e t i a p r e g i o n m e l a k u k a n k e g i a t a n e k o n o m i n y a y a n g m e n g b a s i i k a n p e n d a - -p a t a n r e g i o n a l Y j , p a d a m a s i n g - m a s i n g n y a . U n t u k m e m u d a b k a n a n a U s a d i u m p a m a k a n p u l a s e t i a p r e g i o n d a l a m k e g i a t a n p r o d u k s i n y a b a n y a m e n g g u n a k a n u n s u r m o d a l ( c a p i t a l ) , K j s e b a g a i f a k t o r p r o d u k s i . ' ' D e n g a n d e m i k i a n f u n g s i p r o d u k s i p a d a t i a p - t i a p r e g i o n d a p a t d i t u b s :

Y i = b i K j i = l , 2 ( 1 3 )

d i m a n a b j a d a i a b " c a p i t a l o u t p u t r a t i o " y a n g m e n c e r m i n k a n t i n g k a t p r o d u k t i f i t a s y a n g t i d a k d a p a t d i a n g g a p s a m a p a d a s e t i a p r e g i o n .

B i i a k i t a a n g g a p b a n t u a n l u a r n e g e r i a d a i a b t i d a k a d a m a k a d a n a k e s e -l u m b a n n y a b e r a s a l d a r i t a b u n g a n d a l a m n e g e r i b a i k d a r i s w a s t a m a u p u n p e m e r i n t a b . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n j u m i a b d a n a y a n g d i i n v e s t a s i p a d a n e g a r a y a n g b e r s a n g k u t a n a d a i a b : ^

I l + l 2 = K i + K 2 = S i Y i + S 2 Y 2 , ( H )

d i m a n a K j = d K j / d t ( l a j u p e r t u m b u b a n k a p i t a l ) s e d a n g k a n S j a d a i a b " m a r g i n a l p r o p e n s i t y t o s a v e " p a d a s e t i a p r e g i o n . D e n g a n m e n g s u b s i t u s i k a n p e r -

10 Teori ini dipelopori oleh Hirschman (1958).

11 Ini tidak berarti masing-masing region tidak menggunakan tenaga kerja, akan tetapi faktor ini kita abaikan karena tidak banyak bubungannya dengan analisa kita.

E K I , VOL.XXX1, NO. 2, JUNE 1983 177

s a m a a n ( 1 3 ) k e d a l a m ( 1 4 ) k i t a p e r o l e h :

K j + K 2 = g ] K , + g 2 K 2 ( 1 5 )

d i m a n a

( 1 6 )

S e l a n j u t n y a k i t a s i m b o l k a n p u l a j 3 ; 0 < j 3 < 1 , s e b a g a i p a r a m e t e r a l o k a s i y a i t u b i i a |3 = 1 s e m u a d a n a d i a l o k a s i k a n p a d a r e g i o n 1 s e d a n g k a n b i i a j 3 = 0 s e m u a d a n a d i a l o k a s i k a n p a d a r e g i o n 2 . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n j u m i a b d a n a i n v e s t a s i y a n g d i l a k s a n a k a n p a d a s e t i a p r e g i o n m a S i n g - m a s i n g n y a a k a n d i t e n t u k a n o l e b p e r s a m a a n b e r i k u t :

K e d u a p e r s a m a a n i n i t e r n y a t a t a m p i l d a l a m b e n t u k p e r s a m a a n d i f e r e n s i a l y a n g m e m u n j u k k a n b a g a i m a n a j u m i a b m o d a l p a d a k e d u a r e g i o n b e r t a m b a b s e t i a p t a b u n . I n i a d a l a h m e r u p a k a n " e q u a t i o n o f m o t i o n " y a n g m e r u p a k a n u n s u r p a d a s e t i a p m o d e l y a n g b e r s i p a t d i n a m i s d e n g a n m e m p e r b a t i k a n u n s u r w a k t u .

P r o b l e m a y a n g d i h a d a p i o l e b s e t i a p p e r e n c a n a e k o n o m i b i a s a n y a a d a i a b b a g a i m a n a m e m i l i h a l o k a s i p a r a m e t e r )3 ( t ) s e t i a p t a b u n s e b i n g g a t u j u a n n a s i o n a l d a p a t d i w u j u d k a n . B i i a t u j u a n n a s i o n a l d a r i n e g a r a y a n g b e r s a n g k u t a n a d a i a b u n t u k m e n i n g k a t k a n p e n d a p a t a n n a s i o n a l s e m a k s i m a l m u n g k i n , m a k a p r o b l e m a d a r i s i p e r e n ' c a n a d a p a t d i t u l i s k a n s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :

K j = ^ ( t ) [ g i K i + g 2 K 2 ]

K 2 = ( l - l 3 ( t ) ) [ g i K i + g 2 K 2 ] ( 1 7 )

M a x : Y ( T ) = Y , ( T ) + Y 2 ( T )

/ 3 ( t ) = b i K j ( T ) + b 2 K 2 (T)

D e n g a n s y a r a t ( 1 ) K j = j 3 ( t ) [ g i K i + g 2 K 2 ] ( 1 9 )

( 2 ) K 2 = ( l - / 3 ( t ) ) [ g i K i + g 2 K 2 ] ( 1 8 )

( 3 ) 0 < i 3 < l


t

( 4 ) K j ( t„) = K i > 0

K 2 ( g = K 2 > 0

D i d a l a m m e t o d a O p t i m a l C o n t r o l , p e r s o a l a n ( 1 8 ) d a p a t d i p e c a h k a n m e l a l u i " P o n t r y a g i n M a x i m u m P r i n c i p l e " . D e n g a n c a r a i n i p e r t a m a k i t a h a r u s m e m b e i j t u k f u n g s i H a m i l t o n u n t u k p e r s o a l a n t e r s e b u t , y a i t u : |

H = [ Y j ( t ) j3 ( t ) + 7 i ( t ) ( 1 - ^ ( t ) ] ( g j K i + g 2 K 2 ) ( 1 9 )

D a l a m b a l i n i Y j ( t ) , i = 1 , 2 , d a p a t d i a r t i k a n s e b a g a i " s h a d o w p r i c e " d a r i m o d a l y a n g m e n c e r m i n k a n b a s i l b e r s i h d a r i s e t i a p m o d a l y a n g d u n v e s t a s i k a n ' ' . S e l a n j u t n y a d m y a t a k a n p u l a o l e b m e t o d a d i a t a s b a b w a t u j u a n p a d a p e r s o a l a n ( 1 8 ) a k a n d a p a t d i c a p a i a p a b i l a f u n g s i H a m i l t o n p a d a p e r s a m a a n ( 1 9 ) d i m a k s i m u m k a n ' * t e r b a d a p jS ( t ) . D e n g a n c a r a d e m i k i a n d a p a t d i k e t a b u i b a b w a a p a b i l a :

^ ( t ) = l , 7 i ( t ) > T 2 ( t )

^ ( t ) = 0 , 7 i ( t ) < 7 2 ( t ) ( 2 0 )

0 < ^ ( t ) . < 0 , 7 i ( t ) = «y_(t)

S e l a n j u t n y a , b u k u m P o n t r y a g i n d i a t a s m e n y a t a k a n p u l a b a b w a Y j ( t ) a k a n b e r u b a b s e t i a p t a b u r m y a b e r d a s a r k a n :

7 i ( t ) = d K ,

12 Di dalam literatur unsur ini dinamakan "auxilary variable" yang menunjukkan pe-robahan dari "objective function" sebagai akibat perobahan dari "state variable".

13 Ini dapat dicari melalui "Kuhn-Tucker maximum condition", dan untuk Inl lihat Miller (1972).


y a i t u : T 2 ( t ) = - g i ( t )

7 i ( t ) = - g 2 ( t ) (21)

P e r s a m a a n ( 2 1 ) m e n u n j u k k a n b a h w a Y j ( t ) p e r o b a b a n n y a b a r u s m e m e n u b i " t b e L a w o f D i m i n i s h i n g R e t u r n " . D e n g a n m e l a k u k a n s e d i k i t p e r g e s e r a n p a d a p e r s a m a a n i n i d a n s e l a n j u t n y a d e n g a n m e n a r i k i n t e g r a l , k i t a p e r o l e b :

/ T , ( t ) ' + c . C = k o n s t a n t a (22)

M e n g i n g a t d e f i n i s i d a r i g^ p a d a p e r s a m a a n ( 1 6 ) , m a k a ( 2 2 ) d a p a t j u g a d i t u l i s :

7 i ( t ) = * 2 ' ' 2

7 2 ( t ) + C (23)

D a r i s i n i k i t a k e t a h u i b a b w a u n t u k d a p a t m e m e n u b i p e r s a m a a n ( 2 3 ) t e r d a p a t b e b e r a p a a l t e r n a t i f s e p e r t i t e r l i b a t p a d a T a b e l 1 y a n g s e t i a p n y a m e m p u n y a i i m p l i k a s i t e r b a d a p k e b i j a k s a n a a n a l o k a s i i n v e s t a s i .

Tabel 1.

Beberapa Kriteria Dalam Alokasi Investasi Regional

7 i ( t ) R e g i o n d i p e 7 i ( t ) r i o r i t a s k a n

* 1 > * 2 b l > b 2 7 i > 7 2 1

S i < S 2 b j < b 2 7 i < 7 2 2

* 1 > * 2 b j = b2 7 i > 7 2 1

* 1 < * 2 b l = b 2 Y l < 7 2 2

* 1 = *2 b i > b 2 7 i > 7 2 1

* 1 = *2 b i < b 2 yi<j2 2

S i > S 2 b j < b 2 a )

* 1 < * 2 b j > b 2 a )

Sj = S2 b i = b 2 7 L = 7 2 b e b a s

a) Kasus ini memerlukan pemecaban tersendiri, lihat Takayama (1967) 180

D a r i T a b e l 1 d i a t a s j e l a s t e r l i h a t b a h w a a p a b i l a p e r s o a l a n y a n g d i h a d a p i o l e b p e r e n c a n a a d a i a b s e p e r t i t e r l i b a t p a d a p r o b l e m a ( 1 8 ) . m a k a k r i t e r i a a l o k a s i i n v e s t a s i r e g i o n a l a k a n d i d a s a r k a n p a d a k e m a m p u a n m e n a b u n g d a n p r o d u k t i f i t a s d a r i m a s i n g - m a s i n g r e g i o n . D e n g a n m e m p e r b a t i k a n p e r s a m a a n ( 2 0 ) d a p a t d i k e t a b u i b a b w a a p a b i l a k e m a m p u a n m e n a b u n g d a n p r o d u k t i f i t a s d a r i r e g i o n 1 a d a i a b l e b i b b e s a r d a r i r e g i o n 2 , j e l a s b a b w a a l o k a s i i n v e s t a s i b a r u s d i p r i o r i t a s k a n p a d a r e g i o n 1 , d a n a p a b i l a b a l s e b a l i k n y a y a n g t e r j a d i m a k a r e g i o n 2 s e b a r u s n y a m e n e r i m a a l o k a s i y a n g l e b i b b a n y a k . D i s a m p i n g i t u w a l a u p u n t i n g k a t p r o d u k t i f i t a s p a d a m a s i n g - m a s i n g r e g i o n a d a i a b s a m a , a p a b i l a k e m a m p u a n m e n a b u n g p a d a r e g i o n 1 l e b i b b e s a r m a k a d a e r a b i n i m a s i b t e t a p d i u t a m a k a n . S e b a l i k n y a w a l a u p u n k e m a m p u a n m e n a b u n g a d a i a b s a m a , b i i a p r o d u k t i f i t a s p a d a r e g i o n 2 a d a i a b l e b i b t i n g g i m a k a d a n a i n v e s t a s i s e b a i k n y a l e b i b b a n y a k d i s a l u r k a n p a d a d a e r a b i n i . A d a i a b j e l a s b i i a k e m a m p u a n m e n a b u n g d a n t i n g k a t p r o d u k t i f i t a s p a d a k e d u a d a e r a b a d a i a b s a m a , m a k a s i p e r e n c a n a a k a n b e b a s d a l a m m e n g a l o k a s i k a n d a n a m v e s t a s i y a n g t e r s e d i a , d a n d a l a m b a l i n i t e n t u n y a u n s u r p o l i t i s a k a n l e b i b m e n e n t u k a n .

D a r i u r a i a n d i a t a s j e l a s t e r l i b a t b a b w a b a i k p a d a a n a l i s a y a n g b e r s i f a t m i k r o m a u p u n m a k r o , t e r d a p a t p e r b e d a a n y a n g s a n g a t p r i n s i p i l a n t a r a i l m u E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l d a n E k o n o m i U m u m . P a d a d a s a r n y a p e r b e d a a n i n i t i m b u l k a r e n a a d a n y a u n s u r " t e m p a t " y a n g m e r u p a k a n c i r i k b u s u s d a r i E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l . S e p e r t i t e r l i b a t d i a t a s , p a d a a n a l i s a y a n g b e r s i f a t m i k r o u n s u r t e m p a t m u n c u l d a l a m b e n t u k j a r a k ( d i s t a n c e f u n c t i o n ) y a n g m e n g a k i b a t k a n p e n e n t u a n t i n g k a t p r o d u k s i m a u p u n p e r m i n t a a n t e r b a d a p s u a t u p e r u s a h a a n b e r b e d a . D i l a i n p i b a k p a d a a n a l i s a y a n g b e r s i f a t l e b i b m a k r o u n s u r t e m p a t m u n c u l d e n g a n m e m p e r t i m b a n g k a n p e r b e d a a n s t r u k t u r p a d a m a s i n g - m a s i n g r e g i o n y a n g u m u m n y a d i a b a i k a n p a d a a n a l i s a E k o n o m i t r a d i s i o n a l .

Vn. Kesimpulan

D m u e k o n o m i r e g i o n a l m u n c u l s e b a g a i s u a t u p e r k e m b a n g a n b a r a d a l a m i l m u e k o n o m i y a n g s eca ra r e s m i m u l a i p a d a p e r t e n g a h a n t a b u n l i m a p u l u h a n . K a r e n a a d a n y a k e k h u s u s a n y a n g d i m i l i k i o l e b E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l m e n y e b a b k a n i l m u i n i t e l a b b e r k e m b a n g m e n j a d i s u a t u s p e s i a b s a s i b a r u d a n b e r d i r i s e n d i r i , s a m a b a l n y a d e n g a n c a b a n g l a i n n y a s e p e r t i , E k o n o m i K e p e n d u d u k a n , E k o n o m e t r i k , O p e r a t i o n R e s e a r c h d a n l a i n - l a i n n y a .

P a d a d a s a r n y a a d a 2 k e k h u s u s a n y a n g d i m i l i k i o l e b i l m u E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l . Pertama, i l m u i n i m e n e k a n k a n a n a l i s a n y a p a d a u n s u r t e m p a t ( s p a c e ) y a n g s e i a m a i n i s a n g a t d i a b a i k a n d a l a m i b n u E k o n o m i . H a l i n i m e n y e -

E K I , VOL.XXXI, NO. 2, JUNE 1983

b a b k a n E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l S e r i n g k a l i d i n a m a k a n j u g a s e b a g a i " s p a t i a l E c o n o m i c s " . U n s u r t e m p a t i n i d a p a t m p n c u l d a l a m d u a b e n t u k : " h o m o g e n e o u s r e g i o n " u n t u k a n a l i s a y a n g b e r s i f a t m a k r o d a n " n o d a l r e g i o n " u n t u k a n a U s a y a n g b e r s i f a t m i k r o . D e n g a n d i p e r t i m b a n g k a n n y a u n s u r t e m p a t i n i m a k a e k o n o m i r e g i o n a l m u n c u l d e n g a n t e o r i - t e o r i y a n g b e r b e d a d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n y a n g l a z i m d i p a k a i d a l a m i l m u e k o n o m i t r a d i s i o n a l . Kedua, k a r e n a i l m u E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l m e m f o k u s k a n a n a l i s a p a d a s u a t u t e m p a t a t a u d a e r a b t e r t e n t u , m a k a d a l a m m e m e c a b k a n s u a t u m a s a l a b , t i d a k d a p a t d i e l a k k a n a n a l i s a a k a n m e n c a k u p p u l a b i d a n g i l m u l a i n s e p e r t i : I l m u P o l i t i k , S o s i o l o g i , P e r t a n i a n , K e u a n g a n D a e r a b d a n l a i n - l a i n . D e n g a n k a t a l a i n , i l m u E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l s i f a t n y a a d a i a b " m u l t i d i s p l i n e r " .

D m u E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l t i d a k sa ja p o p u l e r d i n e g a r a y a n g t e l a b m a j u , t e t a p i j u g a d i n e g a r a y a n g s e d a n g b e r k e m b a n g . H a l i n i d a p a t d i l i b a t d e n g a n b a n y a k n y a t i m b u l l e m b a g a - l e m b a g a p e n d i d i k a n d a n p e n e i i t i a n b a i k d i A s i a m a u p u n d i A f r i k a y a n g m e m f o k u s k a n a k t i f i t a s n y a p a d a i l m u i n i . U n t u k I n d o n e s i a flmu E k o n o m i R e g i o n a l i n i d i r a s a k a n a k a n m e m p u n y a i p e r a n a n k b u s u s y a n g c u k u p m e n e n t u k a n . K o n d i s i m a s y a r a k a t k i t a y a n g " h e t e r o g e n e o u s " d a n k e a d a a n g e o r a p i s n e g a r a k i t a y a n g b e r l a i n a n , m e n y e b a b k a n p e r s o a l a n p e m b a n g u n a n d i s e t i a p d a e r a b m e n j a d i b e r b e d a - b e d a p u l a . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n k e b i j a k s a n a a n p e m b a n g u n a n y a n g b e r i s i k a n c a r a - c a r a k b u s u s d a l a m m e n g g a l a k k a n p e m b a n g u n a n p a d a s u a t u d a e r a b t e r t e n t u a d a i a b s a n g a t d i p e r l u k a n d i s a m p i n g k e b i j a k s a n a a n u m u m p a d a t i n g k a t n a s i o n a l . D a l a m b a l i n i j e l a s t e r l i b a t b a b w a i l m u e k o n o m i r e g i o n a l a k a n m e m p u n y a i p e r a n a n y a n g s a n g a t p e n t i n g d a l a m a n a l i s a p e m b a n g u n a n I n d o n e s i a d i m a s a m e n d a t a n g .


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