EKISTICS

EKISTICS

ALESNA, HEALTHENE JOY F.VIOLAN, DAN ANGELO S.

EKISTICS• The term Ekistics was coined by Greek architect and urban planner Konstantinos

Apostolos Doxiadis in 1942.

• Applies to the science of human settlements .

• Includes regional, city, community planning and dwelling design. This science, termed Ekistics, will take into consideration

•the principles man takes into account when building his settlements, as well•as the evolution of human settlements through history in terms of size and quality.• The target is to build the city of optimum size, that is, a city which respects human dimensions.• Since there is no point in resisting development, we should try to accommodate technological evolution and the needs of man within the same settlement.ACCORDING TO DOXIADISIn order to create the cities of the future, we need to systematically develop a science of human settlements.

EKISTICS

• Ekistics aims to encompass all scales of human habitation and seeks to learn from the archeological and historical record by looking not only at great cities, but, as much as possible, at the total settlement pattern.

• BASIC PARTS OF COMPOSITE HUMAN SETTLEMENTS• Homogeneous parts-fields;• Central parts-built-up villages;• Circulatory parts-roads & paths within the fields; and• Special parts-i.e., a monastery contained within the homogeneous part.

• CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

• By Ekistics Units

• By Ekistics Elements

• By Ekistics Functions

• By Evolutionary Phases

• By Factors & Disciplines

CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

• Based on Sizes• Small and sparsely spaced (rural settlements or villages specializing in

agriculture)• Large and closely spaces (urban settlements specializing in secondary and

tertiary activities)

• Based on Location of Settlements- plains, mountains, coastal, etc.

• Based on Physical Forms-form as the expression of content, function, and structure

• Based on Five Elements of Human Settlements

• Based on Functions- which are important to an understanding of the meaning and role of settlements:

• Reveal nature, specialization, & raison d’etre of settlements• Based on activity (economic, social), their performance,or special role (as

dormitories, retirement villages, etc.)

• Based on Time Dimension- age of settlements, their place in continuum (past, present, future), their relative static of dynamic character, the whole process of their growth

• Based on degree of society’s conscious involvement in settlements creation natural and planned settlements

• Based on institutions, legislations and administrations which society has created for settlements


• By Ekistics Units

• By Ekistics Elements

• By Ekistics Functions

• By Evolutionary Phases

• By Factors & Disciplines


BY EKISTICS UNITS: FOUR BASIC GROUPS• Minor shells or elementary units- Man(Anthropos), room, house;• Micro-settlements- units smaller than, or as small as, the traditional town

where people used, do & still do achieve interconnection by walking (housegroup, small neighbourhood);

• Meso-settlements- between traditional town & conurbation within which one can commute daily (small polis, polis, small metropolis, small eperopolis, eperopolis); and

• Macro-settlements- whose largest possible expression is the Ecumenopolis


BY EKISTICS UNITS

• Physical and Social Units• Man (as individual)- smallest unit• Space- second unit either personally owned or shared with others• Family Home- third unit

• Social Unit• Group of Homes

THE FIGURE BELOW ARE FOR DOXIADIS' IDEAL FUTURE EKISTIC UNITS FOR THE YEAR 2100 AT WHICH TIME HE ESTIMATED (IN

1968) THAT EARTH WOULD ACHIEVE ZERO POPULATION GROWTH AT A POPULATION OF 50,000,000,000 WITH HUMAN

CIVILIZATION BEING POWERED BY FUSION ENERGY.

EKISTIC UNITS:15 LEVELS• Also called

EKISTICS LOGARITHMIC SCALE (ELS)

• Unit range from Man to Ecumenopolis which turn into four basic groups


• EKISTICS UNIT


• Large City- a city with large population & many services having less than 1 million but over 3 lakhs people.

• City- a city with abundant but not with as many services as in a large city ,having over 1 lakh upto 3 lakhs people

• Large Town- Population of 20,000 to 1 lakh.

• Town- population of 1,000 to 20,000.

• Village- population of 100 to 1000

• Hamlet- tiny population (<100) and very few (if any) services, & few buildings

• Isolated dwellings – 1 or 2 buildings of families with negligible services, if any.


BY EKISTICS ELEMENTS

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF EKISTICS• MAXIMIZATION OF HUMAN POTENTIALS –in a certain area, man will

select the location which permits a maximum of potential contact

• MINIMIZATION OF EFFORTS –a minimum of effort, terms of energy, time and cost Man selects the most convenient routes

• OPTIMIZATION OF MAN’S PROTECTIVE SPACE

• OPTIMIZATION OF MAN’S RELATIONSHIP WITH HIS ENVIORMENT

• OPTIMIZATION OF FOUR PREVIOUS PRENCIPLES


BY EVOLUTIONARY PHASES

• Macro scale- nomadic, agricultural, urban, urban industrial;

• Micro scale- specific area at a limited period of time


BY FACTORS & DISCIPLINES

ISLAMABAD-- THE CREATION OF NEW CAPITAL

Islamabad, the new Capital of Pakistan, planned by Constantinos A. Doxiadis and Doxiadis Associates in the late 1950s, is now a fast-growing city of about 1.5 million inhabitants, forming, together with the adjacent old city of Rawalpindi and a National Park, a Metropolitan Area

(Greater Islamabad/Rawalpindi Area) of about 4.5 million inhabitants.The greater area of thecapital, the metropolitan area, has been planned for afuture population of about 2,500,000 inhabitants within a period of two generations.

Capital of pakistan and 10th largest city in world

Located on pothohar plateau Built during 1960 to replace

karachi Most developed city and divied

into sectors and zonesThe Landscape Pattern and the HighwaysThe backbone of the Islamabad Metropolitan Area Master Plan is formed by two highways, Islamabad Highway and Murree Highway, the alignment of which was dictated by the natural landscape pattern and the existing man madeobstacles.

Formation of the Metropolitan AreaThe principal system of axes in the metropolitan area ofislamabad defines three distinctive areas:a. the area of Islamabad proper.b. the area of Rawalpindi, the center of which is the city ofRawalpindi.c. the National Park area which will retain certain agricultural functions for several years and where sitesmust be provided for a national sports center, the national university, national research institute, etc.

DynametropolisIslamabad will be the capital of the nation and will serve mainly administrative and cultural functions.

Rawalpindi willremain the regional center serving industrial andcommercial functions.It has been designedon the basis of the ideal city of the future and to form a dyna-metropolis. Each is planned to develop dynamicallytowards the south-west, their center cores growingsimultaneously and together with their residential and other functions

ISLAMABAD-- THE CREATION OF NEW CAPITAL

ISLAMABAD-- TODAY

HISTORY OF SETTLEMENTS IN THE PHILIPPINES

• Spanish Occupation• Binondo - Founded in 1594, Binondo was created by Spanish Governor

Luis Pérez Dasmariñas as a permanent settlement for converted Chinese immigrants (called sangleys) across the river from the walled city of Intramuros where the Spaniards resided.

• Intramuros - It was built to protect the seat of the Spanish government from hostile native revolts, and raiding Chinese sea pirates. The plans for Intramuros were based on King Philip II of Spain's Royal Ordinance issued on July 3, 1573 in San Lorenzo, Spain. Its design was based upon a star fort or trace italienne and covered 64 hectares of land, surrounded by 8 feet thick stones and high walls that rise 22 feet.

-planned and executed by Jesuit Priest Antonio Sedeno


Spanish OccupationCebu - Following Magellan, Spanish explorers led by Miguel López de Legazpi sailing from Mexico arrived in 1565 and established a colony in the island of Cebu.

The Spaniards established settlements, trade flourished and renamed the island to "Villa del Santíssimo Nombre de Jesús" (Town of the Most Holy Name of Jesus). Cebu became the first European settlement established by the Spanish Cortés in the Philippines.


• American Period• Baguio - The region around Baguio was first settled

primarily by the Kankana-eys and the Ibalois. In the nearby town of La Trinidad, Spaniards established a commandante or military garrison, although Kafagway, as Baguio was once known, was barely touched. In 1901 Japanese and Filipino workers hired by the Americans built Kennon Road, the first road directly connecting Kafagway with the lowlands of Pangasinan. Before this, the only road to Kafagway was Naguilian Road. On September 1, 1909 Baguio was declared a chartered city. The famous American architect Daniel Burnham, one of the earliest successful modern city planners, laid a meticulous plan for the city in 1904. His plan was, nevertheless, realized only to a small extent, primarily due to growth of the city well beyond its initial planned population of 25,000 people.

GOVERNMENT OFFICES ON HOUSING AND SETTLEMENTS

HUDCC

HLURB NHA HGC NHMFC

THE HUDCC The Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC) was

created by then President Corazon C. Aquino to serve as the highest policy making body for housing and coordinate the activities of the government housing agencies to ensure the accomplishment of the National Shelter Program.

THE HLURB

• The Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB) is a national government agency tasked as the planning, regulatory and quasi-judicial body for land use development and real estate and housing regulation.

THE NHA• The National Housing Authority is a government-owned and -controlled

corporation under the administrative supervision of the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council and classified under the Infrastructure Utilities Group. Provides responsive housing programs primarily to homeless low-income families with access to social services and economic opportunities with excellence while ensuring corporate viability. THE HGC

• The Home Guaranty Corporation (HGC) is the government-owned-and-controlled-corporation (GOCC) mandated by law (Republic Act 8763) to promote sustainable home ownership by providing risk coverage or Guarantees and tax/fiscal incentives to banks and financial institutions/investors granting housing development loans/credits, and home financing.

THE HDMF

• The Home Development Mutual Fund (HDMF), more popularly known as the Pag-IBIG Fund, was an answer to the need for a national savings program and an affordable shelter financing for the Filipino worker.

• Pag-IBIG is an acronym which stands for Pagtutulungan sa Kinabukasan: Ikaw, Bangko, Industria at Gobyerno.

PHILIPPINE LAWS ON SETTLEMENTS

• Laws that Ensure Rational Land Use and Sustainable Urban and Regional Development ▫ Executive Order No. 72 - Providing for the Preparation and Implementation

of the Comprehensive Land Use Plans of Local Government Units Pursuant to the Local Government Code of 1991 and Other Pertinent Laws

▫ Memorandum Circular No. 54 - Prescribing the Guidelines of Sec. 20, R.A. 7160, Authorizing Cities/Municipalities to Reclassify Lands into Non-Agricultural Uses

▫ Executive Order No. 124 - Establishing Priorities and Procedures in Evaluating Areas for Land Conversion in Regional Agricultural/Industrial Centres, Tourism Development Areas Sites for Socialized Housing


• Laws that Regulate the Relationship between Sellers, Developers and Buyers of Subdivision Lots and Condominium Units, and provide Quasi-Judicial and Criminal Remedies for Breach of Statutory and Contractual Obligations

• Subdivision and Condominium Buyer's Protective Decree Presidential Decree No. 957 (As Amended By P.D. 1216) - Regulating the Sale of Subdivision Lots and Condominiums, Providing Penalties For Violations Thereof

• Presidential Decree No. 1216 - Defining "Open Space" in Residential Subdivision and Amending Sec. 31 of Pd 957 Requiring Subdivision Owners to Provide Roads, Alleys, Sidewalks and Reserve Open Space for Parks or Recreational Use

• Presidential Decree No. 1344 - Empowering the NHA to Issue Writ of Execution in the Enforcement of its Decisions Under P.D. 957

• Batas Pambansa 220 - An Act Authorizing the Ministry of Human Settlements to Establish and Promulgate Different Levels of Standards and Technical Requirements for Economic and Socialized Housing Projects in Urban and Rural Areas from Those Provided Under Presidential Decrees Numbered Nine Hundred Fifty-Seven, Twelve Hundred Sixteen, Ten Hundred Ninety-Six and Eleven Hundred Eighty-Five


• Republic Act 7279 - Urban Development and Housing Act. An Act to Provide For a Comprehensive and Continuing Urban Development and Housing Program, Establish the Mechanism for its Implementation, and for Other Purposes

• Republic Act 4726 - The Condominium Act. An Act to Define Condominium, Establish Requirements for its Creation, and Govern its Incidents

• Republic Act 7899 - Amending Sections 4 and 6 of R.A. 4726• Executive Order 71 - Devolution of HLURB Function to Approved Subdivision

Plan of LGUS• Executive Order 184 - Creating Socialized Housing One-Stop Processing

Centers• Republic Act 6552 - Realty Installment Buyer Protection Act

WHAT ARE THE LATEST MINIMUM DESIGN STANDARDS ? Under BP 220 Under PD 957

Minimum lot area Single Detached - 72 sqm for economic housing; 64 sqm for socialized housing

Duplex/Single Attached - 54 sqm for economic housing; 48 sqm for socialized housing

Rowhouse - 36 sqm for economic housing; 28 sqm for socialized housing (per BR 824, s. 2008)

Minimum floor area 22 sqm for economic housing; 18 sqm for socialized housing

Minimum lot area Single Detached - 120 sqm for open market; 100 sqm for medium cost

Duplex/Single Attached - 96 sqm for open market housing; 80 sqm for medium cost housing

Rowhouse - 60 sqm for open market housing; 50 sqm for medium cost housing

Minimum floor area 42 sqm for open market housing; 30 sqm for medium cost housing

REFERENCES:• Ravallion, M. 2001. On the urbanization of poverty.

• Population Reports. Volume XXX, Number 4, Fall 2002. John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health

• Comprehensive Land Use Planning Guidebook Volume 1. 2007. HLURB

• http://www.census.gov/geo/www/ua/ua_2k.html

• http://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachersGuides/HumanPopulation/Urbanization.aspx

• http://hlurb.gov.ph/faqs/

EKISTICS

Education

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