EIS Sustainable Concepts
Transcript of EIS Sustainable Concepts
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Introduction toSustainable Concepts and
TheoriesMohd. Faris Khamidi, PhD
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POP QUIZ(open book)
• In Sustainable Development, there‟s a conceptthat is known as „green -washing‟. In your opinion, state whether the developer for the
proposed Lynas project in Gebeng, Kuantan hassuccumbed to this „green -washing‟ activity. WithONE evidence, provide justification for your answer.
• Submit 1 (ONE) A4 page only, hand-written.DEADLINE is today, 29.02.2012 by 14:00PM atmy office.
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Presentation Outline
- Definition of Sustainability
- Core Concepts of Sustainability
- Sustainability “Building Blocks”
- Sustainable Development
- IPCC‟ ( AR4) report
- Global warming Mitigation Action
- Corporate Sustainability
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2
3
4
5
6
7
-Q& A session8
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What is sustainability ???
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Definition of Sustainability
“The ability tocontinue a defined
behavior indefinitely”
“Meets the needsof the present withoutcompromising theability of futureGenerations to meettheir own needs”
Sustainability
Sustainablepractices
United Nations, 1987
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Objectives of Sustainable Development
Reduce poverty/
increased equity Management of natural resources
Increased efficiencyand growth
SD has 3mainobjectives
Social ObjectiveEcological Objective
Economic Objective
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Objectives of Sustainable Development
3 mainobjective
of SD
Economic Objective(Increased efficiency and growth)
Social Objective(Reduce
poverty/increasedequity)
EcologicalObjective
(Management of natural resources)
1. Income distribution
2. Employment3. Targeted assistance
1. Environmental assessment
2. Valuation3. Internationalism
1. Popular participation2. Consultation
3. Pluralism
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Presentation Outline
- Definition of Sustainability
- Core Concepts of Sustainability
- Sustainability “Building Blocks”
- Sustainable Development
- IPCC‟ ( AR4) report
- Global warming Mitigation Action
- Corporate Sustainability
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
-Q& A session8
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Core Concepts of Sustainability
Future Thinking:Intergenerational responsibility
Environmental Thinking:
Carrying capacity of the planetto absorb waste and support life
Social Justice:Equity, Dignity, Basic services, Human rights,Stakeholder voices
Economic Responsibilities
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A view of community as three separate, unrelated parts: an econo mic part, asocial part and an environmental part. Traditional quality of life indicators tend
to measure these 3 parts separately
Traditiona l quality of life indicators
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A view of community as three concentric circles: the economy exists withinsociety, and both the economy and society exist within the environment.Sustainability indicators attempt to measure the extent to which these
boundaries are respected
Sustainability quality of life indicators
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Presentation Outline
- Definition of Sustainability
- Core Concepts of Sustainability
- Sustainability “Building Blocks”
- Sustainable Development
- IPCC‟ ( AR4) report
- Global warming Mitigation Action
- Corporate Sustainability
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
-Q& A session8
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PLANET
Re-engineer
Reuse
Revert
Recycle
PEOPLEHuman rightsSocial responsibility“Local” community Labor protections
PROFITS
Growth is bothessential and good
Defining economicvalue: “eco -services”
Challenge: Assimilatingprofitability intoaccreditationprograms and regulation
Sustainability “Building Blocks”
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Sustainability vs Project Phases
Project site
Design
Construction
OperationMaintenance
Renovation
Deconstruction
ComfortDurabilityEquityEconomy
Sustainability as a process should be considered at all phases
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Presentation Outline
- Definition of Sustainability
- Core Concepts of Sustainability
- Sustainability “Building Blocks”
- Sustainable Development
- IPCC ( AR4) report
- Global warming Mitigation Action
- Corporate Sustainability
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
-Q& A session8
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Temperature increase of 2 - 6 oC by 2100
Sea level rise of 1-1.5mby 2100
Snow cover to shrink with increasesin thaw depth
“Very Likely that” hot extreme heat waves and
heavy rain fall will become more frequently
Increased Tropical cyclone strength since1970 due to man made global warming
I P C C - 4
A R e p o r
t , 2 0 0 7
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Hurricane & Floods (2005-2010)
USA
Hurricane Katrina
New Orleans2005
GCC
KSA 12/12/2009Oman 6/07/2010
UAE 06/2/2010
Pakistan
Floods August2010
Indonesia
Floods
Tsunami 2010
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Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans, USA- 2005
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Tropical cyclone Phet, Oman, July-2010
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UAE Floods, February-2010
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Pakistan Floods, August-2010
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Presentation Outline
- Definition of Sustainability
- Core Concepts of Sustainability
- Sustainability “Building Blocks”
- Sustainable Development
- IPCC‟ ( AR4) report
- Global Warming Mitigation Action
- Corporate Sustainability
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
-Q& A session8
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Worldwide rapid urbanization
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Buildings Construction and Climate Change
Heat gainand ElectricityConsumptions
Concrete andCement
Produce CO 2
Land usesModification
ConstructionWastes
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Malaysian‟ Plan in Reducing CO 2 emissions
Malaysia is adopting anindicator of a voluntaryreduction of up to 40 % interms of GHG‟semissions intensity bythe year 2020 comparedto 2005 levels.
(APEC, Energy Overview, 2010)
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Population/electicity/CO2 emission
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
U S A
U K
G e r m
a n y
A f r i c a
C h i n a
I n d i a
M a l a y s i a
S i n g a p o r e
N i g e r i a
K e n e y a
B r a z i l
U A E
M i l l i o n / T W h / M T
Population Electricity Consumption CO2 Emissions
Data source: (International Energy Agency,2010)
CO2 Emissions, Population & Electricity Use
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Is Energy generation from fossil fuels sustainable ?
In 2004, Malaysia was ranked 24 th in terms of worlds oil reserves and
13 th in natural gas.
Oil and gas reserves in Malaysia amounted to 20.18 billion barrels
equivalent in 2007.
In the current production rate, Malaysia will be able to produce oil up to
18 years and gas for 35 years. (Cha and OH,2010 )
Malaysia as a case study !
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Most of the Observedincrease in global averagetemperatures since the mid-20 th century is very likely dueto observed increase inanthropogenic GHG’sconcentration.
(IPCC AR4,2007)
IEA-2010
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(IEA,2010)
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What are the main GHG‟s ?
1. Carbon Dioxide- CO 2
2. Methane- CH 4 3. Ozone- O 3 4. Nitrous Oxide- N 2 O5. Water Vapor- H
2O
1 2
3
5
4Kyoto Protocol, 1998
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ElectricityGeneration fromfossil fuels
Householdappliances
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Chacaltaya Glacier, Bolivia (1940 - 2005)
By 2005, the glacier had separated into three distinct small bodies
(IPCC AR4, 2007)
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The Disappearance of Lake Chad in Africa
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Presentation Outline
- Definition of Sustainability
- Core Concepts of Sustainability
- Sustainability “Building Blocks”
- Sustainable Development
- IPCC‟ ( AR4) report
- Global Warming Mitigation Action
- Corporate Sustainability
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
-Q& A session8
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The scientific consensus is thatmost of the warming observed over the last fifty years is attributable tohuman activity, through emissionsof greenhouse gases – such ascarbon dioxide and methane – intothe atmosphere.
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We need to make a profound change in our use of energy and other activities thatrelease GHG‟s gases
(Securing the Future, 2005).
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Effects of GHG‟s emission
Increased temperature can lead to stronger and more destructiveweather events, such as storms, hurricanes and tornadoes.
These can be particularly damaging in parts of the world not used todealing with severe weather
The greenhouse effect also leads to the melting of thepolar ice caps, important because they keep the Earth
cool. When these caps melt, it increases the level of the oceans and the Earth loses its cooling mechanism.
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Reduction of Carbon Dioxide EmissionsFrom Cement
Emissions of carbon dioxide can be reduced by:
• Improvement of the energy efficiency of the process• Shifting to a more energy efficient process (e.g. from
(semi) wet to (semi) dry process)• Replacing high carbon fuels by low carbon fuels• Applying lower clinker/cement ratio (increasing the
ratio additives/cement): blended cements.• Application of alternative cements (mineral polymers)• Removal of CO2 from the flue gases
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CO2 emission in Malaysia
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Minimizing the output of CO2 during anyconstruction process is highly desirable
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CO2 Mitigation Costs
A study analyzing cost optimizationfor different emissions reduction targetsfound that reducing emissions by up to50% would increase the cost of producing cement by around 55%.
UNEP (2010)
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Direct CO2 Emissions from Cement Manufacturing
1. Calcinations of limestone in the raw materials2. Conventional fossil kiln fuels
3. Alternative fossil-based kiln fuels (fossil wastes)4. Biomass kiln fuels (biomass wastes)5. Non-kiln fuels
Direct GHG emissions are emissions from sources that are ownedor controlled by the reporting entity. In cement plants, direct CO2emissions result from the following sources:
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Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Cement
The main sources of carbon dioxide in cementmanufacturing are:
• Combustion of fossil fuel and• Limestone calcinations.
Approximately, half of the CO2 emitted by the cementindustry originates from the fuel and half from thecalcinations that will convert raw materials into clinker.
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Cement manufacturing consists of raw meal grinding,blending, pre-calcining, clinker burning and cementgrinding.
limestone and other materials containing calcium, silicon,aluminumand iron oxides are crushed and milled into a raw meal
The meal goes further into the kiln for heating andreaction between calcium oxide and other elements toform calcium silicates andaluminates at a temperature up to 1450oC
The typical clinker composition: CaO= 65 ± 3%, SiO2=21 ± 2%, Al2O3= 5 ± 1.5%, and FeO3 = 3± 1%
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The CO2 emissions of manufacturing cement result fromthe production of the intermediate product, clinker.Reducing the clinker content reduces, therefore, the energyand carbon intensity of the cement produced.
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The Clinker-Based Methodology
The clinker-based approach derives the process-relatedCO2 emissions from the amount of clinker produced plusthe amount of CKD not recycled to the kiln.The calculation generally takes the following form:
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Clinker Emission Factor
Companies should derive an emission factor to calculateCO2 emissions from clinker based on the percent of CaO and MgO in the clinker and adjusted to account for non-carbonate CaO and MgO. It reflects the CaCO3 andMgCO3 contained in the raw materials and excludesnon-carbonate CaO and MgO. The emission factor willtake the form of mass CO2/mass clinker.
Use the following steps to derive an emission factor
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Use the following steps to derive an emission factor
• Determine amount of clinker produced,• Determine CaO and MgO content of clinker • Subtract the non-carbonate sources CaO and
MgO from the total amount of CaO and MgO• Multiply the remaining quantity of CaO and MgOby their respective stoichiometric ratios.
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Example 1
• Calculate CO2 emissions from producing clinker and derive a clinker CO2 emissions factor.
• According to cement company XY‟s activity data, it produces 10metric tons of clinker with CaO and MgO comprising 60% and 5% bymass, respectively. The activity data also shows that it imports 75kgof non-carbon bound CaO per ton clinker. Cement company XYproduces the remaining CaO and MgO content of its clinker on-sitethrough the calcination of CaCO3 and MgCO3.
• To determine the CO2 emissions, follow the three steps presentedbelow. Steps 1 and 2 show how to calculate total emissions; step 3derives a clinker CO2 emission factor
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• Step 1: Subtract the imported CaO from the total amount of CaO;[10 metric tons clinker (.6)] – [10 metric tons (0.075)] = 5.25 metrictons CaO
• Step 2: Multiply the quantity of CaO and MgO by their respectivestoichiometric ratios. The CO2/CaO stoichiometric ratio = [molecular
weight of CO2 (44g)]/ [ molecular weight of CaO (56g)] = 0.785
Solution
2 metrictons67.455.012.4emissions2COClinker TotalCO2tonsmetric0.55MgO(1.1)tonsMetric0.5
MgO tonsmetric0.5(0.05)Clinker tonsMetric101.1MgO(40g)of weightMolecular
CO2(44g)of WeightMolecular ratiotricstoichiome /2COThe
2COTonsmetric4.12CaO(0.785)tonsMetric5.25
785.0CaO(56g)of weightMolecular CO2(44g)of WeightMolecular ratiotricstoichiome/2COThe
CO
CaO
CaO
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Step 3 : Derive a clinker CO2 emissions factor.
Clinker CO2 emissions factor = 4.67 tCO2/10 t clinker = 0.467 tCO2/metric ton clinker = 467.0 kgCO2/metric ton clinker
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5% of global carbon dioxide emissions originates fromcement production. About half of it from calcinations andhalf of combustion processes. A wide range of optionsexists to reduce CO2 emissions considerably.
REDUCTION of CO2 emissions
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Process Description Equation
2COCaOHeat3CaCO
Selection of Good Practice Methods
Clinker fromEmissionCOfactor Correction*DataProductionActivity
2 KCD
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Clinker Emission Factor
8g/mCaO)CO2)/(56.0le(44.01g/mo*CaOFractionker clin EF
OR
0.785*CaOFractionker clin EF
0.5070.785*646.0ker clin EF
The IPCC guide lines recommends two possible methods for calculating the emission factor. The First Method is used by IPCC isto assume a default value which is 64.6 percent, and secondmethod is to calculate the average lime concentration in clinker collecting data on clinker production and lime fraction by types.
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Cement Replacing Materials
Cement Replacement Materials in
Construction Industry
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Benefits of Sustainable Development
Sustainable development addresses environmentalissues, while providing opportunities for economicgrowth and social responsibility. Incorporating
sustainable development principles in projects allows for environmental, economic, and social benefits beyondwhat are usually achieved.
Green Buildings
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Green Buildings
Buildings are an important part of our daily lives. Despite their importance, our built environment has negatively impacted the naturalenvironment in many ways. In order to reduce these impacts, aconcept known as green building is emerging. Green buildings providethese benefits:
Environmental Reduce the impacts of our built environment inareas such as energy efficiency, water conservation, waste reduction, and use of environmentally-friendly materials.
Economic Studies show that installing green buildingtechnologies can be cost-efficient in the longrun
Social Improving indoor environmental qualitycreates a healthier environment for theoccupants of a building, which may helpincrease their productivity.
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Ecological Enhancements
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Ecological EnhancementsEcological enhancements are strategies designed to improve wildlifehabitat for plants and animals. Ecological enhancements restore a siteto a more natural, ecologically healthy state, which increases thevalue of the affected ecosystem as well as the neighboring builtenvironment. The benefits of ecological enhancements are:
Environmental Ecological controls can benefit the environment innumerous ways, such as serving as a filtrationsystem in storm water runoff or biodegradingenvironmental contaminants.
Economic Remediation projects with ecological enhancementsare resulting in significant cost-savings.
Social Sustainable development using ecologicalenhancement serves communities by preservinggreen space and creating opportunities for environmental education.
Smart Growth
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Smart GrowthThat Smart Growth principles are essential for environmentally
responsible growth and development. Smart Growth addresses, ona broad scale, how and where development should occur. SmartGrowth benefits are
Environmental Smart Growth strategies can improve air and water quality, facilitate redevelopment of contaminatedproperties, and preserve open space.
Economic Smart Growth strategies can create jobs andexpand the local tax base to create economicallycompetitive communities.
Social Smart Growth development creates healthycommunities by creating a cleaner environmentand builds stronger neighborhoods that create agreater sense of community.
.
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Fiber ReinforcementSteel Reinforced Concrete
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Global Warming Mitigation Action
• Greening of the cities :
– Parks & greenbelts – Urban villages – Green buildings – Bio-remediation
• Landscape restorationand rehabilitation
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Implications: Landscape
• Role of landscaping – Cooling and air scrubbing – Green roofs and buffers – Interior plant scaping
• Controversial issues – Water use – Yard waste
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Wind Energy
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Photovoltaique Panels
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Hydroelectric Power Generation
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Save Electricity
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Recycling of Waste Materials
Example: Paper recycling
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process
Recycling one(1) ton of paper saves
17 mature trees,26 m3 of water,2.3 m3 of landfill space,2 barrels of oil (84 US gal or 320 l), and4,100 kilowatt-hours (15 GJ) of electricitySave enough energy to power the average
Malaysian home for six months
(US EPA, 2010)
Presentation Outline
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Presentation Outline
- Definition of Sustainability
- Core Concepts of Sustainability
- Sustainability “Building Blocks”
- Sustainable Development
- IPCC‟ ( AR4) report
- Global warming Mitigation Action- Corporate Sustainability
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
-Q& A session8
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Corporate Sustainability
Economy - P rofits
Growth, Jobs,Taxes
ProductsServices
Environment - P lanetEco-efficienciesEco-effectiveness
Equity - P eople Employees
Community / CultureWorld
SustainableDevelopment (SD)
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Smart Business
AssetManagement
Financial CapitalBuilt Capital
(Capital Growth)
Natural Capital
Human Capital
Social Capital(Productive Society)Sustainable Value Creation
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Municipal Sustainability
EconomicSecurity
Responsiblebusinesses,
Jobs, Tax base
Infrastructureand Built
EnvironmentPublic transit,Energy-efficient
buildings
Ecological Integrity Air, Land, Water,Biodiversity, Localrenewable energy,
Zero waste
Governance andEmpowerment
Social Well-beingHealth care, Safety,Education, Housing,
Culture
ResponsibleGrowth
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Questions ?Thank you