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ABSTRACTIn the 1950s, there was a rumor that Einstein completed hisunified field theory on electricity and gravitation, but after-wards he withdrew it and it has remained obscure until thepresent time. However, Dr. Boyko V. Ivanov derived anotherelectrogravitic formula from the Weyl-Majumdar-Papapetrousolutions of general relativity theory, which was similar tomy electrogravitic formula for the Biefeld-Brown effect. Thispaper presents letters from Ivanov on his electrogravitic the-ory and also gives an outline of Ivanov’s theory.

INTRODUCTIONIn the 1950s, there was a rumor at the Princeton AdvancedInstitute that Einstein did indeed complete a version of his“Unified Field Theory for Gravitation and Electricity.” Atfirst, this theory was published in German, appearing in aPrussian scientific journal for 1925 and 1927. In his papers,Einstein announced what he referred to as “highly convinc-ing” results from his quest to find a mathematical proof ofthe connection between the forces of electromagnetism andgravity, but this work was withdrawn as incomplete,although no published reason is given save that Einstein wasnot satisfied with it.1

According to his paper in 1925, the formula of Einstein’sunified theory is given by2,3

where φ23, φ31, φ12 are intensities of the electric field andare intensities of the magnetic field: From which, he derivedfor the first approximation for weak fields of this equationsbecomes

which show that the electromagnetic field and the gravita-tional field are independent of each other. According toBerlitz, Lord Russel considered Einstein’s unified field theorycomplete, but felt that “Man is not ready for it and shan’t be

until after World War III.”Thus the unified field theory on the connection between

gravity and electromagnetic field has been obscure until thepresent time.

However, in 2004, Ivanov of the Institute for NuclearResearch and Nuclear Energy in Bulgaria published apreprint4-6 of the formula for describing coupling betweenelectromagnetism and gravitation from the Weyl-Majumdar-Papapetrou solutions for the metric space-time, whichshowed connections between strong electromagnetic fieldsand the gravitational field.

IVANOV’S LETTERS ON ELECTROGRAVITYAfter my article, “The Possibility of Strong CouplingBetween Electricity and Gravitation,” was published inInfinite Energy in 2004,7 I received email letters from Ivanovseveral times. He told me that he was very much interestedbecause he worked on the same topic. Some of his corre-spondence related to the unified theory is shown as follows:

I noticed this effect in 1994 and wrote two papers butthey were rejected by two well-known journals. In thesame time these journals published without any prob-lems my papers where I reported smaller or no effectsin other situations. I had no access to the Los Alamosonline archive then, so my idea couldn’t reach any-body. The following 10 years I studied general relativ-ity and its exact solutions up to 1994.

I worked in the field of quantum physics and stringtheory. The strength of the effect was puzzling tomyself, so I felt some relief when I read about thework of Townsend Brown, which is not accepted bymainstream science. In fact this effect could havebeen discovered theoretically by Herman Weylalready in 1917, but he worked in relativistic unitsand was obsessed like Einstein by the unification idea.It could have been proved experimentally by Biefeldand Brown in 1923 as they in fact did, and the courseof physics could have changed substantially. In 2003I worked hard on my idea to clarify all annoyingissues that such a strong effect causes and the first ofmy papers was ready by New Year. Strange things hap-pened meantime in my personal life, which delayedthe publication of the paper till 13 July 2004. Thistime I put it on the archive, because being a refereefor one journal myself I knew that the idea will meet

Connection Between Einstein’s Unified Field Theory

and the Biefeld-Brown Effect

Takaaki Musha*

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much opposition in the peer-reviewed journals.Which is exactly what happened, hence, it staysunpublished till today, rejected by some journals andwaiting evaluation for months in others. Even in thearchive the response was minimal. Therefore I wasvery astonished when a friend of mine pointed myattention towards your paper in Infinite Energy. (Ajournal whose contents I didn’t used to read and theissue is from January 2004, so probably you came tothis idea earlier.) I think that the main idea is that thegravitational field induced by an electric one is pro-portional to the latter. Then using the dimensions ofG and c (speed of light) and epsilon which is dimen-sionless in CGS but has dimension in SI one can eas-ily come to your Equation (12) which is equivalent tomy formula. In fact my formula contains some met-ric factors, but they are so close to one that there is inpractice no difference between the exact formula andthe approximation.

After that, I obtained mail from him shown as follows:

Thank you for your explanation about your work. Itseems to be another dead end although the resultswere encouraging, because anti-gravity research isdubbed unscientific by big corporations. Once, in thefifties however they were eagerly pursuing it, espe-cially in USA. About Weyl: in my paper gr-qc/0407048his paper is quoted under No. 14: H.Weyl, Annalen derPhysik 54 (1917) 117. It is in German which I don’tknow much except for the equations and has notbeen translated into English. Nevertheless many peo-ple quote it. There the linear term in the metricappears for the first time albeit in relativistic units. Itis about the effect of electricity upon axially-symmet-ric gravitational fields. Weyl never spoke about thispaper again neither in his further papers nor in thebook you quote. The plane-symmetric solution whichis relevant for the capacitor was found by Kar in 1926and is quoted in my paper under No. 85. It is inPhysikalische Zeitshr., another obscure now journal,which I found after some difficulties. It is discussed inEnglish and in contemporary terms in a paper byBonnor in Proc.Phys.Soc A 66 (1953) 145 (No. 19 in thereferences to my paper) and appeared in the year I

was born. This journal is also quite obsolete unlikeProceed.Royal Soc. for example. In 1947 it was shownby Majumdar and Papapetrou in two independentpapers (No. 11,12) that a linear term appears alsowhen the metric has just one Killing vector, for exam-ple it is static and does not depend on time. Thesesolutions are described also in the book of J. Singe,Relativity: The General Theory, from 1960, which seemsto be most available.

According to Ivanov’s letters, the connection betweengravity and electromagnetism was contained in the frame-work of general relativity but it was not noticed by anyresearchers until now.

OUTLINE OF IVANOV’S ELECTROGRAVITICS THEORYIn general relativity, EM fields do indeed alter the metric ofspace-time and induce a gravitational force through theirenergy-moment tensor given by

where Fµv = ∂µAv – ∂v Aµ is the electromagnetic tensor and Aµis the four potential.

Ivanov had taken into account that Tµµ = 0 and he further

assumed that the metric and EM fields do not depend ontime. In this stationary case, the problem can be simplifiedby setting Aµ = (φ–,0,0,0), then there is just an electric fieldgiven by

Let us further assume that the space-time is static, so thatƒ = g00 = F(φ) has the unique form ƒ = 1 + Bφ + φ2, which wasfound by Weyl in 1917 in the axially-symmetric case, solu-tions of which are known as Weyl fields.

Then the equation for the gravitational field induced bystatic electric field can be given by

where ƒ = g00, B’ is a constant and κ = 8πG/c4.From this, Ivanov derived the formula of gravitational

force Fg shown here for a capacitor as4-6

where M is the mass of the dielectric, µ is its mass density, εis dielectric constant, d is the distance between the plates, ψ2is the potential of the second plate when ψ1 = 0 and S is anarea of the plate.

This effect had been discovered by Thomas TownsendBrown in 1923, together with Prof. P.A. Biefeld, and is nowreferred to as the Biefeld-Brown effect.

As mentioned in Ivanov’s letter, Equation 4 is equivalent(in a modulo Z) to the following formula for the gravita-tional field generated for dielectrics by high potential elec-tric field, which was derived independently for the capacitorFigure 1. Correspondence between Ivanov’s theory and Musha’s formula.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

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under static electric field by the author7:

where Eg is an electrogravitic field, Z is an atomic number ofdielectric material, εr is the specific inductive capacity of thedielectric and E is an impressed electric field to the capacitor.The relation of these equations is shown in Figure 1.

Ivanov also had shown that magnetic fields would pro-duce the same effects as electric ones. From the definition ofthe magnetic field given by

Analogous to those for electric fields, Ivanov obtained theformula for the connection between magnetic and gravita-tional fields given by

where µ denotes the magnetic constant.

POSSIBILITY OF ANTIGRAVITY PROPULSIONBY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDThus, according to Ivanov’s formulation, it is possible to cre-ate an unbalanced acceleration by creating intense electric

and magnetic fields in a dielectric or ferromagnetic medium.These predicted coupling effects for electromagnetic andgravitational fields would be static and thus they should beable to produce a net force to propel a spaceship, as shownin Figure 2.

Brown, who discovered the electrogravitic effect, madeseveral experiments during 1950s and succeeded to generatethrust without the reliance on a surrounding medium (e.g.,air) by applying high voltages to materials with high dielec-tric constants. U.S. aerospace companies had also becomeinvolved in such research, but most of these results becamea classified subject. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, a rashof observer “sightings” of unidentified high speed, high fly-ing air vehicles continued, but the U.S. government deniedit has developed or is developing an aircraft to replace theMach 3-plus Lockheed SR-71 strategic reconnaissance plat-form. In the 1990s, a quest for an antigravity propulsion sys-tem was conducted by the USAF Science ApplicationsInternational Corp. on behalf of USAF’s then-AstronauticsLaboratory at Edwards AFB, as an unclassified “ElectricPropulsion Study.” BAE also provided internal resources forits own anti-gravity studies.8

In Thomas Valone’s book Electrogravitic Systems, publishedin 1994, P.A. LaViolette claimed that electrogravitic technol-ogy was developed under a U.S. Air Force black project since

Figure 2. Electrogravitic effect induced by high potential electric field.

Figure 3. B-2 advanced technology bomber.

(6)

(7)

Figure 4. Giant lifter experiment at Meisei University.

(5)

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late 1954, and it may now have been put to practical use inthe B-2 Advanced Technology Bomber (shown in Figure 3) toprovide exotic auxiliary mode of propulsion. An electro-gravitic drive of B-2 could allow it to fly at a sufficiently highspeed at high altitude (or even space).9

Afterwards, there was no significant progress in this area,but in the late 1990s, a group at the Honda CorporationResearch Institute and the author conducted an experimentto confirm the electrogravitic effect and obtained a positiveresult.10 In 2003, a group at Meisei University also conduct-ed the experiment by manufacturing a giant lifter and theysucceeded in uplifting to the air with a stable hovering at 15meters above the ground inside the gymnasium, as shown inFigure 4. The voltage used during this experiment was 41 kVDC and the electric current was 10.7 mA.

In 2004, the author and Ivanov independently publisheda paper on the electrogravitic effect for the dielectric materi-al under high voltage, which shows the connection betweenelectromagnetic and gravitational forces.

CONCLUSIONAs shown in Ivanov’s letters, there is a possibility that some-one revealed the connection between gravitational and elec-tromagnetic fields, but it has been classified until the presenttime. More than fifty years after Einstein’s death, there stillremains a puzzling question of whether Einstein couldreveal the connection between gravitational and electro-magnetic forces. But his main ideas might lead to the devel-opment of nuclear weapons and also to the development ofgravity control technology, such as U.S. anti-gravity highspeed, high flying air vehicles. Berlitz wrote in his book thatsome months before his death, Einstein had burned papersrelating to some of his more advanced theories. He mightthink that the world was not ready for such things before thetime when the morality of mankind would be advanced.

REFERENCES1. Moore, W.L. and Berlitz, C. 1979. The PhiladelphiaExperiment, Ballantine Books.2. Einstein, A. 1925. Einheitliche Feldtheorie von Gravitation

und Elektrizitat, S.B. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., 414-419.3. Einstein, A. 1928. Neue Moglichkeit fur eine einheitlicxheFeldtheorie von Gravitation und Elektrizitat, S.B. Preuss. Akad.Wiss., 224-227.4. Ivanov, B.V. 2004. “Strong Gravitational Force Induced byStatic Electromagnetic Fields,” electronic archivexxx.lanl.gov in the section general relativity and quantumcosmology, arXiv: gr-qc/0407048 v1, July 13.5. Ivanov, B.V. 2005. “On the Gravitational Field Induced byStatic Electromagnetic Sources,” arXiv: gr-qc/0502047 v1,February 10. 6. Ivanov, B.V. 2005. “Weyl Electrovacuum Solutions andGauge Invariance,” arXiv: gr-qc/0507082 v1, July 19.7. Musha, T. 2004. “The Possibility of Strong CouplingBetween Electricity and Gravitation,” Infinite Energy, 9, 53,61-64.8. Cook, N. 1995. “Turning Science Fiction into Fact,” JANE’sDefence Weekly, 10, 30-34.9. LaViolette, P.A. 2004. “The U.S. Antigravity Squadron,”Electrogravitic Systems, Integrity Research Institute, 78-96.10. Musha, T. 2007. “Explanation of Dynamical Biefeld-Brown Effect from the Standpoint of ZPF Field,” IAA, FifthIAA Symposium on Realistic Near-Term Advanced ScientificSpace Missions, Aosta, Italy, July 2-4.

About the AuthorDr. Musha graduated from Shinshu University (Nagano,Japan) and received both an M.E. (1977) and Ph.D. (1994)in bio-science and mechanical engineering. He wasemployed by the Technical Research & DevelopmentInstitute, MoD (Japan) as a research scientist. He is directorof the non-profit Advanced Science-Technology ResearchOrganization. Musha has published numerous articles inscientific and engineering journals, and edited andauthored the e-book Field Propulsion Systems for Space Travel:Physics of Non-Conventional Propulsion Methods forInterstellar Travel (Bentham Science Publishers, 2011).

*3-11-7-601, Namiki, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0005, JapanEmail: takaaki.mushya@gmail.com