Effects of Leisure Time Experiences on Employees’ Well-Being€œMy thoughts kept returning to a...
Transcript of Effects of Leisure Time Experiences on Employees’ Well-Being€œMy thoughts kept returning to a...
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EffectsofLeisureTimeExperienceson
Employees’Well-Being
Dr.PaulFlaxman
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Acknowledgements
• Educa0onSupportPartnership• Bri0shAcademy/LeverhulmeTrust
SonjaCarmichaelCity,UniversityofLondon
ShannonHoranCity,UniversityofLondon
Dr.ChrisStrideUniversityofSheffield
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PresentaGonOverview
• Leisure0merecoveryresearch
• Study1:Teachers’experiencesoftheChristmasbreak
• Study2:Teachers’experiencesoftheUKhalf-term/USSpringbreak
• Prac0calrecommenda0ons
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Focusonemployees’leisureGmerecoveryexperiences…..
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Employee recovery during non-work time
How people's evening, weekend, and vacation experiences influence well-being and performance at work
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Whythistopicisconsideredimportant
• ProblemsassociatedwithprolongedacGvaGonofstress-relatedpsychophysiology
• Manyemployeesarenotpsychologicallydetaching(or‘switchingoff’)fromworkduringnon-work0me
• Inadequaterecoveryduringnon-work0mecanhaveacumula0veeffect,oRenresul0nginworkerburnout
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Effort-RecoveryModel(Meijman&Mulder,1998)
• Effortexpenditureatworkleadstoloadreac0ons(e.g.,fa0gue,physiologicalac0va0on)
• Undernormalcircumstances,oncetheindividualisnolongerexposedtoworkdemands,loadreac0onsarereversedandrecoveryoccurs
• Withoutsufficientrecovery,workerrequirescompensatoryeffortwhenre-enteringtheworkplace
• Importantthatfunc0onalsystemstaxedduringworkarenotfurtherdepletedduringrespite
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WhatDoWeKnowAboutVacaGonsFromWork?
• Improvedhealthandwell-beingfoundfrombeforetoduringavaca0on(the‘vaca2oneffect’)
• ‘Fadeout’ofvaca0oneffectoccurswithinfirst2to4weeksofworkresump0on
• Mostresearchhasexaminedeffectsofspringorsummervaca0ons
• Vaca0onlengtha(surprisingly?)weakpredictorofrespiteeffects
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Study1:EffectsoftheChristmasBreakonSchoolTeachers’Well-Being
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Study1Aims
• Examineeffectsofstandard(2week)Christmasbreakonschoolteachers’well-being
• Iden0fypa`ernsofvaca0onrecoveryandfadeout
for:-emoGonalwell-being(anxietyanddepression)-work-relatedexhausGon(burnout)
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Study1Aims
ExaminetheChristmasbreakexperiencesthatinfluenceteachers’recovery:• Timespentonwork-relatedacGviGesduringthetwo-
weekChristmasbreak
• Work-relatedworryandruminaGonduringthebreak
• Sa0sfac0onofbasicpsychologyneeds:autonomy,competence,andsocialrelatednessduringthebreak
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ChristmasStudyDesign
PRE-VACATIONWeek1 13thDecember2013 2workweeksbeforeChristmasWeek2 20thDecember2013 1workweekbeforeChristmas
DURINGVACATION
Week3 27thDecember2013 Christmasweek1Week4 3rdJanuary2014 Christmasweek2
POST-VACATION
Week5 10thJanuary2014 Post-Christmasworkweek1Week6 17thJanuary2014 Post-Christmasworkweek2Week7 24thJanuary2014 Post-Christmasworkweek3Week8 31stJanuary2014 Post-Christmasworkweek4
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ParGcipantCharacterisGcs90UKschoolteachers.68%primaryteachers;32%secondaryteachersGender=85%femaleAverageage=41(range=23to63)Averagenumberofyearsteaching=9(range=0to33)
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INITIALSURVEYPersonality-neuro0cism/emo0onalstabilityWorkcharacteris0cs-perceived0mepressure;jobautonomy;workplacesupportAge,gender,jobrole
WEEKLYWELL-BEINGSURVEYS
Anxiety:“anxious”,“tense”,“worried”
Depression:“depressed”,“gloomy”,“miserable”
Work-relatedemoGonalexhausGon(burnout)e.g.,“Ifeltburnedoutfrommywork”
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WEEKLYSURVEYS(DURINGCHRISTMASBREAK)Work-relatedworryandruminaGon
“Iworriedaboutthingstodowithwork”.“Mythoughtskeptreturningtoastressfulsitua0onatwork”.
PsychologicalneedssaGsfacGon
“Howeffec0vedidyoufeelwhenperformingtasksoverthispastweek?”(competence)
“Towhatextentdidyoufeelyouwerepursuingyourowngoalsoverthispastweek?”(autonomy)
“Towhatextentdidyoufeelcloseandconnectedtothepeopleyouwerewiththispastweek?”(relatedness)
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Flat–step–flat–step–flat
Flat–step–flat–lineargradualfadeout
Flat–linear–curvedgradualfadeout
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Results:EmoGonalwell-being(anxietyanddepression)
StepdropinanxietyanddepressionduringChristmasLowdepressionandanxietyduringChristmasCurved(gradual)increaseinanxietyanddepressionwhenbackatwork
Xmas
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Results:work-relatedexhausGon(burnout)
GraduallinearrecoveryPossiblynotfullyrecovered?CurvedincreaseinexhausGon(butnotbacktopre-xmaslevels)Xmas
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• Work-relatedworryandruminaGonduringtheChristmasbreak
• HoursworkedovertheChristmasbreak
Two‘unique’predictorsofthefadeoutrate:
**A#eradjus,ngfor:pre-Christmaswell-being,thevaca,oneffect,neuro,cism,workdemands,jobcontrol,age,gender,andwhetherholidayinvolved‘,meaway’.
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Study2:EffectsofaMid-TermBreakonTeachers’Well-Being:ExaminingtheRoleofMaladap0vePersonalityCharacteris0cs
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PRE-BREAKWeek1 5thFebruary2016 2workweeksbeforehalf-termWeek2 12thFebruary2016 1workweekbeforehalf-term
DURINGBREAK
Week3 19thFebruary2016 Half-termweek
POST-BREAK
Week4 26thFebruary2016 Post-breakworkweek1Week5 4thMarch2016 Post-breakworkweek2Week6 11thMarch2016 Post-breakworkweek3Week7 18thMarch2016 Post-breakworkweek4
Half-TermStudyDesign(Februaryexample)
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176teachers,headteachers,teachingassistantsfromUKandUSschools(half-terminUK;SpringBreakorPresident'sweekintheUS)41%innon-managerialroles38%mid-levelmanagerialorleadershiproles12%seniorleadersAverageage=4087.5%femaleAverageyearsteaching=14years89%workedfull-0me
ParGcipantCharacterisGcs
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INITIALSURVEYPersonality-neuro0cism/emo0onalstability
Personality-perfecGonistcharacterisGcsWorkcharacteris0cs-perceived0mepressure;jobautonomy;workplacesupportAge,gender,jobrole
WEEKLYWELL-BEINGSURVEYS
Depressedaffect:“depressed”,“gloomy”,“sad”“miserable”PosiGveaffect(pleasant,highacGvaGon):“excited”,“alert”,“energe0c”,“enthusias0c”
Work-relatedemoGonalexhausGon(burnout)e.g.,“Ifeltburnedoutfrommywork”
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Weekbefore Midtermbreak WeekaRer
PosiGveEmoGon(e.g.,enthusias0c,excited,energe0c)
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0123456789
Weekbefore Midtermbreak WeekaRer
DepressedEmoGon(e.g.,depressed,gloomy,miserable)
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0
5
10
15
20
25
Weekbefore Midtermbreak WeekaRer
Work-ReletedExhausGon(Burnout)
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TwoFormsofPerfecGonism
PerfecGonistStriving PerfecGonistConcernsVeryhighpersonalstandards VeryhighpersonalstandardsExtremeconscien0ousness Linkedtoneuro0cismRewardsensi0ve Threatsensi0veExtremelyhighgoals Fearoffailure/concernabout
makingmistakesRepeatedlychecktasksforerrors/mistakesFeelpressurefromothers‘tobeperfect’
Maladap0veperfec0onism
(Rela0vely)Adap0veperfec0onism
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PredicGngwell-beingduringfirstweekbackatwork
PosiGveaffect
Depressedaffect
WorkexhausGon
β ΔR2 β ΔR2 β ΔR2
STEP1 .05* .05* .02
Age .12 .03 -.08
Gender .04 -.02 .05
Neuro0cism .04 .02 -.04
STEP2 .19*** .19*** .40***
Well-beingduringthebreak
.43*** .41*** .58***
STEP3 .04** .05*** .03*
Perfec0oniststriving
.11 -.01 .06
PerfecGonistconcerns
-.28*** .29*** .20**
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WorryandruminaGonaboutwork
duringthemid-termbreak
MediaGonResults
PerfecGonistconcerns
PooreremoGonalwell-beingandhigherexhausGonwhenreturningtoworkajerthebreak
Work-relatedworryandruminaGonduringnon-workGmemediatedtherelaGonshipbetweenteacherperfecGonismandpost-breakwell-being
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Summary/InterpretaGon
• Teachers’emo0onalwell-beingshowsimmediateimprovementduringnon-workweeks
• Work-relatedexhaus0onseemstotakelongerto
recoverfrom(**andpossiblethat2weeksnotenough0meforfullrecovery)
• Resultsgenerallyshowagradual(curvilinear)pa`ernofpost-vaca0onfadeout
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Summary/InterpretaGon
• Employeesexhibi0ngamaladap0veformofperfec0onismathigherriskofpoorrecoveryandburnout
• Recoveryshowntobeimpairedby:
o Workingduringnon-work0meo Worryingandrumina0ngaboutworkduring
non-work0me
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NowRecruiGngTeachersforMay2017Half-TermStudy!
www.city.ac.uk/assessing-teachers-well-being
Oremail:
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PracGcalRecommendaGons
• IncludingleisureGmerecoveryaspartofstaffwell-beingconversa0onsandini0a0ves
• Possiblewaysthatmanagementmighthelptomodelandpromoterecovery?
• Skills-basedinterven0onsthat:o Reduceproblema0caspectsofperfec0onismo Helpstafftodisentanglefromworryandrumina0on
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ThankyouforyouramenGon
Dr.PaulFlaxmanCity,UniversityofLondon