Egypt 4: The Villages. Village Less Greek Less Greek 1 or 2 temples 1 or 2 temples Granaries, other...

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Egypt 4: Egypt 4: The Villages The Villages

Transcript of Egypt 4: The Villages. Village Less Greek Less Greek 1 or 2 temples 1 or 2 temples Granaries, other...

Page 1: Egypt 4: The Villages. Village Less Greek Less Greek 1 or 2 temples 1 or 2 temples Granaries, other grain installations Granaries, other grain installations.

Egypt 4: Egypt 4: The VillagesThe Villages

Page 2: Egypt 4: The Villages. Village Less Greek Less Greek 1 or 2 temples 1 or 2 temples Granaries, other grain installations Granaries, other grain installations.

VillageVillage

Less GreekLess Greek 1 or 2 temples1 or 2 temples Granaries, other grain installationsGranaries, other grain installations HousesHouses

Predominant activity: agriculturePredominant activity: agriculture

No ‘colonate’: independent farmers suppressed No ‘colonate’: independent farmers suppressed by large estate owners/feudalismby large estate owners/feudalism

Small-middle sized farm (10-99 arouras): Small-middle sized farm (10-99 arouras): accounts for 2/3 of land in Karanisaccounts for 2/3 of land in Karanis

Page 3: Egypt 4: The Villages. Village Less Greek Less Greek 1 or 2 temples 1 or 2 temples Granaries, other grain installations Granaries, other grain installations.

Karanis, Faiyum oasis

Page 4: Egypt 4: The Villages. Village Less Greek Less Greek 1 or 2 temples 1 or 2 temples Granaries, other grain installations Granaries, other grain installations.

LaborLabor

not by hired men, but casual labor not by hired men, but casual labor (harvest time, threshing floors etc.).(harvest time, threshing floors etc.).

Often these transactions have not Often these transactions have not been preserved, because they are been preserved, because they are casual labor, cf. Appianus archive casual labor, cf. Appianus archive where core is part-time workerswhere core is part-time workers

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SlaverySlavery

Labor divided between continuous Labor divided between continuous labor and casual workers: thus, labor and casual workers: thus, slavery small part in agricultural laborslavery small part in agricultural labor

Poorer farmers could not afford slave Poorer farmers could not afford slave (2 slaves = annual income in wheat)(2 slaves = annual income in wheat)

Larger landowners leased their land Larger landowners leased their land to smaller farmers: no slaves neededto smaller farmers: no slaves needed

Middle class: important role for slavesMiddle class: important role for slaves

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WomenWomen

1/6 to ¼ of land owned by women 1/6 to ¼ of land owned by women (cf. ca. 8.5 % in cities!), esp. by (cf. ca. 8.5 % in cities!), esp. by inheritanceinheritance

Leased landLeased land Worked landWorked land

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Government villageGovernment village Komarch (chief of village/village headman): Komarch (chief of village/village headman): - Naming successorNaming successor- Village liturgists; tasks:Village liturgists; tasks:

a.a. Tax collection and transportation (e.g. Tax collection and transportation (e.g. sitologossitologos))

b.b. Security (e.g. eirenarch)Security (e.g. eirenarch)- Reports these to Reports these to strategos strategos (later (later praepositus praepositus

pagipagi))

Every man had to take part in physical labor Every man had to take part in physical labor (e.g. irrigation)(e.g. irrigation)

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Tax collectionTax collection

Provincial administrationProvincial administration

Metropolitan liturgistsMetropolitan liturgists

Village liturgists

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Tasks distributed, so hardly any Tasks distributed, so hardly any involvement of state bureaucracyinvolvement of state bureaucracy

Result: administrative changes not felt Result: administrative changes not felt on local levelon local level

Again, only presence of central Again, only presence of central government was army (e.g. Dionysias)government was army (e.g. Dionysias)

From IV onwards, Church provided a From IV onwards, Church provided a binding factorbinding factor

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TasksTasks

Tax collectionTax collection Physical labor (e.g. irrigation)Physical labor (e.g. irrigation) SecuritySecurity Local administrationLocal administration

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Intervillage contactsIntervillage contacts

E.g. seasonal labor, but also E.g. seasonal labor, but also topographical factorstopographical factors

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On the marginsOn the margins

Animal husbandry: in villages, grazed Animal husbandry: in villages, grazed between Black and Red Landbetween Black and Red Land

Herdsman was not as marginal as in, Herdsman was not as marginal as in, say, Greece: often owned landsay, Greece: often owned land

Outer Desert: criminals, taxes, Outer Desert: criminals, taxes, anachoresis anachoresis (monks)(monks)

Oases: natron, alumOases: natron, alum Eastern Desert: raw materialsEastern Desert: raw materials Red Sea harbours: trade with IndiaRed Sea harbours: trade with India

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City and CountryCity and Country

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LandLand

2/3 of land owned by villagers: 2/3 of land owned by villagers: directly farmed by themdirectly farmed by them

Rest leased, or owned by large Rest leased, or owned by large landownerslandowners

Large estates: manager with Large estates: manager with permanent staff; casual workers permanent staff; casual workers (Appianus archive)(Appianus archive)

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TaxationTaxation

Other major binding factor between Other major binding factor between city – villagecity – village

Mostly taxes on landMostly taxes on land City revenues not from taxes, but from City revenues not from taxes, but from

liturgists and land/other property liturgists and land/other property >liturgists derived wealth from >liturgists derived wealth from agricultureagriculture

Former picture: high tax burdens, but Former picture: high tax burdens, but incorrectincorrect

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Taxation systemTaxation systemFixed tax burdenFixed tax burden

Distributed to governorsDistributed to governors

logistai logistai in nomesin nomes

Praepositus pagiPraepositus pagi: villages: villages

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Balancing factor was gold standard, Balancing factor was gold standard, introduced under Diocletianintroduced under Diocletian

Landowners paid gold in return for Landowners paid gold in return for billion money (silver and bronze)billion money (silver and bronze)

Constantine turned this into gold tax Constantine turned this into gold tax on land: local ‘helpers’ (on land: local ‘helpers’ (boethaiboethai) ) would collect billion money, which is would collect billion money, which is then turned into gold in the city (gold-then turned into gold in the city (gold-weighing stations)weighing stations)

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66thth century: Large Houses/large century: Large Houses/large estatesestates

Institutionalization of liturgical systemInstitutionalization of liturgical system

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Judicial systemJudicial system

First attempts at arbitrationFirst attempts at arbitration Then: before IV: you go to strategosThen: before IV: you go to strategos

After: petition to governor (who would After: petition to governor (who would instruct local responsible to deal with instruct local responsible to deal with the matter)the matter)

* Important matters directly before * Important matters directly before governor (e.g. when there was an governor (e.g. when there was an imperial rescript)imperial rescript)

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P. Leid. P. Leid. Z (the Appion petition, 425-450 CE)Z (the Appion petition, 425-450 CE)

1a 1a (Latin:) We wish you good health. (Latin:) We wish you good health. 1b1b Copy of the petition. Copy of the petition.22 (Greek:) To the masters of the land and sea and every nation and race of men, Flavius (Greek:) To the masters of the land and sea and every nation and race of men, Flavius

Theodosius and Flavius Valentinianus, eternal Theodosius and Flavius Valentinianus, eternal augustiaugusti..33 Petition and supplication from Appion, bishop of the Petition and supplication from Appion, bishop of the regio regio of Syene, Contra Syene and of Syene, Contra Syene and

Elephantine, in your province of the Upper Thebaid.Elephantine, in your province of the Upper Thebaid.44 Your benevolence is wont to extend your right hand to all who bring their requests, wherefore I too, being fully Your benevolence is wont to extend your right hand to all who bring their requests, wherefore I too, being fully

aware of this, have had recourse to these entreaties, aware of this, have had recourse to these entreaties, 55 the situation being as follows. the situation being as follows.

Since I find myself with my churches in the midst of those merciless barbarians, between the Blemmyes Since I find myself with my churches in the midst of those merciless barbarians, between the Blemmyes 66 and the and the Annoubades (Noubades), we suffer many attacks from them, coming upon us as if from nowhere, with no soldier Annoubades (Noubades), we suffer many attacks from them, coming upon us as if from nowhere, with no soldier to protect to protect 7 7 our places. As the churches in my care for this reason are humiliated and unable to defend even those our places. As the churches in my care for this reason are humiliated and unable to defend even those who are fleeing for refuge to them, who are fleeing for refuge to them, 88 I prostrate myself and grovel at your divine and unsullied footprints so that I prostrate myself and grovel at your divine and unsullied footprints so that you may deem it right to ordain that the holy churches [under my care (?)] be defended you may deem it right to ordain that the holy churches [under my care (?)] be defended 99 by the troops by the troops (stationed) near us, and that they obey me and be placed under my orders in all matters, just as the troops (stationed) near us, and that they obey me and be placed under my orders in all matters, just as the troops stationed in the garrison of Philae, as stationed in the garrison of Philae, as 1010 it is called, in your Upper Thebaid serve God’s holy churches at Philae. it is called, in your Upper Thebaid serve God’s holy churches at Philae. 1111

For in that way we shall be able to live without fear and pursue […] once the strictest For in that way we shall be able to live without fear and pursue […] once the strictest 1212 legislation is laid down legislation is laid down against those who have transgressed […] what you have divinely ordained, all against those who have transgressed […] what you have divinely ordained, all 1313 plundering by our adversaries, plundering by our adversaries, present or future, is checked, and a special and divine […] present or future, is checked, and a special and divine […] 1414 grace on your part in this matter goes to the grace on your part in this matter goes to the magnificent and notable magnificent and notable comes comes and and dux dux 1515 of the of the ThebaiciThebaici limeslimes. If I obtain this, I shall (be able to) send my . If I obtain this, I shall (be able to) send my customary prayers to God for your eternal power customary prayers to God for your eternal power 1616 uninterruptedly. +++ uninterruptedly. +++

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Order in citiesOrder in cities

Permant ‘Night-watch’Permant ‘Night-watch’ Riparius Riparius (from 346): could be (from 346): could be

petitioned in cases of public order petitioned in cases of public order and actions against persons or and actions against persons or property (e.g. theft); supervised property (e.g. theft); supervised ‘nightwath’‘nightwath’

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ArmyArmy

Abinnaeus archive: intertwined with Abinnaeus archive: intertwined with society, civic duties: order and society, civic duties: order and justicejustice

From 346: order was taken over by From 346: order was taken over by ripariusriparius

Justice: only when a soldier was Justice: only when a soldier was involved (but erosion?)involved (but erosion?)

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Legions in main centres: Babylon, Legions in main centres: Babylon, Memphis, Luxor, Philae (from ca. 301)Memphis, Luxor, Philae (from ca. 301)

Many local detachments, e.g. the Many local detachments, e.g. the cavalry unit at Dionysias (attested ca. cavalry unit at Dionysias (attested ca. 260 to end of IV)260 to end of IV)

20.000-30.000 soldiers; i.e. ca. 0.5-20.000-30.000 soldiers; i.e. ca. 0.5-0.8% of population > no militarization 0.8% of population > no militarization

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Links village-countryside Links village-countryside discusseddiscussed

LandLand TaxationTaxation JusticeJustice armyarmy


A Temples Time

A Temples Time

Evidence for food storage and predomestication granaries ...

Evidence for food storage and predomestication granaries ...

Units 1 & 2, Grimsdyke Granaries ... - Black Flamingo Brands

Units 1 & 2, Grimsdyke Granaries ... - Black Flamingo Brands

BHARATHIAR UNIVERSITY: COIMBATORE REGULATIONS FOR …syllabus.b-u.ac.in/syl_college/1213/p72_a.pdf · temple architecture- Hindu-cave temples, monolithic temples, structural temples;

BHARATHIAR UNIVERSITY: COIMBATORE REGULATIONS FOR …syllabus.b-u.ac.in/syl_college/1213/p72_a.pdf · temple architecture- Hindu-cave temples, monolithic temples, structural temples;

Families Temples

Families Temples

Vikas Granaries AR 2012-13

Vikas Granaries AR 2012-13

Temples worldwide

Temples worldwide

Indian Temples

Indian Temples

Early LDS temples

Early LDS temples

Tamil Nad Temples

Tamil Nad Temples

Khajuraho temples

Khajuraho temples

GREEK TEMPLES

GREEK TEMPLES

Chinese Temples

Chinese Temples

History of Temples

History of Temples

Buddhist temples

Buddhist temples

Chennai Temples

Chennai Temples

SAVE HINDU TEMPLES

SAVE HINDU TEMPLES

Tamilnadu temples

Tamilnadu temples

Goan temples

Goan temples

Architecture)of)Granaries)in)the…asaconference.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/6/9/12693611/architecture_of... · Architecture)of)Granaries)in)the)Tomb)of)KhnumhotepII, Beni)Hasan! ... provides!

Architecture)of)Granaries)in)the…asaconference.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/6/9/12693611/architecture_of... · Architecture)of)Granaries)in)the)Tomb)of)KhnumhotepII, Beni)Hasan! ... provides!