EFFULENT TREATMENT PLANT

International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development-– Volume 4 Issue 4, July- Aug 2021

Available at www.ijsred.com

ISSN : 2581-7175 ©IJSRED: All Rights are Reserved Page 449

EFFULENT TREATMENT PLANT

ABHISHEK SINGH*, GAURABH PRATIM SARMA**,PRABHATKUMAR PATRO***,

*(Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Email:

[email protected])

**(Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Email:

[email protected])

***(Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Email:

[email protected])

Abstract:Wastewater treatment is a manner used to put off contaminants from wastewater or sewage and

convert it into an effluent that can be again to the water cycle with perfect have an impact on the

environment, or reused for a number function. The cure system takes area in a wastewater therapy plant,

additionally referred to as a Water Resource Recovery Facility or a Sewage Treatment Plant in the case of

home wastewater. Pollutants in wastewater are removed, transformed or damaged down at some point of the

therapy process. The goal of wastewater therapy is to decrease the pollution to much less than maximum

permissible limits to stop the danger to the surroundings and human health. To gain this, wastewater is

accrued and handled in massive plant life earlier than it is authorized to be launched returned into the

environment.

To enforce tariffs and rules on sanitation and wastewater treatment, as nicely as for disposal or reuse of

handled effluents, it is fundamental to understand the cure technologies, which one would be quality tailored

to the current situations of any site, and finally, if the handled wastewater can be disposed of, legally or

reused complying the policies and regulations, in a protected way.

Key Words– Sewage, Treatment Plant,wastewater therapy,policies,enforce tariffs, COD, BOD

Introduction:

Wastewaters are waterborne solids and liquids

delivered into sewers that tackle the misfortunes of

neighbourhood. Wastewater joins deteriorated and

suspended attribute solids, which are "putrescible"

or naturally decomposable. [1] Two everyday

lessons of wastewaters, no longer through and thru

separable, are seen: nearby and mechanical.

Wastewater therapy is a cycle where the solids in

wastewater are most of the way dispensed with and

now not entirely changed by way of rot from

outstandingly many-sided, putrescible, frequent

solids to mineral or decently steady everyday solids.

The integral and helper treatment disposes of the

increased phase of BOD and suspended solids

located in wastewaters. Regardless, in an extending

number of cases, this stage of therapy has wound up

being inadequate to get the tolerant waters or to give

reusable water to current day or perchance nearby

reusing. Thusly, extra cure steps have been delivered

to wastewater treatment flora to oblige further

normal and solids removals or to oblige clearing of

enhancements or maybe risky materials. There have

been a couple of new headways in the water cure

field in the present-day years. Alternatives have

themselves for historical fashion and conventional

water cure structures. [2] Advanced wastewater

medications have end up a district of

overall centre of attention as individuals,

organizations, endeavours, and international

locations adopt a wound at techniques to keep

primary resources available and sensible for use.

Advanced wastewater treatment development,

joined with wastewater decline and water reusing

exercises, offer any longing for transferring back

and possibly finishing, the inevitable loss of usable

water. Film progressions are becoming to the

reusing and reuse of wastewater. [3] Layers can

explicitly disconnect parts over a vast extent of

particle sizes and nuclear burdens. Film

development has end up a decent parcel

advancement over the past decennia. The crucial

RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development

pressure of movie improvement is the way that it

works without the extension of synthetic materials,

with for the most section low power use and basic

and especially coordinated affiliation conduction.

This paper covers all giant degree methodologies for

wastewater prescriptions and reuse.

(i)

During the latest 30 years, natural issues about the

compound and natural pollutions of water have

become a critical concern for society, public trained

professionals, and the business. By and large local

and present-day practices produce wastewaters

containing undesirable harmful poisons. In this

particular situation, a steady effort ought to be made

to guarantee water resources. Energy wastewater

treatment techniques incorporate a mix of physical,

engineered, and natural cycles, and assignments to

take out insoluble particles and dissolvable poisons

from effluents. This article gives a framework of

strategies for wastewater treatment and depicts the

focal points and obstructions of available

progressions.

WHAT IS WASTE WATER

• WATER IS THE MOST USED AND

ABUSED PRODUCT.

• BEING A UNIVERSAL SOLVENT, IT

ABSORBS ALL SORTS OF IMPURITIES

– ORGANIC AND INORGANIC

IMPURITIES MAKING IT UNFIT FOR

REUSE, HUMAN OR ANIMAL

CONSUMPTION OR EVEN FOR

AGRICULTURAL USE.

International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development-– Volume 4 Issue


pressure of movie improvement is the way that it

works without the extension of synthetic materials,

with for the most section low power use and basic

nd especially coordinated affiliation conduction.

This paper covers all giant degree methodologies for

During the latest 30 years, natural issues about the

compound and natural pollutions of water have

tical concern for society, public trained

professionals, and the business. By and large local

day practices produce wastewaters

containing undesirable harmful poisons. In this

particular situation, a steady effort ought to be made

water resources. Energy wastewater

treatment techniques incorporate a mix of physical,

engineered, and natural cycles, and assignments to

take out insoluble particles and dissolvable poisons

from effluents. This article gives a framework of

wastewater treatment and depicts the

focal points and obstructions of available

WATER IS THE MOST USED AND

BEING A UNIVERSAL SOLVENT, IT

ABSORBS ALL SORTS OF IMPURITIES

ORGANIC AND INORGANIC

MAKING IT UNFIT FOR

REUSE, HUMAN OR ANIMAL

CONSUMPTION OR EVEN FOR

(ii)

• Wastewater remedy has been evolving at

unique paces alongside with history, in

accordance to the growing attention of

humans in cities and cities. With the

increasing pressures on water resources,

issues on how to locate new assets successful

to assist to attain equilibrium inside demand

and provide arise. [4] In this context, one of

the foremost chances to cope with water

shortage is wastewater reclamation a

reuse.

WHY WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT

IS REQUIRED?

Water is the most precious for survival of humans

and nature.Nature takes long time to degrade/treat

industrial water, often by anaerobic bacteria,

releasing h2s gas and stink. Scientifically

and operated plant is required to remove the

contaminants and make water suitable for

recycling/reuse for horticulture etc.

CONCEPTS OF EFFLUENT TREATMENT

PLANT

1. Lot of water is used in coca cola projects for

manufacturing of the product.

2. Waste water is generated from raw water

purification plant –either chemical sludge from

flocculation process or rejects from ro

3.Main organic load is from cip discharge of

washing of vessels, equipment’s, recycled glass

bottles etc.

4.Rejects from psf, acf, dm plants, cooling tower

blowdown etc.

MAIN CONTAMINANTS AND CONTROL

LIMITS

Volume 4 Issue 4, July- Aug 2021

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Wastewater remedy has been evolving at

unique paces alongside with history, in

accordance to the growing attention of

humans in cities and cities. With the

increasing pressures on water resources,

issues on how to locate new assets successful

to assist to attain equilibrium inside demand

In this context, one of

the foremost chances to cope with water

shortage is wastewater reclamation and

WHY WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT

Water is the most precious for survival of humans

and nature.Nature takes long time to degrade/treat

industrial water, often by anaerobic bacteria,

stink. Scientifically designed

and operated plant is required to remove the

contaminants and make water suitable for

recycling/reuse for horticulture etc.

CONCEPTS OF EFFLUENT TREATMENT

. Lot of water is used in coca cola projects for

ste water is generated from raw water

either chemical sludge from

flocculation process or rejects from ro. plant. [5]

Main organic load is from cip discharge of

washing of vessels, equipment’s, recycled glass

from psf, acf, dm plants, cooling tower

MAIN CONTAMINANTS AND CONTROL




S.No

. MainPara

meters

Typical

WasteWat

er

Pollution

ControlBoardL

imits

1 PH 4-11 6.5-8.5

2 BOD20°C

5days 600-

800mg/l

<30mg/l

3 COD 1600-

1800mg/l

<250mg/l

4 TotalSuspe

ndedSolids

400-

500mg/l

<100mg/l

S. No Main

Parameters

Typical

waste

water

Pollution

control

board

limits

1 pH 4-11 6.5-8.5

2 BOD

20°C5days

600-800

mg/l

< 30 mg/l

3 COD 1600-1800

mg/l

< 250 mg/l

4 Total

Suspended

Solids

400-500

mg/l

<100mg/l

5 Oil and Grease 50-100

mg/l

<10 mg/l

6 Feed Coliform

Count

50-100 NIL

7 BIO-ASSAY

TEST

- 90%

Survival of

fish after 96

hours

8 Free Residual

Chlorine

- NA

9 Nitrogen - 100mg/l

10 Phosphorous - -

11 DO - -

(iii)

TYPICAL TREATMENT SCHEME & MAIN

UNITS

■All contaminants are removed systematically

easier to difficult in following sequence:

■Incoming drains/pipes: should be either pipes

(rcc/hdpe etc.) or fully covered drains so that dust

does not enter the system

■Drains/pipes should not be very deep w.r.t ground

level so that further units have more effective

volume and easy to maintain. [6]

■Coarse & fine screens: to remove all screenable

particles above 4-5 mm size like straws, plastic caps,

glass pieces, etc. –normally manually cleaned –daily

■Mechanical automatic screens are available but

expensive

■Oil & grease trap: to remove free floating oil by

reducing the water velocity and allowing the free oil

to float up. [7]

■Free oil is removed by automatic belt type oil

skimmers

■Equalisation cum neutralization tanks. [8]

■Ph correction is a must before feeding to further

system

■2 tanks of 12 hours retention time are used, batch

wise, to self-neutraliseph. and add acid/alkali as

desired.

■Stirred by coarse air diffusers to homogenise, stir

and pre-aerate to avoid septicity

■Emergency holding tank: normally empty. to store

discarded product batches to avoid shock loads to

etp

■To be added very gradually to main effluent.

■Primary clariflocculator.

■To remove flocculable solids, fine colloids,

emulsions

■Specially required in fruit drink manufacturing

plants.

International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development

■Flocculants like alum/pe used to precipitate fine

solids.

■Biological process to remove dissolved organic

load

■Mbbr –moving bed bio reactor

■Dense growth of bacteria on polypropylene rings

of high surface area to volume ratio.

■Aeration provided by diffused aeration by network

of twin-lobe blowers, piping network & diffusers.

(iv)

STARTUP PROCEDURE:

■the effluent would be collected in collection sump

from septic tank by gravity.

■transfer the effluent to fab reactor tank for

biological treatment of organic matter present in the

effluent.

■For the first start up, fill up fab tank up to

and then start aeration of effluent with help of twin

lobe blower.

International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development-– Volume 4 Issue


Flocculants like alum/pe used to precipitate fine

Biological process to remove dissolved organic

Dense growth of bacteria on polypropylene rings

Aeration provided by diffused aeration by network

lobe blowers, piping network & diffusers.

the effluent would be collected in collection sump

transfer the effluent to fab reactor tank for

biological treatment of organic matter present in the

up to 1.3m ht

and then start aeration of effluent with help of twin-

(v)

■The source of bacteria for initiating growth of

micro-organisms is available in sewage hence aerate

the combined effluent continuously for 3

bacterial growth. make up the water level from 1.3m

to 1.6m after 3-4 days. [9] Aerate effluent for 2 more

days for multiplication of bacteria. as water level

reaches full level, pass the aerated effluent through

clarifier for 8-10 hrs. add alum & polyelectrolyte to

flocculate the bio-mass.

■As soon as the mlss count is observed near

mg/l, transfer 50% of settled biomass

to aeration tank and discard the rest for dewatering

through sludge filter bag. wet sludge will dry up

considerably within 4-6 days. dried sludge can be

disposed off as manure.

■The clarified water will be collected in the treated

water collection cum chlorine contact tank, drip

sodium hypochlorite solution

contact tank from where it will be pumped to dual

media filter before discharging for horticulture/to

drain. dual media filter should be back washed once

a day & back washing taken to collection sump.

(vi)

TREATMENT PROCESS:

■Effluent would be transferred to fab reactor at a

controlled rate of 1m3/hr by feed pump. the fab

reactor would be aerated continuously with the help

of twin lobe blower and microporous non clog

diffusers. the completely bio

would flow to lamella clarifier for separation of bio

sludge and treated water. [10]

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he source of bacteria for initiating growth of

organisms is available in sewage hence aerate

the combined effluent continuously for 3-4 days for

bacterial growth. make up the water level from 1.3m

erate effluent for 2 more

days for multiplication of bacteria. as water level

reaches full level, pass the aerated effluent through

10 hrs. add alum & polyelectrolyte to

s soon as the mlss count is observed near 3000

biomass from clarifier

to aeration tank and discard the rest for dewatering

through sludge filter bag. wet sludge will dry up

6 days. dried sludge can be

he clarified water will be collected in the treated

water collection cum chlorine contact tank, drip

sodium hypochlorite solution drops wise into

contact tank from where it will be pumped to dual

media filter before discharging for horticulture/to

ual media filter should be back washed once

a day & back washing taken to collection sump.

ffluent would be transferred to fab reactor at a

controlled rate of 1m3/hr by feed pump. the fab

reactor would be aerated continuously with the help

of twin lobe blower and microporous non clog

diffusers. the completely bio-degraded effluent

lamella clarifier for separation of bio-




■treated water would be collected in treated water

cum chlorine contact tank. in order to achieve and

maintain the desired level of mlss, the recovered

sludge from secondary clarifier would be recycled

back to fab tank. excess bio-sludge would be

discharged to sludge drying beds. the filtrate from

sludge bag filter would go back to collection sump.

treated water would pass through dual media filter

and discharged for irrigation.

disposal of sludge:

■After sludge bag is full of wet sludge, the bag is

tied with ss wire & stacked near collection sump for

natural drying for 6-7 days. after that sludge cake

can be shaken out of the bag for use as manure or

further composting. bag can be washed & reused.

Operation &Maintenance highlights

■Daily check points

■By record of effluent quantity handled –flow meter

reading

■Preparation of all flocculants and chemicals and

check dosing pumps

■Cleaning of coarse and fine screen.

■Check oil skimmer for proper operation and oil

removal

■Check ph of equalization tanks, every batch.

■Check twin-lobe blowers for proper operation,

current drawn/sound level –clean suction filters

every month

■Check diffuser operation –any burst diffuser to be

replaced.

■Check all main parameters –ph, cod, tss, do, mlss

for untreated, aeration tank and final treated.

■Routine maintenance of all pumps etc.

■Sludge press operation and regular disposal of

sludge.

(vii)

Do’s &Don’ts

s.no do’s don’ts

1 keep the blower

‘on’ 24 hours

never run feed pump

dry

2 sludge level to be

maintained between

2500-3000 ppm. if

sludge level is low

recycle 100%

settled sludge. if

sludge level is high,

partly off load to

sludge bag filter

low sludge level and

high sludge level

both are harmful to

operation

3 handle chemical

dosing carefully

don’t shut gate valve

of air blower in

running condition

4 keep removing

floated froth in fab

reactor tank

manually, as and

when required

don’t use the

dissolving rod of

one chemical tank to

the other chemical

tank

5 keep ph of

collection tank and

fab reactor tank

under constant

check at 7 ph

ensure distribution

of air in fab tank as

per requirement

6 carry out in house

testing of all the

critical parameters

on routine basis

don’t open or close

gate valves for

diffusers suddenly

7 keep stp area clean. don’t stop aeration

even when plant is

in layoff condition

8 do follow the -



maintenance

schedule, maintain

oil level of blower

& air filter should

be cleared once

every month

9 do maintain

logbook for

electricity and

chemical

consumption

regulate

consumption of

chemical as per dose

optimized for a

particular quality of

effluent

Flow chart of ETP –

Waste water

Bar screen chamber {8 mm and 5 mm}

[Solid and particle are removed]

Oil scammer unit (32 Kl)

[oil remover from water]

Equalizer 1+2 [250 kl/hr]

(HCl Dosing) (65 to 8 pH)

[Poly and alum tank]

Poly electrolyte

Primary Clarifier [ 21 Kl / hr]

Settle down and go to the sludge

Aeration tank [500 kl]

Secondary Declarifier [25Kl /hr]

[settle down MLSS]

[mixed -> mix liquid suspended solid]

[maintain the bacterial growth]

[DAP (Diammonium Phosphate), urea and sugar

added]

Chlorination tank (10 kl)

(chlorine dozing)

Chlorine added for bacterial removal

Dechlorination [10 kl]

(SMBS, dozing) chlorine remove

Fishpond and final tank (2 kl)

Treated water

Feed Pump

Sand filter

Carbon filter

Cartage filter

(viii)

MLSS (Mix Liquid Suspended solid)




1. Take one Whatman No 1 paper filter and place it

in the oven and then heat at 105 degree Celsius for 1

hr.

2. After one hr keep it in a desiccator for cooling.

3. Weigh in the balance and note the initial weight

as W1.

4. Take 100 ml of aeration tank sample in a

measuring cylinder.

5. Filter the sample in the filter paper thro’ a funnel.

6. Place the filter paper along with the funnel in the

hot air oven and then heat 105degree for 1 hour.

7. Add 25 mL of Conc. Sulphuric acid slowly over

the sides of the flasks. [11] Shake slowly while

adding the acid. After adding the acid, mix the

contents by the shaking the flask slowly.

8. Put two pieces of glass beads.

9. For blank tests, repeat the same procedure from

step 5 ,3,3 but take 20 mL of distilled water instead

of effluent.

10. Keep these three round bottom flasks in the

water sat. set the temp 100 degree Celsius. Allow it

to reflux for 2 hours.

11. Switch off the water bath after 2 hrs rinse the

condenser using distilled water quantity of the

distilled water used for rinse should be the double of

the total mixture taken.

12. Allow it to cool the mixture for some time. Add

2 – 3 drop of ferroan indicator.

13. Titrate against 0.25 N ferrous ammonium

sulphate.

The end point is colour change from bluish green to

reddish brown.

14. Calculate (Chemical Oxygen Demand)

COD of Raw effluent: (Blank – Raw) *8*1000*N)

/2

(ix)

Method – COD Incubator

Equipment: Water bath, refine condenser, measuring

cylinder, Raw water line, pipette, round bottom

flask, glass beads, distilled water.

Reagent – Standardized potassium dichromate

(a25N), refer flowchart for standardization of

ferrous, Ammonium sulphate, standardized Ferrous

Ammonium sulphate, Conc. Sulphuric acid,

Mercuric Sulphate.

Frequency: Once in a day for both raw and treated

effluent.

Procedure:

1.Take three round bottom flasks.

2. Using these round bottomed flasks take raw

effluent, treated effluent and blank for COD analysis

as per the following.

3. To this mixture add 10 ml of Potassium

Dichromate and a pinch of mercuric sulphate and

sulphate mix thoroughly.

After one hour keep it in a desiccator for cooling.

1. Carefully remove the filter paper from the funnel.

2. Weigh the filter paper again in a balance and note

the final weigh as well.

3. Find the mass value using the following formula:

4. Further burn the filter paper for 30 min at temp of

55 degree centigrade then remove it cool use



desiccators and weigh again the loss in weight is due

to the volatile nature of that much part.

Calculations:

MLSS mg/lit = (W2 – W1) / sample taken * 1000

W1 = 0.9744

W2 = 1.214

MLSS = 1.214 -0.9744 / 100 *1000

= 2.396.

(x)

BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand)

Analysis of BOD by Titrimetric method

Inlet – 10 mL

Outlet – 70mL

Soft water – 70

Add 630 mL distilled water in measuring cylinder

Take a glass bottle and fill full 700 mL

Add Alkaline Iodized (2 mL) manganese sulphate (2

mL)

Sulphuric acid (2mL) and shake it.

Then 200 mL solution in flask

Add 1 mL starch indicator

Then Titrate in sodium thiosulphate solution

White colour in solution

Then stop titration and note down it.

Formula: BOD

Initial OD – Final DO * 1000/10

Analysis of Total Suspended Solid in ETP (TSS)

Equipment – Measuring cylinder, funnel, Whatman

paper, Hot air oven, weighing balance.

Procedure:

1. Take one Whatman 41 filter paper place it in hot

air oven then after 105 degree centigrade for 1

hours.

2. After 1 hr keep it in desiccator for cooling in

room temp.

3. Then weight it in balance and note W1.

4. Take 100 ml inlet / outlet water in cylinder.

5. Filter sample in filter paper thro’ funnel.

6. Place paper along with funnel then hot air oven

heat it 105 degree Celsius for 1 hr.

7. After 1 hr keep it in desiccator for cooling. [12]

8. Then weight in balance of paper and note final

weigh W2.

TSS mg/lit = W2 – W1 / 100 * 1000*1000.

COD of treated effluent = (Blank – Treated) * 8 *

1000 *N)/20

Where N = normality of ferrous ammonium sulphate

solution.

Sample Sample volume

in mL

Distilled water

in mL

Blank 0 20

Raw Effluent 2 18

Treated

Effluent

20 0



TSS = 1.0020 – 1.0004 /100 * 1000000 = 16.

(xi)

Analysis of Oil and Grease

Purpose: Residual quantity of oil and grease in ETW

oil and grease IE less than 10.

Frequency: Once in a day in one time’

Take 500 ml Effluent treatment water in funnel

Add 25 ml sulphuric acid

25 mL petroleum spirit

Shake until solvent aqueous layer format.

Remove stopper release pressure

Separate the water from funnel and oil layer in 250

mL beaker

Hot air oven at 100 degree Celsius for 1 hr

Cool it in desiccator

After cooling beaker take weight

Formula: -

0 and G (ppm) = B-A *1000 / 5000

OR,

Oil and Grease (ppm) = (B-A) *1000 / Wt. of the

sample taken (ml).

A= Empty beaker weight

B= Beaker with dried oil weigh

Range is –> 5 <– inlet.

(xii)

Analysis MLSS:

Equipment: Measuring cylinder, funnel, Whatman

paper, air oven, weighing balance, aeration sample.

Frequency: Once every 3 hrs.

Procedure:

1. Take Whatman paper and place it hot air oven for

1 hour.

2. After 1 hr place it on desiccator for cooling.

3. Weight it in balance and note.

4. Take 100 ml aeration sample in measuring

cylinder.

5. Filter sample in Funnel paper thro’ funnel.

6. Place paper along with funnel then heat it in oven

at 105 degree Celsius for 1 hr.

7. After 1 hr keep it in desiccator for cooling. [13]

8. Then weight paper in weighing balance W2.

MLSS analysis = W2 – W1 / 100 * 1000 *1000

Phosphate test:



Water sample 20 ml outlet, blank 20 ml

Add PO4 -1 (5 drops)

Add PO4 – 2(1 pinch

Shaking Solution

And 3 min keep it

Checking the reading

0.34 /3

(RO CIP) ETP

Treated water

Sand filter

Carbon filter

Antiscalent and asembious dozing

Quartz filter (6)

Real filter

Membrane (3)

Outlet tank

Cooling down and chilling plant are used.

Oil and Grease

Formula: -

0 and G (ppm) = B-A *1000 / 5000

OR,

Oil and Grease (ppm) = (B-A) *1000 / Wt. of the

sample taken (ml).

A= Empty beaker weight

B= Beaker with dried oil weigh

Range is –> 5 <– inlet.

pH calibration ETP:

pH 4.00

10.00

7.00

TDS - 12.88 us/cm

1413 us/cm

(xiii)

CONCLUSION

Advantage to the plant could be acknowledged by

additional treatment of the treated gushing by

cleaning and reusing it in the plant. With respect to

previously mentioned ends it tends to be presumed

that this refreshment gushing treatment innovation is

profoundly productive, easy to understand and

creative. Now a days due to pollution control board

it is strictly prohibited to directly release the

untreated water to water bodies. So the need of ETP

is very important in Beverages and Breweries

industry.

References

[1] Thornton. Suppl., 1993

pH maintains




[2] M. Kleban, Jalca., 2002, 97.

[3] S. Lelissa. Addis University, Ethiopia, 2007.

[4] Organic Chemistry of Sugars, 2006, p 300-500.

[5] Robyt, J.F. Essentials of carbohydrate chemistry.

[6] Journal of Cleaner Production. 2012, 4

[7] Water Science & Technology— WST 57.7

[8]Brewing Science andPractice

[9] Model for Lime Dosage under Water Treatment

Plant,Journal of Scientific and Research

Publications.

[10] Water Qual. Res. J. Canada, 2001, 36, No. 1

[11] Standard techniques for examination of Water

and wastewater

[12] Wastewater Treatment, Imperial College Press,

London, 2006,

[13] Journal of Cleaner Production. 2012.

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