1. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNSHIP PROGRAM1.1 BackgroundInternship program is a pre-service fieldwork training to be compulsorily undertaken for B.V.Sc. & A.H. as integral part of the degree at IAAS, Rampur, Chitwan. This is a six months long field oriented training period where students are exposed to all aspects of livestock health, livestock production and management in order to gain a practical experience in the animal husbandry and clinical practices. It is started after completion of nine semester academic courses and will not exceed six months. During the internship period students are exposed to all aspects of livestock health such as disease diagnosis, treatment and prevention as well as livestock and poultry husbandry practices. ObjectivesThe major objective of this program is to offer pre-service field training to the B.V.Sc. & A. H. students in the field of veterinary science and animal husbandry, particularly in veterinary hospitals , disease diagnosis laboratories and livestock farm.The specific objectives are To develop the skill and ability of the students for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of livestock and poultry diseases. To make the students familiar with the epidemiology of different livestock and poultry diseases at the site. To develop skill of the students in the field of animal husbandry, about the managerial aspects. To make the students familiar with the status of zoonotic diseases at the site.

1.3 Duration of InternshipDuration of internship was six months. It was started from 1st of Magh, 2070 with an orientation of internship program at IAAS organized by internship advisory committee on 2nd of Magh. The students were assigned to start their work from 7th of Magh at their respective sites.1.4 Nature of Work The internship was done at Veterinary Teaching Hospital under the guidance of site advisor Dr. Yam Bahadur Gurung. Whole work was divided as the work on clinical unit at VTH, disease diagnosis laboratories and IAAS Livestock farm, mid-term seminar and work on topic of interest for five months and last one month was allocated for report preparation, submission and final presentation.This report was prepared based on the works done during the entire internship period which contains two parts. The first part contains a brief description about the works done at the site and case study while the second part contains research work entitled Efficacy of Fenbendazole against Cestodes in Goats, IAAS Farm, Rampur, Chitwan.

2. LOCAL PROFILE OF SITE2.1 District ProfileChitwan is one of the most potential areas of livestock and poultry production. Chitwan is already the largest poultry production pocket of the country. Currently livestock pattern is changing from household sustainable level to commercialization both in poultry and dairy sectors. This is greatly facilitated by committed farmers and other allied entrepreneurs, presence of adequate technical support from the veterinarians and other technicians, suitability of the environment for farming and adequate marketing facilities. Chitwan is also one of the tourists destinations of Nepal because of Chitwan National Park. The park is located in east- southern part of the district. It is listed in UNESCO World Heritage site and is the home to a number of endangered animals, including Asian elephant, Great one horned rhinoceros and Royal Bengal tiger.Physio-graphically, Chitwan is divided into 37 VDCs and two municipalities. Bharatpur, intersected by Bharatpur-Hetauda section of east-west highway, is head quarter of the district. The principle species of livestock in Chitwan are cattle, buffalo, goat, pig and sheep. In all species, there is trend of gradual shifting of indigenous breeds to cross and exotic breeds due to the artificial insemination, increasing consciousness of the farmers and of commercialization of livestock entrepreneurs. Among the cattle, the crossbreeds of Holstein-Friesian, Jersey, Haryana and local cattle are found. The crossbreed of Murrah buffalo is very much popular and it covers almost 69% of buffalo population. The main breeds of goats are Jamunapari, local Terai and Khari. The majorities of world-class breeds/strains of poultry enjoy the shed of poultry in Chitwan.

The special casts like Tharus, Kumals, Darai and Ghale rear sheep. The exotic breeds of swine like Landrace, Hampshire and Duroc are reared as well as local pigs and Bandel (wild pig) by native people.The establishment of large number of feed industries, milk processing factories, chilling centers, hatcheries and other related industries have accelerated the growth of livestock and poultry in Chitwan. The involvement of private entrepreneurs in poultry industry blooms the chick, egg and meat production as well as also gives vast opportunities of self employment and marketing.The easy availability of government veterinary services, private veterinarians and Veterinary Teaching Hospital, veterinary medical and biological stores provide competent services to the livestock and poultry entrepreneurs. The DLSO has played a strategic role for the establishment of different pocket areas of different livestock and poultry in the various regions of the district.2.1.1 Geographical LocationChitwan district extends from 2721 to 2752 North latitude and 8354 to 8448 East longitude with a total land area of 218000 ha, located at an altitude of 141 to 1943 meters. Chitwan is an inner Terai district possessing both hilly and plain valley. The district shares its boundaries with Makawanpur and Parsa districts on east, Nawalparasi and Tanahu districts on west, Gorkha and Dhading districts on the north and Parsa and Bihar states of India on the south. It has the Churia hills on the south and the Mahabharat hills on the north.2.1.2 ClimateThe climate of Chitwan varies from sub-tropical in inner terrain low land to temperate in mid hills of Chitwan.The annual rainfall: 1950.7mm.Mean maximum temperature: 32.2c.Mean minimum temperature: 18c.Average relative humidity: 83%.

2.1.3 Population Chitwan district is densely populated. The census of 2068 B.S. indicates the total population to be 5,66,661. Among this, 51.95% are female and 48.05% are male. The annual growth rate is 1.83%. The population density is 255 persons/sq.km.

2.1.4 Land AreaChitwan district covers 218000 ha.Forest: 128500 haArable land: 46894 haPasture land: 18,882 haOther area: 23724 ha

2.1.5 CultureMajority of the people are engaged in agriculture and few in business, service, industries etc. Poultry farming business is one of the most important and promising professions of Chitwan. Hinduism and Buddhism are the major religions. Some of the predominant castes include Brahmin, Chettri, Newars, Tharu, Darai, Tamang and others.2.2 Background of IAASIAAS is one of the five technical institutes under the umbrella of Tribhuvan University. IAAS began as a School of Agriculture in 1957. In 1972 this was given the status of IAAS under T.U. It was transferred to Rampur from Lalitpur in 1974.The institute has its central campus at Rampur and two branch campuses at Sundarbazar, Lamjung and Paklihawa, Rupendehi. IAAS at Rampur occupies 232 ha of land. It occupies three farms, hostels, teaching complex, library, office quarters and Veterinary Teaching Hospital. The institute is running B.V.Sc. & A. H., B.Sc. (Ag), M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc and Ph. D programs. The B.V.Sc & A.H. program at IAAS started as four years B.Sc. (Animal Science) in 1987/88. In 1993/94, five and half years B.V.SC & A.H. program was launched. At present, eleven (seven- year system and four-semester system) regular batches have passed out. The main aim of this program is to produce qualified and skill manpower to cope with the problem of animal health, production and management.3. INTRODUCTION TO THE WORK PROGRAMThe internship program was conducted at Veterinary Teaching Hospital IAAS, Rampur, Chitwan. Whole internship period was divided for the following activities. Work on the clinical unit, VTH. Work on the disease diagnosis labs. Work on topic of interest. Other activities like visit to the fields under the supervision of senior field veterinarians, attending seminars, conferences, trainings etc.

3.1 Clinical unit at VTH RampurAll the clinical works were conducted over here. In this unit, we were involved in the diagnosis of the diseases, their treatment, prescription writing, PM examination and sometime home even visit. Total cases brought to VTH were recorded and analyzed.

3.1.1 Disease DiagnosisThe diseases were diagnosed on the basis of history, clinical examination, lab findings and PM findings.

3.1.1.1 History TakingThe herd history, management history, feeding pattern, production, signs shows in the herd were taken.

3.1.1.2 Clinical ExaminationGeneral and physical examination of the patient were carried out for diagnosis of the diseases. For this temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, ruminal motility, condition of the visible mucous membranes were recorded for the diagnosis of the cases.

Lab ExaminationIn the VTH routine laboratory examination were made for fecal examination, milk culture and drug sensitivity test. Besides this examination of the blood, urine, skin scrapping, PM samples were tested for the presumptive diagnosis of the cases.

3.1.2 Treatment and prescription writing All the surgical, medical and theriogenological cases brought at VTH were treated judiciously. Prescription was written for all the registered cases at VTH.

3.2 Disease diagnostic laboratoriesLab findings are utmost important for proper diagnosis of the diseases. VTH has Clinics, Pathology, Medicine, Parasitology, Pharmacology, Microbiology and Surgery labs. In these labs followings tests were carried out during the internship period. Fecal, blood, urine examination and skin scrapping tests were performed. Milk culture and in vitro antibiotic sensitivity test were performed. Microbiological lab works included media preparation (Nutrient, Mac Conkey, Blood agar, Brilliant Green Agar), inoculation, incubation and observation of microbes. One new Disease Diagnostic Lab has been established recently.

4. OTHER ACTIVITIESBesides the works on the clinical units and laboratories, i was also involved in the following activities during my internship period. Attended the cases of VTH regularly related to medicine, theriogenology, surgery, microbiology, pathology (poultry, canine, feline, cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pig etc.). Participated in Spaying program of canine and feline at WVS-ITC Ooty. Participated in 3 days exposure training on Equine Welfare, Behavior & Handling organized by AHTCS at Birjung. Attended various camping programmes Organised at Parbatipur, Divyanagar. Visited the DLSO of Parsa district, Chitwan district, Rupandehi district. Visited the National Trust for Nature Conservation, Sauraha., Elephant Breeding Center, Khorsor., Sainik stud farm, Bharatpur., Gharial Breeding Pool, Kasara., National Avian Lab, Bharatpur, Madras Crocodile Bank, Madras, Salim Ali institute of Ornithology.

5. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY DISEASES AT THE SITEAnimal health plays an important role in the livestock productivity as well as risk of human exposure to various zoonotic diseases. So it is utmost important to know the epidemiology of different diseases at the site, which helps to find out the root cause of the problem and that guides to make effective strategies for effective control and prevention of the livestock diseases. This epidemiological study is based on the cases brought to VTH during my internship period.

Table 1. Species Wise Distribution of Cases at VTH during Internship PeriodMonthCattleBuffaloCaprinePorcineCaninePoultryMonkeyGuinea Pig

Magh

516421

Falgun

172592201

Chaitra

1923711126

Baishak

725101311

Jestha

27185214

Ashar

171941219

Total

921263921813111

Table 2. Fecal Examination of different speciesBuffaloCattleGoatPositive(+ve)Negative(-ve)Remarks

23176YN

1310YP

221YM

1YN+P

1YN+F+B

67YB

3YF+P

2YP+M+N

2YB+P

2YE

1YM+F+B

1YT+F

3YF

1YB+T

11YF+P+T

1YB+N

1YB+S

1YA+S+B

YF+P+TR

1YS+P

1Y P+AS

1YB+M

1YT

1YM+N

2YP+N+B

2YN+B

1YN+E

1YN+P+B

1YS

27214NNAD

Index: N-Nematode P-Paramphistomum M-Moniezia E-Eimeria F-Fasciola B-Balantidium coli T-Toxocara S-Strongylus As-Ascaries TR-Trichostrongyloides NAD-Not Any Abnormality Detected

Table 3.Mastitis CasesCattleBuffaloGoatPositive(+ve)Negative(-ve)Remarks

1090YNot identified

96 (4 C-2 SCM)YColiform

1YStaphylococci

1YTeat Obstruction

Table 4. Theriogenology Related CasesPregnancy DiagnosisCattleBuffaloPositive(+ve)Negative(-ve)

3Y

15N

Repeat Breeding35

Medicine Related Cases Guinea Pig 1-Dystocia Monkey 1- Pneumonia Porcine 2 Cattle 1-Castration Buffalo 2-Dressing, 1 Heat Stress, 1 Medicine Caprine 8-Castration, 4-Urolithiasis ,2-Atresia anai,2-Arthritis,2-Pyrexia,1-Actinomycosis,1-Albuminuria,1-Respiratory Distress,2-Traumatic Wound Canine 4-anorexia,3-gastritis,3-Pyrexia,2-Demodecosis, 2-Vomittion,1-conjuntivitis,1-Parvo virus InfectionNote: Numeric value represents the number of cases.

Table 5.Poultry CasesNo.of PM of Poultry Disease Suspected

21CB

1CB+CD

10IBD

4E

1MCD

1S+MT

2CB+MT+Mild ND

1IBD+MT

1A+ISP

8CB+MT

10OPL

1CB+CD+IBD

1ALC+S

5A

1ISP+CD

1A+CB+ISP+CD

CD

3CB+ISP

1N+E

3VSG

1FLHS+Mild ND

3MT

4MT+ISP

2MT+E

3ISP

1E+CB

1CB+G+IBD+ND

3CRD+Mild MT

1E+O

2ND

1MP

1CRD+CB

2S

2CB+MT+AS

1MT+ISP+MP

1CB+G

1CRD+Mild ND

1S+MT+ND

1CRD+AS

1CB+IBD+MT

1CB+IBD

1MT

1AS+ND+MT+FT

1Vit B def

2N

1MBI

1MD

1CB+HPS

2CB+IBD

1Vit E Def+CB

1ISP+Sc IBD

2NAD

INDEXCB-Collibacillosis,CD-Coccidiosis, IBD-Infectious Bursal Disease

Bursal Disease, MCD-Mushy Chick DiseaseMT-Mycotoxicity

E-Enteritis,A-AscitiesOPL-Omphalities

ND-New Castle Disease,S-SalmonellosisISP-Immuno Suppression

ALC-Avian Leukosis Complex,VAT-Vesicular Articular Gout,G-Gout

N-Nephrotoxicity, MP-MycoplasmaAs-Ascaries

CRD-Chronic Respiratory Disease,Merek's DiseaseMBI-Mixed Bacterial Infection

Merek's Disease, Sc-SubclinicalHPS-Hydropericardium SyndromeMD-Merek's Disease

NAD-Not any Abnormality DetectedFLHS-Fatty Liver Haemorrhagic Syndrome,

CASE STUDIESCASE STUDY I Owners Name: Krishna Ghale Address: Dhadaghari Ph no: 9855050678 Species: Canine Age:4 months Sex: F Dogs Name: KanchiWeight:1.5kg Anamnesis: Anorexia since 7/8 days Constipation since 4/5 days Had fever earlier before 4/5 days Had eaten cooked meat ad libitum

Clinical Findings Lateral Recumbency Dehydration: 8-10% Mucus membrane: pale Capillary Refill Time: cannot be assessed Temperature:100.8FFig.2-Severely Pale mucus membrane

Faecal Examination: Nematode positive Tentative Diagnosis: Chronic anorexia and severe anaemia due to nematodiasis By Dr.D.K.Singh Differential Diagnosis: Fig.3-Nematode egg

Fig.1- Laterally recumbent dogCanine parvo virus infection: Fever Vomittion Diarrhoea Intense thirst All these symptoms absent in patient Indigestion: Diarrhoea and vomition but it was absent in patient.

Treatment(Rx):1) Normal Saline-500 mlSig:110 ml bid *3/4 days2) DNS-500 mlSig:115 ml bid *3/4 days 3) Ranitidine inj Sig:0.4 ml IV *3/4 days4) Beekom-l inj Sig:0.5 ml IV *3/4 days 5) Immediate blood transfusionSig:100 ml once6) Electrobian Powder 1 pouch Sig: Feed ad libitum7)Imferon injection ( Iron Dextran 50 mg/ ml) Sig: 0.6 ml IM once followed by oral therapy

Table 6. Hematological Report

TestFindingsUnitRange

Haematological Report

WBC Count5,100mm34,000-11,000

Differential Count

Neutrophil60%40-70%

Lymphocyte39%20-40%

Monocyte00%2-10%

Eosinophil01%1-6%

Basophil00Cells/mm30-1%

Platelets20,000gm/dl1,50,000-4,00,000

Hb%7.7cells/mm312-16

RBC4.31gm/dl3.5-5.5

MCH17.8gm/dl25-32

MCV60gm/dl80-98

MCHC30.3gm/dl32-36

PCV25.3%36-48

Clinical Findings on 2nd Day of Treatment after blood transfusion Temperature : 100.8 Capillary Refill Time (CRT) : >3sec Mucous Membrane slight pink Heart rate 100/min Pulse:88/min Dehydration : 5-6% Respiration Rate : 44/min Fig.4-Blood Transfusion Enema done with 100ml soap water on 2nd day of treatment Defecated within 10min after enema Faeces was black and hard Again enema was done with 100 ml soap water On 3rd day also fluid therapy was done, from 3rd day it had started eating .It was drinking little from the first day. Then it was feeding and drinking well, well alert, expressing normal behavior after 4th day of treatment.

Follow UpOn 22 April 2014 (2071/01/09) it was found dead. The owner lost his hope and did not informed timely about the dog.

Fig.5-Dead DogFig.6-Pale mucus mem. just after death

CASE II Osteodystrophy Fibrosa In Colt Name of the owner: Broodmare Stud Farm Address: Bharatpur, Chitwan Species: Equine Name of Horse: Prithak Sex: Male Breed: Heavy Breed Age: 3 yearsHISTORY First observed sign was difficulty in eating. Big head appearance started 8-9 months earlier. Stunted growth compared to other horses of same batch. No increment of height as compared to its collaterals. No hsitory of wheat bran feeding. CLINICAL FINDINGS Typical snoring sound. Nasal discharges due to narrowing of nasal passage. Falling of tooth. Bilateral elangement of nasal bones which are not painful

Table 7. Hematologial Report (Osteodystrophy Fibrosa In Colt )

S.No. PARAMETERS OBSERVED NORMAL VALUE *

1 WBC Count (mm3) 3,400 5,400-14,300

Differential Count

A Neutrophil (%) 63 23-85

B Lymphocyte (%) 22 15-77

C Monocyte (%) 00 0-10

D Eosinophil (%) 11 0-10

E Basophil (%) 00 0-3

2 Platelets (cells/ cu mm) 1,10,000 1,00,000-3,50,000

3 Hb% (gm/dl) 19.00 11-19

4 RBC (million/cumm) 14.2 6.8-12.9

5 MCH (pg) 13.4 12.3-19.7

6 MCV (fl) 42.0 37-59

7 MCHC (gm/dl) 31.9 31.0-38.6

8 PCV (%) 59.6 32-53

PCV is increased. Calcium Level is decreased Phosphorus level is increased Alkaline phosphatase is increased.

Table 8. Serological Report (Osteodystrophy Fibrosa In Colt )

S.No. PARAMETERS OBSERVED NORMAL *

1 SGOT/AST (U/L) 277.0 220-600

2 Calcium (mg/dl) 10.6 11.2-13.6

3 Phosphorus ( mg/dl) 4.9 1.7-3.9

4 SGPT/ALT (IU/dl) 15.0 3-23

5 Alkaline Phosphatase (IU/L) 587.0 140-400

Confirmation Based on history, clinical findings, hematological and serological report results it was confirmed as Osteodystrophy Fibrosa.

Treatment The treatment was done as follows: Caldee Inj. (Calcium Injection)Sig:- 10 ml x O.D. in 7 days.Adivise Keep the colt in ration containing high calcium:phosphorus ratio i.e. 4-6:1

Follow up During follow up it was found that horse was recovering but the process of fibrosis cant be reversed so the big head appearance was still present. As literatures say it requires 6-12 months for recovery and it says maxillary swelling will remain even the animal has recovered.

Case Study III

Signalment of the case Name of owner: Siris Guruji Address: Bharatpur-2, Bageswari Temple Species: Bovine Breed: Pahadi Jersey Sex: Female Age: 2nd lactation HISTORY Restlessness since 2 days Frequent standing and sitting Little vulval discharge Continous Straining(Uterine contraction) to expel the fetus Anorexia and stress SYMPTOMS Vulva swollen, dilated Jelly type vulval discharge seen Exhausted and stressed Not being able to stand Frequent contraction of uterus to expel fetus

Diagnosis: Tentatively diagnosed as Dystocia. But confirmatory diagnosis was done by per vaginal palpationand found that cause dystocia was right sided uterine torsion.Diagosed by Dr. D. K. Singh.

Table 9. Serum biochemistryFig.8-Right sided uterine torsion

Fig.9-Rolling in right side

TREATMENT/CORRECTION i) By using plank method. Which consists 4 steps- 1. At first direction of the torsion was determined. 2. A plank was then placed on the flank. 3. Then cow was turned in required direction. 4. Torsion was rechecked for correction. As torsion was corrected the fetus was pulled out slowly by tying with strong ropes at appropriate parts. ii) Inj. Oxytetracycline (OTC) LA sig. 30 ml *72 hr 2 inj. iii) Calcium, Magnecium and Phosphorus supplement sig. 500ml (thiacal) I/V slowly SD. 100ml (calfos) Orally * OD* 5 days RESULT/ FOLLOW UP Fetus was already dead but cow become normal in health within a week.

Topic of Interest EFFICACY OF FENBENDAZOLE AGAINST CESTODES IN GOATS OF IAAS FARM

ABSTRACT

Fenbendazole is a broad spectrum anthelminthic drug which can be given at any stage of the patient such as pregnant or non-pregnant, early or advanced pregnancy etc. It is safer than albendazole with respect to the teratogenic effect. I did my experiment in 16 goats which were divided into four groups having 4 goats in each group. Two groups were treated, one group positive control and other group negative control. Fenbendazole was given in two forms, one drenched orally @5mg/kg b.wt. suspension (1ml contains 25 mg, Karnataka, TTK Product) and other mixed in feed(0.25mg/gm of feed).The trial was conducted for two months. Initial EPG was done and EPG was repeated at 15 days interval. In initial EPG, Cestodes (Moniezia) were seen but during the fourth reading EPG of Cestodes reduced to zero. Only Eimeria was present. According to mathematical formula, my result showed 100% efficiency but since the data obtained was not consistent statistics couldn't be applied and It couldn't be said efficient just with a single trial. So further research should be done regarding the efficacy of fenbendazole against Cestodes.

Key words : Fenbendazole, EPG, Cestodes, Efficacy

INTRODUCTION1.1 Background

Febendazole is a broad spectrum anthelmintic drug which is effective against both larval and adult parasites. It's mode of action is; it blocks the glucose uptake mechanism. Cestodes are parasites of economic importance that belongs to phylum platyhelminthics due to which there is huge loss of growth and performance.

1.2 Rationale of Study In Field practice, Fenbendazole is given at haust (single dose). Especially in large animals it is difficult to deworm them in our context. We use traditional "Dhungro" to drench medicine. Some animals are very aggressive and difficult to handle. It would be easier to feed them if we offer the medicine (dewormer) in feed. To see how much is Fenbendazole effective while giving in feed or drenching orally the trial was done in 16 goats. Fenbendazole is safer than albendazole, can be given at any stage of patient such as pregnant or non pregnant ,early pregnancy, late pregnancy etc. To see whether resistance develops or it becomes effective while giving continuously for a longer period of time.

1.3 OBJECTIVES 1.3.1 General Objective To determine efficacy of fenbendazole against cestodes in Goats1.3.2 Specific Objective To determine the reduction in EPG of cestodes after fenbendazole treatment. To assess the efficiency using clinical parameters; change in body weight, coat colour (skin condition) etc.

Limitation of the study Limited time frame Interrupted power supply Limited laboratory facilities Literature Review

According to the Journal of South Africa Vet Assoc.1980 Mar;51(1):25-26 title "Anthelminthic efficacy of Fenbendazole against cestodes in sheep and cattle",anthelmintic efficacy of Fenbendazole against Moniezia expansa was tested in sheep and cattle at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg b.wt. mass.27 out of 30 lambs(90%) and 8 out of 12(66%) calves were cured of infection.

According to Ciordia, H.et al., Doses of 10 and 15 mg were 100% efficacious in reducing the number of tapeworm scolices, and a dose rate of 7.5mg /kg was 91.7% effective.

According to Guadalope, M., et al. 2007. From the infected dogs (321), 150 animals were selected for the study. Distribution, randomly divided the animals into three study groups of 10 dogs per parasite and per treatment group: group A, mebendazole, group B, febendazole and group C febantel-pyrantel-praziquantel. The therapeutic efficiency against ascarids and ancyclostomids (day 9-16) was very high (75-100%) for the 3 groups, for T. canis 100% in group A,80-90% in group B, 97-100% in group C; for T.leonina 98-100% in group A,100% in group B, 92-94% in group C and for Ancyclostomids 100% in group A,99-100% in group B,90-100% in group C. On the other hand, the highest efficacy against Taenidae infections was in group B(90-100%),followed by group C(73-91%) and group A(70-90%).According to Sanyak, P.K..1994.. Plasma concentrations of the parent compound fenbendazole and the two metabolites, viz. oxfendazole and fenbendazole sulfone, were much lower in buffalo compared with cattle, at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg body weight as indicated by lower area under concentration curve and concentration maximum. At a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight there were corresponding increases in plasma metabolite concentrations in cattle. However, buffaloes did not show a similar corresponding increase.According to Sanyak, P.K.;1993.Plasma metabolite levels were measured in buffalo and cross-bred cattle after daily intraruminal administration of fenbendazole at 0.5 mg/kg body weight. An equilibrium between the absorption of fenbendazole and disposition of its metabolites could be observed between days 3 to 6 and remained almost unchanged thereafter. The buffaloes had a lower uptake of the anthelmintic and lower plasma levels of its metabolites than in cattle. The findings were compared with those obtained after a single intraruminal therapeutic dose of fenbendazole.According to Ghaei, C.2007.Anthelminthic agents (albendazole, praziquantel, fenbendazole) were tested for their effectiveness in treating coenurosis in naturally infected sheep which were given different doses of these agents. The autopsy revealed degeneration (calcification) of the cysts in the brains of treated animals; while the cysts in the untreated sheep were viable. This study showed that the best results were obtained by using albendazole at a dosage of 25mg/kg and composed fenbendazole+praziquantel at a dose of 0.5g for each affected lamb, along with praziquantel at a dose of 100mg/kg.

Materials and Methodology

3.1 Sampling procedure and sample size Purposive sampling technique was applied 16 goats of approx. same age and weight were selected irrespective of the sex, ear tagging was done for identification 3.2Experimental Design Animals were divided into four groups having four animals in each group divided as follows.T0: Fed concentrates only T1: Fed concentrate in pellet form in which Fenbendazole is mixed@ 0.25mg/gm T2: Fed concentrate and Fenbendazole suspension drenched orally @ 5mg/kg bwt P: Neither concentrate nor Fenbendazole

Faecal sample was collected per rectally in plastic bags. They were labeled and transported to lab and kept in refrigerator at 2-40C before observation.

3.2 Quantitative techniques for concentrating eggs

3.2.1 Flotation method using common salt (Nacl). 3 gm of faecal sample was weighed in electronic balance and trichurated in mortar and pestle and dissolved in 42 ml of water. It was then filtered using sieve and kept in glass. Each glass was labeled. Then filtrate was kept in 3 test tubes, equal amount in each test tubes. All 3 test tubes were centrifuged and supernatant was discarded, then saturated salt solution was added in equal amount in all 3 test tubes. Then sediment was mixed well in salt solution using small stick or glass rod. It was allowed to stand for 5/10 mins From the top surface 0.15 ml of the solution was kept in Mc Master counting chamber. It was covered with slide using needle so as to prevent air bubble formation. Microscopic examination of the prepared samplesThe samples were examined under 10x power microscope using Mc Master counting chamber. Initial EPG was done followed by the EPG after treatment in every 15 days interval. 3.3 Calculation of Efficiency of Fenbendazole The percent efficacy of anthelmintic was calculated on the basis of reduction in mean Egg Per Gram(EPG)PT using the formula described by Wirtherle et al.(2004).FECR% = [(FECbt- FECat)/ FECbt]*100 Where, FECR% denotes percentage fecal egg count reduction, FECbt and FECat represent the mean egg count before and after treatment,respectively. Data AnalysisThe data so generated was entered into a computer software Microsoft Excel 2007 and analysis was done using paired t-test using statistical software Open Epi. All the statistical analyses were performed at 95% level of confidence and p-value less than 0.05 was considered as significant.

Results4.1 Table 10. Calculation of efficiency Group Initial EPG BT (2070/10/28) 1st EPG AT (2070/11/15) 2nd EPG AT (2070/12/01) 3rd EPG AT (2070/12/15) Efficiency after 15 days Efficiency after 30 days Efficiency after 45 days

G1 (T0) 100 600 400 0 -500-300100%

G2 800 200 1900 0 75-137.5100%

G3 1300 2500 0 0 -92.31100100%

G4 1800 100 600 0 94.4466.67100%

A1 (T1) 500 1500 0 0 -200100100%

A4 0 400 0 0 - - -

A3 0 0 300 0 - - -

A4 0 0 100 0 - - -

Y1 (T2) 100 0 0 0 -600100100%

Y2 0 700 100 0 - - -

Y3 0 0 0 0 - - -

Y4 0 0 0 0 - - -

P1 (C) 200 1200 0 0 -500100100%

P2 0 2500 0 0 - - -

P3 100 700 0 0 -600100100%

P4 0 900 0 0 - - -

Fig. EPG of T1Fig.

Result and Discussion According to my result fenbendazole was not effective after 1st treatment but 2nd and 3rd treatment showed 100% efficiency(Mathematical calculation) but since the data obtained was not consistent so it couln't be said efficient statistically. The results obtained by Godara, R., Sharma, R.L., Sodhi, S.S.2011. showed that fenbendazole was 23.66% effective, Levamisol 63.70% and Ivermectin 98.11% effective against gastrointestinal nematodes in goats.According to Junquera,P.2014.Fenbendazole has a broad spectrum of activity against gastrointestinal roundworms, lungworms and tapeworms of livestock and effective against the major parasitic roundworms (e.g.Ancyclostoma, Toxocara, Trichuris, Uncinaria) and tapeworms of (e.g. Eichinococcus, Dipylidium, Taenia) of dogs and cats but therapeutic dose of Fenbendazole is not effective against flukes.But now Fenbendazole (benzimidazle group) is being resistant to gastrointestinal roundworms in sheep and goats, slightly lower in cattle. Resistance of worms to benzimidazoles in dogs, cats, pig and poultry are so far not a serious problem.

According to Townsend, R.B., Kelly, J.D., James, R., Weston I. 1997.The anthelmintic efficacy of fenbendazole (methyl 5-(phenyl-thio)-2-benzimidazole-carbamate) against Moniezia expansa and Trichuris ovis was tested. At dose rates of 5 mg per kg and above, efficacies were found to be greater than 91 percent against M expansa and greater than 92 per cent against T ovis. At these dose rates efficacy on egg suppression was 100 per cent for Moniezia and greater than 97 per cent for Trichuris.

According to Gaenssler, J.G., Wilkins, C.A., O'Donnovan, W.M. 1978.Fenbendazole was administered as an anthelmintic to cattle and sheep by incorporation into feed blocks. The therapeutic dose of 5 mg/kg live mass for sheep and 10 mg/kg for cattle was administered in divided dosages over periods of 4 d and in some cases 5 d. The periods were limited to obviate possible development of resistance. The anthelmintic effect was equal to, or better than, the standard therapeutic dose administered as a single dose in the form of the commercially available fenbendazole suspensions, when comparing the results obtained by the modified non-parametric method of evaluating anthelmintics.

According to Sanyak, P.K. 1993.Fenbendazole (Hoechst India Ltd.) was incorporated at 0.5 g/kg into urea molasses blocks made by two different processes. The proportion of the drug remaining in the blocks and the plasma concentrations of the parent compound and its metabolites were measured. Recovery of the drug in blocks made by the cold and the modified hot processes was 90% and 96%, respectively. The plasma metabolite profile revealed a plateau between days 4 and 6 of feeding in cattle and buffalo. However, the plasma concentrations of fenbendazole and its metabolites were low in buffalo compared to cattle.

Statistics couldn't be applied since the data obtained was not consistent. Literature also shows that efficacy of fenbendazole is variable. Praziquantel is more efficient than others (Blood & Handerson, 7th edition). Conclusion Fenbendazole couldn't be said effective as there was no difference between treatment and control group. In control group also parasitic load was zero. The reason for getting such type of data is because animal do not shed out parasites equally at every interval of time. The eggs seen outside the line of worm counting chamber were discarded as a rule(100% accuracy cannot be obtained because EPG is tentative diagnostic method ). It was not found to be effective statistically while drenching orally or giving in feed but EPG count showed 100% efficiency in reducing parasitic load. Recommendation Since the result is not consistent , further research should be done regarding the efficiency of fenbendazole. References

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Cyst of Tapeworm Cyst of Tapeworm

Goats feeding Concentrate Paramphistomum egg in Faeces

Strongylus egg Segment of Tapeworm Present in Faeces

Moniezia Egg Cyst of Protozoa(Eimeria)

Nematodirus Egg