Effects of yoga versus walking on mood,
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Transcript of Effects of yoga versus walking on mood,
Effects of Yoga Versus Walking on Mood, Anxiety, and Brain GABA Levels
Presented by: Julia Ho, March 7, 2012
Streeter et al. (2010). Effects of Yoga Versus Walking on Mood, Anxiety, and Brain GABA Levels: A Randomized Controlled MRS Study., The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 16(11), 1145-1152.
Background -previous studies of yoga as a therapeutic
intervention for anxiety, epilepsy and depression Khalsa, S. Yoga as a therapeutic intervention: A
bibliometric analysis of published research studies. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 2004.
Craft, L.L. and Landers, D.M. The effect of exercise on clinical depression and depression resulting from mental illness: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sports and Exercise Psychology, 1998.
Yardi, N. Yoga for control of epilepsy. Seizure, 2001.
Background Large body of research on the beneficial
effects of exercise on depression and anxiety Craft, L.L., Landers D.M. The effect of exercise on
clinical depression and depression resulting from mental illness: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sports Exercise Psychology, 1998.
Background Medications which increase γ-Aminobutyric
acid (GABA) activity in the brain are used in depression and anxiety treatment Vallium and Librium bind to the same
neuroreceptors which GABA bind to GABA is a neurotransmitter in the brain which
functions to inhibit activity in neurons
Objectives Are changes in mood, anxiety and GABA levels
are specific to yoga or related to physical activity?
Methodology Subjects recruited from the Boston area community
by newspaper ads, flyers and Internet Eligibility: healthy subject with no significant
medical/psychiatric disorders, 18-45 years old Exclusionary criteria: any yoga practice in the
previous 3 months or a lifetime history of one yoga session/week for ≥4 weeks, current participant in psychotherapy, prayer groups, or mind-body disciplines, neurological disorders or medical condition that would compromise subject safety, treatment within the previous 3 months with meds that might affect the GABA system, alcohol consumption > 4 drinks/day and contraindication to magnetic resonance evaluation
Methodology Recruitment flow chart
Methodology Experimental design: clinical trial type study
testing treatment interventions Independent variables: Walking intervention,
Yoga intervention Iyengar Yoga sessions: 60-min, 3x/wk (equivalent
to 3.0 METs) Walking sessions: 60-min, 3x/wk, 2.5 miles per
hour on a flat surface (equivalent to 3.0 METs) N.B.: METs (metabolic equivalents) are used to
rate and compare the physical demands of various activity by the American College of Sports Medicine
Methodology Dependent variable 1: GABA level
All subject had three magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to obtain GABA levels Scan 1 at baseline Scan 2 after 12-week intervention was followed by 60-min
yoga or walking intervention which was followed by Scan 3
Dependent variable 2: Mood and anxiety scales Taken at weeks 0, 4, 8 and 12 and before each MRS Mood scale: Exercise Induced Feeling Inventory (EIFI)
Positive Engagement, Revitalization, Tranquility and Physical Exhaustion
Anxiety Scale: State scale of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)
Methodology Yoga intervention format: Certified Iyengar
yoga instructors taught the yoga interventions which were monitored for consistency by the researchers
Walking intervention structure: group sessions which sessions walked around the gym perimeter Between scan 2 and 3, the subjects walked on a
treadmill set to 2.5 mph with 0 incline
Demographics and Study Participation
Results Statistical analysis on:
A GEE (generalized estimating equation) model for changes in mood and anxiety scores for each group at weeks 0, 4, 5 and 12
Tonic changes in GABA levels: subtracting Scan 1 from Scan 2 values; acute changes in GABA level: subtracting Scan 2 from Scan 3 values
Tonic and Acute changes in GABA levels Correlations of mood and anxiety scores with
GABA levels for each scan Correlations of tonic and acute changes in mood
and anxiety scores with tonic and acute changes in GABA levels
Results Main findings:
the 19 yoga subjects reported greater improvement in mood and greater decreases in anxiety than the 15 subjects in the walking group
There were positive correlations between improved mood and decreased anxiety and thalamic GABA levels
The yoga group had positive correlations between changes in mood scales and changes in GABA levels
Discussion Limitations of the study:
Significantly greater level of physical activity level outside the intervention in the walking group compared to the yoga group
The higher level of outside activity in the walking group could have contributed to the finding of smaller changes in mood and anxiety in the walking group as the intervention may not have been great enough physical challenge given the greater level of outside activity
Discussion First study to demonstrate that increased
thalamic GABA levels are associated with improved mood and decreased anxiety
Effect of yoga intervention on GABA levels may be due to the ability of yoga practices to increase parasympathetic nervous activity
Merits future study of yoga on mood disorders and other neurotransmitters e.g. norepinephrine and sertonin
Conclusion Depression is one of the most common mental
health disorders Canadians being diagnosed and treated for
depression: 2.72 million in 1993 to 7.8 million in 2000. Amount spent on antidepressants rose from $161 million in 1993 to $543 million in 2000.*
Implications of future research into yoga intervention in the treatment of depression could lead to significant cost savings and a more generalized acceptance of alternative treatments in the healthcare system
*Source: IMS Health statistics