Effects of Using IT - BH
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Effects of Using IT
Computers and the Law
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Knowledge and Understanding
SECTION 6 - The Effects of Using IT
a) describe what is meant by software copyright;
b) describe what is meant by hacking;
c) describe what a computer virusis;
d) explain the measures that must be taken in order to protect against hacking and viruses;.
e) describe the effects of information technology on patterns of employment, including
areas of work where there is increased unemployment;f) describe the effects of microprocessor-controlled devices in the home, including theireffects on leisure time, social interaction and the need to leave the home;
g) describe the capabilities and limitations of IT;
h) discuss issues relating to information found on the Internet, including unreliability,
undesirability and the security of data transfer;
i) describe the potential health problems related to the prolonged use of ICT equipment,
for example repetitive strain injury (RSI), back problems, eye problems and some simple
strategies for preventing these problems;
j) describe a range of safety issues related to using computers and measures for preventing
accidents
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CopyrightCopyrightis the name given to the protection of the rights of the
person(s) responsible for creating such things as text, a piece ofmusic, a painting or a computer program.
The Copyright, Designs and Patents
Act, 1989- a criminal offence to be
caught copying or stealing software.The Act also makes it an offence to:
copy or distribute software without
permission
run copyright software that has beenbought on two or more computers at the
same timeunless the software agreement
(licence) allows it
The Federation Against Software Theft (FAST)
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Copyright
The copying of software(and its packaging) to try tomake it look like a genuine product.
www.fast.org.uk
The use of softwareon more computers in a network
than the number of computers for which there are
software licenses.
Downloading copyrightsoftware from the Internet.
Because software can be downloaded from certain sites
does not mean that it is free or legal for you to download.
The copying and selling of recordable CD-ROMsthat
contain pirated software.
The main types of piracy are:
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HackingHackersare people who gain access to computer systems withoutpermissionand who then may detrimentally interfere with the programs and
data.
Computer Misuse Act, 1990
to gain unauthorized accessto computer material.
Deliberately plant computer virusesthat damage program files anddata.
Hackinto a computer with the intention of seeing or alteringinformation.
Use a computer to commit crimes(frauds):e.g. to create a fictitiousworker and get money paid into this non-existent person's bank account.
Use your employer's computer to carry out unauthorized work.
People found guilty under the Computer Misuse Act may receive a large
fine or a prison sentence.
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Hacking
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Viruses 1 A program that infects computer filesand makes them do
something unexpected or damaging.The virus is inserted into acomputer file, and when the file is loaded, other files becomeinfected.
In 1986, one known computer virus. Today, up to fifteen new virusesevery day.
A hoax virus- an e-mail that is intended to scare people about a
non-existent virus threat and make them delete files. Some viruses can destroy a computer's hard disk.In 1999, Melissa
virus resulted in many of the world's largest companies having to shutdown their e-mail systems
In the year 2000, millions of people opened an attachment to an e-mail
headed 'I love you' and thus infected their computers and spread thisvirus.
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Viruses 2
Those that infect program files.The virus code is attached toprogram files and when the program is loaded, the virus is also
loaded.
Macro viruses.These are written in a macro language with an
application such as Microsoft Word. The macro virus is executed
when the document is opened. Over half of the known viruses are
macro viruses spread by e-mail attachments.
Those that infect system/boot files- a small program that tells thecomputer how to load the rest of the operating system. By infecting
this boot (start-up) file, the virus is loaded into memory runs
whenever the computer is on.
There are three main types of virus:
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Keeping data about You
Information is kept about us in many places. People are always
asking us to fill out forms Purchases made
Political beliefs
Medical
details
Car and insurance
details
Exams passed
Criminalconvictions
Questionnaires
And surveys
Likes and
dislikes
Details
From e-mails
Records of
Phone calls
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Misuse of Computer-based Data
Easierto make a copy without being noticed
Quickerto make a copyattach a file to a disk
and email it to yourself
Harder to spotif it has been altered Easier to search through a computer fileto find
what you want
Networksgive a wider access to hackers
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Data ProtectionRules about what information can be kept about you.
Information held on one computer can easily be transferred to another. Some
companies make money out of selling personal information.
The information held on you might be wrong - entered incorrectly, out of date,
been confused with someone elses!. It could state that you had been in trouble
with the police when you hadn't, or that you owed money when you didn't.
The 1998 Data Protection Actsets out in law the rules for processing personal
information. A Data Protection Commissioneris responsible for enforcing theAct. The Act applies to paper records, as well as computer.
data subjectspeople who have data held about them .
data controllersThe organizations and people who have the data.
Many people have their details held on other people's computers - your school,your doctor. Can lead to many problems and dangers.
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Data Protection ActYou have a legal right to find out what information is held about you on computer
You can write to the person or organization which holds the information. You are
not allowed to check information held on you concerning such things as nationalsecurity, crime prevention/detection, salaries and income tax
Data Protection Act, 1998: The eight rules:
1. Fairly and lawfully processed2. Processed for limited purposes
3. Adequate, relevant and not excessive
4. Accurate
5. Not kept longer than necessary
6. Processed in line with data subjects' rights7. Secure
8. Not transferred to countries without adequate
protection
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Information Systems
and SocietyICT revolution - changes in the workplace.
Offices use computer systems, connected by a LAN or WAN.
WP, databases and e-mail, mobile telephones
Videoconferencingvia WAN and Internet- meetings without participants
leaving offices
Millions of teleworkerswork at home or move using a PC and a modem to
communicate with employers and/or clients. The benefits:
time and money savedby not having to travel to and from a main office;
hours can be flexible; people can work togetherover a very large area
employers save moneynot having to run large offices.
Good for disabledpeople
However, teleworking is isolating, as one of the enjoyable aspects of a job in an
office is socializing with other people.
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Computers and the Workplace
1. Manual jobs replaced by robotse.g.car assembly
2. Manual jobs replaced by computer
systems
print workers replacedby DTP
3. Office jobs replaced by computersfiling clerks
4. Banking industry
JOBS BEING REPLACED BY COMPUTERS
Teleworking
Hot desking, work-centre shared by different companies
De-skilling- in some factories where 'new' jobs involve packing boxes
and sweeping up.
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Computers and the Workplace
JOBS BEING CREATED BY COMPUTERS
1. Jobs involving the design andmanufacture of computer hardware
2. Systems analysts and programmers
3. Network managers and technicians
4. computer design & animation
5. Internet changed commerceE-commerce
Pros:
More work done
Computers can do boring jobs
Cons:
Expensive to keep up with latesttechnology
Some job losses
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Is information technology a good thing?
Arguments in favour
jobs replaced by computers - mundane.People free to do more interesting tasks.
Higher productivity means fewer hours -same standard of living. More leisure timewill improve quality of life.
Other countries use IT. Our goods andservicesmust become competitive.
Many tasks - impossible without IT. Air-traffic control, credit cards, space travel and
medical research. New jobs created by the introduction of IT
e.g. programming, network managing.
http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://chuck.forest.net/newDC/cardpull.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.forest.net/support/archives/emergency_maintenance/index.php&h=427&w=640&sz=40&hl=en&start=3&um=1&tbnid=9xqezSQ0Y50vfM:&tbnh=91&tbnw=137&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnetwork%2Bmanager%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DGhttp://arl.co.nz/images/44.jpg -
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Is information technology a good
thing?
Arguments against
Life without IT is slower and less
stressful.
Computers are cheaper than people -
lead to higher unemployment. New jobs created by IT are highly
skilled
Storage of personal data on computer
has eroded people's privacy.
Gap widened between countries able toafford new technologies and those that
can't.
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Identity cards move a step closer
Driving licenses in credit card format aphotograph.
add a microchip to these cards, - a 'smartcard'.
details of endorsements for motoring
offences, whether the driver was willing to donate
organs
health details such as allergies.
National Insurance details,
Many people worried - they see it as apossible identity card
identity card help fight crime
Britain - only European country not to haveone.
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Social Effects - Good
Computer games developsproblem-solvingskills and encourage collaboration and
teamwork
More
leisure
time
Growth of
technology
at home
Living
in a
global village
Development
of problem
solving skills
More efficient ways of working- decrease inhours people work - more timeon leisure
Personal computers used at home,mobile
telephones and information system devices
Growth of telecommunications - Internet -
'global village'.More tolerant with different
cultures
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Social Effects - BadInformation Rich
AndInformation Poor
Computers are expensive
Two tier society
Development
Of internet
Email & home shopping make us less fit
Lose personal skills
Over-reliance
On Technology
ImpactOn Literacy
Faster Pace
Of Life
Children having mobile phones
Possibly another millennium bug danger
Too many computer games
less time reading Education standardswill drop
Too much stress
Changes in technologyall the time
The pace of computers means work harder
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Environmental Effects
the need to power millions of computers has increased theelectricity consumption but
Some saving on the use of paper(and therefore trees) as
data is communicated and stored digitally.
teleworkingfrom home- less travel to and from work - a
reduction in traffic pollution.
Consumption of electricity reduced as computers carefully
control air-conditioning and heating systems
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Social and Legal
How far should the law go ingiving the police access to
personal data, or e-mails, in
order to fight crime or to
defend national security?
Hacking and the pirating(stealing) of software
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Health and Safety
RSI - Repetitive Strain Injury('mouse arm)caused by long
periods of typing or using the mouse. Also caused by poorworkstation set-up. Can be extremely painful. Tens of thousands
of people suffer from it.
What can be done to stop RSI?
Regular breaks or changes in activity. 5-10 minutes every hour
Mouse immediately to the left or right of the keyboard.
Hold mouse loosely - don't use continuously for long periods.
Use wrist and/or arm rests.
Keyboards should be easy to use, tilted and separate from thescreen.
Sufficient space in front of the keyboard to rest hands or arms.
Stretch and move your hands, wrist and neck as a form of
exercise.
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Web 2.0 technologies
changing trends in the use of the internet
and web designcreativity,
communications, collaboration
dot-com collapse marked some kind of
turning point for the web a set of principles and practices that tie
together many
Interaction is the hallmark of Web 2.0. A
plethora of web based communities and
hosted services like weblogs, wikis, podcasts
http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/File:Web_2.0_elements.pnghttp://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/File:Web_1.0_elements.png -
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Blogs
commentary on a topic On-line diaries
combines text, images, and links to other
blogs readers can leave comments in an
interactive format
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Digital media uploading (YouTube)
Image and video sharing websites allow users to upload
and share their pictures and video.
Broadband internet, larger hard drives and faster CPUs
allow more individuals to work with digital video files.
Websites such as YouTube provide user interfaces that
include support for text-based special-interest discussion
groups as well as video blogs
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Wikis
Wiki is a piece of server software that allows users to
create and edit Web pages - Wiki Design Principles
Create group communication and collaboration across the internet
project work
Sound text, pictures, video
Groups form around specific topics
higher education
authoritative but possible bias
Need monitoringheavy in personnel
Occasionally need authorised use
http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ELI7004.pdf
Pride of ownership
http://c2.com/cgi/fullSearchhttp://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ELI7004.pdfhttp://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ELI7004.pdfhttp://c2.com/cgi/fullSearch -
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Health and SafetyBack problemscaused by incorrectly set furniture or equipment.
Eyestrainlinked to using computer screens for long periods, to poorlighting, glare and being too close to, or too far from, the screen. Size of
fonts and colours used in software can all affect the eyes.
What can be done to stop back problems? Chairs - adjustable height, swivel, tilting backrest, correct height to use
keyboard and screen.
Sit in a comfortable position (posture).
frequent short breaks, stand up, walk around.
What can be done to stop eye problems?
Computer screens should: Not flicker
Allow brightness and contrast settings to be easily changed
Tilt and swivel
positioned to avoid glare and reflections from lights or windows, and
be fitted with glare-reduction filters.
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Health and Safety
Pregnancy
There are concerns that pregnant women's unborn babies may be
affected by electromagnetic radiation from the computer screens
used by these women. Computer manufacturers now produce low-
emission screens to combat this.
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Health and Safety
SafetyEmployers responsibilities
Computers are powered by electricity, so the following measures must be taken inall workplaces.
Electric sockets are not to be overloaded with lots of plugs or long extension
leads.
No cables are to be left on the floor for anyone to trip over or damage.
Cables should not be coiledthe heat generated could start a fire.
Computer equipment is to be regularly tested for safety.
CO 2 fire extinguishers are to be available in case of fire.
Food and drink are not to be consumed around a computer in case of spillage.
Health and Safety at Work Act, 1974on general health and safety issues.
Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations, 1992 Morespecific legal standards for computer safety . For people who use computer
screens continuously as part of their work - do not apply to students.
Compaq has an excellent website dealing with health and safety issues and
computers. http://www.compaq.com/comfortguide