Effects of Urbanization on Water Quality in the Kansas River ... · the Kansas River, Shunganunga...

Effects of Urbanization on Water Quality in the Kansas River, Shunganunga Creek Basin, and Soldier Creek, Topeka, Kansas, October 1993 Through September 1995

By LARRY M. POPE and JAMES E. PUTNAM

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4045

Prepared in cooperation with the

CITY OF TOPEKA, KANSAS

Lawrence, Kansas 1997

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

GORDON P. EATON, Director

The use of firm, trade, and brand names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey.

For additional information write to:

District Chief U.S. Geological Survey 4821 Quail Crest Place Lawrence, Kansas 66049-3839

Copies of this report can be purchased from:

U.S. Geological Survey Information Services Box 25286 Federal Center Denver, CO 80225-0826

CONTENTSAbstract.................................................................................................................................................................^ 1Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................................^ 2Description of Study Area..................................................................................................................................................... 3

Climate and Precipitation............................................................................................................................................ 3Physical Features......................................................................................................................................................... 5Drainage Patterns, Land Use, and Hydrologic Characteristics................................................................................... 5

Previous Investigations......................................................................................................................................................... 6Description of Sampling Sites............................................................................................................................................... 8Data Collection and Analysis................................................................................................................................................ 10

Streamflow.................................................................................................................................................................^ 10Water Quality .............................................................................................................................................................. 10Quality Control............................................................................................................................................................ 11

Effects of Urbanization on Water Quality............................................................................................................................. 14Kansas River............................................................................................................................................................... 14

Major Ions and Dissolved Solids ...................................................................................................................... 14Nutrients............................................................................................................................................................ 17Bacteria............................................................................................................................................................. 21Metals and Trace Elements ............................................................................................................................... 26Pesticides........................................................................................................................................................... 27

Shunganunga Creek Basin .......................................................................................................................................... 28Major Ions and Dissolved Solids ...................................................................................................................... 28Nutrients............................................................................................................................................................ 30Bacteria............................................................................................................................................................. 33Metals and Trace Elements ............................................................................................................................... 33Pesticides........................................................................................................................................................... 35

Soldier Creek............................................................................................................................................................... 36Major Ions and Dissolved Solids ...................................................................................................................... 3.6Nutrients............................................................................................................................................................ 36Bacteria............................................................................................................................................................. 36Metals and Trace Elements ............................................................................................................................... 37Pesticides........................................................................................................................................................... 37

Summary............................................................................................................................................................................... 38References Cited .................................................................................................................................................................^ 41Supplemental Infonnation.............................................................^ 45

FIGURES

1. Maps showing location of study area and physiographic sections......................................................................... 42. Graph showing comparison of monthly total precipitation from October 1993 through September 1995

with mean monthly precipitation measured at Topeka, Kansas, for 1961-90........................................................ 53. Map showing extent of urbanization and location of sampling and streamflow-measurement sites

in study area............................................................................................................................................................ 74-21. Graphs showing:

4. Comparison of annual mean streamflow for period of record with annual mean streamflow for the 1994and 1995 water years at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-measurement sites in study area....................... 8

5. Comparison of median concentrations of major ions and dissolved solids in water from sampling sites KR-1 and KR-2 on the Kansas River and in discharge from the Oakland Wastewater TreatmentPlant in Topeka, Kansas, October 1993-September 1995 ................................................................................ 16

Contents III

FIGURES Continued

6. Comparison of median concentrations of selected nutrients in water from sampling sites KR-1 and KR-2 on the Kansas River and in discharge from the Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant in Topeka, Kansas, October 1993-September 1995............................................................................................................ 18

7. Comparison of dissolved ammonia as nitrogen concentrations in water from Kansas River sampling site KR-2 with calculated Kansas River concentrations after receiving discharge from the Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant in Topeka, Kansas, October 1993-September 1995............................................ 20

8. Calculated dissolved ammonia as nitrogen concentrations in water from the Kansas River after receiving discharge from the Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant in Topeka, Kansas, as a percentage of water- quality criteria, October 1993-September 1995................................................................................................ 21

9. Comparison of median densities of fecal coliform and fecal Streptococci bacteria in water from sampling sites KR-1 and KR-2 on the Kansas River and in discharge from the Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant in Topeka, Kansas, October 1993-September 1995................................................................................. 23

10. Comparison of densities of fecal coliform and fecal Streptococci bacteria in water from Kansas River sampling site KR-2 with calculated Kansas River densities after receiving discharge from the Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant in Topeka, Kansas, October 1993-September 1995............................................ 25

11. Comparison of median total recoverable concentrations of selected metals and trace elements in water from sampling sites KR-1 and KR-2 on the Kansas River and in discharge from the Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant in Topeka, Kansas, October 1993-September 1995............................................ 27

12. Comparison of median concentrations of major ions and dissolved solids in water from sampling sites SH-1, SB-1, and SH-2 in the Shunganunga Creek Basin, Topeka, Kansas, October 1993- September 1995 ................................................................... 29

13. Comparison of median concentrations of dissolved solids in dry-weather streamflow from October 1979 through September 1981 with median concentrations from October 1993 through September 1995 in water from sampling sites SH-1, SB-1, and SH-2 in the Shunganunga Creek Basin, Topeka, Kansas.......... 30

14. Comparison of median concentrations of selected nutrients in water from sampling sites SH-1, SB-1,and SH-2 in the Shunganunga Creek Basin, Topeka, Kansas, October 1993-September 1995....................... 31

15. Comparison of median concentrations of selected nutrients in dry-weather streamflow from October 1979 through September 1981 with median concentrations from October 1993 through September 1995 in water from sampling sites SH-1, SB-1, and SH-2 in the Shunganunga Creek Basin, Topeka, Kansas.................................................................................................................................................. 32

16. Comparison of median densities of fecal coliform and fecal Streptococci bacteria in water from sampling sites SH-1, SB-1, and SH-2 in the Shunganunga Creek Basin,Topeka, Kansas, October 1993- September 1995................................................................................................................................................. 34

17. Comparison of median total recoverable concentrations of selected metals and trace elements in water from sampling sites SH-1, SB-1, and SH-2 in the Shunganunga Creek Basin, Topeka, Kansas, October 1993-September 1995......................................................................................................................... 35

18. Comparison of median concentrations of major ions and dissolved solids in water from sampling sites KR-2 on the Kansas River, SH-2 on Shunganunga Creek, and SO-1 on Soldier Creek, Topeka, Kansas October 1993-September 1995............................................................................................................. 37

19. Comparison of median concentrations of selected nutrients in water from sampling sites KR-2 on the Kansas River, SB-1 on South Branch Shunganunga Creek, and SO-1 on Soldier Creek, Topeka, Kansas, October 1993-September 1995............................................................................................................ 38

20. Comparison of median densities of fecal coliform and fecal Streptococci bacteria in water from sampling sites KR-1 on the Kansas River, SH-2 on Shunganunga Creek, and SO-1 on Soldier Creek, Topeka, Kansas, October 1993-September 1995............................................................................................................ 39

21. Comparison of median total recoverable concentrations of selected metals and trace elements in water from sampling sites KR-2 on the Kansas River, SH-1 on Shunganunga Creek, and SO-1 on Soldier Creek, Topeka, Kansas, October 1993-September 1995 .................................................................................. 40

TABLES

1. Description of sampling sites and drainage areas ................................................................................................... 92. Date of sample collection, associated streamflow, and percentage of time sampled flow was equalled

or exceeded at sampling sites KR-2 and SH-2, October 1993-September 1995 .................................................. 12

IV Effects of Urbanization on Water Quality in the Kansas River, Shunganunga Creek Basin, and Soldier Creek, Topeka, Kansas, October 1993 Through September 1995

TABLES Continued

3. Statistical summary of analytical variation, in percent, between analyses of duplicate samples forselected water-quality constituents.......................................................................................................................... 13

4. Summary of median percent variations between analyses of standard reference samples and most- probable analytical value for selected water-quality constituents........................................................................... 14

5. Summary of analyses of blank water processed as either equipment blanks or as sample-churn blanks............... 156. Streamflow, pH, water temperature, and dissolved ammonia as nitrogen concentrations in water samples

from the Kansas River upstream from the Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant in Topeka, Kansas, discharge and concentrations of dissolved ammonia as nitrogen in water samples from the treatment plant, and calculated concentrations in the Kansas River with discharge from the treatment plant, October 1993-September 1995............................................................................................................................... 19

7. Streamflow and concentrations of total phosphorus in water samples from the Kansas River upstream from the Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant in Topeka, Kansas, discharge and concentrations of total phosphorus in water samples from the treatment plant, and calculated concentrations in the Kansas River with discharge from the treatment plant, October 1993-September 1995.................................................... 22

8. Streamflow and bacterial densities in water samples from the Kansas River upstream from the Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant in Topeka, Kansas, discharge and bacterial densities in water samples from the treatment plant, and calculated densities in the Kansas River with discharge from the treatment plant, October 1993-September 1995............................................................................................................................... 24

9. Probability values calculated by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test comparing total recoverable concentrations ofselected metals and trace elements between Kansas River sampling sites KR-1 and KR-2 in Topeka, Kansas... 28

10. Probability values calculated by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test comparing total recoverable concentrations of selected metals and trace elements between Shunganunga Creek Basin sampling sites SH-1, SB-1, and SH-2 in Topeka, Kansas ......................................................................................................................................... 36

11. Statistical summary of water-quality measurements, concentrations of chemical constituents, and bacterial densities for water samples collected from the Kansas River, discharge from the Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant in Topeka, Kansas, the Shunganunga Creek Basin, and Soldier Creek, October 1993- September 1995....................................................................................................................................................... 46

Contents V

CONVERSION FACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND DEFINITIONS

Multiply By To obtainacre

cubic foot per second (ft /s)inch (in.)

microgram per liter (|J.g/L)mile (mi)

milligram per liter (mg/L)million gallons per day (Mgal/d)

square mile (mi )

4,0470.02832

25.41.01.6091.00.043812.590

square metercubic meter per secondmillimeterpart per billionkilometerpart per millioncubic meter per secondsquare kilometer

Temperature can be converted to degrees Celsius (°C) or degrees Fahrenheit (°F) by the equations:°C = 5/9 (°F - 32)

°F = 9/5 (°C) + 32.Water Year: A water year is a 12-month period, from October 1 through September 30, designated by the calendar year in which it ends. Years are water years in this report unless otherwise stated.

VI Effects of Urbanization on Water Quality in the Kansas River, Shunganunga Creek Basin, and Soldier Creek, Topeka, Kansas, October 1993 Through September 1995

Effects of Urbanization on Water Quality in the Kansas River, Shunganunga Creek Basin, and Soldier Creek, Topeka, Kansas, October 1993 Through September 1995By Larry M. Pope and James E. Putnam

Abstract

A study of urban-related water-quality effects in the Kansas River, Shunganunga Creek Basin, and Soldier Creek in Topeka, Kansas, was conducted from October 1993 through September 1995. The purpose of this report is to assess the effects of urbanization on instream con centrations of selected physical and chemical con stituents within the city of Topeka. A network of seven sampling sites was established in the study area. Samples principally were collected at monthly intervals from the Kansas River and from the Shunganunga Creek Basin, and at quarterly intervals from Soldier Creek. The effects of urban ization were statistically evaluated from differ ences in constituent concentrations between sites on the same stream.

No significant differences in median con centrations of dissolved solids, nutrients, or metals and trace elements, or median densities of fecal bacteria were documented between sampling sites upstream and downstream from the major urban ized length of the Kansas River in Topeka. Dis charge from the city's primary wastewater- treatment plant is the largest potential source of contamination to the Kansas River. This discharge increased concentrations of dissolved ammonia, total phosphorus, and densities of fecal bacteria. Calculated dissolved ammonia as nitrogen con centrations in water from the Kansas River ranged from 0.03 to 1.1 milligrams per liter after receiving

treatment-plant discharge. However, most of the calculated concentrations were considerably less than 50 percent of Kansas Department of Health and Environment water-quality criteria, with a median value of 20 percent. Generally, treat ment-plant discharge increased calculated total phosphorus concentrations in water from the Kan sas River by 0.01 to 0.04 milligram per liter, with a median percentage increase of 7.6 percent. The calculated median densities of fecal coliform and fecal Streptococci bacteria in water from the Kan sas River increased from 120 and 150 colonies per 100 milliliters of water, respectively, before treat ment-plant discharge to a calculated 4,900 and 4,700 colonies per 100 milliliters of water, respec tively, after discharge.

Median concentrations of dissolved solids were not significantly different between three sam pling sites in the Shunganunga Creek Basin. Median concentrations of dissolved nitrate as nitrogen, total phosphorus, and dissolved orthophosphate were significantly larger in water from the upstream-most Shunganunga Creek sampling site than in water from either of the other sampling sites in the Shunganunga Creek Basin probably because of the site's proximity to a wastewater-treatment plant. Median concentrations of dis solved nitrate as nitrogen and total phosphorus during 1993-95 at upstream sampling sites were either significantly larger than during 1979-81 in response to increases of wastewater-treatment

Abstract 1

plant discharge or smaller because of the elimination of wastewater-treatment plant dis charge. Median concentrations of dissolved ammonia as nitrogen were significantly less dur ing 1993-95 than during 1979-81.

Median concentrations of total aluminum, iron, manganese, and molybdenum were signfi- cantly larger in water from the downstream-most Shunganunga Creek sampling site than in water from the upstream-most sampling site. This prob ably reflects their widespread use in the urban environment between the upstream and down stream Shunganunga Creek sampling sites.

Little water-quality effect from urbanization was indicated by results from the Soldier Creek sampling site. Median concentrations of most water-quality constituents in water from this sam pling site were the smallest in water from any sam pling site in the study area.

Herbicides were detected in water from all sampling sites. Some of the more frequently detected herbicides included acetochlor, alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, EPTC, metolachlor, prometon, simazine, and tebuthiuron. Detected insecti cides included chlordane, chlorpyrifos, Diazinon, lindane, and malathion. However, no concentra tions exceeded Kansas Department of Health and Environment ambient water-quality criteria.

INTRODUCTION

The water quality of streams in urban areas may be degraded by the effects and processes associated with urbanization. Point and nonpoint-source discharges of dissolved solids, nutrients, bacteria, metals and trace elements, and pesticides may cause water to be unsuit able for irrigation; pose potential public-health prob lems in processed drinking water; inhibit growth, reproduction, and diversity of aquatic organisms; and reduce recreational desirability of the streams.

Since 1972, when Congress passed Public Law 92-500 requiring States to investigate possible water-quality degradation problems associated with runoff from urban areas, many studies have been con ducted in metropolitan areas throughout the United States. The transport of deicing salts in snowmelt run off and the effects on stream-water quality were studied in central Connecticut where it was documented that

sodium ion concentrations increased by a factor of three or more during the snow season (Rich and Mur ray, 1990). Other studies have documented urban run off as a cause of large instream concentrations of nutrients (Dorney, 1986; Pope and Bevans, 1987; Decker and others, 1988; Taylor, 1990; Stewart and Robinson, 1992), bacteria (Decker and others, 1988; Evaldi and others, 1993; Martin, 1995), metals and trace elements (Pope and Bevans, 1987; Veenhuis and Slade, 1990; Norman, 1991; Lopes and Possum, 1995), and pesticides (Norman, 1991; Lopes and Possum, 1995).

The city of Topeka, Kansas, has applied for a National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Stormwater Permit. The management plan outlined in the permit application initiated a program for monitoring water quality in Topeka's streams. Before this time, most City water-quality monitoring activities had been the characterization of point-source discharges, such as the Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant and the North Topeka Wastewater Plant. The pur pose of stream monitoring was to characterize the con dition of Topeka's streams and to identify water-quality concerns. This information then would be used to assist in the development of local public policy that addressed site-specific water-quality conditions.

In developing the monitoring plan, two land-use concerns were noted:(1) A recreational trail system has been developed

along Shunganunga Creek, increasing the number of people coming near or in contact with the creek.

(2) Runoff from intense commerical development along Wanamaker Road near the western edge of the City discharges into the Kansas River upstream from the water intakes of Topeka's water supply. The water-quality effect of urban ization in this commercial area has significance for protection of the public-water supply.

The city of Topeka has several public-policy issues relative to water quality that have economic and regu latory significance. The information gained in the water-quality monitoring program will be important for developing effective public policy in the future. These policy issues include (Edie Snethen, Director of Public Works, city of Topeka, written commun., 1996):


(1) Future treatment requirements for the Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant.

(2) Potential contamination prevention needs along Wanamaker Road to protect the City's water sup ply. There is a possibility that the downstream end of the drainage area along Wanamaker Road will be developed into a park and trail system along the Kansas River. The park site has been proposed for a wetlands stormwater-treatment demonstration site.

(3) Development of best-management practices(BMPs) within the context of the City's stormwater NPDES permit. These BMPs may include structural modifications of the stormwater con veyance and storage system, modifications of design and development standards, or contamina tion-prevention regulatory programs.

(4) Under the stormwater NPDES permit, the City must establish a program to locate illicit dis charges to the municipal storm sewers and streams and to initiate corrective actions through enforcement of a new stormwater ordinance. The water-quality data compiled from stream moni toring may provide some focus for this program as water-quality problems are identified.

In 1993, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) entered into a cooperative agreement with the city of Topeka, Kansas, to determine and evaluate water qual ity in the urbanized sections of the Kansas River, Shun- ganunga Creek Basin, and Soldier Creek within the city limits (fig. I). The purpose of this report is to provide an assessment of the effects of urbanization on instream concentrations of selected physical and chem ical constituents within the city of Topeka. Specific objectives of this report are to present an evaluation of:(1) the effects of urbanized areas on the water quality

in the Kansas River and Shunganunga Creek through a comparison of analyses from upstream and downstream sampling sites,

(2) the effects of discharge from the Oakland Waste wa ter Treatment Plant on water quality in the Kansas River,

(3) the effects of urbanization on Soldier Creek, and(4) the effects of past management decisions.

The scope of this report is limited to evaluations of water-quality characteristics determined during the current study (1993-95) and in comparison to a previ ous study (Pope and Bevans, 1987); comparison of water-quality characteristics between sampling sites;

and an evaluation of potential sources of contamination (point and nonpoint). Point-source contamination has an identifiable origin and enters a stream mainly as dis charge from municipal and industrial effluent pipes. Nonpoint-source contamination is extremely diffuse in origin, can come from any land-use area, and, gener ally, is carried over and through soil and ground cover by rainfall, snowmelt, or irrigation return flow (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1984).

The contribution of contaminants to streams during low flow may come from both point and nonpoint sources; however, during high flow, nonpoint-source runoff may predominate. Althrough the scope of this report includes an evaluation of possible point- and nonpoint-source effects on stream-water quality, few samples were collected during runoff when nonpoint-source effects would be largest. Therefore, con clusions pertaining to the possible effects of nonpoint-source contamination should be used with discretion.

DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA

The study area (fig. 1) is located in Shawnee County, northeast Kansas. The area is delineated by the boundary of the city of Topeka and includes those seg ments of the Kansas River, Shunganunga Creek Basin, and Soldier Creek contained within this boundary.

Climate and Precipitation

The climate in northeast Kansas is controlled by the movement of frontal air masses over the open inland-plains topography, and seasonal temperature and precipitation extremes are common. During the summer, temperatures near or above 100 °F can occur. Winter months are characterized by influxes of cold, dry polar air with temperatures as low as -20 °F. About 70 percent of the average annual precipitation of 34.7 in. falls during the warm growing season, April through September. Only 10 percent of the average annual precipitation falls as rain during the relatively dry winter months of December through February.

During the 2 years of data collection described in this report, precipitation in Topeka averaged 36.06 in. per water year (October through September) (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993-95), just 2.4 percent more than the long-term annual mean of 35.23 in. (National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Description of Study Area

NEBRASKA

39°10'

39°

Boundary of Shunganunga Creek Basin

J

L.Base from U.S. Bureau of Census digital data, scales vary from 1:24.000 to 1:100.000,1992, Universal Transverse Mercator projection. Zone 14

Boundary of physiographic sections from Fenneman (1946)

01234 5 MILES I ' ' 01234 5 KILOMETERS

EXPLANATION

| | Study area (boundary of city of Topeka)

Boundary of physiographic section

Figure 1. Location of study area and physiographic sections.

4 Effects of Urbanization on Water Quality in the Kansas River, Shunganunga Creek Basin, and Soldier Creek, Topeka, Kansas, October 1993 Through September 1995

12

10

Mean monthly precipitation, 1961-90

I

Monthly total precipitation

Q. <

-5 § - <

1993 1994 1995

Figure 2. Comparison of monthly total precipitation from October 1993 through September 1995 with mean monthly precipitation measured at Topeka, Kansas, for 1961-90 (data from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992, 1993-95).

Administration, 1992). However, as shown in figure 2, some precipitation extremes were recorded during this study. Precipitation during the 1994 water year was 3.98 in. less than the long-term annual mean due in large part to below-average precipitation from October 1993 through March 1994 but especially due to unusually dry conditions during May 1994. In con trast, precipitation during May 1995 (11.81 in.) was the largest monthly total ever recorded in May. The May 1995 precipitation was primarily responsible for the above-average precipitation (40.86 in.) during the 1995 water year.

Physical Features

The study area is located in the Dissected Till Plains and Osage Plains Sections of the Central Low land physiographic province (Fenneman, 1946). The Dissected Till Plains, generally located north of the Kansas River (fig. 1), are characterized by dissected deposits of glacial till that consist of silt, clay, sand, gravel, and boulders that overlie bedrock of primarily shale and limestone with some sandstone. Drainage channels are well entrenched by tributaries flowing

south to the Kansas River. The Osage Plains are south of the limit of glaciation and are underlain primarily by shale and limestone. Drainage patterns are well defined although dissection of the land is less than in the Dis sected Till Plains (Jordan and Stamer, 1995).

The predominant soil order of the study area is Mollisol. Mollisol soils have a dark surface layer that is high in organic-matter content. Soils in the study area characteristically are deep, moderately drained, level to steeply sloping clay loam with silty clay or clay sub soils (Abmeyer and Campbell, 1970). Most soils in the study area are classified as hydrologic soil group C or D. These two soil groups, as defined by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service (1975), have a slow infiltration rate when thoroughly wet, which impedes the down ward movement of water and results in a moderate to high runoff potential.

Drainage Patterns, Land Use, and Hydrologic Characteristics

Major streams in the study area (fig. 1) include the Kansas River, Shunganunga Creek, and Soldier Creek. Flow in the Kansas River at Topeka, Kansas, represents

Description of Study Area

drainage from a 56,720-mi2 area; however, natural flow is affected by many reservoirs in Colorado, Nebraska, and Kansas, and by numerous upstream diversions. The Kansas River is formed by the conflu ence of the Republican and Smoky Hill Rivers about 87 river mi upstream from Topeka and, historically, has meandered across a broad, flat valley. However, since 1951 when record flooding inundated many urban and rural areas, the Kansas River has been regulated by a system of levees and flood-control reservoirs built between 1951 and 1978.

Most of the drainage area of the Kansas River is devoted to agricultural uses (crops, pasture, and rangeland), with the most extensive urban area upstream from Kansas City located at Topeka. Major crops include corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and wheat.

The long-term (1963-95) annual mean streamflow in the Kansas River at Topeka, Kansas (USGS streamflow-measurement site 06889000, fig. 3) is 6,390 ft3/s (data on file at USGS in Lawrence, Kansas). Mean annual streamflow for both the 1994 and 1995 water years was greater than the long-term annual mean (fig. 4). Annual mean streamflows in the Kansas River during 1994 and 1995 were 17 percent and 58 percent, respectively, greater than the long-term annual mean.

Unlike the basin of the Kansas River, a large part of the 60-mi2 Shunganunga Creek Basin is urbanized. Shunganunga Creek originates southwest of Topeka and generally flows in a northeasterly direction until discharging into the Kansas River 2 mi downstream from the eastern boundary of the study area. During its course to the Kansas River, Shunganunga Creek flows through areas with a variety of land uses. After origi nating in an agricultural area, the stream flows through an area of single and multifamily housing intermixed with neighborhood commercial developments, through the downtown commercial area, and subsequently through a light-industrial area and out of the study area towards it confluence with the Kansas River.

Flow in Shunganunga Creek is controlled in part by several hundred ponds and small lakes (0.5 to 5.0 surface acres) and two major lakes. The small ponds were built to store water supplies for livestock and to control erosion from agricultural areas. The two major lakes, shown in figure 1, were built primarily for flood control, but they also provide for recreational activities such as fishing, swimming, boating, and water skiing. Sherwood Lake, located on Shunganunga Creek in the western part of the study area, has a sur face area of about 230 acres and a contributing drain-

r\

age area of 6.85 mi . Lake Shawnee in the eastern part of the study area, has a surface area of about 360 acres

r\

and a contributing drainage area of 9.12 mi (Pope and Bevans, 1987).

Although long-term streamflow records, such as available for the Kansas River, do not exist for Shunga nunga Creek, the period of record (1980-81,1994-95) was used in place of a long-term annual mean. The period-of-record annual mean streamflow for Shunga nunga Creek at Rice Road, Topeka, Kansas (USGS site 06889700, fig. 3), is compared to 1994 and 1995 water year annual mean streamflows in figure 4. Unlike the Kansas River, the 1994 annual mean streamflow was less than one-half of the period-of-record annual mean and probably is a result of below-average precip itation during the 1994 water year. In contrast, the 1995 annual mean streamflow was 68 percent greater than the period-of-record annual mean. Most of this increase can be attributed to the nearly 12 in. of precip itation in May 1995 (fig. 2). The monthly mean streamflow during May 1995 was 543 ft3/s, compared to the period-of-record mean of 169 ft3/s.

The Soldier Creek drainage area consist of about 290 mi2 in three counties of northeast Kansas. The Sol dier Creek Valley extends north-northwest of Topeka, is about 48 mi long, and ranges from about 0.5 mi wide in the upstream reaches to about 2 mi wide near its entrance to the Kansas River Valley. The downstream reach of Soldier Creek flows in the valley of the Kansas River for about 10 mi (Carswell, 1978). Land use in the basin is almost exclusively agricultural, with 54 per cent cropland, 38 percent pasture, and 8 percent for ested area and other uses (Carswell, 1981). The long-term (1936-94) annual mean streamflow in Sol dier Creek near Topeka (USGS site 06889500, fig. 3), 6.0 mi upstream from its confluence with the Kansas River, is 154 ft3/s (Geiger and others, 1995).

PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS

A previous investigation of water-quality charac teristics of selected streams in the Shunganunga Creek Basin (Topeka, Kansas) was conducted from October 1979 through September 1981. The purpose of that investigation was to provide the data and interpre tation necessary to determine the effects of runoff from urban areas on the water-quality characteristics of receiving streams. That investigation was a cooperative effort between the USGS and the Kansas Department of Health and Environment. Water-quality characteris-


95°48 95°36'

39°06' -

38°57' -

Base from U.S. Bureau of Census digital data, scales vary from 1:24.000 to 1:100.000.1992. Universal Transverse Mercator projection. Zone 14

KR-2,

06889500.

EXPLANATION

Boundary of study area (city of Topeka)

Boundary of Shunganunga Creek Basin

Sampling site and map index number used in tables Number in parentheses () is U.S. Geological Survey streamflow- measurement site number

U.S. Geological Survey streamflow- measurement site and number

2 3 ' V

01234 5 KILOMETERS

Wastewater-treatment plant

Figure 3. Extent of urbanization and location of sampling and streamflow-measurement sites in study area.

Previous Investigations 7

100,000

c 10,000

1,000

100

I

Annual mean for period of record

1994 annual mean

6,390 ^^£10' 100 1995 annual mean

286

10Kansas River Shunganunga Creek Soldier Creek(06889000) (06889700) (06889500)

USGS streamflow-measurement sites (fig. 3)

Figure 4. Comparison of annual mean streamflow for period of record with annual mean streamflow for the 1994 and 1995 water years at U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamflow-measurement sites in study area.

tics for three streamflow conditions were determined: (1) dry-weather streamflow a combination of base flow and point-source contributions, (2) storm streamflow mainly provided by overland runoff from storms, and (3) snowmelt streamflow mainly pro vided by overland runoff from snowmelt. Results of this previous investigation are presented in Pope and Bevans(1987).

In 1986, as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, the USGS began a

\

study of the quality of surface water in a 15,300-mi area of the lower Kansas River Basin in southeastern Nebraska and northeastern Kansas. Data from the Kan sas River at Topeka, Kansas (USGS site 06889000, fig. 3), was used in that study. Stream-water samples for the determination of concentrations of dissolved solids and major ions, nutrients, bacteria, metals and trace elements, organic carbon, radioactivity, and her bicides and insecticides were collected at this site from May 1987 through April 1990. Samples were collected at least monthly, with additional samples collected to define water-quality characteristics during unusual streamflow conditions. Analytical results for these samples are presented in Fallen and McChesney

(1993). Results of this investigation are presented in Helgesen(1996).

DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLING SITES

For the purpose of monitoring the effects of urban ization on streams within the city of Topeka, Kansas, a network of seven sampling sites was established. The location of these sampling sites is shown in figure 3 and described in table 1.

Two sampling sites were established on the Kansas River. Sampling site KR-1 (fig. 3), the more upstream of the two, was located near the extreme western boundary of the study area. This site was used to define water-quality constituent concentrations in the Kansas River before entering the major urbanized area of the city. However, about 1.7 mi upstream from sampling site KR-1, the Kansas River receives runoff from a major commercial area through discharge from an unnamed tributary. This commercial area parallels Wanamaker Road along the west edge of Topeka and includes a regional shopping mall, associated strip malls, discount warehouses, gasoline stations, conve nience stores, and restaurants. Therefore, water-quality


Table 1. Description of sampling sites and drainage areas

Map- index

number (fig. 3)KR-1

KR-2

WWTP

SO-1

SH-1

SB-1

SH-2

U.S.Geological Survey site

identification number

06888980

06889000

06889002

06889502

06889580

06889610

06889700

Sampling-site name

Kansas River at U.S. Highway 75

Kansas River at Topeka (Sardou Avenue)

Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant effluent

Soldier Creek at Rochester Road

Shunganunga Creek at Southwest 29th Street

South Branch Shunganunga Creek at Southwest 37th Street

Shunganunga Creek at Rice Road

Latitude (lat.) and longitude (long.)

lat. 39°04'10"Nlong. 95°43'50"W

lat. 39°04'00"N long. 95°38'58"W

lat. 39°04'19"N long. 95°38'40"W

lat. 39°05'56"Nlong. 95°40'21"W

lat. 39°00'51"N long. 95°44'55"W

lat. 39°00'01"N long. 95°42'42"W

lat. 39°03'12"Nlong. 95°37'19"W

Drainage area

(square miles)

^6,710

56,720

2__

3 305

13.8

13.8

60.3

Estimated on basis of drainage area at sampling site KR-2.

Point-source discharge.

3Estimated on basis of drainage area at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-measurement site 06889500 (Soldier Creek near Topeka,Kansas).

conditions in the Kansas River at sampling site KR-1 may be affected by this upstream urbanization particu larly during periods of localized runoff. Sampling site KR-2 (fig. 3) is located on the Kansas River about 4.7 mi downstream from sampling site KR-1. Samples collected at this site were used to document possible water-quality degradation associated with urbanized areas between sampling sites KR-1 and KR-2.

Sampling site WWTP (fig. 3) is located at the four effluent channels discharging from the Oakland Waste- water Treatment Plant. Discharge from this plant repre sents the major point source of potential contamination in the study area. The Oakland plant is the city's main wastewater-treatment facility, and its effluent enters the Kansas River about 1 mi downstream from sampling site KR-2. The Oakland plant has a designed discharge of 16.0 Mgal/d (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1983). Samples collected at site WWTP were

used to describe the potential water-quality effect of the city's major point-source discharge to the Kansas River. A second wastewater treatment plant (North Topeka plant) is located on the Kansas River about 3.2 mi upstream from sampling site KR-2. The maxi mum design discharge from this plant currently (early 1996) is 1.25 Mgal/d, with a normal operational dis charge of 0.25 Mgal/d (Kelly Haller, city of Topeka, oral commun., 1996); however, an expansion of this plant is underway and scheduled for completion in summer 1996. Effluent quality from this plant was not monitored during this study.

Sampling site SO-1 (fig. 3) is located on Soldier Creek about 2.9 mi upstream from the confluence with the Kansas River. Although most of the Soldier Creek drainage area is devoted to agricultural uses, water quality could be affected by discharges from an indus trial area about 1 mi upstream, particularly during low

Description of Sampling Sites

flow when nonpoint-source contamination from agri cultural runoff is minimal.

Three sampling sites were established in the Shun ganunga Creek Basin. All three sampling sites were at locations of a previous water-quality investigation con ducted between 1979 and 1981 (Pope and Bevans, 1987). Water-quality data collected during this previ ous investigation are presented in Pope and others (1983), and streamflow data have been published by the U.S. Geological Survey (1981, 1982).

Sampling site SH-1 (fig. 3) was established on the main stem of Shunganunga Creek near the western edge of the study area. Much of the localized drainage area between Lake Sherwood and sampling site SH-1 (fig. 3) is urbanized. Additionally, a wastewater-treatment plant, located near Sherwood Lake, discharges effluent into Shunganunga Creek about 2 mi upstream from sampling site SH-1. This plant has a design capacity of 2.0 Mgal/d, with a normal operating dis charge of 0.5 Mgal/d (Kelly Haller, city of Topeka, oral commun., 1996). Samples collected at sampling site SH-1 were used to document water-quality charac teristics resulting from a combination of discharges from Sherwood Lake, the Sherwood Lake Wastewater Treatment Plant, and localized urban development upstream from Shunganunga Creek entering the major urbanized part of Topeka.

Sampling site SB-1 (fig. 3) was established on the South Branch Shunganunga Creek to define water-quality characteristics on the major tributary to Shunganunga Creek. The drainage area of sampling

SJ

site SB-1, 13.8 mi , represents about 23 percent of the Shunganunga Creek Basin included in this study and consists of a mix of land uses including agricultural, residential, commercial, and light industrial.

Sampling site SH-2 (fig. 3), the downstream-most Shunganunga Creek sampling site, is located at the extreme eastern edge of the study area. This sampling site represents the accumulated flow from a drainage area of 60.3 mi , much of which is urbanized. Samples from this site were used to describe the combined effect of all land uses within the basin and the relative effect of urbanization.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Data-collection methods for this study were designed to provide a base of information adequate to calculate daily mean streamflow, and to produce a data base of selected physical and chemical water-quality

characteristics adequate to calculate statistics for cen tral tendency (median) for between-site comparisons and to calculate the effect of point-source discharges on receiving streams. A statistical summary of data col lected during this study is presented in table 11 in the "Supplemental Information" section of this report.

Streamflow

Of the seven sampling sites listed in table 1, two had a continuous record of stream stage. Sampling site KR-2 has a continuous record of stream stage since 1961. Sampling site SH-2 was reactivated at the site of a previous water-quality investigation of Shun ganunga Creek conducted between 1979 and 1981. Stream stages were recorded in 1-hour intervals at sam pling site KR-2 and in 5-minute intervals at sampling site SH-2 and were related to periodic current-meter streamflow measurements (Buchanan and Somers, 1976) to develop and adjust stage-streamflow ratings. These ratings subsequently were used to calculate daily mean streamflow according to methods presented in Kennedy (1983). Values of daily mean streamflow for sampling sites KR-2 and SH-2 are published in Geiger and others (1995) and Putnam and others (1996).

Water Quality

Samples for determination of selected physical and chemical water-quality characteristics were collected using standard USGS depth- and width-integrating procedures (Edwards and Glysson, 1988) and with adherence to water-quality control sampling and pro cessing procedures as outlined in Horowitz and others (1994). Measurements made onsite by USGS person nel included instantaneous streamflow or discharge, specific conductance, hydrogen-ion activity (pH), water temperature, barometric pressure, dissolved oxy gen, and alkalinity (carbonate and bicarbonate concentrations).

Samples were collected about once a month from October 1993 through September 1995 at all sampling sites except SO-1 (table 1). Samples were collected at quarterly intervals at sampling site SO-1. Most sam ples were collected during periods of stable, dry- weather flow (nonrunoff periods); however, about two samples at each site were collected when streamflow was affected by runoff. An expression of streamflow at the time of sample collection as the percentage of time


that flow is equalled or exceeded, on the basis of long-term record at sampling sites KR-2 and SH-2, is presented in table 2. Small percentage values indicate large streamflow volumes that occur infrequently, but, for regulated streams like the Kansas River, these val ues do not necessarily indicate runoff conditions. Some large flows in the Kansas River are the result of dis charges from upstream reservoirs, and therefore, water-quality characteristics in the Kansas River may differ substantially from equivalent runoff-produced streamflow. The median value for percentages of time flow equalled or exceeded sampled streamflows for sampling site KR-2 was 30 percent, which indicates that the data set for this site consists of a series of rela tively large streamflows. However, as indicated in table 2, only two samples at sampling site KR-2 were affected by recent runoff. The median value for the per centage of time flow equalled or exceeded sampled streamflows for sampling site SH-2, which represents the unregulated Shunganunga Creek, was 53 percent.

During this study, samples were collected by USGS personnel, and most were subsequently ana lyzed by the city of Topeka water-quality laboratory for major anions and cations, nutrients (nitrogen and phos phorus species), fecal coliform and fecal Streptococci bacteria, and selected metals and trace elements. Anal yses of chemical constituents were performed accord ing to methods presented in Fishman (1993) or equivalent methods as presented by the American Pub lic Health Association and others (1985). Bacteriolog ical analyses were performed using membrane-filter methods as described by Britton and Greeson (1989).

Three or four samples were collected at each sam pling site during this study for subsequent analysis of Aroclor polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and selected carbamate, organochlorine, organonitrogen, and organophosphate pesticides. These samples were analyzed by the USGS laboratory in Arvada, Colorado, according to methods presented in Wershaw and others (1987) or Fishman (1993).

Quality Control

Analytical quality control consisted of analyses of duplicate stream samples, analysis of standard refer ence samples, and analysis of blank-water (highly puri fied water, free of contamination) samples. Laboratory analytical precision and reproducibility were evaluated by the analyses of duplicate subsamples of selected stream-water samples. These duplicate

subsamples were withdrawn from a USGS sample churn containing a flow-weighted composite sample of a stream cross section. The method for collection of flow-weighted composite samples is presented in Edwards and Glyson (1988). The USGS sample churn has provisions for sample agitation during the subsample withdrawal procedure thereby assuring that each subsample is equivalent and representative of the orig inal composite sample in regard to water-quality con stituent concentrations. Therefore, analytical variability between duplicate samples will indicate the degree of precision and reproducibility of the methods and techniques used to analyze for selected water- quality constituents.

A statistical summary of the relative analytical variation between analyses of duplicate samples for selected water-quality constituents is presented in table 3. The variation, as a percent, between constituent concentrations of duplicate samples was calculated as the absolute value of 100 multiplied by the quotient of the difference in duplicate concentrations divided by the summation of duplicate concentrations.

For most constituents listed in table 3, the median variation between duplicate analyses was less than 5 percent, which indicates an acceptable degree of pre cision and reproducibility. However, the metals, cop per, nickel, and zinc had median percent variations ranging between 10 and 14 percent and may indicate deficiencies in analytical methodology or method implementation, or may indicate that the present labo ratory technology used in the analyses of some ele ments will inherently produce larger variations in duplicate analyses. Another explanation for the larger variations in copper, nickel, and zinc duplicate analy ses may be variations in subsamples withdrawn from the sediment churn; however, because these relatively large variations occurred with only 3 of 12 trace metals, this explanation appears unlikely.

The accuracy of laboratory analyses for selected water-quality constituents was evaluated on the basis of variation between the analyses of standard reference samples and the most-probable values (MPV) for those constituents (table 4). Percent variation between the MPV and analytical results of the standard reference samples was determined by calculating the absolute value of 100 multiplied by the quotient of the differ ence between the MPV and the analytical result of the standard reference sample divided by the MPV. During this study, one or three standard reference samples were analyzed for selected water-quality constituents.

Data Collection and Analysis 11

Table 2. Date of sample collection, associated streamflow, and percentage of time sampled flow was equalled or exceeded at sampling sites KR-2 and SH-2, October 1993-September 1995

[Data on file at U.S.Geological Survey, Lawrence, Kansas; ft3/s, cubic feet per second]

Sampling site KR-2

Date of sample

(month-day- year)

10-20-93

11-18-93

12-09-93

01-12-94

02-15-94

03-31-94

04-21-94

05-12-94

06-09-94

06-28-94

07-19-94

08-11-94

08-31-94

09-29-94

10-17-94

11-14-94

12-13-94

01-12-95

02-06-95

03-30-95

04-18-95

05-30-95

06-22-95

07-12-95

08-15-95

09-12-95

Instanta neous

streamflow (ft3/s)11,700

10,100

10,100

7,430

5,500

5,200

4,800

8,880

3 11, 500

6,350

4,770

4,100

3,250

1,090

1,460

1,430

3,650

1,890

3,240

4,710

9,160

340,200

41,300

12,100

6,790

2,700

(fig. 3)Percentage

of time sampled flow equalled or exceeded1

15

17

17

24

30

32

34

20

15

27

34

38

45

85

76

76

42

67

45

34

19

1.4

1.3

14

25

52

Sampling site SH-2 (fig. 3)

Date of sample

(month-day- year)

10-27-93

11-15-93

12-07-93

01-19-94

02-11-94

03-31-94

04-20-94

05-11-94

06-08-94

06-29-94

07-20-94

08-10-94

08-30-94

09-22-94

10-21-94

11-17-94

12-12-94

01-10-95

02-09-95

03-29-95

04-17-95

05-23-95

06-21-95

07-1 1-9508-17-95

09-13-95

Instanta neous

streamflow (ft3/s)

5.6

16

5.9

6.1

4.4

3.5

8.2

233591

3.0

2.6

1.6

11

19

1.2

1.7

3.4

3.3

4.6

7.4

44

32,720

13

7.0

22

3.3

Percentage of time

sampled flow equalled or exceeded2

55

26

53

53

65

75

43

20

1.2

78

85

93

34

22

96

92

77

78

64

47

13

.2

30

49

20

78

On the basis of daily mean streamflow for water years 1963-95. 2On the basis of daily mean streamflow record for the water years 1980-81, 1994-95. 3Streamflow affected by recent runoff.


Table 3. Statistical summary of analytical variation, in percent, between analyses of duplicate samples for selected water-quality constituents

Water-quality constituent

Calcium, total recoverableMagnesium, total recoverableSodium, total recoverablePotassium, total recoverableSulfate, filtered

Chloride, filteredSolids, residue at 105 degrees Celsius, dissolvedSolids, residue at 105 degrees Celsius, suspendedNitrogen, nitrate, filteredNitrogen, nitrite, filtered

Nitrogen, ammonia, filteredNitrogen, ammonia plus organic, totalPhosphorus, totalPhosphorus, ortho, filteredColiform, bacteria, fecal

Streptococci, bacteria, fecalAluminum, total recoverableArsenic, total recoverableBarium, total recoverableChromium, total recoverable

Cobalt, total recoverableCopper, total recoverableIron, total recoverableLead, total recoverableManganese, total recoverable

Molybdenum, total recoverableNickel, total recoverable Zinc, total recoverable

Number of dupli

cate analy ses1

99999

98967

78896

89968

38979

99 9

Median (per cent)

1.4.73

01.43.2

0.91

7.41.53.2

1.22.21.5.44

11

8.53.2002.6

0102.300

2.914 12

Mini mum (per cent)

00000

0.33

000

00003.7

.660000

00000

00 0

Maxi mum (per cent)

396.74.83.7

10

6.21849

6.711

7.7224.97.9

43

7943

01133

204817334.3

1169 60

'Only analytical pairs with both values greater than the analytical detection limit were included.

Only results for those constituents with three standard reference sample analyses are summarized in table 4. The median percent variations for most of the constitu ents listed in table 4 were less than 10 percent. However, median percent variations for total recover able concentrations of potassium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and lead were greater than 10 percent, with lead greater than 20 percent.

The standard reference sample program conducted during this study was a modest effort consisting of only one or three samples. The results presented in table 4 may or may not be indicative of results had a more comprehensive program been conducted. Therefore, conclusions about laboratory analytical accuracy

should be made with caution particularly in regard to those constituents that displayed relatively large percent variations.

The possibility of sample contamination resulting from equipment or methods used to collect and process samples was examined through the analysis of blank-water samples processed as either an equipment blank or as a sediment-churn blank. An equipment blank is a sample of blank water that has been pro cessed through the same procedures as an environmen tal sample to include passing through the sample- collection device, compositing in the sediment churn, and subsampling into separate bottles with appropriate sample preservatives. In effect, an equipment blank

Data Collection and Analysis 13

Table 4. Summary of median percent variations between analyses of standard reference samples and most-probable analytical value for selected water-quality constituents


Calcium, total recoverableMagnesium, total recoverableSodium, total recoverablePotassium, total recoverableAluminum, total recoverable

Arsenic, total recoverableBarium, total recoverableCadmium, total recoverableChromium, total recoverableCobalt, total recoverable

Copper, total recoverableIron, total recoverableLead, total recoverableManganese, total recoverableMolybdenum, total recoverable

Silver, total recoverableZinc, total recoverable

Num ber of refer ence sam ples

33333

33333

33333

33

Me dian per cent

varia tion

6.55.82.1

146.6

142.8

14127.8

2.13.3

23.17.76.5

3.51.0

represents all possible sources of contamination of a sample. A sample-churn blank is processed the same as an equipment blank except that the blank water is not passed through the sample-collection device.

A summary of analysis of equipment blanks and sample-churn blanks is presented in table 5. Generally, sample-collection and processing procedures were not a source of substantial contamination of environmental samples. Of all the analytical determinations (449) indicated in table 5, only 35 determinations (7.8 per cent) had detectable concentrations. Furthermore, those detectable concentrations tended to be small rel ative to concentrations in environmental samples (table 11, "Supplemental Information" section).

EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON WATER QUALITY

Kansas River

To evaluate the effects of urbanization on water quality in the Kansas River, median concentrations of selected water-quality constituents were calculated on the basis of samples collected from October 1993 through September 1995 for the two Kansas River sampling sites (KR-1 and KR-2) and for discharge from the Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant (sam pling site WWTP). Comparisons of median concentra tions between sampling sites KR-1 and KR-2 were made to evaluate potential water-quality degradation from point and nonpoint sources resulting from urban ization. Concentrations of effluent samples collected at sampling site WWTP were used to calculate resulting Kansas River concentrations after receiving this efflu ent. A statistical summary of concentrations of selected water-quality constituents for sampling sites KR-1, KR-2, and WWTP are presented in table 11 in the "Supplemental Information" section of this report.

Major Ions and Dissolved Solids

The occurrence of major ions and dissolved solids (dissolved salts and minerals) in streams is primarily the result of natural geochemical processes associated with the dissolution of rocks, minerals, and atmo spheric gases (Hem, 1985); however, urbanization can be a nonpoint source of major ions and dissolved solids to local streams through such activities as road deicing, residential or commercial dumping of salt-containing solutions into storm sewers, or industrial discharges. A comparison of median concentrations of major cations, anions, and dissolved solids in water from sampling sites KR-1, KR-2, and WWTP is presented in figure 5.

The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to test for significant differences in median concentrations of dis solved solids between sampling sites KR-1 and KR-2. The test is a nonparametric test for independent data sets and is an easily computed alternative to the


Table 5. Summary of analyses of blank water processed as either equipment blanks or as sample-churn blanks[mg/L, milligrams per liter; °C, degrees Celsius; cols/100 mL, colonies per 100 milliliters of water; jig/L, micrograms per liter; , no data]


Calcium, total recoverable, mg/LMagnesium, total recoverable, mg/LSodium, total recoverable, mg/LPotassium, total recoverable, mg/LSulfate, filtered, mg/L

Chloride, filtered, mg/LSolids, residue at 105 °C, dissolved, mg/LSolids, residue at 105 °C, suspended, mg/LNitrogen, nitrate, filtered, mg/LNitrogen, nitrite, filtered, mg/L

Nitrogen, ammonia, filtered, mg/LNitrogen, ammonia plus organic, total, mg/LPhosphorus, total, mg/LPhosphorus, ortho, filtered, mg/LColiform, bacteria, fecal, cols/100 mL

Streptococci, bacteria, fecal, cols/100 mLAluminum, total recoverable, |ig/LArsenic, total recoverable, (ig/LBarium, total recoverable, |ig/LCadmium, total recoverable, |ig/L

Chromium, total recoverable, (ig/LCobalt, total recoverable, (ig/LCopper, total recoverable, |ig/LIron, total recoverable, |ig/LLead, total recoverable, |ig/L

Manganese, total recoverable, |ig/LMercury, total recoverable, (ig/LMolybdenum, total recoverable, |ig/LNickel, total recoverable, |ig/LSelenium, total recoverable, |ig/L

Silver, total recoverable, (ig/LZinc, total recoverable, (ig/L

Num ber of analy ses

88887

88777

78783

38858

88888

88888

88

Equipment blanksDetectable concentrations

Num- Mini- Maxi- ber mum mum

001 1.0 1.002 1.0 4.9

01 16 163 2.0 2300

2 .10 .201 1.1 1.12 .10 .1000

03 3.0 101 4.0 4.000

00001 3.0 3.0

00000

00

Sample-churn blanksDetectable concentrations

Num ber of analy ses

77777

77676

76773

37767

77777

77777

77

Num ber

00003

04100

01110

02000

00131

00000

00

Mini- Maxi mum mum------4.6 38

8.0 273.0 3.0--

...20 .20.04 .04.02 .02

-

__40 80-----

-5.0 5.08.0 601.0 1.0

..--------

-

parametric t-test for independence. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test has two main advantages over the t-test:(1) the two data sets are not required to be normally

distributed, and(2) the test can handle censored data (values less than

the analytical detection limits) by treating them as ties during the ranking process (Gilbert, 1987).

The results of Wilcoxon rank-sum tests presented in this report are in the form of a probability value (p-value). The p-value is a measure of the credibility of

the null hypothesis (H0). The H0 is that the central ten dency (median value) of a population of concentrations from a sampling site is not different than the median value of a population of concentrations from another sampling site for an arbitrarily assigned significance level, a, (a=0.05 in this report). If the credibility of H0 is less than a for a one-tailed test or less than a/2 (0.025) for a two-tailed test, then H0 is rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis (Hj) that the central ten dency of one population is significantly different from

Effects of Urbanization on Water Quality 15

900

800

(D= 700

600

^ 500

400c o2 300

c 200oo

100

o

Figure 5. Comparison of median concentrations of major ions and dissolved solids in water from sampling sites KR-1 and KR-2 on the Kansas River and in discharge from the Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant (sampling site WWTP) in Topeka, Kansas, October 1993-September 1995. Location of sampling sites shown in figure 3.

the other. Therefore, if the reported p-value is less than 0.05 (one-tailed test) or 0.025 (two-tailed test), then H0 is rejected in favor of Hj (Wonnacott and Wonnacott, 1977). In a one-tailed test, the direction of difference between two populations is indicated by the alternative hypothesis (Hj). For example, either the central ten dency for population A is larger than that of population B or it is smaller than that of population B. For a two-tailed test, the direction is not indicated, and therefore, Hj becomes a statement that the two popula tions are just different.

Median concentrations of dissolved solids at sam pling sites KR-1 and KR-2 were not significantly dif ferent at the 0.05 level of significance (p-value = 0.46). This indicates that, on the basis of samples collected during this study, urbanization between these sampling sites does not generate an identifiable amount of nonpoint-source contamination in regard to dissolved sol ids. Also, the North Topeka Wastewater Treatment Plant, which discharges into the Kansas River between sampling sites KR-1 and KR-2, has no adverse effects on concentrations of dissolved solids in the Kansas River.

Concentrations of most major ions and dissolved solids were larger in the effluent from the Oakland

Wastewater Treatment Plant (sampling site WWTP) than in water from either Kansas River sampling site. This can be attributed to naturally occurring salts and minerals in human biological waste, salts and minerals introduced into the sanitary-sewer system from resi dential, commercial, or industrial origins, and from salts and minerals added to the drinking-water supply or wastewater during treatment processes. The Kansas River is used as a water-supply source for the city of Topeka.

Although the median concentration of dissolved solids in water from sampling site WWTP was 21 per cent larger than in water from sampling site KR-2 (from data listed in table 11), the effect of discharge from the Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant on dis solved solids in the Kansas River is minimal because of the large dilution capacity of the Kansas River. On average, the contribution of dissolved solids in dis charge from sampling site WWTP increases the median dissolved-solids concentration in water from the Kansas River by 1.0 mg/L, which is equivalent to a 0.15-percent increase of the median concentration in water from sampling site KR-2. The concentration was calculated using the following equation:


c = (Q2 C2)] (l)

where C is median concentration in water fromKansas River after receiving discharge fromsampling site WWTP, in milligrams perliter;

Qi is median streamflow at samplingsite KR-2, in cubic feet per second;

Ci is median concentration of dissolved solidsin water from sampling site KR-2, inmilligrams per liter;

Qi is median discharge at samplingsite WWTP, in cubic feet per second; and

C2 is median concentration of dissolved solidsin water from sampling site WWTP, inmilligrams per liter.

Nutrients

Nutrients, including compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus, are essential to plant growth. Nitrogen is central to all ecosystems because of its role in the syn thesis of protein and, together with carbohydrates and fats, constitutes the major part of living substances (Reid and Wood, 1976). The occurrence of nitrogen in water may be in the form of uncombined elemental nitrogen (N2), bound up in organic compounds, or as inorganic compounds such as ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate. In ecological terms, phosphorus is considered the single most critical factor in the maintenance of biochemical cycles. This stems from the fact that phos phorus is necessary to the operation of energy-transfer systems in the cell (Reid and Wood, 1976). In uncon- taminated waters, phosphorus normally occurs in rela tively small concentrations and establishes the possibility of deficiency of the nutrient. Therefore, in many natural waters, phosphorus may be a limiting fac tor in primary productivity.

As important as nutrients are in the production and maintenance of healthy ecosystems, excessive concen trations in rivers, lakes, and reservoirs can accelerate the growth of algae and other aquatic plants causing problems such as clogged pipelines, fishkills, and restricted recreation (Litke, 1996). Because of this, the Kansas Department of Health and Environment has established water-quality criteria for certain species of nitrogen and phosphorus. Two sets of pH- and temper ature-dependent criteria (acute and chronic) for total ammonia as nitrogen in water bodies is presented in

Kansas Department of Health and Environment (1994). For the purpose of this report, ammonia as nitrogen concentrations will be compared to the more stringent chronic criterion for total ammonia. Also, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1986) has recom mended an instream goal of 0.1 mg/L for total phosphorus.

Median concentrations of selected nutrient species for water from sampling sites KR-1, KR-2, and WWTP are presented in table 11 in the "Supplemental Information" section of this report and shown in figure 6. There is no significant difference in median concentrations of nitrogen species (fig. 6A) or phos phorus species (fig. 6B) between water from the Kansas River sampling sites (KR-1 and KR-2). Computed p-values for the Wilcoxon two-tailed test were 0.96 for dissolved nitrate as nitrogen, 0.95 for dissolved ammo nia as nitrogen, 0.57 for total ammonia plus organic nitrogen as nitrogen, 0.86 for total phosphorus, and 0.98 for dissolved orthophosphate as phosphorus. This indicates that, on the basis of data collected during this study, the urbanized section of Topeka between sam pling sites KR-1 and KR-2 does not contribute nutri ents from either point or nonpoint sources to an extent that it would increase long-term median concentrations in water from sampling site KR-2 relative to the upstream sampling site (KR-1).

Discharges from the Oakland Wastewater Treat ment Plant (sampling site WWTP) contain relatively large concentrations of dissolved ammonia as nitrogen, ammonia plus organic nitrogen as nitrogen, total phos phorus, and dissolved orthophosphate as phosphorus (fig. 6). These discharges may produce substantial increases in Kansas River concentrations. Dissolved ammonia as nitrogen concentrations in water from the Kansas River as a result of discharges from sampling site WWTP were calculated for each water sample col lected from sampling site KR-2. Calculations were performed using equation 1 where Q t and C t are streamflow and dissolved ammonia as nitrogen con centrations, respectively, at sampling site KR-2, and Q2 and C2 are discharge and dissolved ammonia as nitrogen concentrations, respectively, in water from sampling site WWTP. Some samples collected at sam pling site WWTP were not collected on the same day as those at sampling site KR-2. For the purpose of this analysis, it was assumed that all analytical results from sampling site WWTP were equivalent to sampling on the same day as sampling site KR-2. Results of these


oo o

30

25

20

15

10

A. Nitrogen species * Less than analytical detection limit

WWTP

KR-1

\

KR-2

.

Nitrate as nitrogen, dissolved

Ammonia as nitrogen, dissolved

Ammoniaplus organic

nitrogen, total

B. Phosphorus species

0.5 -

Phosphorus, total

Orthophosphateas phosphorus,

dissolved

Figure 6. Comparison of median concentrations of selected nutrients in water from sampling sites KR-1 and KR-2 on the Kansas River and in discharge from the Oakland Wastewater Treatment (sampling site WWTP) in Topeka, Kansas, October 1993- September 1995. Location of sampling sites shown in figure 3.

calculations are presented in table 6 and shown in figure 7.

Calculated concentrations of dissolved ammonia as nitrogen in water from the Kansas River after receiv ing discharge from the Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant are considerably larger than those in water from sampling site KR-2, upstream from sampling site WWTP (fig. 7). The water-quality implications of this are threefold: (1) ammonia may be toxic to some

freshwater invertebrate organisms or fish species (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986); (2) ammonia is a reduced form of nitrogen, and its subsequent instream oxidation to nitrite and nitrate may cause reductions in dissolved-oxygen concentrations and place stress on aquatic organisms; and (3) nitrate pro duced through the oxidation of ammonia may acceler ate growth of algae and aquatic plants farther downstream. Water-quality criteria for ammonia were


Table 6. Streamflow, pH, water temperature, and dissolved ammonia as nitrogen concentrations in water samples from the Kansas River (sampling site KR-2) upstream from the Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant in Topeka, Kansas, discharge and concentrations of dissolved ammonia as nitrogen in water samples from the treatment plant (sampling site WWTP), and calculated concentrations in the Kansas River with discharge from the treatment plant, October 1993-September 1995

[Data on file at U.S.Geological Survey, Lawrence, Kansas; ft /s, cubic feet per second; °C, degrees Celsius; mg/L, milligrams per liter; N, nitrogen; E, estimated concentration of a less-than-detection-limit analytical value by using one-half the detection limit rounded to the nearest 0.01 mg/L; , no data]

Sampling site KR-2 (fig. 3)

Date of sample (month-

day-year)10-20-9311-18-9312-09-9301-12-9402-15-94

03-31-9404-21-9405-12-9406-09-9406-28-94

07-19-9408-11-9408-31-9409-29-9410-17-94

11-14-9412-13-9401-12-9502-06-9503-30-95

04-18-9505-30-9506-22-9507-12-9508-15-95

09-12-95

Stream- flow

(ft3/s)

11,70010,10010,1007,4305,500

5,2004,8008,880

11,5006,350

4,7704,1003,2501,0901,460

1,4303,6501,8903,2404,710

9,16040,20041,30012,1006,790

2,700

pH Water (stand- tempera-

ard ture units (°C)

8.08.58.07.86.9

7.98.48.37.68.0

8.08.08.18.17.5

8.48.08.08.18.2

7.97.57.57.77.9

8.3

15.08.06.01.05.0

8.517.519.519.026.5

27.526.522.019.018.0

11.52.00.02.08.0

11.517.523.028.026.0

20.5

Ammonia as N,

dissolved (mg/L)

E0.05E.05E.05E.05E.05

E.05E.05 -E.05

E.02E.02E.02--E.02

E.02E.02E.02E.02E.02

.09

.10E.02E.02E.02

E.02

Sampling site WWTP (fig. 3)

Date of Ammonia sample as N, (month- Discharge dissolved

day-year) (ft3/s) (mg/L)10-20-9311-23-9312-09-9301-12-9402-10-94

04-05-9404-21-9405-12-9406-09-9406-28-94

07-19-9408-11-9408-31-9409-29-9410-17-94

H_ 14_9412-13-9401-10-9502-06-9503-30-95

04-18-9505-30-9506-22-9507-12-9508-15-95

09-12-95

4642464443

4070434345

4444444145

4141444145

5587565449

51

2633102928

4419152218

2620242237

_22223130

16~8.4

126.3

9.9

Kansas River with discharge from sampling

site WWTP (calculated)

Chronic water-quality criterion for

Ammonia total ammonia as N, as N

dissolved concentration1 (mg/L) (mg/L)

0.15.19.10.22.27

.39

.32 ~

.18

.26

.23

.34 1.1

_.26.52.41.30

.18

.03

.07

.06

.20

1.27.44

1.362.062.74

1.61.55.67

2.371.16

1.101.161.051.052.71

.551.421.461.18.87

1.582.722.711.711.44

.67Kansas Department of Health and Environment (1994).

Supplemental Information 19

c o o

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

KR-2

Kansas River after receivingdischarge from sampling

site WWTP

o > °O O OJO z Q

1993

<N «-

CD >

1994

Q. <

^ 01^ ^~> <

c/)1995

Figure 7. Comparison of dissolved ammonia as nitrogen concentrations in water from Kansas River sampling site K-2 with calculated Kansas River concentrations after receiving discharge from Oakland Wastewater Treatement Plant (sampling site WWTP) in Topeka, Kansas, October 1993-September 1995. Location of sampling sites shown in figure 3.

calculated from pH- and temperature-dependent rela tions presented in Kansas Department of Health and Environment (1994). These calculated values are listed in table 6. These calculations were based on using 100 percent of the streamflow in the Kansas River for mixing of discharge from sampling site WWTP.

Calculated dissolved ammonia as nitrogen concen trations in water from the Kansas River after receiving discharge from sampling site WWTP as a percentage of the criteria are shown in figure 8. All but one of the cal culated dissolved ammonia as nitrogen concentrations were considerably less than 50 percent of the water- quality criteria, with a median of 20 percent. No calcu lated concentration exceeded the water-quality criteria. On the basis of data collected during this study, dis charges from the Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant do not result in violations of water-quality criteria for dissolved ammonia as nitrogen in the Kansas River.

Median total phosphorus concentrations were sev eral times larger in discharge from sampling site WWTP than in water from either Kansas River sampling site (fig. 6B). To determine the effect of dis charges from sampling site WWTP on total phosphorus

concentrations in water from the Kansas River, calcu lations similar to those presented for dissolved ammo nia as nitrogen concentrations in table 6 were performed. Results of these total phosphorus calcula tions are listed in table 7.

Generally, discharges from sampling site WWTP produced only small increases in total phosphorus con centrations in water from the Kansas River. Most total phosphorus concentrations in water from the Kansas River ranged from 0.01 to 0.04 mg/L larger than those concentrations determined in water from sampling site KR-2. The largest increases occurred during peri ods of relatively small streamflow (less dilution poten tial) in the Kansas River. Most (88 percent) of the total phosphorus concentrations in water from the Kansas River upstream from sampling site WWTP were in excess of the goal of 0.1 mg/L recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1986). There fore, small increases resulting from the contribution of discharge from sampling site WWTP had little effect from a water-quality criteria perspective. For data col lected during this study, the median increase in total phosphorus concentrations in water from the Kansas

60

50

40

30

20

10 ill Is I

1993

o cOJ tcQ -)

Q. <

-iT 05 Cn g 8 S ^ | |O Q -, u_ ^ <

CM «-

OJ >

1994 1995

Figure 8. Calculated dissolved ammonia as nitrogen concentrations in water from the Kansas River after receiving discharge from the Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant (sampling site WWTP) in Topeka, Kansas, as a percentage of water-quality criteria (Kansas Department of Health and Environment, 1994), October 1993-September 1995. Location of sampling site shown in figure 3.

River resulting from discharge from sampling site WWTP was 7.6 percent (calculated from data in table 7) greater than concentrations determined in water from sampling site KR-2.

Bacteria

The sanitary quality of water and its use as a pub lic-water supply and for recreational activities, such as swimming, wading, boating, and fishing, can be evalu ated on the basis of fecal-indicator bacterial densities. Surface water can carry many pathogenic organisms of fecal origin that cause diseases, such as cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery, and other related gastrointes tinal disorders (Pope, 1995). Traditionally, sani tary-quality assessments have relied on a membrane-filter procedure for the detection of a group of bacteria (fecal coliform or fecal Streptococcus) com mon to the intestinal tracts of humans and warm blooded animals. The presence of the measured "fecal-indicator bacteria" denotes contamination by fecal material and the possible presence of pathogenic microorganisms.

The presence of fecal coliforms or fecal Strepto cocci bacteria in the aquatic environment is an indica tion of fecal contamination. This contamination may come from municipal wastewater discharges, leachate from domestic septic systems, runoff or ground-water seepage from livestock-producing areas (pastures and confined feedlots), or wildlife populations. These sources indicate that contamination may originate in either the urban or rural (agricultural) environment.

Segfried and others (1984) state that municipal wastewater discharges can have a detrimental effect on the water quality of receiving streams not only in regard to fecal bacteria but also in regard to the intro duction of pathogenic organisms, such as reo-, adeno-, and enterovirus; coxsackievirus; and poliovirus. The studies of Stephenson and Street (1978), Doran and others (1981), and Gray and others (1983) have demon strated the effect of cattle production on fecal coliform densities in runoff from grazed and pastured land and in streams adjacent to these areas.

Median densities of fecal coliform and fecal Strep tococci bacteria in water from sampling sites KR-1, KR-2, and WWTP are listed in table 11 in the

Table 7. Streamflow and concentrations of total phosphorus in water samples from the Kansas River (sampling site KR-2) upstream from the Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant in Topeka, Kansas, discharge and concentrations of total phosphorus in water samples from the treatment plant (sampling site WWTP), and calculated concentrations in the Kansas River with discharge from the treatment plant, October 1993-September 1995

[Data on file at U.S.Geological Survey, Lawrence, Kansas; fr/s, cubic feet per second; mg/L, milligrams per liter; , no data; <, less than]

Sampling site KR-2 (fig. 3)Date ofsample

(month-day- year)

10-20-9311-18-9312-09-9301-12-9402-15-94

03-31-9404-21-9405-12-9406-09-9406-28-94

07-19-9408-11-9408-31-9409-29-941Q_17_94

11-14-9412-13-9401-12-9502-06-9503-30-95

04-18-9505-30-9506-22-9507-12-9508-15-95

09-12-95

Phosphorus, Streamflow total

(ft3/s) (mg/L)11,70010,10010,1007,4305,500

5,2004,8008,880

11,5006,350

4,770

4,1003,2501,0901,460

1,4303,6501,8903,2404,710

9,16040,20041,30012,1006,790

2,700

0.40.50.40.24.23

.03

.29

.27--

.32

.34

.27

.58

.02l <.02

.21

.23

.14

.22

.34

.90

.87

.43

.44

.56

.30

Sampling site WWTP (fig. 3)Date ofsample

(month-day- year)

10-20-9311-23-93

12-09-9301-12-9402-10-94

04-05-9404-21-9405-12-9406-09-9406-28-94

07-19-9408-11-9408-31-9409-29-9410-17-94

11_14_9412-13-9401-10-9502-06-9503-30-95

04-18-9505-30-9506-22-9507-12-9508-15-95

09-12-95

Discharge (ft3/s)

46424644

43

4070434345

44

44444145

4141444145

5587565449

51

Phosphorus, total

(mg/L)2.94.33.93.53.3

2.82.12.62.42.8

3.73.63.33.44.5

4.62.44.13.23.1

2.61.92.22.81.4

3.1

Kansas River with discharge from sampling

site WWTP (calculated)

Phosphorus, total

(mg/L)0.41

.52

.42

.26

.25

.05

.31

.28--

.34

.37

.31

.62

.14

.14

.33

.25

.23

.26

.37

.91

.87

.43

.45

.57

.35

For calculation purposes, a concentration of 0.01 mg/L was assumed.

"Supplemental Information" section of this report and shown in figure 9. Median densities of fecal coliform bacteria were less in water from the downstream Kan sas River sampling site (KR-2) than in water from the upstream sampling site (KR-1), whereas the inverse situation was documented for fecal Streptococci. Because of the nature and origin of both fecal groups, it was expected that median densities in water from sampling site KR-2 would be either smaller or larger than in water from sampling site KR-1. Two possible explanations for the apparent contradiction presented in figure 9 are: (1) point and nonpoint sources of fecal bacteria from the urbanized section of Topeka between sampling sites KR-1 and KR-2 result in little change in fecal coliform but a substantial percentage change in median densities of fecal Streptococci bacteria; or (2) the urbanization between sampling sites KR-1 and KR-2 has little effect on median bacterial densities, and the observed differences are the result of relatively small densities and of variations in the proportion of the fecal groups, temporal variation, and variation within and between sampling sites. It is believed that

the second possible explanation would account for the differences shown in figure 9. This belief was tested using a two-tailed Wilcoxon rank-sum test at a signifi cance level of 0.05. Results of this test indicated no sig nificant difference between sampling sites KR-1 and KR-2 for either fecal coliform bacteria densities (p-value = 0.95) or fecal Streptococci bacteria densities (p-value = 0.14).

The major effect of urbanization on bacterial den sities in water from the Kansas River was the result of discharge from the Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant (sampling site WWTP). As indicated in figure 9, median densities of both fecal coliform and fecal Strep tococci bacteria in discharge at sampling site WWTP are several orders of magnitude larger than densities in water from the Kansas River. To quantify the effect of this discharge, calculations similar to those for ammo nia and phosphorus concentrations presented in tables 6 and 7, respectively, were performed for the fecal groups. Results of these calculations are listed in table 8 and shown in figure 10. Densities in water from the Kansas River resulting from discharge from

200

440,000

150

100 -

Coliform, fecal Streptococci, fecal

Figure 9. Comparison of median densities of fecal coliform and fecal Streptococci bacteria in water from sampling sites KR-1 and KR-2 on the Kansas River and in discharge from the Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant (sampling site WWTP) in Topeka, Kansas, October 1993-September 1995. Location of sampling sites shown in figure 3.


Table 8. Streamflow and bacterial densities in water samples from the Kansas River (sampling site KR-2) upstream from the Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant in Topeka, Kansas, discharge and bacterial densities in water samples from the treatment plant (sampling site WWTP), and calculated densities in the Kansas River with discharge from the treatment plant, October 1993-September 1995

[Data on file at U.S.Geological Survey, Lawrence, Kansas; ft3/s, cubic feet per second; cols/100 mL, colonies per 100 milliliters of water; , no data;

<, less than]

Sampling site KR-2 (fig.

Date ofsample (month-

day-year)10-20-93

11-18-93

12-09-93

01-12-94

02-15-94

03-31-94

04-21-94

05-12-94

06-09-94

06-28-94

07-19-94

08-11-94

08-31-94

09-29-94

10-17-94

H-14-94

12-13-94

01-12-95

02-06-95

03-30-95

04-18-95

05-30-95

06-22-95

07-12-95

08-15-95

09-12-95

Stream- flow

(ftVs)11,700

10,100

10,100

7,430

5,500

5,200

4,800

8,880

11,500

6,350

4,770

4,100

3,250

1,090

1,460

1,430

3,650

1,890

3,240

4,710

9,160

40,200

41,300

12,100

6,790

2,700

Fecal coliformdensity

(cols/100 mL)

500

65

120

80

70

5

50

66

40,000

210

500

110

4,900

37

220

40

150

5

10

120

27,000

600

68

250

170

200

3)Fecal

Strepto cocci

density (cols/100

mL)

3,000

150

240

20

40

<1

130

--

53,000

150

<1

640

7,500

270

900

63

130

200

130

95

56,000

2,300

110

150

600

180

Sampling site WWTP (fig

Date ofsample (month- Discharge

day-year) (ftVs)10-20-93

11-23-93

12-09-93

01-12-94

02-10-94

04-05-94

04-21-94

05-12-94

06-09-94

06-28-94

07-19-94

08-11-94

08-31-94

09-29-94

10-17-94

11-14-94

12-13-94

01-10-95

02-06-95

03-30-95

04-18-95

05-30-95

06-22-95

07-12-95

08-15-95

09-12-95

46

42

46

44

43

40

70

43

43

45

44

44

44

41

45

41

41

44

41

45

55

87

56

54

49

51

Fecal coliform density

(cols/100 mL)

1,800,000

-

780,000

670,00

350,000

68,000

--

990,000

840,000

7,200,000

4,100,000

570,000

210,000

900,000

1,000,000

430,000

680,000

450,000

23,000

380,000

320,000

1,300,000

600,000

510,000

250,000

.3)

FecalStreptococci

density (cols/1 00 mL)

1,000,000

7,600,000

220,000

240,000

280,000

3,100,000

--

640,000

70,000

46,000,000

--

2,700,000

-

1,100,000

32,000,000

34,000

330,000

150,000

180,000

250,000

45,000

650,000

540,000

4,700,000

29,000

Kansas River with discharge from

sampling site WWTP (calculated)

Fecal coliformdensity

(cols/100 mL)

7,500

--

3,700

4,000

2,800

520

-

4,800

43,000

51,000

44,000

12,000

7,600

27,000

28,000

4,900

15,000

5,600

340

29,000

1,300

1,800

2,900

3,800

4,800

Fecal Strepto

coccidensity

(cols/100 mL)

6,900

32,000

1,200

1,400

2,200

45,000

--

55,000

640

1 420,000

--

43,000

34,000

890,000

510

7,700

2,000

1,800

57,000

2,400

990

2,500

34,000

710

'Calculated using only density at sampling site WWTP.

100,000

'o

CO

jjj 10,000

1,000

100

10

K

_c

\

i i

ansas and E

riterion

I

::.i

*l

1

Dep nvir for rec

i

artrr onrr full- ;rea

j.

1 ! 1KR-;

ent of Heal lent (1994) body conta tion

I*, ;.:

i ?N-

h ;;

ct \

i

i i

i

i

*i

iCa1

/

i

ialcu Pter r

J_ ; :

ate ece

idde ivin

j_';.

I

nsit 3 di

-U-

y in scha

wat rge

i i er from from s<

II '

ithe

amp

*

1 =

i Kar

ling

No

i sas site

del

!':!

1

Riv WV

errr

I *

i er VTF

)in<

I

D

3d

03 i ,uuu,uuu

03

§"5w0= 100,000

eo0

0°- 10,000w0'c

oooc'^ 1,000'wc0 a'o0

8 100oa.0

CO"03

0 in

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

* Not determined

KR-2

V

_

-^

:;

-'I:

_L : ' ,F l**l : i**i : 1*I

: # ;

i i i i i i i i i i i i

* ; ; ; :

Calculated density in water from/the Kansas River after receiving

/ discharge from sampling siteWWTP

i _L ''

': >.

I :

<::

__

-

;:

LL. IU OCOO5CMLO«-«-CM O500O5'-'-a5|^'* COOJCDOOOOOJCvJLOCvJCM «- O «- «-COCM«- OCM^«-CO<N «- «- «-<-OOOt-OOCM«-*-«-

gS8g^|a|||f»»i§>8g^||||t»i O Z Q^,U.^<^ ^^^>< <C^O Z Q^u.^<S^^><^

1993 1994 1995

Figure 10. Comparison of densities of fecal coliform and fecal Streptococci bacteria in water from Kansas River sampling site KR-2 with calculated Kansas River densities after receiving discharge from the Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant (sampling site WWTP) in Topeka, Kansas, October 1993-September 1995. Location of sampling sites shown in figure 3.

sampling site WWTP were calculated using equation 1 where Qj and C\ are streamflow (ft3/s) and density (cols/100 mL of water), respectively, at sampling site KR-2, and Q2 and 2 are discharged and density, respectively, at sampling site WWTP.

Calculated fecal coliform densities in water from the Kansas River resulting from discharge from sam pling site WWTP ranged from 340 to 51,000 cols/ 100 mL of water (table 8). All 23 (100 percent) of those calculated densities exceeded the 200 cols/100 mL of water criterion established by the Kansas Department of Health and Environment (1994) for full-body con tact recreation. This range contrasts with the 5 to 40,000 cols/100 mL of water fecal coliform range in water from sampling site KR-2 where nine samples (35 percent) exceeded 200 cols/100 mL of water crite rion. Median fecal coliform densities in water from the Kansas River increased from 120 cols/100 mL of water at sampling site KR-2 to 4,900 cols/100 mL of water after receiving discharge from sampling site WWTP.

Results of calculated densities of fecal Strepto cocci bacteria in water from the Kansas River resulting from discharge from sampling site WWTP were simi lar to those of fecal coliform. Calculated densities ranged from 510 to 890,000 cols/100 mL of water (table 8). Median densities increased from 150 cols/100 mL of water at sampling site KR-2 to 4,700 cols/100 mL of water after receiving discharge from sampling site WWTP.

The calculated results listed in table 8 and shown in figure 10 were computed using 100 percent of Kansas River streamflow and assumed no instantaneous "die-off' of bacteria. However, bacterial die-off proba bly begins immediately upon discharge from sampling site WWTP and theoretically continues until extinction in the Kansas River some distance downstream. The exact length of the Kansas River affected by bacterial densities in excess of water-quality criteria is not known. Bacterial die-off rates are dependent on many factors such as streamflow, pH, water temperature, tur bidity, intensity of sunlight, and concentrations of chemicals that may be toxic to fecal bacteria.

Metals and Trace Elements

Metals and trace elements normally occur in natu ral water in small concentrations even though some are naturally abundant. For instance, iron and aluminum represent the first and third, respectively, most abun dant trace elements in the Earth's outer crust (Hem, 1985). The natural occurrence of metals and trace

elements in stream water is the result of dissolution of rock minerals containing these elements. However, urbanization and associated manufacturing and support industries can be a source of substantial quantities of some metals and trace elements. For example, alumi num, iron, and zinc are used extensively in the con struction of buildings, exterior structures and trim work, in automobiles, and as protective coverings or coatings against corrosion and oxidation of framework or base metals. Chromium, copper, and nickel, simi larly, are used throughout the urban environment as protective coatings or as structural, roofing, or decora tive components of exterior structures. Lead, once a component of gasoline, was widely dispersed in the environment until its gradual phaseout beginning in the early 1970's. Large amounts of lead also are released in the smelting of ores and burning of coal (Hem, 1985).

Median total recoverable concentrations of selected metals and trace elements in water from sam pling sites on the Kansas River (sampling sites KR-1 and KR-2) and in discharge from the Oakland Waste- water Treatment Plant (sampling site WWTP) are listed in table 11 in the "Supplemental Information" section of this report and shown in figure 11. Generally, median total recoverable concentrations of most metals and trace elements varied little between sampling sites KR-1 and KR-2 and, in fact, no significant differ ences (at 0.05 level of significance) between sampling sites KR-1 and KR-2 were indicated by Wilcoxon rank-sum tests (table 9) for those constituents shown in figure 11. The results in table 9 indicate that, on the basis of the current data set, the urbanized section of Topeka between sampling sites KR-1 and KR-2 has no detrimental effect on water quality in the Kansas River with regard to the median total concentrations of metals and trace elements shown.

Median total recoverable concentrations of metals and trace elements (fig. 11) in water from sampling site WWTP were less than median total recoverable concentrations in water from either Kansas River sam pling site with the exception of total recoverable molybdenum and zinc. Median total recoverable con centrations of these two elements in discharge from the treatment plant were larger than in water from either Kansas River sampling site and may suggest that urban-related processes are responsible for these larger concentrations. However, because of small discharge at sampling site WWTP relative to Kansas River streamflow, the effect of sampling site WWTP on median total


50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Aluminum Barium Iron Manganese

Less than analytical detection limit

o_co

Q. Q. O O

N

Figure 11. Comparison of median total recoverable concentrations of selected metals and trace elements in water from sampling sites KR-1 and KR-2 on the Kansas River and in discharge from the Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant (sampling site WWTP) in Topeka, Kansas, October 1993-September 1995. Location of sampling sites shown in figure 3.

recoverable concentrations of molybdenum and zinc in water from the Kansas River is considered negligible.

Pesticides

Pesticides are a general classification of synthetic organic compounds that are used to control the growth

or occurrence of undesirable plants (herbicides) or insects (insecticides). These include organic com pounds containing nitrogen, chlorine, or phosphorus. The occurrence of these compounds in natural water is indicative of contamination from human-related sources. Both the agricultural and urban communities


Table 9. Probability values (p-values) calculated by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test comparing total recoverable concentrations of selected metals and trace elements between Kansas River sampling sites KR-1 and KR-2 in Topeka, Kansas

[At a significance level of 0.05, p-values greater than 0.025 for a two-tailed test indicate no significant difference in concentrations between sampling sites]

Alumi- Chro- num Arsenic Barium mium Cobalt Copper Iron

Man- Moly- Lead ganese bdenum Nickel Zinc

0.73 0.88 0.80 0.57 0.56 0.92 0.96 0.81 0.99 0.18 0.75 0.86

use pesticides, although not necessarily the same compounds.

Analytical results for samples of water collected at sampling sites KR-1, KR-2, and WWTP for pesticide analyses are included in table 11 in the "Supplemental Information" section of this report. Too few samples were collected to develop specific conclusions con cerning pesticide occurrences; however, some general izations can be made. Concentrations of agricultural herbicides or metabolites were detected in water from both Kansas River sampling sites (KR-1 and KR-2). These included acetochlor, alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, deethylatrazine, EPTC, metolachlor, metribuzin, prometon, simazine, and tebuthiuron. Also, the insecti cides carburyl and carbofuran were detected in water from the Kansas River. Most of these herbicides are used in the production of corn, grain sorghum, and soy beans. Several of these herbicides also were detected in discharge at sampling site WWTP including alachlor, atrazine, metolachlor, and prometon. The fact that these herbicides were detected in wastewater discharge indicates that the drinking-water treatment process does not completely remove herbicides from the source water (Kansas River). Generally, concentrations of her bicides in discharge at sampling site WWTP were about one-half the concentration in water from the Kansas River.

Additional pesticides were detected in discharge from sampling site WWTP that were not detected in water from the Kansas River. These included the herbi cide linuron and insecticides chlorpyrifos, Diazinon, and malathion. All three insecticides commonly are used around homes and businesses to control termites, white grubs, ants, and other insects in lawns, gardens, and ornamental plantings. The occurrence of these insecticides in wastewater discharge suggest residen tial or commercial disposal in the sanitary-sewer sys tem or input by way of a combined storm/sanitary sewer system. No concentrations of pesticides in either the Kansas River or wastewater discharge were greater

than established Kansas Department of Health and Environment (1994) water-quality criteria.

Shunganunga Creek Basin

Three sampling sites were established in the Shun ganunga Creek Basin to evaluate potential effects from urbanization (fig. 3 and table 1). Two sampling sites were located on the main stem of Shunganunga Creek (sampling sites SH-1 and SH-2) and one sampling site on South Branch Shunganunga Creek (sampling site SB-1), a major tributary to Shunganunga Creek. A statistical summary of concentrations of selected water-quality constituents in water from sampling sites SH-1, SH-2, and SB-1 is presented in table 11 in the "Supplemental Information" section of this report.


A comparison of median concentrations of major ions and dissolved solids in water from sampling sites in the Shunganunga Creek Basin is presented in figure 12. Median concentrations of dissolved solids were not significantly different (at the 0.05 level of sig nificance) among the three sampling sites in the Shun ganunga Creek Basin. Results of Wilcoxon rank-sum, two-tailed tests indicated a p-value of 0.21 for an eval uation of sampling sites SH-1 and SH-2 and p-values of 0.45 and 0.53 for an evaluation of sampling sites SH-1 and SB-1 and SB-1 and SH-2, respec tively. These results indicate that, on the basis of cur rent data set, the sections of Topeka between sampling sites SH-1 and SH-2 and upstream from sampling site SB-1 are not a significant source of instream con centrations of major ions and dissolved solids, at least when evaluated from a long-term perspective (2 years).

Sampling sites SH-1, SB-1, and SH-2 also were sampled during a previous water-quality investigation conducted from October 1979 through September 1981 (Pope and Bevans, 1987). A comparison of median


600

500

400

300

2 200c0)o

u 100

Figure 12. Comparison of median concentrations of major ions and dissolved solids in water from sampling sites SH-1, SB-1, and SH-2 in the Shunganunga Creek Basin, Topeka, Kansas, October 1993-September 1995. Location of sampling sites shown in figure 3.

concentrations of dissolved solids in dry-weather streamflow documented in the current study (1993-95) with those from the previous study is shown in figure 13. Dry-weather streamflow is streamflow resulting from a combination of base flow and point-source discharges and is not affected by storm runoff. Because the current data set contains a few sam ples of storm runoff at each sampling site, the current data set was censored to contain only samples reflec tive of streamflow ranges equivalent to those of the pre vious study. During the 1979-81 study, the maximum streamflows for dry-weather samples collected at sam pling sites SH-1, SB-1, and SH-2 were 18.0, 9.2, and 15.0 ft3/s, respectively; therefore, for this current study, only those samples with streamflow less than or equal to those maximums were used for comparative analy sis. This produced sample populations of 21, 21, and 18, respectively, at the three sampling sites. The num ber of dissolved-solids analyses of water from sam pling sites SH-1, SB-1, and SH-2 performed during the 1979-81 study were 10, 9, and 10, respectively (Pope and others, 1983).

The median concentration of dissolved solids doc umented in the current study (1993-95) in water from sampling site SH-1 for dry-weather streamflow samples (547 mg/L) was 48 percent larger than the

median concentration reported from the 1979-81 study. This increase was determined to be statistically significant (at the 0.05 level of significance) on the basis of a one-tailed, Wilcoxon rank-sum test with a p-value of 0.0019. This increase probably is the result of the construction of the Sherwood Lake Wastewater Treatment Plant during the 1980's to meet the needs of increased urbanization around and downstream from Sherwood Lake. As was previously shown (fig. 5) in the Kansas River discussion, discharge from wastewater-treatment plants may contain dissolved-solids con centrations larger than water in the receiving streams. During the 1979-81 study, two small "package" wastewater-treatment plants were operated between Sher wood Lake and sampling site SH-1, neither of which had substantial discharge. Discharge from one plant was measured at 0.04 ft3/s (0.026 Mgal/d). This previ ous discharge compares to the normal operating dis charge of 0.5 Mgal/d from the current Sherwood Lake plant. Additionally, because of greater urbanization upstream from sampling site SH-1, dissolved solids may be affected by greater road deicing application during 1993-95 than was the case during 1979-81. Subsequent runoff of deicing salt (sodium chloride) may be partly responsible for the larger median


700

600 -

500 -

^ 400 -

300

200 -

100 -

SH-1 SB-1

Sampling sites (fig. 3)

SH-2

Figure 13. Comparison of median concentrations of dissolved solids in dry-weather streamflow from October 1979 through September 1981 (Pope and Bevans, 1987) with median concentrations from October 1993 through September 1995 in water from sampling sites SH-1, SB-1, and SH-2 in Shunganunga Creek Basin, Topeka, Kansas.

dissolved-solids concentration documented during the current study.

Median concentrations of dissolved solids in water from sampling sites SB-1 and SH-2 were 7 and 2 per cent less, respectively, during 1993-95 than reported for 1979-81 (fig. 13). However, these differences between the two time periods were not statistically sig nificant (at the 0.05 level of significance) at either sam pling site. Wilcoxon one-tailed, rank-sum tests calculated p-values of 0.45 at sampling site SB-1 and 0.41 at sampling site SH-2. Therefore, although a sta tistically significant increase in median dissolved- solids concentration in dry-weather streamflow was documented in water from the upstream reach of Shun ganunga Creek (sampling site SH-1), no significant change has been documented in median dissolved- solids concentration from the entire basin between 1979-81 and 1993-95.

Nutrients

The median concentration of dissolved nitrate as nitrogen in water from sampling site SH-1 was 5.7 and 4.2 times larger than in water from sampling sites SB-1 and SH-2, respectively (fig. 14). These differences were significant at the 0.05 level of significance as indi

cated by Wilcoxon rank-sum, one-tailed p-values of less than 0.0001 for both sites. This larger median con centration in water from sampling site SH-1 is proba bly the result of discharge from the Sherwood Lake Wastewater Treatment Plant upstream from sampling site SH-1. However, median concentrations of dis solved ammonia as nitrogen were less than 0.1 mg/L (analytical detection limit) in water from all three sam pling sites. These small concentrations of dissolved ammonia in water from the main stem of Shunganunga Creek are probably the result of nitrification (oxidation of ammonia to nitrate) of wastewater prior to its dis charge from the Sherwood Lake Wastewater Treatment Plant and because of a lack of additional sources of nutrients (municipal and industrial) between sampling sites SH-1 and SH-2.

The median concentration of total ammonia plus organic nitrogen as nitrogen was largest in water from the downstream-most sampling site SH-2 (fig. 14); however, this difference, relative to sampling site sites SH-1, was not statistically significant at the 0.05 level of significance as determined by a Wilcoxon rank-sum, one-tailed p-value of 0.16. The median con centration of total ammonia plus organic nitrogen as nitrogen at sampling site SB-1 was significantly (0.05 level of significance) smaller than median


3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

o 1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

A. Nitrogen species

SH-1

* Less than analytical detection limits

SH-2

SB-1



Ammonia plusorganic nitrogen,

total

B. Phosphorus species

Phosphorus, total Orthophosphate as phosphorus, dissolved

Figure 14. Comparison of median concentrations of selected nutrients in water from sampling sites SH-1, SB-1, and SH-2 in the Shunganunga Creek Basin, Topeka, Kansas, October 1993-September 1995. Location of sampling sites shown in figure 3.

concentrations at either sampling sites SH-1 or SH-2 (one-tailed p-values of 0.01 and 0.003, respectively). This difference between tributary sampling site SB-1 and main-stem Shunganunga Creek sampling sites SH-1 and SH-2 probably reflects differences in wastewater discharges within the subbasins. Sampling sites SH-1 and SH-2 are affected by discharge from the Sherwood Lake Wastewater Treatment Plant, whereas, during this study, there were no wastewater discharges

in the South Branch Shunganunga Creek subbasin (upstream from sampling site SB-1).

Median concentrations of total phosphorus and dis solved orthophosphate as phosphorus in water from sampling site SH-1 were considerably larger than in water from the other two sampling sites (fig. 14). Median concentrations of total phosphorus were 7.2 and 4.1 times larger in water from sampling site SH-1 than in water from sampling sites SB-1 and SH-2, respectively. Median concentrations of dissolved


orthophosphate were 18 and 8.8 times larger in water from sampling site SH-1 than in water from sampling sites SB-1 and SH-2, respectively. These differences in median concentrations of total phosphorus and dis solved orthophosphate were significant at the 0.05 level of significance as indicated by Wilcoxon rank-sum, one-tailed p-values of less than 0.0001 for all comparisons. These large between-site differences in phosphorus species reflect the effect of discharge from the Sherwood Lake Wastewater Treatment Plant. From a water-quality criteria perspective, median con centrations of total phosphorus in water from all three sampling sites in the Shunganunga Creek Basin were larger than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1986) recommended goal of 0.1 mg/L. Although wastewater discharge is probably responsible for median concentrations of total phosphorus in water from the main stem of Shunganunga Creek exceeding the recommended goal, the 0.18-mg/L median concen tration of total phosphorus in water from sampling site SB-1 is probably of nonpoint-source, agricultural

origin, considering the current absence of municipal wastewater discharge. The large differences in median concentrations of phosphorus species between main-stem Shunganunga Creek sampling sites SH-1 and SH-2 are probably the result of in-channel deposi tion of total phosphorus and oxidation to orthophos phate and utilization of orthophosphate by phyto- plankton and aquatic vegetation between the two sites.

Comparison of median concentrations of selected nutrients in dry-weather streamflow from sampling sites in the Shunganunga Creek Basin from October 1993 through September 1995 with median concentrations in samples collected from October 1979 through September 1981 are shown in figure 15. The median concentration of dissolved nitrate as nitrogen was 4.7 times larger during 1993-95 than during 1979-81 in water from sampling site SH-1. This increase was significant at the 0.05 level as indicated by a Wilcoxon rank-sum, one-tailed p-value of 0.001 and probably reflects the greater wastewater discharge upstream from sampling site SH-1 during 1993-95


SH-1 SB-1 SH-2

SH-1 SB-1 SH-2

0.24

0.22

0.20

0.18

0.16

0.14

0.12

n m

i i


* Less than analytical detection limit

-

,.:: :;' .

;;;: ' .: ".

' # '.. # I * :.

1979-81

/

1993-95 f

/ ...:. :; ..V" ' "^ ::::: .; ' ;- :-: .... - SPK-:

* | '?*::::; i *

SH-1 SB-1 SH-2

Figure 15. Comparison of median concentrations of selected nutrients in dry-weather streamflow from October 1979 through September 1981 (Pope and Bevans, 1987) with median concentrations from October 1993 through September 1995 in water from sampling sites SH-1, SB-1, and SH-2 in the Shunganunga Creek Basin, Topeka, Kansas.


than during 1979-81. In contrast, the median concen tration of dissolved nitrate as nitrogen in water from sampling site SB-1 was 59 percent less during 1993-95 than that documented during 1979-81. This decrease was significant at the 0.05 level as indicated by a Wilcoxon rank-sum, one-tailed p-value of 0.007 and probably is the result of no current wastewater dis charges in the South Branch Shunganunga Creek subbasin, whereas during the earlier study, two small wastewater-treatment plants were in operation in this subbasin.

The median concentration of dissolved nitrate in water from sampling site SH-2 was 2.5 times larger during 1993-95 than during 1979-81; however, the increase was not significant at the 0.05 level as indi cated by a Wilcoxon rank-sum, one-tailed p-value of 0.20. Although median concentrations at selected sam pling sites in the Shunganunga Creek Basin were sig nificantly different between the two studies, the basin as a whole displayed no significant change even though there appears to be an upward trend on the main stem Shunganunga Creek. This perceived trend is the result of the expansion of wastewater-treatment facilities upstream from sampling site SH-1 between the 1979-81 and 1993-95 Shunganunga Creek studies and indicates an effect of past management decisions.

Median concentrations of dissolved ammonia as nitrogen were less than 0.10 mg/L (analytical detection limit) in water from all three sampling sites in the Shunganunga Creek Basin during 1993-95 compared to an average median concentration of 0.17 mg/L in water from the three sampling sites during 1979-81. These reductions in median concentrations are signifi cant at the 0.05 level for all three sampling sites as indi cated by Wilcoxon rank-sum, one-tailed p-values ranging from less than 0.001 to 0.015. The decrease documented in the current study is probably the result of the oxidation of ammonia prior to discharge from the Sherwood Lake Wastewater Treatment Plant and the removal of two small wastewater-treatment plants in the South Branch Shunganunga Creek subbasin between studies and indicates an effect of past manage ment decisions. During the earlier study, the two small wastewater-treatment plants, then in operation upstream from sampling site SH-1, were not capable of converting ammonia to nitrate.

Comparative results of median concentrations of total phosphorus between the previous and current study were similar to those for dissolved nitrate as nitrogen. The median concentration in water from sam

pling site SH-1 was 2.6 times larger during 1993-95 than during 1979-81, whereas in water from sampling site SB-1 the median concentration during 1993-95 was 78 percent less than during the 1979-81 study. These differences at sampling sites SH-1 and SB-1 were both significant at the 0.05 level as indicated by Wilcoxon rank-sum, one-tailed p-values of 0.002 and less than 0.001, respectively. Median concentrations of total phosphorus at sampling site SH-2 were not signif icantly different (at the 0.05 level) between the previ ous and current study. In general, nutrient concen trations in Shunganunga Creek during dry-weather streamflow are of point-source origin and predomi nately from discharge from the Sherwood Lake Wastewater Treatment Plant.

Bacteria

Median densities of fecal coliform and fecal Strep tococci bacteria were largest in water from the upstream-most Shunganunga Creek sampling site (SH-1) and smallest in water from the down stream-most sampling site (SH-2) (fig. 16). This, much like median nutrient concentrations, appears to indicate point-source contamination, possibly from the Sher wood Lake Wastewater Treatment Plant. However, effluent from the Sherwood Lake Wastewater Treat ment Plant is chlorinated (disinfected) before discharge to Shunganunga Creek (Edie Snethen, Director of Pub lic Works, city of Topeka, oral commun., 1996). There fore, the densities indicated in figure 16 probably represent nonpoint-source contributions from wildlife and livestock. The median density of fecal coliform bacteria was substantially greater than the 200 cols/100 mL of water criterion for full-body contact recreation established by the Kansas Department of Health and Environment (1994) in water from sampling site SH-1 and less than that in water from sampling sites SB-1 and SH-2.


Median concentrations of total recoverable metals and trace elements varied between sampling sites in the Shunganunga Creek Basin (fig. 17). Wilcoxon rank-sum, two-tailed tests were conducted on metal and trace-element concentrations in water from the three sampling sites in the Shunganunga Creek Basin to determine if these variations between sampling sites were statistically significant at the 0.05 level. Results of these Wilcoxon rank-sum tests are presented in table 10.


600

500 -

Fecal coliform Fecal Streptococci

Figure 16. Comparison of median densities of fecal coliform and fecal Streptococci bacteria in water from sampling sites SH-1, SB-1, and SH-2 in the Shunganunga Creek Basin, Topeka, Kansas, October 1993-September 1995. Location of sampling sites shown in figure 3.

There were no significant differences in median concentrations of any of the constituents shown in fig ure 17 between sampling sites SH-1 and SB-1. This probably indicates that the processes responsible for the occurrence of metals and trace elements or the degree to which these processes function are not sub stantially different between the subbasins upstream from sampling sites SH-1 and SB-1. In contrast, median concentrations of four constituents shown in figure 17 were significantly different between upstream and downstream sampling sites on the main stem Shun ganunga Creek, sites SH-1 and SH-2, respectively. Median concentrations of total recoverable aluminum, iron, manganese, and molybdenum were significantly larger in water from sampling site SH-2 than in water from the upstream sampling site SH-1. Median con centrations of total recoverable aluminum and iron were about three times larger in water from sampling site SH-2 than in water from sampling site SH-1. Sim ilarly, the median concentration of total recoverable manganese was 26 percent larger in water from sam pling site SH-2 than in water from sampling site SH-1, and the median concentration of total recoverable molybdenum was twice as large in water from sam pling site SH-2 than in water from sampling site SH-1.

The larger median concentrations of aluminum, iron, manganese, and molybdenum at sampling site SH-2 probably are the result of their widespread

use in the urban environment. Aluminum and iron are used extensively in automobiles and many exterior applications from small ornamental items to large structural components. Manganese is used in metal alloys, dry-cell batteries, micronutrient fertilizer addi tives, organic compounds used in paint driers, and as chemical reagents (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986). Molybdenum is used as an alloy in steel, in welding rods, as a lubricant additive, and in ceramics (Hem, 1985).

The median concentration of total recoverable iron in water from sampling site SH-2 is about 50 percent larger than the l,000-|lg/L freshwater water-quality criterion for total recoverable iron (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986). Therefore, urbanization between sampling sites SH-1 and SH-2 appears to have a detrimental effect on total recoverable iron con centrations in water from Shunganunga Creek. Although, median concentrations of total recoverable aluminum and iron in water from sampling site SH-2 are large relative to the other Shunganunga Creek sam pling sites, median concentrations of total recoverable aluminum and iron were at least 7,000 and 4,400 |lg/L, respectively, in water from the Kansas River sampling sites (KR-1 and KR-2). Discharge of Shunganunga Creek into the Kansas River probably would have no detrimental effect on median concentrations of metals and trace elements in the Kansas River.


o o

55

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Iron Manganese


1-Q O O

QJ Q. Q. Oo

N

Figure 17. Comparison of median total recoverable concentrations of selected metals and trace elements in water from sampling sites SH-1, SB-1, and SH-2 in the Shunganunga Creek Basin, Topeka, Kansas, October 1993-September 1995. Location of sampling sites shown in figure 3.

Pesticides

Many of the pesticides detected in water from the Shunganunga Creek Basin sampling sites also were detected in water from the Kansas River sampling sites. Some of these included the herbicides acetochlor, alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, EPTC, metolachlor,

prometon, simazine, and tebuthiuron, and the insecti cide carbaryl. Detections of several other insecticides were limited to water from the Shunganunga Creek Basin sampling sites and included chlordane, chlorpyrifos, Diazinon, lindane, and malathion. Addi tionally, the herbicides pendimethalin, propanil, and trifluralin were detected in water from one or more of


Table 10. Probability values (p-values) calculated by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test comparing total recoverable concentrations of selected metals and trace elements between Shunganunga Creek Basin sampling sites SH-1, SB-1, and SH-2 in Topeka, Kansas[At a significance level of 0.05, p-values greater than 0.025 for a two-tailed test indicate no significant difference in concentrations between sampling sites]

Sampling- site compari- Alumi- Arse- Chro-

son (fig. 3) num nic Barium mium Cobalt Copper Iron Lead

Man-ga- Molyb-

nese denum Nickel Zinc

SH-1 and SB-1

SH-1 and SH-2

SB-1 and SH-2

0.650

.004

.002

0.900

.035

.035

0.104

.213

.797

0.508

.105

.016

0.577

.082

.024

0.480

.895

.455

0.749

.004

.006

0.333

.054

.006

0.255

.004

.150

0.873

.002

.002

0.389

.639

.184

0.052

.185

.440

the Shunganunga Creek Basin sampling sites but not in water from the Kansas River sampling sites (table 11 in "Supplemental Information" section).

Most of the pesticides detected in water from the Shunganunga Creek Basin sampling sites were at small concentrations relative to Kansas River concentrations. Concentrations of some pesticides in water from the Shunganunga Creek Basin were as much as an order of magnitude less than in water from the Kansas River. No pesticide concentrations in water from the Shunga nunga Creek Basin sampling sites exceeded Kansas Department of Health and Environment water-quality criteria. However, these are very limited data (four samples, at most, per sampling site) and, therefore, should be used with caution.

Soldier Creek

One sampling site was established on Soldier Creek to evaluate potential effects of urbanization (fig. 3 and table 1). This sampling site (SO-1) was located about 1 mi downstream from an industrial area with a permitted point-source discharge of 4.62 Mgal/d. Eleven samples were collected at this sampling site from October 1993 through September 1995. A statistical summary of concentra tions of selected water-quality constituents in water from sampling site SO-1 is presented in table 11 in the "Supplemental Information" section of this report.

water from sampling sites KR-2, SH-2, and SO-1 is presented in figure 18. The median concentration of dissolved solids in water from sampling site SO-1 was at least 34 percent smaller than in water from either Kansas River sampling site (KR-1 and KR-2) and at least 6.1 percent smaller than in water from any sam pling site in the Shunganunga Creek Basin. On the basis of the current data set, urbanization appears to have little effect on concentrations of major ions and dissolved solids in water from sampling site SO-1.

Nutrients

Median concentrations of selected nutrients in water from sampling site SO-1 are the smallest in water from any sampling site in the study area; how ever, they are similar to those median values docu mented in water from sampling site SB-1 (fig. 19). Sampling site SB-1 is not known to be affected by point-source discharges. Median concentrations of dis solved nitrate as nitrogen, total phosphorus, and dis solved orthophosphate as phosphorus in water from sampling site SO-1 were 23, 11, and 17 percent less, respectively, than corresponding median concentra tions in water from sampling site SB-1. Median con centrations of total ammonia plus organic nitrogen as nitrogen were equal in water from sampling sites SO-1 and SB-1. On the basis of the current data set, urban ization appears to have little effect on median concen trations of nutrients in water from sampling site SO-1.


Median concentrations of most major ions and dis solved solids were smaller in water from sampling site SO-1 than in water from the other sampling sites in the study area. For example, a comparison of median concentrations of major ions and dissolved solids in

Bacteria

Median densities of fecal coliform bacteria in water from sampling site SO-1 were some of the small est median densities documented in water from any sampling site in the study area. For example, a compar ison of median bacterial densities at sampling


700

600

en 400

- 300

£ 200

100

Figure 18. Comparison of median concentrations of major ions and dissolved solids in water from sampling sites KR-2 on the Kansas River, SH-2 on Shunganunga Creek, and SO-1 on Soldier Creek, Topeka, Kansas, October 1993-September 1995. Location of sampling sites shown in figure 3.

sites KR-1, SH-2, and SO-1 is presented in figure 20. The median density of fecal coliform bacteria (25 cols/100 mL) in water from sampling site SO-1 was only 25 percent of the next largest median concen tration (100 cols/100 mL, site SH-2) in water from any sampling site in the study area. However, median den sities of fecal Streptococci bacteria in water from two other sampling sites (KR-1 and SH-2) were smaller than the median density of 90 cols/100 mL documented in water from sampling site SO-1 (table 11). Wastewa- ter discharge upstream from sampling site SO-1 may have some effect on median densities of fecal Strepto cocci bacteria in water from sampling site SO-1. Addi tionally, livestock production in the mostly agricultural area upstream from sampling site SO-1 may be con tributing to the density of Streptococci bacteria at that sampling site.


A comparison of median total recoverable concen trations of selected metals and trace elements in water from sampling site SO-1 with sampling sites KR-2 on the Kansas River and SH-1 on Shunganunga Creek is presented in figure 21. The median concentration of total recoverable aluminum in water from sampling

site SO-1 was at least 31 percent less than median con centrations in water from any other sampling site. The median total recoverable barium concentration in water from sampling site SO-1 was equal to median concen trations documented in water from sampling sites on the Kansas River (fig. 11 and table 11), and the median total recoverable iron concentration was similar to the median concentration documented in water from sam pling site SH-1 (fig. 17). The median concentration of total recoverable manganese in water from sampling site SO-1 (400 |ig/L) was at least 74 percent larger than the median concentration in water from any other sam pling site. The reason for this relatively large manga nese concentration is not known but may be from upstream industrial discharge. Median total recover able concentrations of metals and trace elements pre sented in figure 21 were similar to median concen tration values documented in water from sampling sites in the Shunganunga Creek Basin (fig. 17).

Pesticides

Many of the pesticides detected in water from the Kansas River sampling sites (KR-1 and KR-2) also were detected in water from sampling site SO-1 (table 11). Those pesticides detected in water from


1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

£ 0.4

0.2

KR-2

SO-1




Ammonia plusorganic

nitrogen, total

Phosphorus, total

Orthophosphateas phosphorus,

dissolved

Figure 19. Comparison of median concentrations of selected nutrients in water from sampling sites KR-2 on the Kansas River, SB-1 on South Branch Shunganunga Creek, and SO-1 on Soldier Creek, Topeka, Kansas, October 1993-September 1995. Location of sampling sites shown in figure 3.

sampling site SO-1 are herbicides frequently used in crop production and include acetochlor, alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, EPTC, metolachlor, metribuzin, and tebuthiuron. Insecticides detected in water from the Soldier Creek sampling site included carbaryl and carbofuran but not those insecticides commonly used in urbanized areas such as Diazinon, lindane, and malathion. Therefore, on the basis of the current data set, urbanization appears to have little appreciable effect on concentrations of pesticides in water from sampling site SO-1. No concentrations of pesticides exceeded Kansas Department of Health and Environ ment (1994) water-quality criteria.

SUMMARY

The water of streams in urban areas potentially may be degraded through the point- and nonpoint-source discharge of major ions, dissolved solids, nutrients, bacteria, metals and trace elements, and pes ticides. Stream degradation may cause the water to be unsuitable for irrigation; pose potential public health problems in processed drinking water; inhibit growth, reproduction, and diversity of aquatic organisms; and reduce recreational desirability of the stream.

In 1993, the U.S. Geological Survey entered into a cooperative agreement with the city of Topeka, Kansas, to determine and evaluate stream-water quality in the urbanized sections of the Kansas River, Shunganunga Creek Basin, and Soldier Creek. The Kansas River at Topeka, Kansas, represents a drainage area of 56,720 mi of mostly agricultural land and serves as a water-supply source for the city of Topeka. The city's primary wastewater-treatment plant discharges into the Kansas River. Much of the 60-mi drainage area of Shunganunga Creek is urbanized, and the creek receives point- and nonpoint-source discharges as it flows through the city. The 305-mi drainage area of Soldier Creek is almost entirely agricultural but poten tially receives urban point- and nonpoint-source dis charges from the northern part of the city.

For the purpose of monitoring the effects of urban ization on streams within the city of Topeka, a network of seven sampling sites was established in the study area. Two sampling sites were located on the Kansas River (upstream and downstream from an urbanized area); one site at the discharge from the Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant (downstream from the last Kansas River sampling site); three in the Shunganunga Creek Basin (upstream and downstream from the major urbanized area and on an intervening tributary); and


160

140 -

120 -

100

_o o

CJ

Coliform, fecal Streptococci, fecal

Figure 20. Comparison of median densities of fecal coliform and fecal Streptococci bacteria in water from sampling sites KR-1 on the Kansas River, SH-2 on Shunganunga Creek, and SO-1 on Soldier Creek, Topeka, Kansas, October 1993-September 1995. Location of sampling sites shown in figure 3.

one on Soldier Creek. Most samples were collected during periods of stable, dry-weather flow (nonrunoff periods); however, about two samples at each site were collected when streamflow was affected by runoff.

No significant differences in median concentra tions of dissolved solids, nutrients, or metals and trace elements, or median densities of fecal bacteria were documented between the upstream and downstream sampling sites on the Kansas River. This indicates that nonpoint-source discharge from Topeka has little effect on median concentrations in water from the Kansas River during stable, dry-weather periods. The greatest potential source of contamination to the Kansas River is discharge from the Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant.

Large quantities of dissolved ammonia are dis charged from the Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant and substantially increase dissolved ammonia as nitro gen concentrations in water from the Kansas River. Dissolved ammonia as nitrogen concentrations in water from the Kansas River resulting from this dis charge ranged from 0.03 to 1.1 mg/L. However, as a percentage of water-quality criteria, most of the result ing dissolved ammonia as nitrogen concentrations in

water from the Kansas River were considerably less than 50 percent of the Kansas Department of Health and Environment's water-quality criterion, with a median value of 20 percent of the criterion (on the basis of 26 samples).

Concentrations of total phosphorus in discharge from the Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant were relatively large compared to concentrations in water from the Kansas River. However, discharges of total phosphorus from this plant produced only small increases in concentrations in water from the Kansas River. Generally, treatment-plant discharge increased calculated total phosphorus concentrations in water from the Kansas River by 0.01 to 0.04 mg/L. The median percentage increase in total phosphorus con centrations in water from the Kansas River was 7.6 percent.

Bacterial densities in discharge from the Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant substantially increased densities in water from the Kansas River. The median fecal coliform density in water from the Kansas River upstream from the plant was 120 cols/100 mL of water, whereas the calculated median density after receiving plant discharge was 4,900 cols/100 mL of water.

Summary 39

8,000

7,000

6,000

5,000

4,000

3,000

1 2,000CD Q.

2 1,000

o o

KR-2

SH-1SO-1

Aluminum Barium Iron Manganese


N

Figure 21. Comparison of median total recoverable concentrations of selected metals and trace elements in water from sampling sites KR-2 on the Kansas River, SH-1 on Shunganunga Creek, and SO-1 on Soldier Creek, Topeka, Kansas, October 1993-September 1995. Location of sampling sites shown in figure 3.

Calculated densities of fecal coliform bacteria in water from the Kansas River as a result of wastewater discharge exceeded the 200 cols/100 mL of water cri terion established by the Kansas Department of Health and Environment in 100 percent of the samples com pared to 35 percent of the Kansas River samples col

lected upstream from the plant discharge. Median densities of fecal Streptococci bacteria in water from the Kansas River increased from 150 cols/100 mL of water upstream from plant discharge to 4,700 cols/ 100 mL of water downstream from plant discharge.


Median concentrations of dissolved solids were not significantly different between the three sampling sites in the Shunganunga Creek Basin. Median concentra tions of dissolved nitrate as nitrogen, total phosphorus, and dissolved orthophosphate as phosphorus were sig nificantly larger in water from the upstream-most sam pling site than in water from either of the other sites. Discharge from the Sherwood Lake Wastewater Treat ment Plant is probably responsible for these larger upstream median concentrations. Median concentra tions of total ammonia plus organic nitrogen as nitro gen were significantly larger in water from the main-stem Shunganunga Creek sampling sites than in water from the tributary sampling site probably because of wastewater discharge into the main stem.

A comparison of median concentrations of selected water-quality constituents in dry-weather streamflow from the current (1993-95) study with a previous (1979-81) Shunganunga Creek study indicated that median concentrations of dissolved nitrate as nitrogen and total phosphorus during 1993-95 in water from upstream sampling sites were either significantly larger than during 1979-81 in response to increases of wastewater-treatment plant discharge or smaller because of the elimination of wastewater-treatment plant dis charge. Median concentrations of ammonia as nitrogen concentrations were significantly less during 1993-95 than during 1979-81.

Median densitites of fecal bacteria were largest in water from the upstream-most Shunganunga Creek sampling site and smallest in water from the down stream-most sampling site. However, because effluent from the Sherwood Lake Wastewater Treatment Plant is chlorinated (disinfected) before discharge to Shun ganunga Creek, it is believed that the larger upstream median densities represent mostly nonpoint-source contributions from wildlife and livestock.

Median concentrations for 4 of 12 metals and trace elements were significantly larger in water from the downstream-most Shunganunga Creek sampling site than in water from the upstream-most sampling site. These metals and trace elements included total alumi num, iron, manganese, and molybdenum, and their occurrence in larger concentrations in water from the downstream-most sampling site probably is a result of their widespread use in the urban environment.

Little water-quality effect from urbanization was indicated by results from the Soldier Creek sampling site. Median concentrations of most water-quality con stituents in water from this sampling site were the

smallest in water from any sampling site in the study area.

Herbicides frequently used in the production of corn, grain sorghum, and soybeans were detected in water from all sampling sites. These included acetochlor, alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, EPTC, metolachlor, prometon, simazine, and tebuthiuron. Additionally, insecticides frequently used in the urban environment were detected in water from the Shunga nunga Creek Basin and in discharge from the Oakland Wastewater Treatment Plant. These insecticides included chlordane, chlorpyrifos, Diazinon, lindane, and malathion. No pesticide concentrations exceeded Kansas Department of Health and Environment water-quality criteria.

Although the scope of this study included an exam ination of both point and nonpoint sources of potential contamination, few samples were collected during run off when nonpoint-source effects would be largest. Therefore, conclusions pertaining to the possible effects of nonpoint-source contamination should be used with discretion.

REFERENCES CITED

Abmeyer, Walter, and Campbell, H.V., 1970, Soil survey of Shawnee County, Kansas: U.S. Soil Conservation Service, 77 p.

American Public Health Association, American WaterWorks Association, and Water Pollution Control Feder ation, 1985, Standard methods for the examination of water and waste (16th ed.): Washington, D.C., Ameri can Public Health Association, 1268 p.

Britton, L.J., and Greeson, P.E., eds., 1989, Methods for col lection and analysis of aquatic biological and microbio logical samples: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 5, chap. A4, 363 p.

Buchanan, T.J., and Somers, W.P., 1976, Discharge measure ments at gaging stations: U.S. Geological Survey Tech niques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 3, chap. A8, 65 p.

Carswell, W.J., Jr., 1978, Description of data-collection sys tem and synopsis of selected hydrologic data for Soldier Creek basin, Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-678, 79 p.

1981, Selected hydrologic relationships for Soldier Creek, northeastern Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 81-8, 68 p.

References Cited 41

Decker, T.J., Siewert, H.F., and Dodish, T.G., 1988, An assessment of water quality on Little and Big Duck Creeks near Elwood, Indiana: Proceedings of the Indi ana Academy of Science, v. 97, p. 333-338.

Doran, J.W., Schepers, J.S., and Swanson, N.P., 1981, Chem ical and bacteriological quality of pasture runoff: Jour nal of Soil and Water Conservation, v. 36, no. 3, p. 166-171.

Dorney, J.R., 1986, Leachable and total phosphorus in urban street tree leaves: Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, v. 28, no. 3/4, p. 439^43.

Edwards, T.K., and Glysson, G.D., 1988, Field methods for measurements of fluvial sediment: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-531, 118 p.

Evaldi, R.D., Burns, R.J., and Moore, B.L., 1993, Water quality of selected streams in Jefferson County, Ken tucky, 1988-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water- Resources Investigations Report 92^150, 177 p.

Fallen, J.D., and McChesney, J.A., 1993, Surface-water- quality assessment of the lower Kansas River basin, Kansas and Nebraska project data, November 1986 through April 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-51,594 p.

Fenneman, N.M., 1946, Physical divisions of the United States: Washington, D.C., U.S. Geological Survey spe cial map, 1 sheet, scale 1:7,000,000.

Fishman, M.J., ed., 1993, Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Labora tory determination of inorganic and organic constitu ents in water and fluvial sediments: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-125, 217 p.

Geiger, C.O., Lacock, D.L., Schneider, D.R., Carlson, M.D., and Dague, B.J., 1995, Water resources data, Kansas, water year 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Data Report KS-94-1,479 p.

Gilbert, R.O., 1987, Statistical methods for environmental pollution monitoring: New York, Van Nostrand Rein- hold, 320 p.

Gray, H.L., Johnson, S.R., and Ponce, J.L., 1983, Cattle grazing impact on surface water quality in a Colorado front range stream: Journal of Soil and Water Conserva tion, v. 38, no. 2, p. 124-128.

Helgesen, J.O., ed., 1996, Surface-water-quality assessment of the lower Kansas River basin, Kansas and Nebraska results of investigations, 1987-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2451, 129 p.

Hem, J.D., 1985, Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water (3d ed.): U.S. Geologi cal Survey Water-Supply Paper 2254, 263 p.

Horowitz, A.J., Demas, C.R., Fitzgerald, K.K., Miller, T.L., and Rickert, D.A., 1994, U.S. Geological Survey proto col for the collection and processing of surface-water samples for the subsequent determination of inorganic constituents in filtered water: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-539, 57 p.

Jordan, PR., and Stamer, J.K., eds., 1995, Surface-water- quality assessment of the lower Kansas River basin, Kansas and Nebraska analysis of available data through 1986: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2352-B, 161 p.

Kansas Department of Health and Environment, 1994, Kan sas register: Topeka, Kansas Secretary of State, v. 13, no. 28, p. 1050-1062.

Kennedy, E.J., 1983, Computation of continuous records of streamflow: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 3, chap. A13, 53 p.

Litke, D.W., 1996, Sources and loads of nutrients in the South Platte River, Colorado and Nebraska: U.S. Geo logical Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4029, 31 p.

Lopes, T.J., and Possum, K.D., 1995, Selected chemical characteristics and acute toxicity of urban stormwater, streamflow, and bed material, Maricopa County, Ari zona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investi gations Report 95^074, 52 p.

Martin, J.D., 1995, Effects of combined-sewer overflows and urban runoff on the water quality of Fall Creek, Indianapolis, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4066, 92 p.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992, Monthly station normals of temperature, precipitation, and heating and cooling degrees days 1961-1990, Kan sas: Asheville, N.C., National Climatic Center, 36 p.

1993-95, Climatological data, Kansas, annual sum mary: Asheville, N. C., National Climatic Center [pub lished annually].

Norman, C.G., 1991, Urban runoff effects on Ohio River water quality: Water Environment and Technology, v. 3, no. 6, p. 44 -46.

Pope, L.M., 1995, Surface-water-quality assessment of the lower Kansas River basin, Kansas and Nebraska dis solved oxygen and Escherichia coli bacteria in streams during low flow, July 1988 through July 1989: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4077, 102 p.

Pope, L.M., and Bevans, H.E., 1987, Relation of urban land-use and dry-weather, storm, and snowmelt flow characteristics to stream-water quality, Shunganunga Creek basin, Topeka, Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2283, 39 p.

Pope, L.M., Diaz, A.M., and Butler, M.K., 1983, Urban water-quality data and statistical summaries for selected sites in the Shunganunga Creek basin, Topeka, Kansas: Kansas Department of Health and Environ ment Bulletin No. 62^19, 203 p.

Putnam, J.E., Lacock, D.L., Schneider, D.R., Carlson, M.D., and Dague, B.J., 1996, Water resources data, Kansas, water year 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Data Report KS-95-1,488 p.


Reid, O.K., and Wood, R.D., 1976, Ecology of inland waters and estuaries: New York, D. Van Nostrand Co., 485 p.

Rich, P.H., and Murray, T.E., 1990, De-icing salts in an urban drainage basin: Internationale Vereinigung fuer Theore- tische und Angewandte Limnologie, v. 24, no. 1, p. 162-165.

Segfried, P.L., Brown, N.E., Cherwinsky, C.L., Jenkins, G.D., and Cotter, D.A., 1984, Impact of sewage treat ment plants on surface waters: Canadian Journal of Public Health, v. 75, no. 1, p. 25-31.

Stephenson, G.R., and Street, L.V., 1978, Bacterial varia tions in streams from a southwest Idaho rangeland watershed: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 7, no. 1, p. 150-157.

Stewart, P.M., and Robinson, D.J., 1992, Aquatic organisms as indicators of water quality in suburban streams of the lower Delaware River region, USA: Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science, v. 66, no. 3, p. 135-141.

Taylor, G.F., 1990, Quantity and quality of stormwater run off from western Dayton Beach, Florida, and adjacent areas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Inves tigations Report 90-4002, 88 p.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1983, Environmen tal impact statement draft metropolitan Topeka pro posed wastewater treatment facilities, Shawnee County, Kansas: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/9-83/001,230p.

1984, Report to Congress nonpoint source pollu tion in the U.S.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [variously paged].

-1986, Quality criteria for water, 1986: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report 440/5-86-001 [vari ously paged].

U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, Water-resources data for Kansas, water year 1980 volume 1, Missouri River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Data Report KS-80-1,422 p.

1982, Water-resources data for Kansas, water year 1981: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Data Report KS-81-1, 566 p.

U.S. Soil Conservation Service, 1975, Urban hydrology for small watersheds: U.S. Soil Conservation Service Tech nical Release No. 55 [unnumbered pages].

Veenhuis, J.E., and Slade, R.M., 1990, Relation between urbanization and water quality of streams in the Austin area, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4107, 64 p.

Wershaw, R.L., Fishman, M.J., Grabbe, R.R., and Lowe, L.E., eds., 1987, Methods for determination of organic substances in water and fluvial sediments: U.S. Geolog ical Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investiga tions, book 5, chap. A3, 80 p.

Wonnacott, T.H., and Wonnacott, R.J., 1977, Introductory statistics: New York, John Wiley and Sons, 650 p.

References Cited 43

SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION


46

Effects of

Urbanization

on Octobe

r 1993

Throu

gh Sep

Water

Qua

itember 1

9! Ul

~ 5' (D Kansas 5 (D Shunganunga Ci 1 CO Q) W 5' Q) Q.

(/)

0 Q. 5' O i tx 0 «

Tab

le 1

1 . S

tatis

tical

sum

mar

y of

wat

er-q

ualit

y m

easu

rem

ents

, con

cent

ratio

ns o

f che

mic

al c

onst

ituen

ts, a

nd b

acte

rial d

ensi

ties

for w

ater

sam

ples

col

lect

ed fr

om th

e K

ansa

s Ri

ver,

disc

harg

e fro

m th

e O

akla

nd W

aste

wat

er T

reat

men

t Pl

ant i

n To

peka

, K

ansa

s, th

e Sh

unga

nung

a C

reek

Bas

in, a

nd S

oldi

er C

reek

, Oct

ober

19

93-S

epte

mbe

r 19

95[ft

3/s,

cub

ic f

eet p

er s

econ

d; u

S/cm

, mic

rosi

emen

s pe

r ce

ntim

eter

at 2

5 °C

; °C

, deg

rees

Cel

sius

; m

m o

f Hg,

mill

imet

ers

of m

ercu

ry; m

g/L,

mill

igra

ms

per

liter

; um

-mf,

mic

rom

eter

s-m

embr

ane

filte

r; co

ls/1

00

mL,

col

onie

s pe

r 10

0 m

illili

ters

of w

ater

; it f

ield

, inc

rem

enta

l titr

atio

n; H

CO

3, bi

carb

onat

e; C

O3,

carb

onat

e; U

g/L,

mic

rogr

ams

per l

iter;

PCB

, pol

ychl

orin

ated

bip

heny

ls;

--, n

o da

ta; <

, les

s th

an]

Des

crip

tive

stat

isti

csW

ater

-qua

lity

mea

sure

men

t or

cons

titu

ent

(uni

t of

mea

sure

men

t)

Wat

er-q

uaiit

v m

easu

rem

ent

Stre

amflo

w,

inst

anta

neou

s (f

f/s)

Sp

ecifi

c co

nduc

tanc

e (f

iS/c

m)

pH (

stan

dard

uni

ts)

Wat

er te

mpe

ratu

re (

°C)

Air

pres

sure

(m

m o

f H

g)

Oxy

gen

diss

olve

d (m

g/L

) O

xyge

n, d

isso

lved

(pe

rcen

t sa

tura

tion)

Oxy

gen

dem

and,

che

mic

al, h

igh

leve

l (m

g/L

)O

xyge

n de

man

d, b

ioch

emic

al, 5

-day

(m

g/L

)A

lkal

inity

, wat

er w

hole

, it f

ield

(m

g/L

as

CaC

O3)

M

ajor

ions

and

dis

solv

ed so

lids

Cal

cium

, tot

al r

ecov

erab

le (

mg/

L a

s C

a)

Mag

nesi

um to

tal

reco

vera

ble

(mg/

L a

s M

g)So

dium

, tot

al r

ecov

erab

le (

mg/

L a

s N

a)Po

tass

ium

, tot

al r

ecov

erab

le (

mg/

L a

s K

)B

icar

bona

te, w

ater

who

le, i

t fie

ld

(mg/

L a

s H

CO

3)

Car

bona

te, w

ater

who

le, i

t fie

ld

(mg/

L a

s C

O3)

Sulf

ate,

filt

ered

0.4

5u.m

(m

g/L

as

SO4)

Chl

orid

e, f

ilter

ed 0

.45n

m (

mg/

L a

s C

l)So

lids,

res

idue

at

105

°C d

isso

lved

(m

g/L

) So

lids,

res

idue

at

105

°C, s

uspe

nded

(m

g/L

)

Sam

ple

size

Max

imum

Min

imum

Mea

n95

0688

8980

Kan

sas

Riv

er a

t U

.S. H

ighw

ay 7

5, T

opek

a, K

ansa

s (s

ampl

ing

site

KR

-1

25

24

25 25 24 23

21 25 25 25 25

25 25 25

25 25 24 25 25

25

45,2

00

1,60

0 8.4

28.0

757 14

.9

127

120 9.

027

1

110 26 150 19 325 12 240

230

964

2,40

0

1,10

0 41

8 7.5 1.0

734 5.

9 69 17 <2

.014

0 23 8.3

20 7.6

171 0 73 18 285 37

8,70

0 96

1 8.0

15.1

743 10

.4

104 38 -

210 60

19 83 11

251 1.

6

140

110

639

374

42,0

00

1,56

0 8.4

28.0

755 14

.7

127

110 8.

026

6

110 26 150 18

320 11

240

230

944

2,04

0

Val

ue o

f in

dica

ted

perc

entil

e75

,fig

.3)

8,35

0 1,

100 8.

223

.074

8 12.3

11

0 44 3.0

238 70 22 100 13

286 1.

0

160

140

774

436

50

(med

ian)

6,23

0 1,

010 8.

016

.574

4 10.0

10

5 36 <2.0

211 60

20 82 10 257 0

130

110

681

209

25 3620

77

1 7.8

6.5

738 8.

4 98 20 <2 18

2 46

18 61 8.6

222 0 90 82 515 95

5

1,16

0 42

1 7.5 1.0

734 6.

2 71 17 <2

.014

0 23 9.4

24 7.6

171 0 73 24 300 37

.2 c

1 o

'oc

io3

s

in

inCM

0

£

£CD

CO.0

OT

*EO_>Q. 0 CO

£

_»

Ea(0

g0>*J

OTCo0

asurement o

0)E£(0

cr

£

$

^-*

~

iN~"'

cS4)5

3Eci

E3

'xQ

.§

^^

C

r measureme

o'c3

"Oa>

sC**

OO

MCC

v

^H

sii>

tS

0£

"5,iS

wiseS

IO.

H«/T

C3

.2fM

t/5

13

5inC3eC3

O 00a\

o

Nutrients

\or*d

sd

,-H

ONd

^H

^

ON00d

§> id

00

cs

ZC/5ea

d

eiltered 0.45 (ii

«=o"

Nitrogen, nitral

3oV

o p

moq

VOoq

ON

q

i1

ooV

o

cs

ZC/5

d^»5-^pm ^dT5a0^

cp^

al

Nitrogen, nitrit

>ooV

oV

*Oov

o

V

t-~q

i

noV

r~q

cs

£ j

a, filtered 0.4!

. _H

0 ^-x

E Z1 ao tuo

Z

o

V

o

^^ '

cs

5

11

o

V

cs

cs

, _ 1*2o ^

o

«e?oC/5

_D"H. 2"

0 ^

11c dU Mtuo e2 5

Z

^q

o

^.cs

oV)

^

^4.

1^'

u->q

^^

cs cs

src« «

d tiJO

^ **

~£

t/T2o f

J3cx

csoV ' ^

V V

oO 00

o

rt 00

CS^

8 0 cs o »/ >

ocs

8 0 0

cs" en

i i ii i i

csoV T-l ^H

V V

o en

8 8q. qCS" VC3 CS VO

CS CS CS

o

6^D

f O5 ^^^jj """J.

^ 8 s0 ^ s"8 6=1- S 6 3 E ^ o' * * ' y-*>

** ^ - ° ^"

2^ > '*" O i t J r-T O "^

O " mi E 0 _c kii) .2 G X *~"Q^ ^ U O 4 * Q

cfl -s_x ^2 7^ CX. -s^

£ M U ^5

g "> 8 v^ V

O Tf O ^

CN ^Hcs"

8 ^ 8 voC

°» en

O CS O CS

q TfoCen

§ 00 ' '1 '

O

en ^ 8 V"v

S r^ o ON cs o o »/ >5

cs cs cs cs

o ^< ^ ^ 3:£ ^f* J2 c/5

CQ ^

nJ ^ C/5 >^v ^ cd t^

filla 2 a s> §

1 1 | 1 !" ^ O r*i n\41 0 o "-

lijij3J ^^ t^ CC C^

S < < oa u

cs

Tj-

^!

'

oo

\o^^

cs

oo

cs

^u:£

^4h\n

:coverable ((!}

jW

^-^

Chromium, tot;

m vo o <* o

S ^

cscscscscs cscscs

! il5 c3 S 2 1

II f.If! llz

Tabl

e 11

. S

tatis

tical

sum

mar

y of

wat

er-q

ualit

y m

easu

rem

ents

, co

ncen

tratio

ns o

f che

mic

al c

onst

ituen

ts,

and

bact

eria

l den

sitie

s fo

r w

ater

sam

ples

col

lect

ed fr

om t

he

Kan

sas

Riv

er,

disc

harg

e fro

m th

e O

akla

nd W

aste

wat

er T

reat

men

t P

lant

in T

opek

a, K

ansa

s, t

he S

hung

anun

ga C

reek

Bas

in,

and

Sol

dier

Cre

ek,

Oct

ober

Effects

of

Urba

October

1

993

T 3-

3in

N

o

01

c 5*

<°

0 ^

3

(/> 0

"S 3 (0 5 (0 0

)3"

C 3 to Q> 3

3 (O Q> 0 » 0) Q>

(0 J3*

Q> 0 Q.

0 3 H O

TJ Q> Q>

1993

-Sep

tem

ber

1 995 C

ontin

ued

Des

crip

tive

stat

istic

s V

alue

of i

ndic

ated

per

cent

ileW

ater

-qua

lity

mea

sure

men

t or c

onst

ituen

t Sa

mpl

e (u

nit o

f mea

sure

men

t)

size

Max

imum

95

75

50

25

Min

imum

M

ean

(med

ian)

5

0688

8980

Kan

sas

Riv

er a

t U

.S. H

ighw

ay 7

5, T

opek

a, K

ansa

s (s

ampl

ing

site

KR

-1, f

ig. 3

) C

ontin

ued

Met

als

and

trac

e el

emen

ts C

onti

nued

Sele

nium

, tot

al r

ecov

erab

le (

fig/L

as

Se)

Silv

er, t

otal

rec

over

able

(fig

/L a

s A

g)Zi

nc, t

otal

rec

over

able

(fig

/L a

s Zn

)O

rgan

ic c

ompo

unds

Cya

nide

, to

tal

(mg/

L a

s C

n)

Phen

ols,

tot

al (

flg/

L)

Oil

and

grea

se,

tota

l (m

g/L

)

Alp

ha b

hc (

fig/

L)

Aro

clor

101

6 pc

b (f

ig/L

)

Aro

clor

122

1 pc

b (f

lg/L

)

Aro

clor

1 2

32 p

cb (

fig/

L)

Aro

clor

124

2 pc

b (f

ig/L

)

Aro

clor

1 2

48 p

cb (

fig/

L)

Aro

clor

125

4 pc

b (f

lg/L

)

Aro

clor

126

0 pc

b (f

ig/L

)

Pes

tici

des

Ace

toch

lor,

filt

ered

, re

cove

rabl

e (f

ig/L

)

Ala

chlo

r, d

isso

lved

, re

cove

rabl

e (f

ig/L

)

Ald

rin,

tot

al (

fig/

L)

Atr

azin

e, d

isso

lved

, re

cove

rabl

e (f

ig/L

)

Ben

flur

alin

, fi

ltere

d (f

ig/L

)

Bet

a be

nzen

e he

xacl

orid

e, t

otal

(fi

g/L

)

But

ylat

e di

ssol

ved

reco

vera

ble

(fig

/L)

Car

bary

l, fi

ltere

d (f

ig/L

)

Car

bofu

ran,

filt

ered

(fi

g/L

)

Chl

orda

ne,

tota

l (f

ig/L

)

25 25 25 25 24 25 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

3 36 210 .0

05<.

013 <.

03<.

10

<1 <.l

<.l

<.l

<.l

<.l .0

94.9

3<.

042.

3<.

013

<.03

<.00

8.0

29.1

4<.

10

<1

- 2

<2

<2

<2<1

-

1 <1

<1

<1

<5

-- 17

0 70

40

20

<.00

1 -

.002

<.

005

<.00

5 <.

001

<.01

0 --

<.01

<.

01

<.01

<.

010

<1

-- 3

<2

<2

<1<.

03<.

10

<1 < !

<.l

<.l

<.l

<1 --

.14

<.04 .6

7<.

013

<.03

<.00

8<.

046

<.01

3<.

10

<1 <1 <10 <.

001

<.01

<1 - ~ - -- ~ ~ -- - - ~ -- - -- -- -

If)

If)JD CM'c0)o

i ^ O C0) .(0

S W »=5 E.E ^ io>^ra

U)o>

c

I

(A c O ^~ 3

» E

i 1$I E» I5 1n

o>

|5(0 w

</>

C0)3

ic0 ^0 C"

i. Co o>~ E

ality measuremen (unit of measure

3u-

1

: i i i i : : : : i

. i i . i i i . i i

i'!'] ii!!'

"Ss.5'S .o i ! | ! | ! ! ! 1 !

jf

64)

« . , . , . , , , , ,b6 i i i i i i i i i in "a64)

"5.

SCS

03 i i i i i i i i i i

Io 3- *-< o r-

^ ovv'v v v v v '

I64)MMH

i J OOOONO O ^ ""! O fN

« ovv'v v v v v

«

cCS

o -*-*-* ^ -* -*-*-*-*-*ON

s

C^ ^ u

2P ^-^ X)^ v 2

^~s g, "TT fl\

^ *"" cd **bfi "^ *~* O-j_ ^V ^T 2 > S^

1 15 a i 2 j "22 ^ T3 2 c U 3:

S o 1 > « §- <dd-?°

i 1 1 1 1 s ilils.e'^C-S 1" ' ' : 1 "S 1>

§ 22 « . -- 13 2^S"«S U o h g T3 2i o o .:£ o ' N

1 U ^^ jOOOSCL, tn ' '

?J2SS>>U DH DH 0, ft, U

£ U U U U Q cu oT CLT oT Q

: i i i :

. i . i i

I I ' i I

! ! 1 ! !

11111

oo oo voON O O4 O O OOOOO

V V V V V

OOOOO

V V V V

-* ^ -* ^ *

5&JQ^.

***-'*c3+-

2cT

T3 3 ^

Si i^ 5^3^M T3 eJ _ --^

| > S 1 .1u 5 ^^ "o r=

g ^ - .2 JN ^ -# » O > >j« c ' " "5

Q i5 5 'Q (N

q o o ^-i MD V V V V V

g 8 S 2 §V V V V V

8 O i OCM_ o q q

V V V V V

V V V V

i1 1

a e- c c § o2£isi -^P^^^ | ^ s S S.§.! § § §

QQmuJW

p? S lg-

Tabl

e 11

. S

tatis

tical

sum

mar

y of

wat

er-q

ualit

y m

easu

rem

ents

, co

ncen

tratio

ns o

f che

mic

al c

onst

ituen

ts,

and

bact

eria

l den

sitie

s fo

r w

ater

sam

ples

col

lect

ed f

rom

the

Kan

sas

Riv

er,

disc

harg

e fro

m t

he O

akla

nd W

aste

wat

er T

reat

men

t P

lant

in T

opek

a, K

ansa

s, t

he S

hung

anun

ga C

reek

Bas

in,

and

Sol

dier

Cre

ek,

Oct

ober

Effects

of

Urba

October

1

993

T 3-

3a

Nc

S.

«§.

0 ^

3

(/)

o(D

3

3 £

O"

fD(0

-1

Z. o

£g

to

01 5

: 5' (D D)

(0 D)

(0 5 (D 0) 31

C 3

(Q

D) 3

C

3 (O D) O (D (D CD D)

(0 5' D) Q.

0) o Q. 5' O (D

(D ^ O D

(D F D) 3 (0 D)

1993

-Sep

tem

ber

1 995 C

ontin

ued

Des

crip

tive

stat

isti

csW

ater

-qua

lity

mea

sure

men

t or

con

stit

uent

(u

nit o

f m

easu

rem

ent)

Sam

ple

size

Max

imum

M

inim

um

Mea

n

+S

+S

i -

~

- -

r _

__

Val

ue o

f in

dica

ted

perc

entil

e95

75

50

25

5

(med

ian)

0688

8980

Kan

sas

Riv

er a

t U.S

. Hig

hway

75,

Top

eka,

Kan

sas

(sam

plin

g si

te K

R-1

, fig

. 3)

Con

tinu

ed

Pest

icid

es C

ontin

ued

Fono

fox,

dis

solv

ed, r

ecov

erab

le (

jlg/L

)H

epta

chlo

r, to

tal (

Hg/

L)H

epta

chlo

r epo

xide

, tot

al (

jig/L

)L

inda

ne, t

otal

(}i

g/L)

Lin

dane

, dis

solv

ed (

Hg/

L)

Lin

uron

, fil

tere

d (H

g/L)

Mal

athi

on, d

isso

lved

(jlg

/L)

Met

hyla

zinp

hos,

filt

ered

(jig

/L)

Met

hyl

para

thio

n (j

lg/L

)M

etol

achl

or,

wat

er, d

isso

lved

(H

g/L)

Met

ribu

zin,

wat

er, d

isso

lved

(jlg

/L)

Mol

inat

e, f

ilter

ed (

ng/L

)N

apro

pam

ide,

filt

ered

(jig

/L)

Para

thio

n, d

isso

lved

(^g

/L)

Pebu

late

, filt

ered

(H

g/L)

Pend

imet

halin

, filt

ered

(^g

/L)

Perm

ethr

in, c

is, f

ilter

ed (

^g/L

)Ph

orat

e, f

ilter

ed (

Hg/

L)Pr

omet

on, d

isso

lved

, rec

over

able

(jig

/L)

Pron

amid

e, f

ilter

ed (

^g/L

)

Prop

anil,

filt

ered

(ng

/L)

Prop

argi

te, f

ilter

ed (

jig/L

)Pr

opac

hlor

, dis

solv

ed, r

ecov

erab

le (

p,g/

L)Si

maz

ine,

dis

solv

ed, r

ecov

erab

le (

jig/L

)T

ebut

hiur

on, f

ilter

ed (

Hg/

L)

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

<0.0

08<.

03<.

80<.

03<.

011

<.03

9<.

014

<.05

0<.

035

1.9 .0

46<.

007

<.01

0<.

022

<.00

9

.003

<.01

6<.

011

.024

<.00

9

<.01

6<.

008

<.02

8.0

24

.010

<0.0

08<.

03<.

80<.

03<.

011

<.03

9<.

014

<.03

8<.

035

1.2 .0

16<.

007

<.01

0<.

022

<.00

9

<.01

8<.

016

<.01

1.0

13<.

009

<.01

6<.

006

<.01

5<.

010

<.01

5

-- - - -- _. .. -- .. -- -- - -- -- -- - - .. -- ..

d> ft

1$Q.

Sa uTJ_C

iJ£

in

inW

.S

E*** '

£

in0)

M U"S

S0)

a0

I

c

S

3Ejc

3

i

0)Q. 0)

E -(0

"c

2"55co _u C*i_ CO Q>~ E£ £

U H1!>. c15 ^"

cr

£ Ts$

1 1 1 1 1

! ! ! ! i

: : : : :

1"ao ! ! ! <j

^

M

..

1

^ ! ' ! ! i !-w"SW>

M

a S03

i»03C i i i i i(8 i i i i i

fad

i&fS O (S OO 00

«/f o o o o oV' O V V <N Ve? V V£Of

fflt/5 O (S 00 00

*3 O O O O O

? 0 V V <N V

V

a03*

90

9090

S

3

= 5^1 iiC i> t-« ^^ * ^ O * * QJ O g\

Jc y= ^ u E;: ^ U C

"1 eg "3 ^ "O. ^

Pu E- E- H H H

1 0 «

! O ^ in oo<N r~rn

' O oo in - i **i ONin

1 § §o"

mtai~

' a! o Tf4) O I

*5on

tS03

v2-

! S 0 r^2 ON ing m ON£ oo

^^ g,s sv' « g s

£ q m

S

<s §s jv o o

0 °l ^,

1 ^

CN <N

^.^V5

f^" / N

S s3 1 1 fIlls| fille' 1 | | 8

tn -2 S '| '0

IS 1 £ £ c^

[-^

00t^

q 06

^06

m06

ON

ONvo

in00

<N

1

o

2

D.

>n

mr--

m r^

qS

000 <N

Oin* 4

°

OO <N

<N

U o_^

1

1

o

1

nr~

or~

<N

r~

?

(Sm

mr~

S

(Sm r~

<N

'oo

ffi

1&

n<

oo^o

00t^

0o

ON

^

<N\O

inQP 4

t~;

VO

VO\6

<N

1"S

^

00

o

r~r~

00ON

0

O

§

O

?

(S

<N

'a_o

2^

t^

«

1ssolved

^o00>^

o

<S (Sr-, V

8 ^

S ^

P; ^

o m m

t^ !m

2 "v

q

(S

<N <N

3 -^w> *d 1°^^ ^-^

.^ IC^^ >^

o o

m^

ON

a

<N

00

m

ON

(S

5

5

<N

2

ya

4water w

£'c "3

<

Tabl

e 11

. S

tatis

tical

sum

mar

y of

wat

er-q

ualit

y m

easu

rem

ents

, co

ncen

tratio

ns o

f che

mic

al c

onst

ituen

ts,

and

bact

eria

l den

sitie

s fo

r wat

er s

ampl

es c

olle

cted

from

the

Effects

of

Urbanizati

October

1993

Throuc

(/)

o

I 1

il < 3

Kan

sas

Riv

er,

disc

harg

e fro

m t

he O

akla

nd W

aste

wat

er T

reat

men

t P

lant

in T

opek

a, K

ansa

s, t

he S

hung

anun

ga C

reek

Bas

in,

1 993

-Sep

tem

ber

1 995 C

ontin

ued

Des

crip

tive

statis

tics

Wat

er-q

ualit

y m

easu

rem

ent

or c

on

stitu

en

t (u

nit

of m

easu

rem

ent)

Sam

ple

size

Max

imum

Min

imum

Mea

n06

8890

00 K

ansa

s R

iver

at T

opek

a, K

ansa

s (s

ampl

ing

site

KR

-2,

Ma

jor

ions

and

dis

solv

ed s

olid

s

Cal

cium

, to

tal

reco

vera

ble

(mg/

L as

Ca)

Mag

nesi

um to

tal r

ecov

erab

le (

mg/

L as

Mg)

Sod

ium

, to

tal r

ecov

erab

le (

mg/

L as

Na)

Pot

assi

um,

tota

l re

cove

rabl

e (m

g/L

as K

)

Bic

arbo

nate

, w

ater

who

le,

it fie

ld(m

g/L

as H

CO

3)

26 26 26

26 26

99 33 170 32 486

26 8.2

25 5.0

159

58 19 82

11

262

95

and

Sol

dier

Cre

ek,

Oct

ober

Val

ue o

f in

dica

ted

perc

entil

e75

50

(med

ian)

255

fig. 3

) C

ontin

ued

98 30 160 25 437

67 21 100 12

279

54 19 76 9.6

259

47 18 65 8.2

233

26 9.5

26 5.8

161

3

C

3

CO

to O to a o a.

5' 51 a (D

Car

bona

te, w

ater

who

le, i

t fie

ld(m

g/L

as

CO

3)Su

lfate

, fil

tere

d 0.

45 |i

m (

mg/

L a

s SO

4)

Chl

orid

e, f

ilter

ed 0

.45

Jim

(m

g/L

as

Cl)

Solid

s, r

esid

ue a

t 10

5 °C

dis

solv

ed (

mg/

L)

Solid

s, r

esid

ue a

t 10

5 °C

, su

spen

ded

(mg/

L)

Nut

rien

ts

Nitr

ogen

, nitr

ate,

filt

ered

0.4

5 |im

(m

g/L

as

N)

Nitr

ogen

, nitr

ite, f

ilter

ed 0

.45

(im (

mg/

L a

s N

) N

itrog

en, a

mm

onia

, filt

ered

0.4

5 Ji

m(m

g/L

as

N)

Nitr

ogen

, am

mon

ia, p

lus

orga

nic,

tota

l(m

g/L

as

N)

Phos

phor

us, t

otal

(m

g/L

as

P)

Phos

phor

us, o

rtho,

filt

ered

0.4

5 (im

(mg/

L a

s P)

Ba

cter

iaC

olif

orm

, fec

al, 0

.7 j

im-m

f (co

ls/1

00 m

L)

Stre

ptoc

occi

, fec

al, 0

.45

}im

-mf

(col

s/lO

Om

L)

2611

112.

2

26 26 26 26

240

270

976

4,15

0

31 23 259 40

140

110

645

454

240

250

970

3,120

170

140

779

408

130 98 672

206

110 82 496

140

41 29 282 45

25 24 23 26 25 26 26 25

1.4 .048

.100

2.4 .90

.21

40,000

56,000

<10

<.001

<.05

0

<.50 .02

.34

<.02

5 2,

900

<1

5,200

1.3 .018

.09

1.9 .89

.200

35,000

55,000

1.1 .007

<10

1.4 .44

.11

310

840

.93

.002

<.05

1.1 .30

.08

120

150

.65

.001

<.05 .70

.22

.06

61 120

<.10

<.00

1<.

05

<.50 .02

<.02

5 6

Tabl

e 11

. S

tatis

tical

sum

mar

y of

wat

er-q

ualit

y m

easu

rem

ents

, co

ncen

tratio

ns o

f che

mic

al c

onst

ituen

ts,

and

bact

eria

l den

sitie

s fo

r w

ater

sam

ples

col

lect

ed fr

om t

he

Kan

sas

Riv

er,

disc

harg

e fro

m th

e O

akla

nd W

aste

wat

er T

reat

men

t P

lant

in T

opek

a, K

ansa

s, t

he S

hung

anun

ga C

reek

Bas

in,

and

Sol

dier

Cre

ek,

Oct

ober

19

93-S

epte

mbe

r 19

95 C

ontin

ued

Des

crip

tive

stat

istic

sW

ater

-qua

lity

mea

sure

men

t or c

onst

ituen

t (u

nit o

f m

easu

rem

ent)

Sam

ple

size

Max

imum

Min

imum

Mea

n95

Val

ue o

f ind

icat

ed p

erce

ntile

7550

25

(m

edia

n)5

0688

9000

Kan

sas

Riv

er a

t T

opek

a, K

ansa

s (s

ampl

ing

site

KR

-2, f

ig. 3

) C

onti

nued

Supplemeni S 5" Format

i

o 3

Met

als

and

trac

e el

emen

ts

Alu

min

um,

tota

l re

cove

rabl

e ()

J.g/

L as

Al)

Ars

enic

, to

tal

reco

vera

ble

(|ig

/L a

s A

s)

Bar

ium

, to

tal

reco

vera

ble

()J.

g/L

as B

a)

Cad

miu

m,

tota

l re

cove

rabl

e (|

lg/L

as

Cd)

Chr

omiu

m,

tota

l re

cove

rabl

e ((O

-g/L

as

Cr)

Cob

alt,

tota

l re

cove

rabl

e Q

o.g/

L as

Co)

Cop

per,

tot

al r

ecov

erab

le (

(O-g

/L a

s C

u)

Iron

, to

tal

reco

vera

ble

()J.

g/L

as F

e)

Lea

d, t

otal

rec

over

able

(|ig

/L a

s P

b)

Man

gane

se,

tota

l re

cove

rabl

e (|

ig/L

as

Mn)

Mer

cury

, to

tal

reco

vera

ble

(|ig

/L a

s H

g)

Mol

ybde

num

, to

tal

reco

vera

ble

()J.

g/L

as M

o)

Nic

kel,

tota

l re

cove

rabl

e ()

J.g/

L as

Ni)

Sel

eniu

m,

tota

l re

cove

rabl

e ()

J.g/

L as

Se)

Sil

ver,

tot

al r

ecov

erab

le (

(O-g

/L a

s A

g)

Zin

c, t

otal

rec

over

able

(|ig

/L a

s Z

n)

Org

anic

com

poun

ds

Cya

nide

, to

tal

(mg/

L a

s C

n)

Phe

nols

, to

tal

(|ig

/L)

Oil

and

grea

se,

tota

l (m

g/L

)

Alp

ha b

hc (

|ig/L

)

Aro

clor

101

6 pc

b (|

ig/L

)

Aro

clor

122

1 pc

b (|

ig/L

)

Aro

clor

1 2

32 p

cb (

\ig/

L)

Aro

clor

124

2 pc

b (|

ig/L

)

Aro

clor

124

8 pc

b (|

ig/L

)

25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 24 25 26 4 4 4 4 4 4

41,0

00 27 500 9 86 30 66

61,0

00 581,

800 <.

514 100 2

<l

290 .0

14<.

013 <.

03

<1.0 <!lO

<.10

30 3<1

00 <1 2 <1 3 501

59 <.5

1 3<1 <

l 10 <.00

1<.

01

<.03

<1.0 <!o

<.10

11,0

00 8 - -- 16 17

8,70

0 928

0 7 15 -- 60 -- -- -- -- _ --

39,0

00 22 400 2 81 10 61

52,0

00 511,

408 <.

5

13 76 2

<l

250

.005

<.0

1

3 -- _ --

14,5

00 830

0 <1 17 5 2210

,000 12

250 <.

5

9 14 <2 <l 90

.001

<.01

<2 -- _ --

9,60

0 2,

200

7 4

200

100

<1

<112

4

4 <1

13

74,

500

1,10

05

221

0 14

0

<.5

<.5

6 4

9 8

<2

<2<1

<1

40

20

<.00

5 <.

005

<.01

<.

01<2

<1

-- _-

140 3

<100 <1 2 <1

3

185 1 67 <.

52 3

<1 <l 10 <.

001

<.01

-- -- _ -

Tabl

e 11

. S

tatis

tical

sum

mar

y of

wat

er-q

ualit

y m

easu

rem

ents

, co

ncen

tratio

ns o

f che

mic

al c

onst

ituen

ts,

and

bact

eria

l den

sitie

s fo

r w

ater

sam

ples

col

lect

ed fr

om th

e K

ansa

s R

iver

, di

scha

rge

from

the

Oak

land

Was

tew

ater

Tre

atm

ent

Pla

nt in

Top

eka,

Kan

sas,

the

Shu

ngan

unga

Cre

ek B

asin

, an

d S

oldi

er C

reek

, O

ctob

er

Effects

of

Urbanizati

October

1993Throu<

«°

0^ 3

CO

o

*

M

<0

~"

2. °

<g §

01 £ 5' J Q> 3 to 5 CO 3

" C ca Q> 3 C 3 ca Q> o 1 03 Q>

to 5' Q> 3 a c° a O 1 H Q jf Q> 3 to Q>

(0

1993

-Sep

tem

ber

1 99

5 C

ontin

ued

Des

crip

tive

stat

isti

csW

ater

-qua

lity

mea

sure

men

t or

cons

titu

ent

(uni

t of

mea

sure

men

t)

Org

anic

com

poun

ds C

onti

nued

Aro

clor

125

4 pc

b ((

ig/L

)A

rocl

or 1

260

pcb

((ig

/L)

Pes

tici

des

Ace

toch

lor,

filte

red,

rec

over

able

((ig

/L)

Ala

chlo

r, di

ssol

ved,

rec

over

able

(ng

/L)

Ald

rin,

tota

l ((

ig/L

)A

traz

ine,

dis

solv

ed, r

ecov

erab

le (

(Ig/

L)B

enfl

ural

in,

filte

red

(|ig/

L)

Bet

a be

nzen

e he

xacl

orid

e, to

tal

(Hg/

L)B

utyl

ate

diss

olve

d re

cove

rabl

e (H

g/L)

Car

bary

l, fil

tere

d (n

g/L

)C

arbo

fura

n, f

ilter

ed (

|ig/L

)C

hlor

dane

, tot

al (

Hg/

L)

Chl

orda

ne, c

is is

omer

, t o

tal

(jig

/L)

Chl

orda

ne, t

rans

isom

er (

Hg/

L)C

hlor

pyri

fos,

dis

solv

ed (

Hg/

L)C

yana

zine

, dis

solv

ed, r

ecov

erab

le (

Hg/

L)D

CPA

, filt

ered

, 0.7

^m

, re

cove

rabl

e (H

g/L)

P,P'

OD

D, t

otal

(ng

/L)

P,P'

DD

E, t

otal

(ng

/L)

P,P'

DD

E d

isso

lved

(ng

/L)

P,P'

DO

T, t

otal

(H

g/L)

Dee

thyl

atra

zine

, dis

solv

ed, r

ecov

erab

le(H

g/L)

Sam

ple

size

Max

imum

M

inim

um

Mea

n

Val

ue o

f ind

icat

ed p

erce

ntile

95

75

50

25

5 (m

edia

n)06

8890

00 K

ansa

s R

iver

at T

opek

a, K

ansa

s (s

ampl

ing

site

KR

-2, f

ig. 3

) C

ontin

ued

4 4 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

<0.1

0<.

10 .025

.69

<.04

2.0

<.01

3

<.03

<.00

8<.

046

.058

<.10

<.10

<.10

<.00

8.1

4<.

004

<.10

<.04

<.01

<.10 .2

9

<0.1

0<.

10

--

.029

<.04 .2

8<.

013

<.03

<.00

8<.

046

<.01

3<.

10

<.10

<.10

<.00

5.0

41<.

004

<.10

<.04

<.01

<.10 .0

3

-- .. -- -- -- .. .. ~ .. - -- - -- -- -

0)

1I2.««UVc

0)

1

(A O"3

a

e>3. cU (A

Q

in

inN

?ss£

in

ine»

c

i

g3

ii

E3E'5a

ea eE (0 **

cconstitue

t)

Water-quality measurement or (unit of measuremen

e^

.£goUJ^"i

*

3M"35

OD_a'"a

a

9

fiBJ2 2,

EH"54>

i§1i3

Pesticides Continued

,

,

1

!

,

sO V

go V

IDelta benzene hexachloride, total

i

!

i

j

!

,

00

8V

oo

V

Diazinon, dissolved (|lg/L)

i

,

!

!

,

oV

0V

"*

I~a

O

cTJ "o>

i3

1 1

! i

, ,

' '

< i

i i

oo \o§ ^p ^5V V

oo \O

V V

Dieldrin, dissolved (|ig/L) 2,6 Diethylaniline (|ig/L)

i i

, ,

1 ;

! j

, ,

S 0V V

?S vo0 0V V

^ "*

Dimethoate, filtered (|ig/L) Disulfoton, filtered (|ig/L)

,

,

i

!

,

3V

SV

Endosulfan II beta, total (|ig/L)

!1 III!! ! ! ! ! !

i . i i i i i i i i * i

ii i i . ! i ! ! ! i i

: i i : i : i : : : : :

ii . . i i i i i i i i

co 0*4 *o oo * <OO VOO^^Q QmOO-H ^*O OfNOOO OOOOrnOvv vvvvv vvv'vv

^D ^^ \O ^D *~~* *~~* ^P ^D CO ^D CO *""* ^^\O OfNOOO OOooOOV V V V V V V V V V V

^t-^t 5t-5t I<T 1<^- I<T ^- ^ ^ ^ <^-

Is - 11 i 1 s^l I 1 t^ ""^ 2 &0 fc 1 o ^ '^"^

^S o^îp- §3S M

o° Ho^î u- * j 3 ^1 i -g J S 1 ^ 1 "§ 1 1i 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 ! 1 i 1cd ctf 5 "^ cd ~ r *^ O O *^ ^

*4 *4 3 Cy ^ PI^ f p-i * ^^ ^^ ^ r.

^1 c" c" ^ Q. c I ô'o'occ:"O "O "O "O p-» p^ t^ C3 C!N ON ^ M

w u w w w w w £ :c :c j j

1 1 1 1 1

11.11

! i ! ! !

: : : : i

1 1 1 1 1

O^ ^f oo *O V)CO ^ CO CO Oso o o o oV V V V

o\ -<3- o mO O O O f-V V V V -<

"* "* "* "*

^,

Linuron, filtered (îg/L) Malathion, dissolved (Hg/L)

Methylazinphos, filtered (|ig/L)

Methyl parathion (|ig/L)

Metolachlor, water, dissolved (|ig

Tabl

e 11

. S

tatis

tical

sum

mar

y of

wat

er-q

i sal

ity m

easu

rem

ents

, con

cent

ratio

ns o

f che

mic

al c

onst

ituen

ts, a

nd b

acte

rial d

ensi

ties

for w

ater

sam

ples

col

lect

ed fr

om th

e K

ansa

s R

iver

, dis

char

ge fr

om th

e O

akla

nd W

aste

wat

er T

reat

men

t Pla

nt in

Top

eka,

Kan

sas,

the

Shu

ngan

unga

Cre

ek B

asin

, and

Sol

dier

Cre

ek, O

ctob

er

Effects

of

Urba

October 1

993

T 3-

3

0

g

f! 3^ 3

CD °

1 1

3 «-+

^r

(DID

-« l

c 5' CD 0)

(A Q)

(A 5 CD (0 3" C 1 3

C

3 (Q

Q) O CD CD 00 Q) 2.5' Q) Q.

0° Q. 5' O 3 CD O CD ? Q) 3 (A Q)

(A

1 993

-Sep

tem

ber

1995

C

ontin

ued

Des

crip

tive

stat

istic

sW

ater

-qua

lity

mea

sure

men

t or c

onst

ituen

t (u

nit o

f m

easu

rem

ent)

Sam

ple

size

Max

imum

M

inim

um

Mea

n

Val

ue o

f ind

icat

ed p

erce

ntile

95

75

50

25

5 (m

edia

n)06

8890

00 K

ansa

s R

iver

at T

opek

a, K

ansa

s (s

ampl

ing

site

KR

-2, f

ig. 3

) C

ontin

ued

Pest

icid

es C

ontin

ued

Met

ribuz

in, w

ater

, dis

solv

ed (

|ig/L

)M

olin

ate,

filt

ered

(|ig

/L)

Nap

ropa

mid

e, f

ilter

ed (

|ig/L

)Pa

rath

ion,

dis

solv

ed (H

g/L)

Pebu

late

, filt

ered

(fig

/L)

Pend

imet

halin

, filt

ered

(|ig

/L)

Perm

ethr

in, c

is, f

ilter

ed (

|ig/L

)Ph

orat

e, f

ilter

ed (

|ig/L

)Pr

omet

on, d

isso

lved

, rec

over

able

(|ig

/L)

Pron

amid

e, f

ilter

ed (

|ig/L

)

Prop

anil,

filt

ered

(fig

/L)

Prop

argi

te, f

ilter

ed (

|ig/L

)Pr

opac

hlor

, dis

solv

ed, r

ecov

erab

le (

|ig/L

)Si

maz

ine,

dis

solv

ed, r

ecov

erab

le (

|ig/L

)Te

buth

iuro

n, f

ilter

ed (

fxg/

L)

Terb

acil,

filt

ered

(fig

/L)

Terb

ufos

, filt

ered

(fig

/L)

Thio

benc

arb

, filt

ered

(fig

/L)

Toxa

phen

e, to

tal (

|ig/L

)Tr

ialla

te, f

ilter

ed (

fig/L

)

Trifl

ural

in, f

ilter

ed (

|^g/

L)

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

0.03

2<.

007

<.01

0<.

022

<.00

9

<.01

8<.

016

<.01

1.0

18<.

009

<.01

6<.

008

<.02

0.0

16.0

09

<.03

<.01

2<.

008

<2.0 <.00

8

<.01

2

<0.0

12<.

007

<.01

0<.

022

<.00

9

<.01

8

<.01

6<.

011

<.00

8<.

009

<.01

6<.

006

<.01

5<.

008

<.01

5

<.03

<.01

2<.

008

<2.0 <.00

8

<.01

2

-- - -- .. -- _. .. ~ -- - .. -- -- -- -- --

Tabl

e 11

. S

tatis

tical

sum

mar

y of

wat

er-q

ualit

y m

easu

rem

ents

, co

ncen

tratio

ns o

f che

mic

al c

onst

ituen

ts,

and

bact

eria

l den

sitie

s fo

r wat

er s

ampl

es c

olle

cted

from

the

Kan

sas

Riv

er,

disc

harg

e fro

m th

e O

akla

nd W

aste

wat

er T

reat

men

t P

lant

in T

opek

a, K

ansa

s, th

e S

hung

anun

ga C

reek

Bas

in,

and

Sol

dier

Cre

ek,

Oct

ober

19

93-S

epte

mbe

r 19

95 C

ontin

ued

o o » (D 3

Des

crip

tive

stat

istic

sW

ater

-qua

lity

mea

sure

men

t or

cons

titue

nt

(uni

t of m

easu

rem

ent)

Sam

ple

size

Max

imum

Min

imum

Mea

n95

Val

ue o

f in

dica

ted

perc

ent!

le75

50

(med

ian)

255

0688

9002

Oak

land

Was

tew

ater

Tre

atm

ent P

lant

, Top

eka,

Kan

sas

(sam

plin

g si

te W

WT

P, fi

g. 3

)W

ater

-qua

lity

mea

sure

men

t

Dis

char

ge, i

nsta

ntan

eous

(ft3

/s)

Phys

ical

pro

pert

ies

Spec

ific

cond

ucta

nce

(fiS

/cm

)pH

(st

anda

rd u

nits

)W

ater

tem

pera

ture

(°C

)A

ir pr

essu

re (

mm

of H

g)O

xyge

n di

ssol

ved

(mg/

L)

Oxy

gen,

dis

solv

ed (

perc

ent s

atur

atio

n)O

xyge

n de

man

d, c

hem

ical

, hig

h le

vel (

mg/

L)O

xyge

n de

man

d, b

ioch

emic

al, 5

-day

(m

g/L)

Alk

alin

ity, w

ater

who

le, i

t fie

ld

(mg/

L as

CaC

O3)

Maj

or io

ns a

nd d

isso

lved

sol

ids

Cal

cium

, tot

al re

cove

rabl

e (m

g/L

as C

a)M

agne

sium

tota

l rec

over

able

(m

g/L

as M

g)So

dium

, tot

al r

ecov

erab

le (

mg/

L as

Na)

Pota

ssiu

m, t

otal

rec

over

able

(m

g/L

as K

)B

icar

bona

te, w

ater

who

le, i

t fie

ld(m

g/L

as H

CO

3)

Car

bona

te, w

ater

who

le, i

t fie

ld(m

g/L

as C

O3)

Sulfa

te, f

ilter

ed 0

.45

fim (

mg/

L as

SO

4)C

hlor

ide,

filt

ered

0.4

5 fim

(m

g/L

as C

l)So

lids,

resi

due

at 1

05 °

C d

isso

lved

(mg/

L)So

lids,

resi

due

at 1

05 °

C, s

uspe

nded

(mg/

L)

25 25 25 25 24 25 24 24 25 25 26 26 26 26 25 25 26 26 25 26

87.0

1,80

0 8.1

25.5

752 8.

7

91 110 34 327

100 22 220 27 743 0

240

280

968 61

41.0

879 6.

111

.073

2 2.6

30 18 10 167 23 8.

149 7.

621

9 36 74 570 8.

0

48.2

1,35

0 7.3

19.4

742 5.

0

55 79 18 267 50 17 130 19 349 ..

170

160

789 25

81.9

1,77

0 8.0

25.5

752 8.

3

89 110 31 324 89 22 210 26 640 ..

240

270

966 60

50.0

1,46

0 7.4

24.0

745 5.

6

64 99 21 290 60 21 160 22 358 ..

200

180

865 26

44.0

1,35

0 7.3

19.0

742 4.

8

52 84 17 272 48 18 130 20 344 ..

180

160

811 22

43.0

1,23

0 7.0

16.5

740 4.

2

46 72 14 252 39 13 99 16 317

140

130

729 16

41.0

921 6.

411

.573

3 2.7

30 23 10 171 26 8.

856 7.

923

2

ii

'

65 78 574 9.

4

Tabl

e 11

. S

tatis

tical

sum

mar

y of

wat

er-q

ualit

y m

easu

rem

ents

, co

ncen

tratio

ns o

f che

mic

al c

onst

ituen

ts,

and

bact

eria

l den

sitie

s fo

r wat

er s

ampl

es c

olle

cted

from

the

Kan

sas

Riv

er,

disc

harg

e fro

m th

e O

akla

nd W

aste

wat

er T

reat

men

t P

lant

in T

opek

a, K

ansa

s, t

he S

hung

anun

ga C

reek

Bas

in,

and

Sol

dier

Cre

ek,

Oct

ober

Effects

of

Urba

October

1

993

T 3= 3

11

<

° 0

-T 3

H ^

tr 5

5<o

^ i §.

< 5'

5 (0 m 3 (0

0) (0 3) 1 3" C

3 (Q m 3 C

3

(Q m O 3 (0 03 m 2. p m Q.

(0

O Q.

5'

O | o (0 F m 3 (0 m (0

1 993

-Sep

tem

ber

1995

C

ontin

ued

Des

crip

tive

stat

istic

sW

ater

-qua

lity

mea

sure

men

t or c

onst

ituen

t (u

nit o

f mea

sure

men

t)Sa

mpl

e si

zeM

axim

umM

inim

um

Mea

n95

Val

ue o

f in

dica

ted

perc

entil

e75

50

(med

ian)

255

0688

9002

Oak

land

Was

tew

ater

Tre

atm

ent P

lant

, Top

eka,

Kan

sas

(sam

plin

g si

te W

WT

P, fi

g. 3

)

Nut

rien

ts

Nitr

ogen

, nitr

ate,

filt

ered

0.4

5 |im

(mg/

L a

s N

)N

itrog

en, n

itrite

, filt

ered

0.4

5 fim

(m

g/L

as

N)

Nitr

ogen

, am

mon

ia, f

ilter

ed 0

.45

fim(m

g/L

as

N)

Nitr

ogen

, am

mon

ia, p

lus

orga

nic,

tot

al(m

g/L

as

N)

Phos

phor

us, t

otal

(m

g/L

as

P)

Phos

phor

us, o

rtho

, filt

ered

0.4

5 fim

(mg/

L a

s P)

Bac

teri

a

Col

ifor

m, f

ecal

, 0.7

^im

-mf (

cols

/ 100

mL)

Stre

ptoc

occi

, fec

al, 0

.45

(im

-mf

(col

s/ 10

0 m

L)M

etal

s an

d tr

ace

elem

ents

Alu

min

um, t

otal

rec

over

able

(|ig

/L a

s A

l)A

rsen

ic, t

otal

rec

over

able

(|ig

/L a

s A

s)B

ariu

m, t

otal

rec

over

able

(|ig

/L a

s B

a)

Cad

miu

m, t

otal

rec

over

able

(|ig

/L a

s C

d)C

hrom

ium

, tot

al r

ecov

erab

le (

|lg/L

as

Cr)

Cob

alt,

tota

l rec

over

able

(|ig

/L a

s C

o)C

oppe

r, to

tal

reco

vera

ble

(|lg/

L a

s C

u)Ir

on, t

otal

rec

over

able

(|ig

/L a

s Fe

)L

ead,

tota

l rec

over

able

(|ig

/L a

s Pb

)M

anga

nese

, tot

al r

ecov

erab

le (

|ig/L

as

Mn)

25 23 24 25 26 26 23 22 26 26 21 26 26 26 26 26 26 26

0.92 .9

144 62 4.

6

4.2

-- --

300 4

300 1 41 <1 87

15,0

00 17 200

<0.1

0<.

001

6.3

22

6.3

29

1.4

3.1

.92

2.4

23,0

0029

,000 60

20

0<1

<100 <1

1 12

<1 3 16

50

740

1 5

65

140

0.90 .7

842 57 4.

6

4.1

-- --

300 4

200 1

40 <1 779,

900 17 200

0.18 .1

629 36 3.

6

3.0

990,

000 --

200 2 80 <1 14 <1 13 220 4

170

<0.1

0.0

0822 27 3.

1

2.5

600,

000

440,

000

200 2 50 <1 7 <1 11 160 4

140

<0.1

0.0

0115 22 2.

5

2.0

350,

000

170,

000

100 1 30 <1 6 <1 6

120 2

120

<0.1

0<.

001

6.8

8.0

1.6 .93

32,0

0030

,000 60 <

l<1

00 <11

<1 3 57 1 66

5

1ffi

^-

§O

1 ft o

1To:>

S I g

55Q.

«

Q

in

8

-£-.5V

^

in

U)0)

c

E3

'E

is

E3ES"*

S

«Q. 0E (0 »(0

i*5 !Ui_ C 0 gI

uality measure (unit of meas

cr«

i

1o1o

1Ae«

1^4)

"to

96

"a

1

as*

1EH"a

5"a

§ss£u

!4) B

1

1g

ii

id trace elements

c01"^3"£

m

?

dV

m^

mdV

inQw

1

i

md V

VO (N

'oo

t/5C3

00

(U

total recoverabi

j^go!u

o

2

r-

f-.^D

Q(N

^

Or-

vo(N

'o'

M

i^1

(U

num, total recov

^"o

en

vo

r-

(N

vo

-

en

(N

2t/5a

1

?tal recoverable

4-1

'

jyo

^

s;

s/

(NV

_

i

-

<N

(N

^_^

00t/5

C5o

*S

i, total recoveral

5'£

00

^

v

-^

,_|

(N

i

_

(N

<N

-at/5

ital recoverable (

o*t(U^>

8

0 en

^

Q0>

Or-

0m

8

8(N^

<N

'c'N

C/5

&D

il recoverable (\.

X H2 -r r C5

H o

8V

8V

£28

(N

O

CO

p

1

8V

(N

O

(N

Ut/5

00

IsoiT

^2'ca U

0V <N j : : j ! ! : !

oV <N : : ..... .

0V <N ! i j j ! i { !

0V m ! ! ! ! ! ! ! i

oV o> " j I!!!! !

py i i i i i i i i i

i mo oooo oO O *~ ' o j t j t j t r-i T i V <N V V ^' V V V V V

< mo oooo ov ^ V V r^ V V V V V

CN (N

gc5 cJ e-Je-Jt-JcdiJ J

^5- oo oo oo oo 2» ob ob 5""S 3? 3?3^^3 3000^.0 ja ja ja ja ja xi i*-' 1_Jo ooooo o

- ' qj Qn O, 0,0,0,0,0, O,"cSjgrL^ ^(Nc-ioorf o

'o'c'rt 0 ooooo o!SCC3J30 OOOUO O--<U^.jD,O OOOOO O-g

, , , . .

! i i ! !

! : : i :

: i i i :

i i : : :

: : i : :

mo o ^ o

! V ' V

§ m(N O ^f O

V V *-<' V

00 W) W)

^ , ^22 2 22 2 > > _]o o o ^O O O 00

73" 73" ^ 73" ^3IH ^> ^^ ^> ^W ^*^ &D ^^ Wa o =L o injj- c« ^ ' c« te

» .SS "Tj .SS*i T3 2 TJ C

"o ^ tr c fa X "e C 'S ~ 2 o 'C S ^Cw rt -5 u C O ^i _= i3 OJ< < < < OQ

g

Tabl

e 11

. S

tatis

tical

sum

mar

y of

wat

er-q

ualit

y m

easu

rem

ents

, con

cent

ratio

ns o

f che

mic

al c

onst

ituen

ts,

and

bact

eria

l den

sitie

s fo

r wat

er s

ampl

es c

olle

cted

from

the

Kan

sas

Riv

er, d

isch

arge

from

the

Oak

land

Was

tew

ater

Tre

atm

ent P

lant

in T

opek

a, K

ansa

s, th

e S

hung

anun

ga C

reek

Bas

in, a

nd S

oldi

er C

reek

, Oct

ober

Effects

of

Urba

October 1

993

T 3- 3

IK 1s

1 <

3 Si

i °

(O §

01 «

? 5' (D 0> 3

CO Q)

CO 3D 1 W 3- 3

(O

Q) 3

C 3 (O

Q) O 1 CD 0> CO p'

Q) Q.

C?

Q. 5'

o S"1 1 0> ff 3

CO

0>

CO

1 993

-Sep

tem

ber

1 99

5 C

ontin

ued

Des

crip

tive

stat

istic

sW

ater

-qua

lity

mea

sure

men

t or

cons

titue

nt

(uni

t of m

easu

rem

ent)

Sam

ple

size

Max

imum

M

inim

um

Mea

n

Val

ue o

f ind

icat

ed p

erce

ntile

95

75

50

25

5 (m

edia

n)06

8890

02 O

akla

nd W

aste

wat

er T

reat

men

t Pla

nt, T

opek

a, K

ansa

s (s

ampl

ing

site

WW

TP, f

ig. 3

) C

ontin

ued

Pesti

cide

s C

ontin

ued

Bet

a be

nzen

e he

xacl

orid

e, to

tal (

fig/L

)B

utyl

ate

diss

olve

d re

cove

rabl

e (f

ig/L

)C

arba

ryl,

filte

red

Qig

/L)

Car

bofu

ran,

filt

ered

(|4,

g/L)

Chl

orda

ne, t

otal

(fig

/L)

Chl

orda

ne, c

is is

omer

, t o

tal (

fig/L

)C

hlor

dane

, tra

nsis

omer

(fig

/L)

Chl

orpy

rifos

, dis

solv

ed (

fig/L

)C

yana

zine

, dis

solv

ed, r

ecov

erab

le (

fig/L

)D

CPA

, filt

ered

, 0.7

^m

, rec

over

able

(fig

/L)

P,P'

OD

D, t

otal

(H

g/L)

P,P'

DD

E, to

tal (

^ig/

L)P,

P' D

DE

diss

olve

d (^

g/L

)P,

P D

OT,

tota

l (H

g/L)

Dee

thyl

atra

zine

, dis

solv

ed, r

ecov

erab

le

Del

ta b

enze

ne h

exac

hlor

ide,

tota

l (jig

/L)

Dia

zino

n, d

isso

lved

(|ig

/L)

Die

ldrin

, tot

al (

jig/L

)D

ield

rin, d

isso

lved

(jig

/L)

2,6

Die

thyl

anili

ne (

\igfL

)

Dim

etho

ate,

filt

ered

(p.g

/L)

Dis

ulfo

ton,

filt

ered

(H

g/L)

Endo

sulfa

n II

bet

a, to

tal (

jig/L

)En

dosu

lfan

I, w

hole

, rec

over

able

(fig

/L)

Endo

sulfa

n su

lfate

, tot

al (H

g/L)

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4

<0.0

3<.

008

.10

<.07 .1

0

<.10

<.10 .0

95.11

<.00

4

<.10

<.04

<.01

<.10 .1

6

<.09 .3

7<.

02<.

008

.015

<.02

4<.

06<.

04<.

10<.

60

<0.0

3<.

008

<.04

6<.

013

<.10

<.10

<.10 .0

41<.

013

<.00

4

<.10

<.04

<.01

<.10 .0

03

<.09 .0

35<.

02<.

008

<.00

6

<.02

4<.

01<.

04<.

10<.

60

-- -- -- .. .. ~ .. -- .. __ -- -- ~ -- .. .. -- - -- --

\n

o 8

1

* p c

? s|=5 .g.S *"" 5

1 2

u> at

c

1 i« Pv ~«S .E« S

1 E« iQ a

(DS

o>a o> E-30) (0

**

iter-quality measurement or constituen

(unit of measurement)

*

8

a"co

i*

11Ml

a

1

|

15ca>

i

a>

Ea?

1 8

§

«Of*

1068

JCldes Continued

j-.

i : :

1 ' '

i i i

! ! I

: : i

8 0 ~+ cs o0 V V

8 0 5 cs oQ V V

n- n- -*

Irin, unfillered, recoverable (lig/L)

Irin, aldehyde, lolal (lig/L) alfluralin, fillered (lig/L)

c c S U U U

i i

i i

i i

1 !

: !

3 8V V

cs mS 8V V

-* -*

oprop, fillered 0.7-^im (\iglL)

PC, fillered 0.7-^im, recoverable (lig/L)

£ S u u

1 '

i i

i i

! !

00

8 SV V

oo8 SV V

-* -*

ofox, dissolved, recoverable (lig/L)

itachlor, tolal (lig/L)

o u

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1

! ! !

; : :

O en ^Hoo O OV V V

O m csoo O OV

rf -* Tl-

ilachlor epoxide, lolal (lig/L)

dane, lolal (lig/L) iane, dissolved (lig/L)

5* S eas j j

1 '

i i

! !

! !

ON <*

O OV V

r- m csrn p

-* -*

uron, filtered (lig/L) lalhion, dissolved (lig/L)

_C 03

i i i

i i ii i i

i i i

! ! !

! ! !

c4^ ro *o0 O OV V

in m oO O ONV V

-* rr -*

:hylazinphos, fillered (lig/L)

:hyl paralhion (lig/L)

;olachlor, water, dissolved (lig/L)

<U CD <D

! !

' '

1 i

1 !

! !

<s r-~S 8V V

cs r-o 8V V

Tl- Tl-

;ribuzin, water, dissolved (lig/L)

linate, filtered (lig/L)

D O

i i i

i i i

i i i

! : :

! ! !

O CS ON

O O SV V V

o cs o\S S 8V V V

-* -* rr

iropamide, fillered (lig/L) llhion, dissolved (lig/L)

ulale, filtered (lig/L)

<-" c .0.2 03 1) 2 ON ft.

I 1 1

1 I I

1 I I

! ! 1

i i i

i : :

OO VO -H

O O 0V V V

1 s sV V

-* -* -*

dimelhalin, fillered (lig/L) melhrin, cis, fillered (\iglL)

rale, filtered (lig/L)

c c oft! a! ft,

1 '

i i

1 '

!

oo ON*^? < )

V V

= §V

-* -*

melon, dissolved, recoverable (\iglL)

namide, filtered (lig/L)

(X I

Tabl

e 11

. S

tatis

tical

sum

mar

y of

wat

er-q

ualit

y m

easu

rem

ents

, co

ncen

tratio

ns o

f che

mic

al c

onst

ituen

ts,

and

bact

eria

l den

sitie

s fo

r wat

er s

ampl

es c

olle

cted

from

the

Kan

sas

Riv

er, d

isch

arge

from

the

Oak

land

Was

tew

ater

Tre

atm

ent P

lant

in T

opek

a, K

ansa

s, th

e S

hung

anun

ga C

reek

Bas

in,

and

Sol

dier

Cre

ek, O

ctob

er

Effects of

Urba

October

1

993

T

nization on Water

Quality in

the

Kansas

River,

Shunga

hrough

September 1995

3 (Q to O

3 $ X Q) to

2.5' to V a. (D O ! ST o 1 ff 3 (0 to (0

1 993

-Sep

tem

ber

19

95

Con

tinue

d

Des

crip

tive

stat

isti

csW

ater

-qua

lity

mea

sure

men

t or

cons

titu

ent

(uni

t of

mea

sure

men

t)Sa

mpl

e si

zeM

axim

umM

inim

umM

ean

95V

alue

of

indi

cate

d pe

rcen

tile

7550

(m

edia

n)25

5

0688

9002

Oak

land

Was

tew

ater

Tre

atm

ent P

lant

, Top

eka,

Kan

sas

(sam

plin

g si

te W

WTP

, fig

. 3)

Con

tinue

d Pe

stic

ides

C

ontin

ued

Prop

anil,

filt

ered

(ng

/L)

4 <0

.016

<0

.016

Pr

opar

gite

, filt

ered

(ng

/L)

4 <.

008

<.00

6 Pr

opac

hlor

, dis

solv

ed, r

ecov

erab

le (

(J-g

/L)

4 <.

015

<.01

5 Si

maz

ine,

dis

solv

ed, r

ecov

erab

le (

(J-g

/L)

4 .0

36

<.00

8 T

ebut

hiur

on, f

ilter

ed (

ng/L

) 4

.013

<.

015

Ter

baci

l, fil

tere

d (n

g/L

) 4

.037

<.

030

Ter

bufo

s, f

ilter

ed (

ng/L

) 4

<.01

2 <.

012

Thi

oben

carb

, fil

tere

d (H

g/L)

4

<.00

8 <.

008

Tox

aphe

ne, t

otal

(|ig

/L)

4 <2

.0

<2.0

T

rial

late

, fil

tere

d (n

g/L

) 4

<.00

8 <.

008

Tri

flur

alin

, filt

ered

(ng

/L)

4 <.

012

<.01

2 06

8895

80 S

hung

anun

ga C

reek

at S

outh

wes

t 29t

h St

reet

, Top

eka,

Kan

sas

(sam

plin

g si

te S

H-1

, fig

. 3)

Wat

er-q

uali

ty m

easu

rem

ent

Dis

char

ge, i

nsta

ntan

eous

(ft

3/s)

Phy

sica

l pr

oper

ties

Spec

ific

cond

ucta

nce

(nS/

cm)

pH (

stan

dard

uni

ts)

Wat

er te

mpe

ratu

re (

°C)

Air

pre

ssur

e (m

m o

f Hg)

Oxy

gen

diss

olve

d (m

g/L

)

Oxy

gen,

dis

solv

ed (

perc

ent s

atur

atio

n)O

xyge

n de

man

d, c

hem

ical

, hig

h le

vel (

mg/

L)

Oxy

gen

dem

and,

bio

chem

ical

, 5-d

ay (

mg/

L)A

lkal

inity

, wat

er w

hole

, it f

ield

(mg/

L as

CaC

O3)

25 26 26 26 25 26 25 25 26 26

392

1,49

0 8.4

26.5

754 19

.2

145

120 5

210

.86

103 7.

00

734 5.

0

55 10 <2 47

23.8

819 7.

613

.274

2 10.0

94 30 --

157

296

1,46

0 8.3

26.0

752 18

.4

145

110 5

209

6.00

1,08

0 7.8

20.5

744 12

.6

107 34 <2 198

2.00

826 7.

615

.074

2 8.6

90 26 <2 171

1.40

604 7.

45.

573

8 7.8

76 16 <2 138

0.88

139 7.

1

073

4 5.0

57 10 <2 53

=0)SS. Q

iSi0)3

^

in

inCM

^?COsiE,

u>

£O)

(0 O

i03"50)

=*cu(0 0)Q

c

S

E3E'E

S

E3E'xa

0)

E.NW

^

Water-quality measurement or constituei


B

ioU

j^

oita

2PQw.*"3on

M

a1VJ

i£C f

3

1'S

2sto

11 g

^uona3a« 1Jw

10688

Maior ions and dissolved solids

ONr4 r-'

rf enen ^H

r-- oo

SO O

r4 en r- r4

>o t~-TJ- ~H

r-; rt;o\ r-'

r- r4

so so (N (N

Calcium, total recoverable (mg/L as Ca) Magnesium total recoverable (mg/L as Mg)

CMO en

^

en ^

p-H 00SO

so O

O TfSO -H

Tf

oo oo'SO

>n oood r4

SO 2^H

so so (N CN

Sodium, total recoverable (mg/L as Na) Potassium, total recoverable (mg/L as K)

^

00 so

oo o

S

00 SO

?sOs

r-

JQ(N

SO (N

Bicarbonate, water whole, it field

(mg/L as HCO3)

ooj so >n

1 oo en

! O OO1 *-« so

1 S §

! 1 1

j O SO

p pi r- rt-

O Q O

fS (N

*o so *o(N fS fS

Carbonate, water whole, it field

(mg/L as CO3)

Sulfate, filtered 0.45 |im (mg/L as SO4) Chloride, filtered 0.45 |im (mg/L as Cl)

en -HO-H

S ^en

r- ^

r- so r~ >nSO

® OsOO Os

r OsK ^

O -H00

o o Os enoo p_

*""*

so so (S fS

Solids, residue at 105 °C dissolved (mg/L) Solids, residue at 105 °C, suspended (mg/L

Nutrients

>n oen p

00r4 ooo p

r-OO -HOs pri

r- ^>n osb

enO r-SO ^H

o\

f^4^ enso Oen

00 O

oo or- <No\

SO so

z z

Nitrogen, nitrate, filtered 0.45 |im (mg/L as Nitrogen, nitrite, filtered 0.45 |im (mg/L as

0V

SV

oV

00p

>n

i

SV

oen

S

Nitrogen, ammonia, filtered 0.45 |im

(mg/L as N)

o >n 3- >n fs oV ' o

o >n >noo oo en

O

10Os en ^H

1 C > <

en -H ON<N

>n Os oq<N <S <S

Tf ?SI < i-J

O 1 (S>n CM oV ' 0

p p oqTt" en c^

so in so

Iso -

.3 =* 'c *^03 j-s -*t 60 CU o

° « -g

3 d go, bb -±S f^ f n03 xB'3 ° o -^ 5 5 _ £ Z o § euJz! C3 C/5 C/3 C^

- j 2 S j 111 til^ CM ^* ^* CM (jj

- """ J3 J3 ^ !

0 ^

>n >n-H > 1

S §en >n

8 8^ en

r*^ Tj*1fS -H

oo

>n

-H O

§ :

en

r4 r4

Coliform, fecal, 0.7 |im-mf (cols/100 mL)

Streptococci, fecal, 0.45 |im-mf

(cols/100 mL)

E

O

Tabl

e 11

. S

tatis

tical

sum

mar

y of

wat

er-q

ualit

y m

easu

rem

ents

, co

ncen

tratio

ns o

f che

mic

al c

onst

ituen

ts,

and

bact

eria

l den

sitie

s fo

r wat

er s

ampl

es c

olle

cted

from

the

Kan

sas

Riv

er,

disc

harg

e fro

m t

he O

akla

nd W

aste

wat

er T

reat

men

t P

lant

in T

opek

a, K

ansa

s, th

e S

hung

anun

ga C

reek

Bas

in,

and

Sol

dier

Cre

ek,

Oct

ober

19

93-S

epte

mbe

r 19

95 C

ontin

ued

cts

of

Urba

>ber1993T =f

o Q{

C

i-*^L

oJ 3

(/

) o

D ^

i s.

1 §

5. D

g i.

01 ? 5' (D D) 3

M D)

M 5 (D CO 3

1 C to

to 3

C

3 to to O (D 03 to M 5'

D) a o a

5" O i o (D D) D) 3 M

D)

M

Wat

er-q

ualit

y m

easu

rem

ent o

r co

nsti

tuen

t (u

nit o

f m

easu

rem

ent)

Sam

ple

size

Des

crip

tive

stat

isti

cs

Max

imum

M

inim

um

Mea

n

Val

ue o

f in

dica

ted

perc

entil

e95

7550

(m

edia

n)25

5

0688

9580

Shu

ngan

unga

Cre

ek a

t Sou

thw

est 2

9th

Stre

et, T

opek

a, K

ansa

s (s

ampl

ing

site

SH

-1, f

ig. 3

) C

ontin

ued

Met

als

and

trac

e el

emen

ts

Alu

min

um, t

otal

rec

over

able

([L

g/L

as A

l)A

rsen

ic, t

otal

rec

over

able

([L

g/L

as A

s)B

ariu

m, t

otal

rec

over

able

([Lg

/L a

s B

a)C

adm

ium

, tot

al r

ecov

erab

le (

[Lg/

L as

Cd)

Chr

omiu

m, t

otal

rec

over

able

([L

g/L

as C

r)

Cob

alt,

tota

l rec

over

able

([L

g/L

as C

o)C

oppe

r, to

tal r

ecov

erab

le (

[Lg/

L as

Cu)

Iron

, tot

al r

ecov

erab

le (

[Lg/

L as

Fe)

Lea

d, to

tal r

ecov

erab

le (

[Lg/

L as

Pb)

Man

gane

se, t

otal

rec

over

able

([L

g/L

as M

n)

Mer

cury

, tot

al r

ecov

erab

le (

[Lg/

L as

Hg)

Mol

ybde

num

, tot

al r

ecov

erab

le (

[Lg/

L as

Mo)

Nic

kel,

tota

l rec

over

able

([L

g/L

as N

i)Se

leni

um, t

otal

rec

over

able

([L

g/L

as S

e)Si

lver

, tot

al r

ecov

erab

le (

[Lg/

L as

Ag)

Zinc

, tot

al r

ecov

erab

le (

[Lg/

L as

Zn)

Org

anic

com

poun

ds

Cya

nide

, tot

al (

mg/

L a

s C

n)Ph

enol

s, to

tal

([Lg

/L)

Oil

and

grea

se, t

otal

(m

g/L

)A

lpha

bhc

([L

g/L)

Aro

clor

101

6 pc

b ([

Lg/L

)

Aro

clor

122

1 pc

b ([

Lg/L

)

Aro

clor

123

2 pc

b ([

Lg/L

)

Aro

clor

124

2 pc

b ([

Lg/L

)A

rocl

or 1

248

pcb

([Lg

/L)

26 26 21 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 25 26 3 3 3 3 3 3

35,0

00

160

4,10

014

1

340

0 <1

001

<144

<1

20

<145

1

1130

,000

12

0 4,

100

46

<11,

300

92

240

<.5

<.5

21

<149

2

10<2

<1

1 <1

390

10

70

.012

<.

005

<.01

<.

0120

<1

<.03

<.

03<.

10

<.10

<1.0

<1

.0<.

10

<.10

<.10

<.

10<,

10

<.10

33,0

00 1420

0 1 39 10 4030

,000 19

1,00

0 <.5

7 43 <2 <1 310 .0

09<.

01 1 -- - -- -- -

1,60

0 410

0 <1 7 <1 151,

200 6

240 <.

54 10 <2 <1 100 .0

05<.

01<2 -- -- -- ~

600 2

100

<1 4 <1

9

460 2

190 <.

52 6 <2 <1 50

.002

<.01

<2 -- -- - -- --

400

200

2 1

70

<100

<1

<12

<1

<1

<14

1

300

130

1 <1

120

93

<.5

<.5

2 <1

4 2

<1

<1<1

<1

30

10

.001

<.

005

<.01

<.

01<1

<1

- -- -- - ..

ns o

f chem

ical

"op

eka

, K

an

sa

s>

nstit

uent

s, a

nd b

acte

rial d

ensi

ties

for

wa

ter

sam

ples

col

lect

ed fr

om th

e th

e S

hung

anun

ga C

reek

Bas

in,

and

Sol

dier

Cre

ek,

Oct

ober

:ic

sV

alue

of

indi

cate

d pe

rcen

tile

9575

ini

ja

mM

ean

50

(med

ian)

25

Stre

et, T

op

eka.

(sam

plin

g si

te S

H-1

, fig

. 3)

Con

tin

ued

. 10

. 10

.008

.04

.05

.013

.03

.008

.046

.013

. 10

. 10

. 10

. 00

8. 017

. 00

4

10 04 01 10 01

i pile

s c

olle

cte

d

, O

cto

be

r

420 7.

44.

0

6.6

«58

2

<

r2

J5-6

O

12

29

7.0

0 -7

33 4.3

8 2

SO

colle

cted

from

the

tobe

r

CD.C

Eg>*

K ^-Sô o°sCO OCD ."5--SE CD

So0 o3CO TJ5 o^ wo** "^3CO cCD CO

"w c"c 'coCD CO

-D CD

33 52o O

-Q Q)"iiCO C- CO« o>c cCD = 2 ^01 CD0 ^0 CO"

rt co C

CDi2

o co""5 <Dco 9-c .0o i~ ^ c

"1? Co5 co00.

o co_g(0 CC COCD CD£ i^

2^~3 03« OBCO >CD S\^ "Jo£> w"co ^D T3CT C

Table 11. Statistical summary of water- Kansas River, discharge from the Oakla 1993-September 1995 Continued

in

« 81U

8. o *cisi0 "» 0

1 £i0>

75h>»

10O)

c

S

M e - 3M E ?' **"s (0 3£CD>

4*4^L fm

'd CU 3 10 e® C0 g

s

J)

E a »CO

e

Water-quality measurement or constituei


111

^DJD

7(/!

ON c^ oo

rf rf Or~ (N vo

V0 V0 V0<N (N (N

Calcium, total recoverable (mg/L as Ca) Magnesium total recoverable (mg/L as Mg) Sodium, total recoverable (mg/L as Na)

<Nm' 3

r^ oo

o00* 00o

o >o(N

rf 00f\j

rfOO' (N

ONi-H

00CM' r^*o

^J1 V)^H t**1

<s

vO vO(N (N

Potassium, total recoverable (mg/L as K) Bicarbonate, water whole, it field

(mg/L as HCO3)

00

1 oo en

| O 00-H vo

! ° 2 /") oi-H . 1

1 1 1

i o Ô^H

q q

o o o<s is

O VO >OC"*J C"*J C"*J

Carbonate, water whole, it field

(mg/L as CO3)

Sulfate, filtered 0.45 ^m (mg/L as SO4) Chloride, filtered 0.45 |im (mg/L as Cl)

§ "

en

s 2

t^ £VO

g £00 ON

P* ON

O "i

O '00

o oON en00 O^

^H

\O Ô£\l ^\j

Solids, residue at 105 °C dissolved (mg/L) Solids, residue at 105 °C, suspended (mg/U

Nutrients

ts«o o «oen o O

V

00(N O «Ooo O O

V

00 -H OON O -H<s ' V

(r^ * oo>n o qVO

eno r^ >o\O -H (NON

ts^ Oen ' i

00 Q >O <N O O

V

tNoo o or~ ts enON

\O VO rfts ts ts

h^ ^"^

^X'| f

Nitrogen, nitrate, filtered 0.45 fim (mg/L as Nitrogen, nitrite, filtered 0.45 }im (mg/L as Nitrogen, ammonia, filtered 0.45 |im

(mg/L as N)

0

V

o00

0ON

en**

o<s

1

oV

oJ.'

VOts

Nitrogen, ammonia, plus organic, total

(mg/L as N)

<N

00

en"

^H«N

ON<S

rf^

<N

Oen

o(N

I

O

c/T

o -§.oo O

s0

en0

^H

"

ON-<

00ts"

{N^

Oo

00<s

NO

I

O a

g

o"

Is.

It*S4 S *0 *

£ «S

O rf

!2 !2

S 5en «o

8 8-H* en

K rftN -H

00

8 8Q\ C5^ K

i o

§ 1

^f\jen

o >ots ts

Coliform, fecal, 0.7 |im-mf (cols/100 mL)

Streptococci, fecal, 0.45 fim-mf

(cols/100 mL)

Tabl

e 11

. S

tatis

tical

sum

mar

y of

wat

er-q

ualit

y m

easu

rem

ents

, co

ncen

tratio

ns o

f che

mic

al c

onst

ituen

ts,

and

bact

eria

l den

sitie

s fo

r wat

er s

ampl

es c

olle

cted

from

the

Kan

sas

Riv

er,

disc

harg

e fro

m th

e O

akla

nd W

aste

wat

er T

reat

men

t P

lant

in T

opek

a, K

ansa

s, t

he S

hung

anun

ga C

reek

Bas

in,

and

Sol

dier

Cre

ek,

Oct

ober

Effects

of

Urba

October

1

993

T 3- 3

.

<§.

0J 3

"S. ^

3

» »

?. °

-* c

01 -

^ 5" 5 * 3

(0 0>

(0 5 g> 3" 3

(Q

Q> 3

3 (Q

0) O 1 03

0> J2.p" 0) a o a

5" O 1 o "O

9 f 1 (0 fi>

1 993

-Sep

tem

ber

1 995

C

ontin

ued

Wat

er-q

ualit

y m

easu

rem

ent o

r con

stitu

ent

(uni

t of m

easu

rem

ent)

Sam

ple

size

Des

crip

tive

stat

istic

s

Max

imum

M

inim

um

Mea

n

Val

ue o

f ind

icat

ed p

erce

ntile

9575

50

(med

ian)

25

5

0688

9580

Shu

ngan

unga

Cre

ek a

t So

uthw

est 2

9th

Stre

et, T

opek

a, K

ansa

s (s

ampl

ing

site

SH

-1, f

ig. 3

) C

onti

nued

Met

als

and

trac

e el

emen

ts

Alu

min

um, t

otal

rec

over

able

(M-g

/L a

s A

l)A

rsen

ic, t

otal

rec

over

able

(jig

/L a

s A

s)B

ariu

m, t

otal

rec

over

able

(M-g

/L a

s B

a)C

adm

ium

, tot

al re

cove

rabl

e (f

ig/L

as

Cd)

Chr

omiu

m, t

otal

rec

over

able

(fig

/L a

s C

r)

Cob

alt,

tota

l rec

over

able

(^ig

/L a

s C

o)C

oppe

r, to

tal r

ecov

erab

le (H

-g/L

as

Cu)

Iron

, tot

al r

ecov

erab

le (H

-g/L

as

Fe)

Lead

, tot

al re

cove

rabl

e (M

-g/L

as

Pb)

Man

gane

se, t

otal

rec

over

able

(fig

/L a

s M

n)

Mer

cury

, tot

al r

ecov

erab

le (H

-g/L

as

Hg)

Mol

ybde

num

, tot

al r

ecov

erab

le (

Hg/

L as

Mo)

Nic

kel,

tota

l rec

over

able

(H-g

/L a

s N

i)Se

leni

um, t

otal

reco

vera

ble

(H-g

/L a

s Se

)Si

lver

, tot

al r

ecov

erab

le (H

-g/L

as

Ag)

Zinc

, tot

al r

ecov

erab

le (H

-g/L

as

Zn)

Org

anic

com

poun

ds

Cya

nide

, tot

al (

mg/

L as

Cn)

Phen

ols,

tota

l (M

-g/L

)O

il an

d gr

ease

, tot

al (

mg/

L)A

lpha

bhc

(M-g

/L)

Aro

clor

101

6 pc

b (M

-g/L

)

Aro

clor

122

1 pc

b (^

ig/L

)A

rocl

or 1

232

pcb

(^g/

L)A

rocl

or 1

242

pcb

(M-g

/L)

Aro

clor

1 24

8 pc

b (M

-g/L

)

26 26 21 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 25 26 3 3 3 3 3 3

35,0

00

160

4,10

014

1

340

0 <1

001

<144

<1

20

<145

1

' 11

30,0

00

120

4,10

046

<1

1,30

0 92

24

0

<.5

<.5

21

<149

2

10<2

<1

1 <1

390

10

70

.012

<.

005

<.01

<.

0120

<1

<.03

<.

03<.

10

<.10

<1.0

<1

.0

-

'<.

10

<.10

<.10

<.

10<,

10

<.10

33,0

00 14 200 1 39 10 40

30,0

00 191,

000 <.

57 43 <2 <l

310 .0

09<.

01 1 ~ -- -- -

1,60

0 410

0 <1 7 <1 151,

200 6

240 <.

54 10 <2 <l

100 .0

05<.

01<2 ~ -- - --

600 2

100 <1 4 <1 9

460 2

190 <.

52 6 <2 <l 50

.002

<.01

<2 ~ -- -- --

400

200

2 1

70

- <1

00<1

<1

2 <1

<1

<14

130

0 13

01

<112

0 93

<.5

<.5

2 <1

4 2

<1

<1<1

<1

30

10

.001

<.

005

<.01

<.

01<1

<1

~ ~ ._ -- -- --

1 percentile

s1i1"co>

8I2a>

1a~

i

U>

a

(0siE,

u>

o>

SC

E3EcS

£

1

i

0)

£8* *s(Q *"en

*«a>

o ^ o C*

Water-quality measurement i (unit of measuremi

0

i0

f9*1

Mlua

2PMcc'33en

fB<a1a

I55 jag

1jfl

I'S

1

aa9

§ena9

cc

i

Organic compounds Continued

,

, ,

i |1 '

J j

2 2? v

o oo vV

(T> (T>

Aroclor 1254 pcb (|J.g/L) Aroclor 1260 pcb (|J.g/L)

Pesticides

,

,

i1

j

i

p

~

iAcetochlor, filtered, recoverabl

,

, ,

i i1

j j

oo8 S

V

CO ^f0 0

V

rt (T>

I<U

Alachlor, dissolved, recoverabl

Aldrin, total (jig/L)

,

, ,

i i1 '

j [

n -H o o

V

(N O-< V

Tl- rt

I

Atrazine, dissolved, recoverabl Benfluralin, filtered (|J.g/L)

,

i i i

i i ii i i

j J [

OO Ô

S 8 3V V V

00

V V

to ^ ^

IIBeta benzene hexacloride, total

Butylate dissolved recoverable

Carbaryl, filtered (jig/L)

,

1 1

1 11 '

J [

t<1o 2V V

S 2V V

rj- r«i

Carbofuran, filtered (|J.g/L)

Chlordane, total (|J.g/L)

i i

i §

i i1 '

j j

o oV V

0 0

V V

(T> (^

iChlordane, cis isomer, t otal (|j.

Chlordane, transisomer (|J.g/L)

i

i i i

i i ii i i

j [ J

2S r" Ô r- 1 OO 0 OV ' V

HH 00 Oo o oV

* * «*

3

poj 3 3 2

Chlorpyrifos, dissolved (|J.g/L) Cyanazine, dissolved, recovera DCPA, filtered, 0.7 |j.m, recove

i

l l 1 1 1

,111111111

I!!!!

2 S S 2 SV V V V

O * < O (N O O i (NV V V V

(^ (^ -t (^ -t

3 2o

P,P' ODD, total (îg/L) P,P' DDE, total (îg/L) P,F DDE dissolved Og/L)

P,P' DOT, total (|ig/L)

Deethylatrazine, dissolved, reci

Tabl

e 11

. S

tatis

tical

sum

mar

y of

wat

er-q

ualit

y m

easu

rem

ents

, co

ncen

tratio

ns o

f che

mic

al c

onst

ituen

ts,

and

bact

eria

l den

sitie

s fo

r wat

er s

ampl

es c

olle

cted

from

the

Kan

sas

Riv

er,

disc

harg

e fro

m th

e O

akla

nd W

aste

wat

er T

reat

men

t Pla

nt in

Top

eka,

Kan

sas,

the

Shu

ngan

unga

Cre

ek B

asin

, an

d S

oldi

er C

reek

, O

ctob

er

Effects

of

Urba

October

1

993

T 3-

3.

O

RJ

c »

«£.

o"^

3

W o

f 1 »

* o

si < 1 (0 ;* 0)

0) 0) 5 9 V)

3-

C (0 3

3 (Q O (0 DO Q)

0) 5' Q) Q.

0 Q.

(0 O I H 0 nT ff 3 0) 0)

1 993

-Sep

tem

ber

19

95

Con

tinue

d-

Des

crip

tive

stat

isti

csW

ater

-qua

lity

mea

sure

men

t or

cons

titu

ent

(uni

t of

mea

sure

men

t)Sa

mpl

e si

zeM

axim

um

Min

imum

M

ean

Val

ue o

f ind

icat

ed p

erce

ntile

95

75

50

25

5 (m

edia

n)06

8895

80 S

hung

anun

ga C

reek

at

Sou

thw

est 2

9th

Str

eet,

Top

eka,

Kan

sas

(sam

plin

g si

te S

H-1

, fig

. 3)

Con

tinu

ed

Pes

tici

des C

onti

nued

Del

ta b

enze

ne h

exac

hlor

ide,

tota

l (|i

g/L

)D

iazi

non,

dis

solv

ed (

|ig/L

)D

ield

rin,

tot

al (

ng/L

)D

ield

rin,

dis

solv

ed (

|ig/L

)2,

6 D

ieth

ylan

iline

(|ig

/L)

Dim

etho

ate,

filt

ered

(|ig

/L)

Dis

ulfo

ton,

filt

ered

(^g

/L)

End

osul

fan

II be

ta, t

otal

(^g

/L)

End

osul

fan

I, w

hole

, rec

over

able

(|ig

/L)

End

osul

fan

sulfa

te, t

otal

(|ig

/L)

End

rin,

unf

ilter

ed, r

ecov

erab

le (

|ig/L

)En

drin

, ald

ehyd

e, t

otal

(|ig

/L)

Eth

alfl

ural

in, f

ilter

ed (

|ig/L

)E

thop

rop,

filt

ered

0.7

-|im

(|ig

/L)

EPT

C, f

ilter

ed 0

.7-u

m, r

ecov

erab

le (

^ig/

L)

Fono

fox,

dis

solv

ed, r

ecov

erab

le (

|ig/L

)H

epta

chlo

r, to

tal

(|ig/

L)

Hep

tach

lor

epox

ide,

tot

al (

jig/L

)L

inda

ne, t

otal

(|ig

/L)

Lin

dane

, dis

solv

ed (

|ig/L

)

Lin

uron

, filt

ered

(|ig

/L)

Mal

athi

on, d

isso

lved

(|ig

/L)

Met

hyl

azin

phos

, filt

ered

(|4

.g/L

)M

ethy

l par

athi

on (

|ig/L

)M

etol

achl

or, w

ater

, dis

solv

ed (

|ig/L

)

3 4 3 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4

<0.0

9.2

4<.

02<.

008

.001

<.02

<.06

<.04

<.10

<.60

<.06

<.20

<.01

3<.

012

.051

<.00

8<.

03<.

80<.

03 .013

<.03

9<.

014

.<.

050

<.03

5.2

3

<0.0

9

<.00

8<.

02<.

008

<.00

6

<.02

<.06

<.04

<.10

<.60

<.06

<.20

<.01

3<.

012

<.00

5

<.00

8<.

03<.

80<.

03<.

011

<.03

9<.

014

<.

038

*<.

035

, .0

36

-- -- -- - - .. _. -- _. ._ - .. -- .. - - - -- - _. .. ^

.. ..

.:

.. ...

..

v ;.,.

--

. '

-- -

'.' -

- --,

>,

-t \

Tabl

e 11

. S

tatis

tical

sum

mar

y of

wat

er-q

ualit

y m

easu

rem

ents

, co

ncen

tratio

ns o

f che

mic

al c

onst

ituen

ts,

and

bact

eria

l den

sitie

s fo

r w

ater

sam

ples

col

lect

ed fr

om th

e K

ansa

s R

iver

, di

scha

rge

from

the

Oak

land

Was

tew

ater

Tre

atm

ent

Pla

nt in

Top

eka,

Kan

sas,

the

Shu

ngan

unga

Cre

ek B

asin

Kand

Sol

dier

Cre

ek,

Oct

ober

19

93-S

epte

mbe

r 19

95 C

ontin

ued

Des

crip

tive

stat

istic

s V

alue

of

indi

cate

d pe

rcen

tile

Wat

er-q

ualit

y m

easu

rem

ent o

r con

stitu

ent

(uni

t of

mea

sure

men

t)Sa

mpl

e si

ze95

75

50

25

M

axim

um

Min

imum

M

ean

(med

ian)

5

0688

9580

Shu

ngan

unga

Cre

ek a

t So

uthw

est 2

9th

Stre

et, T

opek

a, K

ansa

s (s

ampl

ing

site

SH

-1, f

ig. 3

) C

onti

nued

Pe

stic

ides

C

onti

nued

CO o

o <D i

Met

ribu

zin,

wat

er, d

isso

lved

(|ig

/L)

Mol

inat

e, f

ilter

ed (

|ig/L

)N

apro

pam

ide,

filt

ered

(|ig

/L)

Para

thio

n, d

isso

lved

(|ig

/L)

Pebu

late

, filt

ered

(|ig

/L)

Pend

imet

halin

, filt

ered

(M-g

/L)

Perm

ethr

in, c

is,

filte

red

(|ig/

L)

Phor

ate,

filt

ered

(|ig

/L)

Prom

eton

, dis

solv

ed, r

ecov

erab

le (

|ig/L

)Pr

onam

ide,

filt

ered

(|ig

/L)

Prop

anil,

filt

ered

(|ig

/L)

Prop

argi

te,

filte

red

(M-g

/L)

Prop

achl

or, d

isso

lved

, rec

over

able

(|ig

/L)

Sim

azin

e, d

isso

lved

, rec

over

able

(|ig

/L)

Teb

uthi

uron

, filt

ered

(|ig

/L)

Terb

acil,

filt

ered

(|ig

/L)

Terb

ufos

, fil

tere

d (M

-g/L

)T

hiob

enca

rb ,

filte

red

(|ig/

L)

Tox

aphe

ne, t

otal

(|ig

/L)

Tri

alla

te, f

ilter

ed (

|ig/L

)

Tri

flur

alin

, filt

ered

(|ig

/L)

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4

<0.0

12<.

007

<.01

<.02

2

<.00

9

.091

<.01

6<.

011

.098

<.00

9

<.01

6

<.00

8<.

015

.31

<.01

5

<.03

<.01

2<.

008

<2.0 <.00

8

<.01

2

<0.0

12.0

07<.

01

<.02

2

<.00

9

<.01

8<.

016

<.01

1.0

41

<.00

9

<.01

6

<.00

6<.

015

.019

<.01

5

<.03

<.01

2<.

008

<2.0 <.00

8

<.01

2

-- - -- -- -- -- -- ~ - - - -- ~ ~ -- -- --

0688

%10

Sou

th B

ranc

h S

hung

anun

ga C

reek

at

Sout

hwes

t 37t

h St

reet

, Top

eka,

Kan

sas

(sam

plin

g si

te S

B-1

, fig

. 3)

Wat

er-q

ualit

v m

easu

arem

ents

9, D

isch

arge

, ins

tant

aneo

us (

ft /s

) o>

2523

7.0

120

.020

63.

20.

960.

440.

02

;:».. A:^ 'f :: ; / ' '?: -. '. *"'^^>'>-'.

. ;^/g".»-M £;-,«fi'Avi-i' ,«,!-. i' .O

* iV*''*---1*'''-!"^' '' " ' «fe'

itâw^'v ^CD 1

:,. If / co. O

r"' " ^^ fli

E CD

co O;,te.jr .

'^ P? 03CO "^3$ "oJ-C7)£-0co £ CD CO

* "« .£ ''CD 'CO"* "O 00

c <gCD i_o C_Dccj m ^ O)T3 CC 3CO C- CO

C/J ^)

O

t/5 CD

O ,--

.0 <2C (QCD*0 CO"

"5 CD

c o' J3 C

£ c CD J2OQ.

o c0 a

co" EC «JCD CDEH

« to CO >£ CD

i3 ~o

Table 11. Statistical summary of water-q Kansas River, discharge from the Oaklan

1993-September 1995 Continued

m

m.0) CM"c0)e&S

*?.2a S "O

0 «> g)H5 ,§

"o

3W> se

mO)

CO0)S

(0 eu £ -C 3

"S 'cto ii.>^rf

.& ci_ CO 38 ^Q 'S

COS

0)Q. 0)

1 "

Water-quaiity measurement or constituent


o ±

'8

1 'O .U '

J^

ei

i"S

0X1

£Q.

^_^M

{H

v1

^

^ s

io13P^ti

cu

uaaa

1

wu

506889610 Sou

Phvsical properties

>/*'' "'v '

.,; . ...-^ ^^*q en q rf rt' ( .

C3\ r* o m rf -HOOCSO voincscsoo o cs vo .' <* .«-« ' cs m rtvoo -H^HON -* ''so '

r- 'T1

^f C^ SO C^ ., , ^.raf^m'f-.

or^rtoosd oocscsso cscsoocno o -*oooovo cs ro vo^H\/«n ^^*cs o\ vocst~~

, ,..., ., «v:>,-*r'*-*'"* - ' ' ^" *"\

<n o 't r-; < i F* ro m 06 ^t^tcso vor-r-rnvo o so so r~, <nso -H-rf oocsv^H in-^rn <n osm-H v^ r- r- cs cs 10 '.' '' .-' , ^j.'.. « ?

.1 .. w - ; j;'r:f"i*. 'V

, . '

oo q oo qfi-r-ôvo-H cscscsr- oocsoinoo o ooosom rt cs-rt-H o co v t*~ socsm m csmom oo t -^ cs m -H vo

"**

m q oo o oooo6rt'rt\d ONOrnr- ocsoooocs m moooON cs <n i -^r~ oo CSCÔN so -nr<if>oocs t -^^m -H -ri- cs»-<ooso^^H 1

so r- m mTf I**- *-^ co ON ^^ cs * *n so r*** c^ ^^ c^ ^^ r*** ^f so so oo ' ^f oo ro i in i rf so CTNÔNOOSO t CS CS Tf -H

o o ON r~- î" q qint-ômcn -^r~csrt inrncscs'o o ONinm-*

m rtvr-^-ÔN <nr-. » i

Tt q -^ q qOOOTfint-- -ÔSO'ON OcSOONON ^ OOOOO ro cs in ^^ cs os O r**! to O ON c*") to in orn r- ^^^H-rf ^H-^rt CS-HQOO-*" cs"

mininmin mmmm inmininm rf mm>nincscscscscs cscscscs cscscscscs cs cscscscs

M *d ^ ^7 tj Sc3 -Sâ --^c3

^^^ 3s|^ o'u^^0|J>. c^]^1 "3 00«^T3 s JM î^^,, s^-s-sItil illtll i fill

! fi j litt||| 1 i35g§l Il|l§ ^|155 flit! Hl!s!ilii*l mill Hill 'llMil§l|l"H ii a.S'SB«2tHS Sgg.SS'C§uS-^^s § f S ? «r «r e ^ § £ s s^sa^.121118^ i^^lssD, !E ^ - x xxxS J2l3J2oo-- « 3^=3'oCÔ.^<O OOO< SUSOOO,CQ U C/3UC/3C/5

JS

i S8

i035

|w05_Q.

oso

in

inCM

«S TS

£

in

ino>

ii

E3

'E

i

mum

i

«IN

</>

~0

il ?IfS 0o i-

lity measurem unit of measu

CO

!0I

3§u**JDA

cfl1H

X°53M.s"a

S3

I

1

1uthwest 37

£ts<u£ u

I

ai» sPQ

1(/Jo1-1

-2_OJ

1

O

3

r-md

md

ONVOd

^

i

O

3

o m(S

m cs

Zts>

1£

>n <*

trate, filtered 0

'S

c n

n(S

Z^

1¥ 1"

trite, filtered 0.

'S

c <uMlS-^^

Z

0v

SV

oV

^0p

0

V

"

mCS

1 n^TO a<u« E.2O ^-N

£ ZH "2

IdU W)Ml Co oUM

Z

o mV

o mV

o \q

^H

^

O;

0 mV

S

m

1_o

C3£fov>

~CL,

a 'S

1^S "5c »

s » & g2 ^

2

(Sp

r-p

oo

ô>n

-t

|

o

>n

m

aT

I"3 2c/ro o.t/3

£

sv

s

p

o

o(S

sV

oo

>n

i

d

-C

Ia,

mo

OO r- m

oo oo

Os "v O "v V

V

8 " % v N

(S V

fT) ,-H

-H 00 O (S Ov oo enin (S

m o -H >n o v

oo

'Voo

-Ô^t

inino>nin

cs en O (S OT^ O (Soo" ^"

ininininin

8 «

^-££r-d"S

3

c iQU

c n <*d13 uJJ 'u

8oG<t-j

C/5

J

O O

"3-H.

strace elements

T

J

|

1

, total recover

E_c£

^_i<

<u

ital recoverabl

o

.u

51_ ,

<

(D

tal recoverabl

2g"

.3Cw

OQ

u3

total recovera

g.3

icdU

Z2 rt

, total recover

| g0Û

-i

al recoverable

o"« X)o

-i.

:al recoverabk

o

uao

Ml

recoverable (p

2oco

=L

recoverable (|

"So

ifJ

«

;, total recovei

!S>

U

rtao03

S

Tabl

e 11

. S

tatis

tical

sum

mar

y of

wat

er-q

ualit

y m

easu

rem

ents

, co

ncen

tratio

ns o

f che

mic

al c

onst

ituen

ts,

and

bact

eria

l den

sitie

s fo

r w

ater

sam

ples

col

lect

ed fr

om t

he

Kan

sas

Riv

er,

disc

harg

e fro

m th

e O

akla

nd W

aste

wat

er T

reat

men

t P

lant

in T

opek

a, K

ansa

s, t

he S

hung

anun

ga C

reek

Bas

in,

and

Sol

dier

Cre

ek,

Oct

ober

Effects of

Urba

October 1

993

T =f

2 5

^ o

~ 3

(/> o

A

3

TJ

~.

(0

<3

0)

>-»

?.

D

Jgi.

«£ 5° A 0)

(0 0)

(0 5 A 3"

C 3 (Q 0) 3

C

3 (Q 0) O 2 A CD 0) to 0)

Q.

O Q.

A"

0 i H O

A 0) 3 (0 0)

(0

1 993

-Sep

tem

ber

19

95

Con

tinue

d

Wat

er-q

ualit

y m

easu

rem

ent

or c

onst

itue

nt

(uni

t of

mea

sure

men

t)

Des

crip

tive

stat

isti

cs

Val

ue o

f in

dica

ted

perc

entil

eSa

mpl

e 95

75

50

25

si

ze

Max

imum

M

inim

um

Mea

n (m

edia

n)5

0688

9610

Sou

th B

ranc

h Sh

unga

nung

a C

reek

at S

outh

wes

t 37t

h St

reet

, Top

eka,

Kan

sas

(sam

plin

g si

te S

B-1

, fig

. 3)

Con

tinue

dM

etal

s an

d tr

ace

elem

ents

C

ontin

ued

Mer

cury

, tot

al r

ecov

erab

le (

Ug/

L as

Hg)

Mol

ybde

num

, to

tal r

ecov

erab

le (

Ug/

L a

s M

o)

Nic

kel,

tota

l re

cove

rabl

e (U

g/L

as

Ni)

Sele

nium

, to

tal

reco

vera

ble

(Ug/

L a

s Se

)

Silv

er,

tota

l re

cove

rabl

e (U

g/L

as

Ag)

Zin

c, t

otal

rec

over

able

(U

g/L

as Z

n)

Org

anic

com

poun

ds

Cya

nide

, to

tal

(mg/

L a

s C

n)

Phen

ols,

tot

al (

Ug/

L)

Oil

and

grea

se, t

otal

(m

g/L

)

Alp

ha b

hc (

Ug/

L)

Aro

clor

101

6 pc

b (U

g/L)

Aro

clor

122

1 pc

b (U

g/L

)

Aro

clor

123

2 pc

b (U

g/L

)

Aro

clor

124

2 pc

b (U

g/L)

Aro

clor

1 2

48 p

cb (

ug/L

)

Aro

clor

125

4 pc

b (U

g/L

)

Aro

clor

126

0 pc

b (U

g/L)

Pest

icid

es

Ace

toch

lor,

filt

ered

, rec

over

able

(U

g/L

)

Ala

chlo

r, d

isso

lved

, rec

over

able

(U

g/L

)

Ald

rin,

tot

al (

Ug/

L)

Atr

azin

e, d

isso

lved

, re

cove

rabl

e (U

g/L

)

Ben

flur

alin

, fi

ltere

d (U

g/L

)

25

<Q.5

<Q.5

- <Q

.5 <0

.5

<Q.5

<Q.5

25

10

<1

- 9

32

225

39

1

8.4

36

9 5

325

<2

<

l -

<2

<2

<2

<l

25

16

<1

--

<1

<1

<1

<1

25

300

<5

--

170

60

30

20

25

.006

<.

001

--

.003

.0

01

<.00

5 <.

005

23

<.01

<.

01

-- <.

01

<.01

<.

01

<.01

24

1 <1

-

1 <2

<2

<1

3 <.

03

<.03

3 <.

10

<.10

3 <1

.0

<1.0

3 <.

10

<.10

3 <.

10

<.10

3 <.

10

<.10

3 <.

10

<.10

3 <.

10

<.10

1 .0

323

.45

.11

3 <.

04

<.04

3 1.

7 .0

933

<.01

3 <.

013

<0.5

<11

<1 <1 <10 <.o

o'i<.

01<1 -- -- - -- -- ~ ~ -- --

L

Tabl

e 11

. S

tatis

tical

sum

mar

y of

wat

er-q

ualit

y m

easu

rem

ents

, co

ncen

tratio

ns o

f che

mic

al c

onst

ituen

ts,

and

bact

eria

l den

sitie

s fo

r wat

er s

ampl

es c

olle

cted

from

the

K

ansa

s R

iver

, di

scha

rge

from

the

Oak

land

Was

tew

ater

Tre

atm

ent

Pla

nt in

Top

eka,

Kan

sas,

the

Shu

ngan

unga

Cre

ek B

asin

, an

d S

oldi

er C

reek

, O

ctob

er

1993

-Sep

tem

ber

1995

Con

tinue

d

o o.

(D

(D i I 1 O

Des

crip

tive

stat

istic

sW

ater

-qua

lity

mea

sure

men

t or c

onst

ituen

t (u

nit o

f mea

sure

men

t)Sa

mpl

e si

zeM

axim

um

Min

imum

M

ean

Val

ue o

f in

dica

ted

perc

entil

e95

75

50

25

5

(med

ian)

0688

9610

Sou

th B

ranc

h S

hung

anun

ga C

reek

at

Sout

hwes

t 37t

h St

reet

, Top

eka,

Kan

sas

(sam

plin

g si

te S

B-1

, fig

. 3)

Con

tinu

edPe

stic

ides

C

ontin

ued

Bet

a be

nzen

e he

xacl

orid

e, to

tal (

Hg/

L)B

utyl

ate

diss

olve

d re

cove

rabl

e (^

ig/L

)C

arba

ryl,

filte

red

(fig

/L)

Car

bofu

ran,

filt

ered

(H

g/L)

Chl

orda

ne, t

otal

(|ig

/L)

Chl

orda

ne, c

is is

omer

, tot

al (

fig/L

)C

hlor

dane

, tra

nsis

omer

(Hg/

L)C

hlor

pyrif

os, d

isso

lved

(|ig

/L)

Cya

nazi

ne, d

isso

lved

, rec

over

able

(|ig

/L)

DC

PA, f

ilter

ed, 0

.7 ^

im, r

ecov

erab

le (n

g/L)

P,P

DD

D, t

otal

(ug

/L)

P,P'

DD

E, to

tal (

ng/L

)P,

P' D

DE

diss

olve

d (H

g/L)

P,P'

DO

T, to

tal (

fig/L

)D

eeth

ylat

razi

ne, d

isso

lved

, rec

over

able

(u

g/L)

Del

ta b

enze

ne h

exac

hlor

ide,

tota

l (ng

/L)

Dia

zino

n, d

isso

lved

(H

g/L)

Die

ldrin

, tot

al (

ng/L

)D

ield

rin, d

isso

lved

(|ig

/L)

2,6-

Die

thyl

anili

ne (

ng/L

)

Dis

ulfo

ton,

filt

ered

(^g

/L)

Endo

sulfa

n II

bet

a, to

tal

(^ig

/L)

Endo

sulfa

n I,

who

le, r

ecov

erab

le (

^g/L

)En

dosu

lfan

sulfa

te, t

otal

(^i

g/L)

Endr

in, u

nfilt

ered

, rec

over

able

(^g

/L)

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

<0.0

3<.

008

<.04

6.2

5<.

10

<.10

<.10

<.00

8.0

12.0

05

<.10

<.04

<.01

<.10 .0

73

<.09 .0

20<.

02<.

008

.002

<.06

<,04

<,10

<.60

<.06

<0.0

3<.

008

<.04

6<.

013

<.10

<.10

<.10

<.00

5<.

013

<.00

4

<.10

<.04

<.01

<.10 .0

26

<.09

<.00

8<.

02<.

008

<.00

6

<.01

<.04

<.10

<.60

<.06

-- -- -- -- -- -- -- - - -- -- -- -- -- -- ..

Tabl

e 11

. S

tatis

tical

sum

mar

y of

wat

er-q

ualit

y m

easu

rem

ents

, co

ncen

tratio

ns o

f che

mic

al c

onst

ituen

ts,

and

bact

eria

l den

sitie

s fo

r w

ater

sam

ples

col

lect

ed fr

om th

e K

ansa

s R

iver

, di

scha

rge

from

the

Oak

land

Was

tew

ater

Tre

atm

ent

Pla

nt in

Top

eka,

Kan

sas,

the

Shu

ngan

unga

Cre

ek B

asin

, an

d S

oldi

er C

reek

, O

ctob

er

Effects of

Urba

October 1

993

T 3-

3

5 g

C

»

«°

0J 3

! |

3

2.

iy (

D

i ° <g §

01 «S

" 5° 5 (D 0)

CO 0)

CO 5 (D 3" 1 3

C (Q D) O (D CD Q>

CO 5' Q> Q.

O Q. CD'

O 1 H O $ §

1993

-Sep

tem

ber

1 99

5 C

ontin

ued

Des

crip

tive

stat

isti

csW

ater

-qua

lity

mea

sure

men

t or

cons

titu

ent

(uni

t of

mea

sure

men

t)Sa

mpl

e si

zeM

axim

um

Min

imum

M

ean

Val

ue o

f in

dica

ted

perc

entil

e95

75

50

25

5

(med

ian)

0688

9610

Sou

th B

ranc

h Sh

unga

nung

a C

reek

at S

outh

wes

t 37t

h St

reet

, Top

eka,

Kan

sas

(sam

plin

g si

te S

B-1

, fig

. 3)

Con

tinue

dPe

stic

ides

C

ontin

ued

End

rin,

ald

ehyd

e, t

otal

(|ig

/L)

Eth

alfl

ural

in,

filte

red

(|ig/

L)

Eth

opro

p, f

ilter

ed 0

.7-|i

m (

|ig/L

)E

PTC

, filt

ered

0.7

-jj.m

, rec

over

able

(|ig

/L)

Fono

fox,

dis

solv

ed,

reco

vera

ble

(|ig/

L)

Hep

tach

lor,

tota

l (|i

g/L

)H

epta

chlo

r epo

xide

, tot

al (

fig/

L)

Lin

dane

, tot

al (

|ig/L

)L

inda

ne, d

isso

lved

(fig

/L)

Lin

uron

, fil

tere

d (|i

g/L

)

Mal

athi

on, d

isso

lved

(|ig

/L)

Met

hyla

zinp

hos,

filt

ered

(|ig

/L)

Met

hyl p

arat

hion

(|ig

/L)

Met

olac

hlor

, wat

er, d

isso

lved

(|ig

/L)

Met

ribu

zin,

wat

er, d

isso

lved

(|ig

/L)

Mol

inat

e, f

ilter

ed (

|ig/L

)

Nap

ropa

mid

e, f

ilter

ed (

|ig/L

)Pa

rath

ion,

dis

solv

ed (

|lg/L

)Pe

bula

te, f

ilter

ed (

|ig/L

)Pe

ndim

etha

lin, f

ilter

ed (

|ig/L

)

Perm

ethr

in, c

is,

filte

red

(|ig/

L)

Phor

ate,

filt

ered

(|ig

/L)

Prom

eton

, dis

solv

ed, r

ecov

erab

le (

|ig/L

)Pr

onam

ide,

filt

ered

(|ig

/L)

Prop

anil,

filt

ered

(|ig

/L)

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

<0.2

0<.

013

<.01

2.0

09<.

008

<.03

<.80

<.03 .0

06

<.03

9

<.01

4<.

050

<.03

5.3

7.0

64

<.00

7<.

01<.

022

<.00

9.0

17

<.01

6<.

011

4.8

<.00

9<.

016

<0.2

0<.

013

<.01

2<.

005

<.00

8

<.03

<.80

<.03

<.01

1

<.03

9

<.01

4<.

038

<.03

5.0

22<.

012

<.00

7<.

01<.

022

<.00

9<.

018

<.01

6<.

011

.33

<.00

9<.

016

- - - - -- _. .. .. -- - - -- -- ~ -- - -- -- --

Tabl

e 11

. S

tatis

tical

sum

mar

y of

wat

er-q

ualit

y m

easu

rem

ents

, co

ncen

tratio

ns o

f che

mic

al c

onst

ituen

ts,

and

bact

eria

l den

sitie

s fo

r w

ater

sam

ples

col

lect

ed fr

om t

he

Kan

sas

Riv

er,

disc

harg

e fro

m th

e O

akla

nd W

aste

wat

er T

reat

men

t P

lant

in T

opek

a, K

ansa

s, t

he S

hung

anun

ga C

reek

Bas

in,

and

Sol

dier

Cre

ek,

Oct

ober

19

93-S

epte

mbe

r 19

95 C

ontin

ued

V)

a -o_ 9 »

Des

crip

tive

stat

istic

sW

ater

-qua

lity

mea

sure

men

t or c

onst

ituen

t (u

nit o

f m

easu

rem

ent)

Sam

ple

size

Max

imum

Min

imum

Mea

n95

Val

ue o

f ind

icat

ed p

erce

ntile

7550

25

(m

edia

n)5

0688

9610

Sou

th B

ranc

h S

hung

anun

ga C

reek

at

Sout

hwes

t 37t

h St

reet

, Top

eka,

Kan

sas

(sam

plin

g si

te S

B-1

, fig

. 3)

Con

tinu

edPe

stic

ides

C

ontin

ued

Prop

argi

te, f

ilter

ed (

|ig/L

)Pr

opac

hlor

, dis

solv

ed, r

ecov

erab

le (

(ig/L

)Si

maz

ine,

dis

solv

ed, r

ecov

erab

le (

(ig/L

)T

ebut

hiur

on, f

ilter

ed (

(ig/L

)T

erba

cil,

filte

red

(|lg/

L)

Ter

bufo

s, f

ilter

ed (

jig/L

)T

hiob

enca

rb ,

filte

red

((ig

/L)

Tox

aphe

ne, t

otal

(|ig

/L)

Tri

alla

te, f

ilter

ed (

jig/L

)T

rifl

ural

in, f

ilter

ed (

^ig/

L)

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

<0.0

08.0

69.0

21.0

58<.

03

<.01

2<.

008

<2.0 <.00

8.0

05

<0.0

06<.

015

<.00

8.0

06<.

03

<.01

2<.

008

<2.0 <.00

8<.

012

-- - - - - - - -- -

- - - - -- ~ - -

- - - - - - ~ - -

- - - - - - - -

~ -- -- - ~ - - - - --

0688

9700

Shu

ngan

unga

Cre

ek a

t Ric

e R

oad,

Top

eka,

Kan

sas

(sam

plin

g si

te S

H-2

, fig

. 3)

Wat

er-q

ualit

y m

easu

rem

ent

Stre

amflo

w, i

nsta

ntan

eous

(ft

/s)

Phys

ical

pro

pert

ies

Spec

ific

cond

ucta

nce

(jiS

/cm

)pH

(st

anda

rd u

nits

)W

ater

tem

pera

ture

(°C

)A

ir p

ress

ure

(mm

of

Hg)

Oxy

gen

diss

olve

d (m

g/L

)

Oxy

gen,

dis

solv

ed (

perc

ent

satu

ratio

n)O

xyge

n de

man

d, c

hem

ical

, hig

h le

vel

(mg/

L)

Oxy

gen

dem

and,

bio

chem

ical

, 5-d

ay (

mg/

L)A

lkal

inity

, wat

er w

hole

, it f

ield

26 26 26 26 26 25 25 26 25 26

2,72

0

2,38

0 8.4

29.5

751 16

.2

185

260 8.

030

5

1.2

203 7.

21.

073

2 3.6

48 15 <2 68

136

759 7.

815

.374

2 9.8

98 36 ~

170

1,97

0

1,92

0 8.3

29.5

751 15

.9

184

180 5.

029

1

16.8

936 8.

025

.074

4 12.9

110 38 5.

022

7

6.0

3.3

730

561

7.8

7.6

16.0

6.

0

742

739

9.0

7.0

92

79

24

20

2 <

2

157

122

1.3

205 7.

21.

073

3 4.2

53 16 <2 69(m

g/L

as C

aCO

3)

Tabl

e 11

. S

tatis

tical

sum

mar

y of

wat

er-q

ualit

y m

easu

rem

ents

, con

cent

ratio

ns o

f che

mic

al c

onst

ituen

ts, a

nd b

acte

rial d

ensi

ties

for w

ater

sam

ples

col

lect

ed fr

om th

eEffects

Octobe la to

/-

(O

=

w 5-

H

<»3 3

1 -

3-

§

(/> o

If

O"

(D

(D

*

Si.

01 -S

" 5'

5 (D 7; D> 3 (0 D> (0 5 (D 3" C

3 (Q D> 3 C

3 (0 D>

O 1 00 D>

(0 5' D> i. 0 a to' O 1 H O o (D 0) 0) 3 (0 0)

(0

Kan

sas

Rive

r, di

scha

rge

from

the

Oak

land

Was

tew

ater

Tre

atm

ent P

lant

in T

opek

a,

1 993

-Sep

tem

ber

1 99

5 C

ontin

ued

, Kan

sas,

the

Shun

ganu

nga

Cre

ek B

asin

, and

Sol

dier

Cre

ek, O

ctob

er

Des

crip

tive

stat

istic

sW

ater

-qua

lity

mea

sure

men

t or c

onst

ituen

t(u

nit o

f m

easu

rem

ent)

Sam

ple

size

Max

imum

Min

imum

Mea

n95

Val

ue o

f ind

icat

ed p

erce

ntile

7550

25

(med

ian)

5

0688

9700

Shu

ngan

unga

Cre

ek a

t R

ice

Roa

d, T

opek

a, K

ansa

s (s

ampl

ing

site

SH

-2, f

ig. 3

) C

onti

nued

Maj

or io

ns a

nd d

isso

lved

sol

ids

Cal

cium

, tot

al r

ecov

erab

le (

mg/

L as

Ca)

Mag

nesi

um to

tal r

ecov

erab

le (

mg/

L as

Mg)

Sodi

um, t

otal

rec

over

able

(m

g/L

as N

a)Po

tass

ium

, tot

al r

ecov

erab

le (

mg/

L as

K)

Bic

arbo

nate

, wat

er w

hole

, it f

ield

(mg/

L as

HC

O3)

Car

bona

te, w

ater

who

le, i

t fie

ld(m

g/L

as C

O3)

Sulfa

te, f

ilter

ed 0

.45

jim (

mg/

L as

SO

4)C

hlor

ide,

filt

ered

0.4

5 î

m (

mg/

L as

Cl)

Solid

s, r

esid

ue a

t 10

5 °C

dis

solv

ed (

mg/

L)So

lids,

resi

due

at 1

05 °

C,

susp

ende

d (m

g/L)

Nut

rien

ts

Nitr

ogen

, ni

trat

e, f

ilter

ed 0

.45

jim (

mg/

L a

s N

)

Nitr

ogen

, ni

trite

, fi

ltere

d 0.

45 ^

im (

mg/

L a

s N

)

Nitr

ogen

, am

mon

ia,

filte

red

0.45

|im

(mg/

L a

s N

)

Nitr

ogen

, am

mon

ia, p

lus

orga

nic,

tot

al(m

g/L

as

N)

Phos

phor

us, t

otal

(m

g/L

as

P)

Phos

phor

us,

orth

o, f

ilter

ed 0

.45

urn

(mg/

L a

s P)

Bac

teri

a

Col

ifor

m,

feca

l, 0.

7 î

m-r

nf (c

ols/

100

rnL

)

Stre

ptoc

occi

, fe

cal,

0.45

îm

-mf

(col

s/1

00 m

L)

26 26 26 26 26 25 26 26 26 26 26 24 26 26 26 26 23 23

88 26 300 19 342 7

180

520

1,35

03,

640 2.

23 .110

.70

7.9

2.8 .6

3

58,0

0024

0,00

0

18 6.6

9.5

3.7

83 0 8.0

5.4

147 1 <.

10<.

001

<.05 .5

0

.02

<.02

<1 <1

46 16 57 6.2

205 1

99 73 494

264 - -- - 1.

5 .59

-- -- --

82 26 230 16 335 7

170

380

1,14

02,

930 2.

16 .035

.33

6.2

2.8 .5

5

28,0

0011

0,00

0

59 23 66 6.6

273 0

130 84 624 90

1.15 .0

18.1

6

1.3 .6

8

.20

1,30

03,

600

44

3216

13

45

35

5.2

4.6

192

147

0 0

97

6952

31

472

327

36

16

.71

<.10

.012

.0

02

<.10

<.

05

1.2

.90

.32

.24

.12

.07

100

1083

20

19 6.7

11 3.7

84 0 21 6.5

54 1 <.10

<.00

1<.

05 .50

.07

<.02

<1 <1

1

§

o

!1 5S75

v» o

5SV)

1fc£a

in

inCM

£ S

1

in

inO)

aa>S

£

1

Ii

E3

J(0S

a>INa *

(A

0>

Water-quality measurement or constiti


3.S 1o u^*so~(M

DC_C

i"

1NN

i

05

1.£M«

1u

OS

c3

a3

S1S

Metals and trace elements

1 ~

§ N-"

8 m

8 ^5

§ O4

^^OO

O >nO4oo"

8 -Tf

8 <N

CO0\

04 O4

Aluminum, total recoverable (Hg/L as Al; Arsenic, total recoverable (ng/L as As)

8 v -"v

O m O\ V

8 T 1 \O

^ v

S I-H O\ v

04

8 ^ o\04

, - ^

8 r^ -H ^ V"v

§ 04 0 '

,-H

O4 O4 O4

Barium, total recoverable (ng/L as Ba) Cadmium, total recoverable (ug/L as Cd)

Chromium, total recoverable (Hg/L as Cr

"v ^

< m V

-H OO

04 "*

O 04o4 r~

. ^

"v rt

O O\ ro oo

NO NO O4 O4

Cobalt, total recoverable (Hg/L as Co) Copper, total recoverable (ng/L as Cu)

2 - S04 ^

O 04 O O4 ONON > '

S O4

S r**" ^^ Ov

ol

§ c£ 8ON^

m* **NO

8 04 ^^ ^H OV

in mNO*

0 i 004 -H

§ 0 Q-^ O4

ON O4r-

04 O4 O4

'a'

Iron, total recoverable (ng/L as Fe) Lead, total recoverable (ng/L as Pb) Manganese, total recoverable (ng/L as M

nV O4 O4

mV r^ "*

*r>V rf NO

>nv NO o

nV 01 -1

1 >n 04

nV 04 04

>nV ro oo i r-

NO NO NO O4 O4 O4

§

Mercury, total recoverable (ug/L as Hg) Molybdenum, total recoverable (ug/L as

Nickel, total recoverable (ug/L as Ni)

"v "v

"v "v

V V

V V

O4 -HV V

j j

"v "v

04 i V

NO NO O4 O4

Selenium, total recoverable (|ig/L as Se) Silver, total recoverable (ug/L as Ag)

^

0 O4

S

S

804

8

"t

o r-04

NO O4

Zinc, total recoverable (ug/L as Zn)

Organic compounds

8 Sv v - : i

8 Sv v - : ,

!£?8 SV V (N j !

8 S' v <N . :

m8 S

V m ! !

i i i i i

S < i m O O O -^

V V rH V V

S » i co O O O -*V "* V V

O4 O4 O4

Cyanide, total (mg/L as Cn)

Phenols, total (ng/L)

Oil and grease, total (mg/L)

Alpha bhc (ng/L)

Aroclor 1016 pcb (ug/L)

! ! ! !

I!!!

i i i i

!!!!

! ! ! i

: i : i

o o o S V V V

000O ^H -H <r- 1

r* V V V

'*'*'*'*

Aroclor 1221 pcb (ug/L) Aroclor 1232 pcb (Ug/L) Aroclor 1242 pcb (Ug/L) Aroclor 1248 pcb (ug/L)

Tabl

e 11

. S

tatis

tical

sum

mar

y of

wat

er-q

ualit

y m

easu

rem

ents

, co

ncen

tratio

ns o

f che

mic

al c

onst

ituen

ts,

and

bact

eria

l den

sitie

s fo

r wat

er s

ampl

es c

olle

cted

from

the

Kan

sas

Riv

er,

disc

harg

e fro

m t

he O

akla

nd W

aste

wat

er T

reat

men

t P

lant

in T

opek

a, K

ansa

s, t

he S

hung

anun

ga C

reek

Bas

in,

and

Sol

dier

Cre

ek,

Oct

ober

Effects

of

Urba

October 1

993

T 3- a f|

cr *

1 °

(O £

S S 5' 5 * Q) to Q) to 5 <D j-

i 3"

C 3

(O

Q) 3 C 3 (0

Q) O 8 (w 03

Q) 2.5' Q) 3 a 0 a O 1 H

1993

-Sep

tem

ber

19

95

Con

tinue

d

Des

crip

tive

stat

istic

sW

ater

-qua

lity

mea

sure

men

t or c

onst

ituen

t (u

nit o

f mea

sure

men

t)Sa

mpl

e si

zeM

axim

um

Min

imum

M

ean

Val

ue o

f in

dica

ted

perc

entil

e95

75

50

25

5

(med

ian)

0688

9700

Shu

ngan

unga

Cre

ek a

t Ric

e R

oad,

Top

eka,

Kan

sas

(sam

plin

g si

te S

H-2

, fig

. 3) C

ontin

ued

Org

anic

com

poun

ds C

ontin

ued

Aro

clor

1 2

54 p

cb (

|ig/L

)

Aro

clor

126

0 pc

b (|l

g/L

)

Pest

icid

es

Ace

toch

lor,

filte

red,

rec

over

able

(|J.

g/L)

Ala

chlo

r, di

ssol

ved,

rec

over

able

(p.

g/L)

Ald

rin,

tot

al (

|ig/L

)A

traz

ine,

dis

solv

ed, r

ecov

erab

le (

Hg/

L)

Ben

flur

alin

, filt

ered

(|ig

/L)

Bet

a be

nzen

e he

xacl

orid

e, t

otal

(|ig

/L)

But

ylat

e di

ssol

ved

reco

vera

ble

(|J.g

/L)

Car

bary

l, fil

tere

d (|i

g/L

)C

arbo

fura

n, f

ilter

ed (

|ig/L

)C

hlor

dane

, tot

al (

|ig/L

)

Chl

orda

ne, c

is is

omer

, t o

tal

(p.g

/L)

Chl

orda

ne, t

rans

isom

er (

|ig/L

)C

hlor

pyri

fos,

dis

solv

ed (

p.g/

L)C

yana

zine

, dis

solv

ed, r

ecov

erab

le (

p.g/

L)D

CPA

, filt

ered

, 0.7

urn

, rec

over

able

(H

g/L)

P,P

OD

D, t

otal

(|ig

/L)

P,P

DD

E, t

otal

(^g

/L)

P,P'

DD

E d

isso

lved

(ng

/L)

P,P'

DO

T, to

tal (

ng/L

)D

eeth

ylat

razi

ne, d

isso

lved

, rec

over

able

4 4 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

<0.1

0

.044

.30

<.04

2.0

<.01

3

<.03

<.00

8.1

4<.

013

.10

<.10

<.10 .0

08.0

49.0

02

<.10

<.04

<.01

<.10 .1

1

<0.1

0

-

.020

<.04 .1

5

<.01

3

<.03

<.00

8<.

046

<.01

3<.

10

<.10

<.10

<.00

5.0

17<.

004

<.10

<.04

<.01

<.10 .0

2

-- -- T. -- - ._ -- .. -- _. _. .. - - -- -- -- --O o

in

inj) CM

c0)I . c c0> CD|a|

=5 Ec * 50)3ffl

12

O)

c

§ i4!! *

i iw S5a . ~ c8 iQ) E0 ss

«INCQ ^</)

c0)3

i §_U G"

Water-quality measurement or (unit of measuremen

V

11J^

OJD«

iwen.-a"SM

"aa

, Kansas

S,H"S

^V^S<-a

1Ua

§iI1r?

|S


! : :

i i i

i i i

! ! !

! I !

; : i

ON

S r~ es P P

? ^

S un (S -* O

O V

Tf ^ Tf

IDelta benzene hexachloride, total

Diazinon, dissolved (ug/L)

Dieldrin, total (ug/L)

! !

, ,

i i

! !

! !

i i

oo vo8 8V V

oo m8 8V

Tf Tf

Dieldrin, dissolved (ug/L) 2,6 Diethylaniline (ug/L)

'

, ,

, ,

! I

i i

i :

00

S 8V

(S VO0 0V V

CO Tfr

Dimethoate, filtered (Ug/L) Disulfoton, filtered (ug/L)

! ! !

i i i

i i i

! ! !

! 1 !

i : :

S o o t-H SO

V V V

S o o ' < ^OV V V

Tf Tf Tf

1

Endosulfan II beta, total (ug/L) Endosulfan I, whole, recoverable Endosulfan sulfate, total (ug/L)

! !

, ,

, ,

! j

! j

i !

VO O O (SV V

VO O O (SV V

Tf Tf

i

Endrin, unfiltered, recoverable (u Endrin, aldehyde, total (ug/L)

! ! !

i i i

i i i

! ! !

! ! !

i : i

en ts uno o oV V V

CO (N VO

o o oV V

Tf TT Tf

^

1

Ethalfluralin, filtered (ug/L) Ethoprop, filtered 0.7-um (ug/L) EPTC, filtered 0.7-um, recoverab

! '

, ,

, ,

! i

! !

! !

00

S co 0

V V

00

O OV V

<* Tf

1Fonofox, dissolved, recoverable i

Heptachlor, total (ug/L)

! ! !

i i i

! ! !

! ! !

! I I

i : i

^00 O OV V V

O CO -H 00 O OV V V

Tf TT Tf

Heptachlor epoxide, total (ug/L)

Lindane, total (ug/L) Lindane, dissolved (ug/L)

' !

, ,

, ,

! i

! i

i :

ON OCO «-H

0 0V V

ON COCO ^ O OV

Tf Tf

Linuron, filtered (ug/L)

Malathion, dissolved (ug/L)

! i !

i i i

i i

! ! !

! ! !

: : :

oo un «-Hen co r~o o oV V

*O f^l C*^o o esV V

Tf Tf TT

.

Methylazinphos, filtered (ug/L)

Methyl parathion (ug/L)

Metolachlor, water, dissolved (ug

Tabl

e 11

. S

tatis

tical

sum

mar

y of

wat

er-q

ualit

y m

easu

rem

ents

, co

ncen

trat

ions

of c

hem

ical

con

stitu

ents

, an

d ba

cter

ial d

ensi

ties

for

wat

er s

ampl

es c

olle

cted

fro

m th

e K

ansa

s R

iver

, di

scha

rge

from

the

Oak

land

Was

tew

ater

Tre

atm

ent

Pla

nt in

Top

eka,

Kan

sas,

the

Shu

ngan

unga

Cre

ek B

asin

, an

d S

oldi

er C

reek

, O

ctob

er

Effects

of

Urba

October

1

993

T 3- 3

o S

C

2*

<§.

0~

3

f 1 s

CD

"

^ D

ID

«j

(0

Ol

5-'

5' CD 0>

0) D>

0) 5 CD V)

31

C (O

0) 3

C

3 10 o> p CD CD CD

0>

0) 3' o> Q.

2 Q. 5' 0 3 CD

1 993

-Sep

tem

ber

1 995 C

ontin

ued

Des

crip

tive

stat

isti

cs

Val

ue o

f in

dica

ted

perc

ent M

eW

ater

-qua

iity

mea

sure

men

t or

cons

titu

ent

(uni

t of

mea

sure

men

t)Sa

mpl

e si

ze95

75

50

M

axim

um

Min

imum

M

ean

(med

ian)

25

5

0688

9700

Shu

ngan

unga

Cre

ek a

t Ric

e R

oad,

Top

eka,

Kan

sas

(sam

plin

g si

te S

H-2

, fig

. 3) C

ontin

ued

Pest

icid

es C

ontin

ued

Met

ribu

zin,

wat

er,

diss

olve

d (M

-g/L

)

Mol

inat

e, f

ilter

ed (

|lg/L

)

Nap

ropa

mid

e, f

ilter

ed (

|ig/L

)

Para

thio

n, d

isso

lved

(^g

/L)

Pebu

late

, fi

ltere

d (|i

g/L

)

Pend

imet

halin

, fi

ltere

d (H

g/L)

Perm

ethr

in,

cis,

filt

ered

(|lg

/L)

Phor

ate,

filt

ered

(u.

g/L

)

Prom

eton

, di

ssol

ved,

rec

over

able

(|lg

/L)

Pron

amid

e, f

ilter

ed (

|ig/L

)

Prop

anil,

filt

ered

(jig

/L)

Prop

argi

te,

filte

red

(|lg/

L)

Prop

achl

or,

diss

olve

d, r

ecov

erab

le (

|ig/L

)

Sim

azin

e, d

isso

lved

, re

cove

rabl

e (|i

g/L

)

Teb

uthi

uron

, fi

ltere

d (^

lg/L

)

Ter

baci

l, fi

ltere

d (u

.g/L

)

Ter

bufo

s, f

ilter

ed (

|ig/L

)

Thi

oben

carb

, fi

ltere

d (^

lg/L

)

Tox

aphe

ne,

tota

l (|l

g/L

)

Tri

alla

te,

filte

red

(u.g

/L)

Tri

flur

alin

, fi

ltere

d (j

ig/L

)

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

<0.0

12<.

007

<.01

<.02

2<.

009

«.0

85<.

016

<.01

11.

7<.

009

<.01

6<.

008

.012

.076

.075

<.03

<.01

2<.

008

<2.0 <.00

8

.007

<0.0

12<.

007

<.01

<.02

2<.

009

<.01

8<.

016

<.01

1.0

74<.

009

<.01

6<.

006

<.01

5<.

030

<.01

5

<.03

<.01

2<.

008

<2.0 <.00

8

<.01

2 --

-

-

-

'

-- -- - -- --

*.. - .. .. -- -- - -- -- -- --

..

'^

0688

9502

Sol

dier

Cre

ek a

t R

oche

ster

Roa

d, T

opek

a, K

ansa

s (s

ampl

ing

site

SO

-1, f

ig. 3

)o o CD 7?

0> ff 3 0) 0>

0)

Wat

er-q

uaii

tv m

easu

rem

ent

Dis

char

ge, i

nsta

ntan

eous

(ft

3/s)

111,

370

*

11.0

17

2 1,

370

78

, 46

.0

^

"15.

0 11

.0*

in

in9) CM

c

i "c

Q) COs ss' 5 E,

50)"5> m**

en

c

(A C 0 |^3 ~

5 1« i>1 £O 3o EO 'x

(DS

£Q. 0)

Water-quality measurement or constituent San

(unit of measurement) si;

f*>OD

i'sOD

aa

1«fJ2!i.Q>

03Oas!_

»)

JS

06"S

1t_. 3iiJQOO\a0

Phvsical Drooerties

envo rô\cs

00o r^ csvo

o\o\ r^vo

enCS 00

r-

00O 0000oo

oVO 00COvo

en£ KCTv CS

ooo oo'0000

1 -H

Specific conductance (fiS/cm) 1

pH (standard units) 1

r-l CSCO

oo o\

r-

IOen rt"" ?

1010 ONCS Tfr-

IOcs' 'en 10

enr~ 3

^

0--' csp

«CS ^Hm 10F-

i O

Water temperature (°C) 1 Air pressure (mm of Hg) 1

vo00

r-o

10cs'^~*

o\m'T-H

10t~-!r~t

voCSj 4

vo00

o

£

Oxygen dissolved (mg/L) 1

O\ Tfoo *-

8 0 cs

CN r-*- cs

0 0 O Tt^H

ON en

CN

CS O

' '

O\ Tf00 '

ON en * r-cs

O i

Oxygen, dissolved, percent saturation 1

Oxygen demand, chemical, high level (mg/L) 1

CS "*V cs

cs enV O\

cs voV cs cs

pCS VOr-

cs

pvo vo

m

' vo' CScs

oCS "*V cs

pvo" vo

en

T* rt

Oxygen demand, biochemical, 5-day (mg/L) 1

Alkalinity, water whole, it field 1

(mg/L as CaCO3)


r- enT 4

VO IO"* ^-<

en vo10

en <VO CS

o\ o\f- CS

cs r»IO *-<

r^r*- en~

ON ONr~ cs

Calcium, total recoverable (mg/L as Ca) 1 Magnesium total recoverable (mg/L as Mg) 1

CSCS CS

CSvo en cs

IOen enen

o\cs m'

cs enIO *-<

vo

CO

cscs cs

cs enIO *-<

Sodium, total recoverable (mg/L as Na) 1 Potassium, total recoverable (mg/L as K) 1

>_iIO

00

vo

£enm

10oo

vovOCS

__10

1000en

Bicarbonate, water whole, it field 1

(mg/L as HCO3)

0O O CS VO 10

cs

O -* 10 O 00IO *- IO

O 10 oo en enVO CS rt CS

IOoo rt cs r- -^

f~ IO f~ O\"*

t~- OO ON vo OCS ON 10 10 -^

10 00^

IO IO O * OOvo en r* cs

Tf CS

0o o cs' vo 10

<!) T*cs

r~ oo ON vo oCS ON 10 10

10 oq^,_^

0

Carbonate, water whole, it field 1

(mg/L as CO3)

Sulfate, filtered 0.45 îm (mg/L as SO4) 1 Chloride, filtered 0.45 îm (mg/L as Cl) 1 Solids, residue at 105 °C dissolved (mg/L) 1 Solids, residue at 105 °C, suspended (mg/L) 1

Nutrients

2 8V

2 8

o p

vo

8 8

vo * ocs

VO

5i1

^_,0 0

V

vo

Tf 0cs

Nitrogen, nitrate, filtered 0.45 p.m (mg/L as N) 1 Nitrogen, nitrite, filtered 0.45 p.m (mg/L as N) 1

Tabl

e 11

. S

tatis

tical

sum

mar

y of

wat

er-q

ualit

y m

easu

rem

ents

, co

ncen

tratio

ns o

f che

mic

al c

onst

ituen

ts,

and

bact

eria

l den

sitie

s fo

r w

ater

sam

ples

col

lect

ed fr

om t

he

Kan

sas

Riv

er,

disc

harg

e fro

m th

e O

akla

nd W

aste

wat

er T

reat

men

t P

lant

in T

opek

a, K

ansa

s, t

he S

hung

anun

ga C

reek

Bas

in,

and

Sol

dier

Cre

ek,

Oct

ober

Effects

of

Urba

October

1

993

T 3=

=

3 g

c

<°

0 ^

3

(/)

O 8

3(D

^

3 51

o- »

(D

^

1 °

(O §

01 ? 5' 5 (D 3 (0 D) CA 33 1 3

1C

3 (O 3 C

3

(O O (D to (0 p'

Q.

O Q. 5' O | o (D F i5 (0

1 993

-Sep

tem

ber

1 995 C

ontin

ued

Wat

er-q

ualit

y m

easu

rem

ent o

r co

nstit

uent

(u

nit o

f mea

sure

men

t)Sa

mpl

e si

ze

Des

crip

tive

stat

istic

s

Max

imum

M

inim

um

Mea

n

Val

ue o

f ind

icat

ed p

erce

ntile

95

0688

9502

Sol

dier

Cre

ek a

t R

oche

ster

Roa

d, T

opek

a, K

ansa

s (s

ampl

ing

site

SO

-1

Nut

rien

ts C

onti

nued

Nit

roge

n, a

mm

onia

, fi

lter

ed 0

.45

Jim

(mg/

L a

s N

)

Nitr

ogen

, am

mon

ia, p

lus

orga

nic,

tota

l(m

g/L

as N

)Ph

osph

orus

, tot

al (

mg/

L as

P)

Phos

phor

us, o

rtho,

filt

ered

0.4

5 Jim

(mg/

L as

P)

Bac

teri

a

Col

iform

, fec

al, 0

.7 (

xm-m

f (co

ls/ 1

00 m

L)St

rept

ococ

ci, f

ecal

, 0.4

5 |im

-mf

(col

s/1

00 m

L)M

etal

s an

d tr

ace

elem

ents

Alu

min

um, t

otal

rec

over

able

(|ig

/L a

s A

l)A

rsen

ic, t

otal

rec

over

able

(|ig

/L a

s A

s)B

ariu

m, t

otal

reco

vera

ble

(|ig/

L a

s B

a)C

adm

ium

, tot

al r

ecov

erab

le (

|ig/L

as

Cd)

Chr

omiu

m, t

otal

rec

over

able

(|ig

/L a

s C

r)

Cob

alt,

tota

l rec

over

able

([i

g/L

as C

o)C

oppe

r, to

tal r

ecov

erab

le (

|ig/L

as

Cu)

Iron

, tot

al r

ecov

erab

le (

|ig/L

as

Fe)

Lead

, tot

al re

cove

rabl

e (|i

g/L

as

Pb)

Man

gane

se, t

otal

rec

over

able

(|ig

/L a

s M

n)

Mer

cury

, tot

al r

ecov

erab

le (

|ig/L

as

Hg)

Mol

ybde

num

, tot

al r

ecov

erab

le (

|ig/L

as

Mo)

Nic

kel,

tota

l rec

over

able

(|ig

/L a

s N

i)Se

leni

um, t

otal

reco

vera

ble

(|ig/

L a

s Se

)Si

lver

, tot

al re

cove

rabl

e (|i

g/L

as A

g)

11 11 11 11 11 9 11 11 9 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

0.90

<0

.05

2.5

<.50

2.0

<.02

.16

<.02

8,00

0 <1

22,0

00

<1

91,0

00

210

11,0

0020

<1

400

100

200

3 <1

69

<1

20

<127

2

1041

,000

23

0 5,

800

29

<11,

400

190

490

<.50

0 <.

515

2

665

4

121

<1<1

<1

0.90

2.5

2.0 .1

6

8,00

022

,000

91,0

00 20 400 3 69 20 27

41,0

00 291,

400 <.

515 65 1<

l

75

,fig

.3) 0.

06 .78

.47

.08

140

200

3,00

0 530

0 <1 10 3 122,

500 6

600 <.

57 6 <2 <l

50

25

(med

ian)

<0.

10

<0.0

5

.60

<.50

.16

.14

.05

.03

25

4

90

30

370

260

4 2

200

100

<1

<16

3

<1

<18

645

0 31

02

<140

0 23

0

<.5

<.5

7 3

5 4

<2

<2<1

<1

5 <0.0

5

<.5

0

.09

.03

<1 10 210 <1 100

<! 2

<12

230 <1 190 <.

52 4 <2 <!

£ §^-

4)

UTJ

i3

^

0

1m89W^' il c

oo

in

inCM

S

Kn-

inen

£

!lr consti

oS o

i

"5

cr

i

.-.(0

1E,

c

5

E3

'E

S

E3EX(0S

1

toE

3

iI

1a1Ioi

cO7"

ot/ioj aon

tS1

iiiis1.c£1SJ

d>

BL.

isjg

i

oa;

coU

'c

i

c *Metals J

ON

0CO

Q"*

S

or-

0>n

OS

o r-> *

S

SC/3rt

13il recover :oniDound<

O n V~ 'c o «.s £N O

§V

8V

g

1

r-8

,

8V

r-

S

'c" Uc3

ftJ00

oif

32

>>U

oV -* ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !V ' ' i ... i

qV V ' l i!!!! !

oV cs | | III!! !

V

oV cs i i ! ! I 1 1 !

0v ^ i i i : : : i i

,

r-« COO OOOO OO O --« O-^-H-H^H T-«

v 77 v v r* v v v v v

i COO OOOO OO O-H O--«-HT-«-H ,_i

V rt v V -^ V V V V V

'-H I-H fO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO

5 C ' 00 0000000000 00

J-3 zL zLzLzLzLi zL

zL " t- 1 o ooooo o 1 ' if oo * *" 0.0.0.0.0. O, gtg^lÔ (NfNOO^t O

22io° (S (S «N (S (S (N, OOjS^H ^-,^-,_^-,^_, '^*

ccdjs"o "o'o'o'o'o o.-^ . = J2- 2 2SSS2 21 £O<< < < < < < <cu

i i i i i i i i i i

i i i i i i i i i i1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1

I 1 ! ! i I i ! ! i

i i i i i i i i i i

i i i i i i i i i i

,

§ CO OO VO COrJO^^ coO3f*-*O OCOO OOOO-^

1 V V ' V V V V V V

in co oo vo csCNinrt ^H COO-H«oO OcOOr-Ô OOOO^

V ~ V V V V

-HCOCOCOCO cocococoro

? ? ^ ? 3ZL i i * ^5^ ^ ^ 5r zL(U (U (U ^_. N -^

33 3 « JSg § S^ 2 -g _> > > J i) D Joo oî -n>^^ÔO OOO rôlj wi ^^

H2i â §8^^^ -a -a ^ TJ" "O o ^ zL -o S1O O 1 1 (D l> ^"O" ' l) ^1-1 > ;~v S '-i ^ i> "a r;^ s^l^ ^|H^B^S^S^ S ^ ^ 2 S' '-3 | ^ .S S J5 E. § B5fc*i i>sj GD^^SO 'C 1-1 D*^^t2-S

1 1 1 'i 1 -illsoJS2i=g ^3^3552 <<<<OQ OQOQUUU

Tabl

e 11

. S

tatis

tical

sum

mar

y of

wat

er-q

ualit

y m

easu

rem

ents

, co

ncen

tratio

ns o

f che

mic

al c

onst

ituen

ts,

and

bact

eria

l den

sitie

s fo

r w

ater

sam

ples

col

lect

ed fr

om th

e K

ansa

s R

iver

, di

scha

rge

from

the

Oak

land

Was

tew

ater

Tre

atm

ent

Pla

nt in

Top

eka,

Kan

sas,

the

Shu

ngan

unga

Cre

ek B

asin

, an

d S

oldi

er C

reek

, O

ctob

er

Effects

of

Urba

October 1

993

T 3= 3

II

*H.

O^ 3

(/> o

(D ^

3ft

) 5*

^T

*D

5 o

io QJ

(O

en ~ 5' (D to 3

W to

V) 5 to 3"

C CO to 3

C 3

(0

to O CD GO to 52. to a 0 CL n' o %to a to to 1 v> to V)

1 993

-Sep

tem

ber

1995 C

ontin

ued

Des

crip

tive

stat

istic

sW

ater

-qua

lity

mea

sure

men

t or c

onst

ituen

t (u

nit o

f m

easu

rem

ent)

Sam

ple

size

Max

imum

M

inim

um

Mea

n

Val

ue o

f in

dica

ted

perc

entil

e95

75

50

25

5

(med

ian)

0688

9502

Sol

dier

Cre

ek a

t Roc

hest

er R

oad,

Top

eka,

Kan

sas

(sam

plin

g si

te S

O-1

, fig

. 3)

Con

tinue

d Pe

stic

ides

C

ontin

ued

Chl

orda

ne,

cis

isom

er, t

ota

l (f

ig/L

)

Chl

orda

ne,

tran

siso

mer

(fi

g/L

)

Chl

orpy

rifo

s, d

isso

lved

(fi

g/L

)

Cya

nazi

ne,

diss

olve

d, r

ecov

erab

le (

fig/

L)

DC

PA,

filte

red,

0.7

|im

, re

cove

rabl

e (f

ig/L

)

P,P'

OD

D,

tota

l (^

ig/L

)

P,P'

DD

E,

tota

l (^

ig/L

)

P,P'

DD

E d

isso

lved

(fi

g/L

)

P,P'

DO

T, t

otal

(^i

g/L)

Dee

thyl

atra

zine

, di

ssol

ved,

rec

over

able

(fig

/L)

Del

ta b

enze

ne h

exac

hlor

ide,

tot

al (

fig/

L)

Dia

zino

n, d

isso

lved

(fi

g/L

)

Die

ldri

n, t

otal

(fi

g/L

)

Die

ldri

n, d

isso

lved

(fi

g/L

)

2,6-

Die

thyl

anili

ne (

fig/

L)

Dim

etho

ate,

filt

ered

(fi

g/L

)

Dis

ulfo

ton,

filt

ered

(fi

g/L

)

End

osul

fan

II b

eta,

tot

al (

fig/

L)

End

osul

fan

I, w

hole

, re

cove

rabl

e (f

ig/L

)

End

osul

fan

sulf

ate,

tot

al (

fig/

L)

End

rin,

unf

ilter

ed,

reco

vera

ble

(fig

/L)

End

rin,

ald

ehyd

e, t

otal

(fi

g/L

)

Eth

alfl

ural

in,

filte

red

(fig

/L)

Eth

opro

p, f

ilter

ed 0

.7-f

im

(fig

/L)

EFT

C,

filte

red

0.7-

^im

, rec

over

able

(f

ig/L

)

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

<0.1

0<.

10<.

008

.17

<.00

4

<.10

<.04

<.01

<.10 .0

4

<.09

<.00

8<.

02<.

008

.002

<.02

<.06

<.04

<.10

<.60

<.06

<.20

<.01

3<.

012

.014

<0.1

0<.

10<.

005

<.01

3<.

004

<.10

<.04

<.01

<.10 .0

3

<.09

<.00

8<.

02<.

008

<.00

6

<.02

<.01

<.04

<.10

<.60

<.06

<.20

<.01

3<.

012

<.00

5

-- ~ -- .. - -- ~ -- -- .. .. .. .. --

in

in0 M

1

o *c

O fl)

1 ~ 5ICD> m

o>

c

(A eo c« I

M £w 2

1 EO 3

$ .§

«E S

1

Water-quality measurement or constitl


11gO

1

iiG0

M)

O.

I

1"SIU

i*iOS

1

2.g

i1


, ,

} I

i i1 '

(

! !

00o mq q" V

00o m 0 0*v v

m m

Fonofox, dissolved, recoverable (M-g/L)

Heptachlor, total (M-g/L)

i i i

i i :

i i ii i i

i i :

o en -Hoo O OV V V

O en -Hoo O O'V V V

CO CO CO

Heptachlor epoxide, total (M-g/L)

Lindane, total (M-g/L) Lindane, dissolved (M-g/L)

i i i

: i i

i i ii i i

! ! !

o o ooen -H en 000V V V

m i i <n000V V V

en en en

Linuron, filtered (M-g/L)

Malathion, dissolved (M-g/L) Methylazinphos, filtered (M-g/L)

, ,

1 !

I i' '

! i

I/") OOen ooo ov

IT)

S 22v

en en

Methyl parathion (M-g/L)

Metolachlor, water, dissolved (M£/L)

, ,

> '

i |1 '

! !

(N p.

o 8V V

(N O0 O

V

en en

Metribuzin, water, dissolved (M-g/L)

Molinate, filtered (Mg/L)

i i i

! ! !

1 1 11 1 1

i : i

(N g\o o ov v v

(N ON

O O Ov v v

en en m

Napropamide, filtered ([Lg/L) Parathion, dissolved ([Lg/L)

Pebulate, filtered (M-g/L)

V

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1

! ! i

i i :

00 VO -H

o o oV V V

00 VO -H

O O OV V V

CO CO CO

Pendimethalin, filtered (M£/L) Permethrin, cis, filtered (M-g/L)

Phorate, filtered (M-g/L)

, ,

1 '

I |1 '

: !

oo o\8 8V V

co ON

V

en en

Prometon, dissolved, recoverable (M-g/L)

Pronamide, filtered (M-g/L)

, ,

1 !

i |1 '

-

o 3V V

vo ooS 8V V

en en

Propanil, filtered (M-g/L) Propargite, filtered (M£/L)

1 ! !

i i i

! i :

1 1 11 1 1

! ! :

IT) 00 IT)

080V V V

en * i in8 q 8

en en en

Propachlor, dissolved, recoverable (\LgfL) Simazine, dissolved, recoverable (M£/L)

Tebuthiuron, filtered (M£/L)

g 5

jrl 31 II

Tabl

e 1 1

. S

tatis

tical

sum

mar

y of

wat

er-q

ualit

y m

easu

rem

ents

, con

cent

ratio

ns o

f che

mic

al c

onst

ituen

ts,

and

bact

eria

l den

sitie

s fo

r w

ater

sam

ples

col

lect

ed fr

om th

e K

ansa

s R

iver

, di

scha

rge

from

the

Oak

land

Was

tew

ater

Tre

atm

ent

Pla

nt in

Top

eka,

Kan

sas,

the

Shu

ngan

unga

Cre

ek B

asin

, an

d S

oldi

er C

reek

, O

ctob

er

1993

-Sep

tem

ber

1 99

5 C

ontin

ued

Des

crip

tive

stat

istic

sVa

lue

of In

dica

ted

perc

entil

eW

ater

-qua

lity

mea

sure

men

t or

cons

titue

nt

Sam

ple

(uni

t of

mea

sure

men

t) si

ze95

75M

axim

umM

inim

umM

ean

50

(med

ian)

25

? O

S I

.

0688

9502

Sol

dier

Cre

ek a

t Roc

hest

er R

oad,

Top

eka,

Kan

sas

(sam

plin

g si

te S

O-1

, fig

. 3)

Con

tinue

dPe

stic

ides

C

ontin

ued

Terb

acil,

filt

ered

(|ig

/L)

Terb

ufos

, filt

ered

(^ig

/L)

Thio

benc

arb,

filt

ered

(|ig

/L)

Toxa

phen

e, to

tal (

|ig/L

) Tr

ialla

te, f

ilter

ed (

ag/L

)

<0.0

3 <.

012

<.00

8<2

.0

<.00

8

<0.0

3 <.

012

<.00

8<2

.0

<.00

8

(0

3) (0 C (O D) C (O

D) O w.

? D) Q.

0° E

Trifl

ural

in, f

ilter

ed (|

ig/L

).0

01<.

012

o

Effects of Urbanization on Water Quality in the Kansas River ... · the Kansas River, Shunganunga...

Documents

Transcript of Effects of Urbanization on Water Quality in the Kansas River ... · the Kansas River, Shunganunga...