Effects of Parental Role and Age on Prejudice against Tattooed People in Chinese Context GROUP 17...
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Transcript of Effects of Parental Role and Age on Prejudice against Tattooed People in Chinese Context GROUP 17...
Effects of Parental Role and Age on Effects of Parental Role and Age on Prejudice against Tattooed People in Prejudice against Tattooed People in
Chinese ContextChinese Context
GROUP 17GROUP 17
LAM HOI SHAN 06779893 LAM HOI SHAN 06779893
LEE YEE PAN 06694733 LEE YEE PAN 06694733
LEUNG SHUN KAN 06637243LEUNG SHUN KAN 06637243
MAK CHUN HONG 05639813MAK CHUN HONG 05639813
Flow of PresentationFlow of Presentation
BackgroundBackground
IntroductionIntroduction
MethodMethod
ResultResult
DiscussionDiscussion
ImplicationImplication
Q & AQ & A
TattoosTattoos
A permanent mark or design made on the A permanent mark or design made on the skin by a process of pricking and skin by a process of pricking and ingraining an indelible pigment or by ingraining an indelible pigment or by raising scars. raising scars.
A design made on the skin with a temporary A design made on the skin with a temporary dye such as henna or ink. dye such as henna or ink.
American Heritage dictionaryAmerican Heritage dictionary
In the Past…In the Past…
Taboo and socially unacceptable signs of Taboo and socially unacceptable signs of rebellion.rebellion.
Connected with pirates, bikers, gang Connected with pirates, bikers, gang members, and other social outcasts, as members, and other social outcasts, as well as island people and African tribes. well as island people and African tribes.
Nowadays…Nowadays…
No longer considered a sub culture, but a No longer considered a sub culture, but a staple of modern culture staple of modern culture
More and more Chinese young people have More and more Chinese young people have tattoo which include youngster in Hong tattoo which include youngster in Hong KongKong
Now, it is more of a fashion statement than Now, it is more of a fashion statement than counter culture statement accepted form counter culture statement accepted form of artistry of artistry
Notes About Tattoo in Hong KongNotes About Tattoo in Hong Kong
Recognized in the Recognized in the worldworld Chinese-word tattoo Chinese-word tattoo
of David Beckham of David Beckham is done by Hong is done by Hong Kong tattoo artist.Kong tattoo artist.
In 2008,a exhibition In 2008,a exhibition about tattoo have about tattoo have been firstly been firstly organized in Hong organized in Hong Kong.Kong.
Why Tattoos?Why Tattoos?
Self-expressionSelf-expression Feel better about yourself and to portray Feel better about yourself and to portray
who you are on your body who you are on your body Differentiate themselves from the Differentiate themselves from the
crowd; specialty; trendycrowd; specialty; trendy
Cover up scars Cover up scars Cover up scars by the tattoos on the Cover up scars by the tattoos on the
skin.skin.
Why Tattoos?Why Tattoos?
Mass Media and Celebrities’ EffectMass Media and Celebrities’ Effect Displaying tattoos universally popular Displaying tattoos universally popular
tattoo TV shows, such as Miami Ink, tattoo TV shows, such as Miami Ink, which promotes tattoos and tattooing as which promotes tattoos and tattooing as a hot new art form. a hot new art form.
Peer-pressure Peer-pressure Show their support and dedication to Show their support and dedication to
their sorority their sorority
Global Celebrities Global Celebrities
Ayumi Ayumi Hamasaki Hamasaki
Megan Fox
Cecilia Cheung
張柏芝
Faye Wong王菲
Social impressionSocial impression
According to the HSBC-Your Point of view A According to the HSBC-Your Point of view A worldwide research on tattoo(HK part) in worldwide research on tattoo(HK part) in 20062006
48.3% rebellious48.3% rebellious
41.3% relation to the triad. 41.3% relation to the triad.
School ContextSchool Context
Many schools prohibit or discourage tattooMany schools prohibit or discourage tattoo
Teachers and school staff are not allowed to Teachers and school staff are not allowed to have tattoohave tattoo
Does Discrimination Exist?Does Discrimination Exist?
Discrimination DefinitionDiscrimination Definition
What is discrimination?What is discrimination?
In general terms, discrimination is any In general terms, discrimination is any practice that makes distinctions between practice that makes distinctions between individuals or groups that disadvantage individuals or groups that disadvantage some and advantage others. some and advantage others.
Australian Legal Definition Australian Legal Definition
Discrimination in job huntingDiscrimination in job hunting
Many employers stated that they don’t want Many employers stated that they don’t want employees having tattoos since they think employees having tattoos since they think that people having tattoos would give an that people having tattoos would give an bad impression to the company’s clients. bad impression to the company’s clients. (Hong Kong (Hong Kong Economic Times, 2003) Economic Times, 2003)
Discrimination in job huntingDiscrimination in job hunting
The society still think that tattoo represents The society still think that tattoo represents bad behavior and are not willing to recruit bad behavior and are not willing to recruit them especially in office job and service them especially in office job and service industry industry
-Miss Chow -Miss Chow
General manager General manager
Centaline Human Resource Consultant Centaline Human Resource Consultant Limited Limited
Prejudice against Tattoos Prejudice against Tattoos PeoplePeople
The negative attitudes towards tattooed The negative attitudes towards tattooed people, based solely on that individual’s people, based solely on that individual’s membership in the tattooed group membership in the tattooed group (Baumeister & Bushman, 2005)(Baumeister & Bushman, 2005)
Tattoos – Misbehaviors?Tattoos – Misbehaviors?Tattooed people were associated with Tattooed people were associated with
deviant behavior, such as suicide, juvenile deviant behavior, such as suicide, juvenile delinquency and drug abuses (e.g. Fisher, delinquency and drug abuses (e.g. Fisher, 2002; Stirn, Hinz & Brahler, 2006)2002; Stirn, Hinz & Brahler, 2006)
Many participants were in their adolescence, Many participants were in their adolescence, who have a higher level of sensation who have a higher level of sensation seeking and risk to misbehave (Steinberg, seeking and risk to misbehave (Steinberg, 2007). 2007).
Deviant Behaviors Tattoos
Adolescents
Prejudice
Parents - Morality Level Parents - Morality Level DifferenceDifference
Previous studies stated that parents would Previous studies stated that parents would have a higher moral standard, so that are have a higher moral standard, so that are more concern about misbehaviors.more concern about misbehaviors.
Mothers might want to protect their children Mothers might want to protect their children from what they perceived as “bad” and from what they perceived as “bad” and “contrary to the social norm” (Jaffe & “contrary to the social norm” (Jaffe & Worobey, 2006)Worobey, 2006)
Hypothesis 1Hypothesis 1
Tattoos linked to negative behaviors
Parents’ Higher Morality Standard
Parents Will Have a Higher Prejudice Level against People Having Tattoos
than Non-Parents
Effect of age on PrejudiceEffect of age on Prejudice
Maykovich (1975) found out that age Maykovich (1975) found out that age differentiates the prejudiced and the non-differentiates the prejudiced and the non-prejudiced in the issue of libertarianism.prejudiced in the issue of libertarianism.
Suggesting that age may be a determining Suggesting that age may be a determining factor in people’s prejudice level.factor in people’s prejudice level.
Effect of age on PrejudiceEffect of age on PrejudiceYoung people are more likely to have tattoos in Young people are more likely to have tattoos in
Chinese context (“Lcq2: Body Piercing Services”, Chinese context (“Lcq2: Body Piercing Services”, 2002)2002)
Adolescents’ in-group favoritism and old peoples’ out-Adolescents’ in-group favoritism and old peoples’ out-group prejudice may also differentiate the level of group prejudice may also differentiate the level of prejudice of these two different age groups prejudice of these two different age groups according to Aboud (2003).according to Aboud (2003).
In-group favoritism: People normally favor those who In-group favoritism: People normally favor those who are having the same membership in a groupare having the same membership in a group
Out-group prejudice: People may hold a negative Out-group prejudice: People may hold a negative attitude towards those who are not in the same attitude towards those who are not in the same group.group.
Hypothesis 2Hypothesis 2
Adolescents’ In-group Favoritism
Old peoples’ out-group prejudice
Prejudice Level is positively correlated to Age
(When Age ,Prejudice Level )
QuestionnaireQuestionnaire
A 46-item QuestionnaireA 46-item Questionnaire
5 Points Likert Scale (1-Strongly Disagree,5-5 Points Likert Scale (1-Strongly Disagree,5-Strongly Agree)Strongly Agree)
Attitude toward Behaviors of Tattooed peopleAttitude toward Behaviors of Tattooed people
(e.g. P(e.g. People having tattoos are drug abusereople having tattoos are drug abuser ) )
Reliability (Cronbach Alpha Value = .949). Reliability (Cronbach Alpha Value = .949). Thus, high enough to be reliable.Thus, high enough to be reliable.
Data Collection & ParticipantsData Collection & ParticipantsThrough Through
distributing distributing questionnaire to questionnaire to local Chinese local Chinese participants.participants.
Age of Participants
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-60
Age
Fre
qu
ency
Frequency
Frequency
HK30%
Kowloon32%
N.T.38%
HK Kowloon N.T.
Frequency
Male 49%
Female51%
Male Female
Data Analysis ToolData Analysis Tool
Statistical Package for Social Science Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS)(SPSS) ANOVA : To study between group ANOVA : To study between group
differencedifference Correlation : To find out whether Correlation : To find out whether
variables correlates with each othervariables correlates with each other
DesignDesign
To study between-group difference between To study between-group difference between Parents and non-Parents on prejudice level Parents and non-Parents on prejudice level by ANOVA (Hypothesis 1)by ANOVA (Hypothesis 1)
To study correlation between Age and To study correlation between Age and Prejudice Level (Hypothesis 2)Prejudice Level (Hypothesis 2)
To study whether Gender, Education Level, To study whether Gender, Education Level, Marital Status and Residential Area have Marital Status and Residential Area have significant effect on the Prejudice Levelsignificant effect on the Prejudice Level
Parents’ Prejudice Level is significantly Parents’ Prejudice Level is significantly higher than non-parents’.higher than non-parents’.
Our hypothesis 1 is supported.Our hypothesis 1 is supported.
Parents vs. Non-ParentsParents vs. Non-Parents
Age & Prejudice LevelAge & Prejudice Level
Age is significantly correlated with the Age is significantly correlated with the prejudice level.prejudice level.
Parents vs. Non-Parents - Parents vs. Non-Parents - controlling the effect of agecontrolling the effect of age
When controlling the effect of age on prejudice When controlling the effect of age on prejudice level, the parents’ effect is still significant.level, the parents’ effect is still significant.
Parents’ difference is independent of age.Parents’ difference is independent of age.
Gender DifferenceGender Difference
There is no gender difference in the There is no gender difference in the prejudice level.prejudice level.
Effect of Educational LevelEffect of Educational Level
There is not significant difference between There is not significant difference between educational level on the prejudice level.educational level on the prejudice level.
Effect of Marital StatusEffect of Marital Status
The effect of marital status is not significant The effect of marital status is not significant on the prejudice level.on the prejudice level.
Effect of Residential AreaEffect of Residential Area
The effect of residential area is not significant The effect of residential area is not significant on determining the prejudice level.on determining the prejudice level.
Parents will have more prejudice then non-Parents towards against tattooed people.
Age is positively correlated to prejudice level.
Hypothesises are supported
Traditional ExplanationTraditional Explanation
Filial piety(Filial piety( 孝道孝道 )) 身體髮膚受之父母身體髮膚受之父母 , , 不敢毀傷不敢毀傷 , , 孝之始也孝之始也
Xiao Jing(Xiao Jing( 孝經孝經 )) Not presume to injure or wound bodyNot presume to injure or wound body
Parents viewParents view Strongly view towards protecting their Strongly view towards protecting their
child’s bodychild’s body
Traditional ExplanationTraditional Explanation
However, tattoo ..However, tattoo ..
cause dermal damage to our body, or even cause dermal damage to our body, or even transmission of disease transmission of disease
(Long & Rickman, 1994)(Long & Rickman, 1994)
Therefore, Therefore,
highly not desired by parents and was highly not desired by parents and was considered as immoralconsidered as immoral
Social Protecting ExplanationSocial Protecting Explanation
Many employers don’t want employees Many employers don’t want employees having tattooshaving tattoos give an bad impression to clients.give an bad impression to clients.
Parents worryParents worry Their children can’t find a good jobTheir children can’t find a good job Built up an negative attitude toward Built up an negative attitude toward
tattoostattoos
(Hong Kong Economic Times, 2003)(Hong Kong Economic Times, 2003)
Parents want to protect their children from bad contrary to the social norm”
(Jaffe & Worobey, 2006)
A research investigate the attitude of mother towards
overweighed children. Parents viewed the obese children to be
least preferred as their children’s companion (Bacardi-Gasco´n, Leon-Reyes & Jime´nez-
Cruz, 2007)
Social Protecting Explanation
養兒一百歲,長憂九十九
Anxious about the responsibility of caring their children
Having a parental role might thus alter their prejudice level against others.
Role Transition Explanation
In Chinese context, parents Like to compare their children with other parents’
children. Have ‘face’ if their children are behaving well. However, Prejudice towards tattoos not allow their children to tattoo to save face
Face ( 面子 )
GenerativityGenerativity
Related to a view of the self as role model Related to a view of the self as role model and source of wisdom for children and source of wisdom for children
(Hart, McAdams, Hirsch, & Bauer, 2001)(Hart, McAdams, Hirsch, & Bauer, 2001)
Men being parents scored higher on a Men being parents scored higher on a measure of generativity than childless measure of generativity than childless men men
(McAdams & de St. Aubin, 1992)(McAdams & de St. Aubin, 1992)
GenerativityGenerativity
Parents will have a higher moral standard Parents will have a higher moral standard
More likely to hold an negative attitude More likely to hold an negative attitude toward things which are not widely toward things which are not widely accepted by the society.accepted by the society.
Past ExperiencesPast Experiences
In the past, tattoos are not as popular In the past, tattoos are not as popular as today. as today.
Singers and artists don’t have tattoos.Singers and artists don’t have tattoos.
Form a concept that only triad Form a concept that only triad members will have tattoos.members will have tattoos.
Young adults are more likely to get a tattoo. Aged people think tattoo is a kind of teenage
thing Having tattoo seems not for aged peopleTattoo is not their groupThey will have an out-group prejudice towards
whose who have tattoos.
Out-group prejudice
Sagging and bagging
As skin aged, sagging and bagging occursAs skin aged, sagging and bagging occurs
The shape of the tattoo cannot retain for a The shape of the tattoo cannot retain for a long period of time. long period of time.
Tattoo and even the whole appearances will Tattoo and even the whole appearances will looks bad.looks bad.
Hence, elder people don’t hold a positive Hence, elder people don’t hold a positive attitude toward having tattoos.attitude toward having tattoos.
Discrimination in the workplaceDiscrimination in the workplace
As interviewers and employers As interviewers and employers MMiddle-aged iddle-aged MMay already became parentsay already became parents ∴ ∴ PPrejudice level would be higher according to rejudice level would be higher according to
our findingour finding
Discrimination in the workplaceDiscrimination in the workplace
Tattooed Interviewees:Tattooed Interviewees: AAre prone to be rejected from the selection re prone to be rejected from the selection
process process DDifficult to get promoted ifficult to get promoted HHighly insecure job status ighly insecure job status
Possible SolutionsPossible Solutions
For the tattooed interviewees and workers:For the tattooed interviewees and workers: Hide the tattoos during interview to against the Hide the tattoos during interview to against the
effect of 1effect of 1stst impression. impression. Try to explain the reason of having a tattoo at a Try to explain the reason of having a tattoo at a
later time (of course, it has to be logical).later time (of course, it has to be logical).
Possible SolutionsPossible Solutions
For the interviewers and employers:For the interviewers and employers: Acknowledge that 1Acknowledge that 1stst impression is not impression is not
accurate in evaluating a person’s ability and accurate in evaluating a person’s ability and stereotype is not reliable.stereotype is not reliable.
Try to listen and understand that having a Try to listen and understand that having a tattoo is not related to performance.tattoo is not related to performance.
Stereotypes Stereotypes
In General:In General: AApply broad and general definition to an entire pply broad and general definition to an entire
grougroupp RRather than address it to particular ather than address it to particular
circumstances for a particular group of people circumstances for a particular group of people
In situation of tattoo:In situation of tattoo: The broad and general consensus --- tattoos were The broad and general consensus --- tattoos were
symbolic of criminals and those suffering from symbolic of criminals and those suffering from AID'sAID's
NNegatively categorize tattoo adorners egatively categorize tattoo adorners
Suggested Ways to Eliminate PrejudiceSuggested Ways to Eliminate Prejudice
Discovering the definition of the situationDiscovering the definition of the situation Determine what is going on in a social situation, Determine what is going on in a social situation,
rather than what is socially, politically or rather than what is socially, politically or ideology projected to be occurringideology projected to be occurring
Deeper understanding and interactionDeeper understanding and interaction Interact with those targets of prejudice and Interact with those targets of prejudice and
have a deeper understanding of them.have a deeper understanding of them.
Actually, many people having tattoos Actually, many people having tattoos have specific stories underlying their have specific stories underlying their
tattoos. The tattoo is often more tattoos. The tattoo is often more than a pattern or image, but a kind than a pattern or image, but a kind
of symbolization of something of symbolization of something important to them.important to them.
A Real Life ExampleA Real Life Example
Carmen Manzo, who was widowed with four boys Carmen Manzo, who was widowed with four boys her husband Greg died from accident. her husband Greg died from accident. To show her love for Greg, Carmen had his name tattooed on To show her love for Greg, Carmen had his name tattooed on
the top of her left breast. the top of her left breast. To all that knew her this was completely understandableTo all that knew her this was completely understandable
it was her form of grieving and it was accepted. it was her form of grieving and it was accepted. However, to many who did not know her and her situationHowever, to many who did not know her and her situation
they looked at her and judged her never even guessing that they looked at her and judged her never even guessing that she was a mother of four, and was a recent widow. she was a mother of four, and was a recent widow.
As friends of Carmen As friends of Carmen constructed a definition of the situation, and accepted her constructed a definition of the situation, and accepted her
tattoo as a part of the grieving processtattoo as a part of the grieving processhowever to those unaware their primary frames hindered however to those unaware their primary frames hindered
achieving a proper definition. achieving a proper definition.
LimitationsLimitations
Sample Size is not large enough.Sample Size is not large enough.
Size, location and pattern of tattoos were notSize, location and pattern of tattoos were not controlled in this research.controlled in this research.
Age of the children was not controlled.Age of the children was not controlled.
Further StudiesFurther Studies
To investigate whether the size, location and To investigate whether the size, location and pattern of tattoos will have different effect pattern of tattoos will have different effect in the prejudice level. (E.g. dragon pattern in the prejudice level. (E.g. dragon pattern vs. pattern of family name)vs. pattern of family name)
To study whether age of children will affect To study whether age of children will affect the level of prejudice level of parents.the level of prejudice level of parents.
References:References:Aboud, F. E. (2003). The Formation of In-Group Favoritism and Out-Aboud, F. E. (2003). The Formation of In-Group Favoritism and Out-
Group Prejudice in Young Children: Are They Distinct Attitudes? Group Prejudice in Young Children: Are They Distinct Attitudes? Developmental Psychology, 39 (1), 48-60Developmental Psychology, 39 (1), 48-60
Bacardi-Gasco´n .M., Leon-Reyes, M.J., & Jime´nez-Cruz, A. (2007). Bacardi-Gasco´n .M., Leon-Reyes, M.J., & Jime´nez-Cruz, A. (2007). Stigmatization of overweight mexican children. Child Psychiatry Stigmatization of overweight mexican children. Child Psychiatry Human Development. Vol 38, 99–105Human Development. Vol 38, 99–105
Baumeister, R. F. & Bushman, B. J. (2005). Baumeister, R. F. & Bushman, B. J. (2005). Social psychology and Social psychology and human nature. Belmont, CA: Thomson Higher Education.human nature. Belmont, CA: Thomson Higher Education.
Fisher, J. A. (2002). Tattooing the body, marking culture. Body and Fisher, J. A. (2002). Tattooing the body, marking culture. Body and Society, 8(4), 91–107.Society, 8(4), 91–107.
Jaffe, K., & Worobey, J., (2006). Mothers’ attitudes toward fat, weight, Jaffe, K., & Worobey, J., (2006). Mothers’ attitudes toward fat, weight, and dieting in themselves and their children. Body Image .Vol. 3, and dieting in themselves and their children. Body Image .Vol. 3, 113–120113–120
Hart, H.M., McAdams, D.P., Hirsch, B.J., & Bauer, J.J. (2001). Hart, H.M., McAdams, D.P., Hirsch, B.J., & Bauer, J.J. (2001). Generativity and social involvement among African Americans and Generativity and social involvement among African Americans and white adults. Journal of Research in Personality, 35, 208-230white adults. Journal of Research in Personality, 35, 208-230
References:References:Lcq2: Body Piercing Services (2002). Retrieved February 10, 2008 from Lcq2: Body Piercing Services (2002). Retrieved February 10, 2008 from
http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200205/22/0522177.htmhttp://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200205/22/0522177.htm
Long, G. E. & Rickman, L. S. (1994). Infectious complications of tattoosLong, G. E. & Rickman, L. S. (1994). Infectious complications of tattoos. . Clinical Infectious Diseases, 18 Clinical Infectious Diseases, 18 610-619.610-619.
McAdams, D.P., & de St. Aubin, E. (1992). A theory of generativity and McAdams, D.P., & de St. Aubin, E. (1992). A theory of generativity and its assessment through self-report, behavioral acts, and narrative its assessment through self-report, behavioral acts, and narrative themes in autography. themes in autography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6262, 1003-1015, 1003-1015
Maykovich, M.K. (1975). Correlates of Racial Prejudice. Maykovich, M.K. (1975). Correlates of Racial Prejudice. Journal of Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32(6), Personality and Social Psychology, 32(6), 1014-10201014-1020
Stirn A., Hinz A., & Brahler E. (2006). Prevalence of tattooing and body Stirn A., Hinz A., & Brahler E. (2006). Prevalence of tattooing and body piercing in Germany and perception of health, mental disorders, and piercing in Germany and perception of health, mental disorders, and sensation seeking among tattooed and body-pierced individuals. sensation seeking among tattooed and body-pierced individuals. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60, 531 – 534.Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60, 531 – 534.
Steinberg, L. (2007). Risk taking in adolescence. Steinberg, L. (2007). Risk taking in adolescence. Current Directions in Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16Psychological Science, 16, 55-59, 55-59
References:References:http://www.deir.qld.gov.au/industrial/rights/conditions/discrimination/http://www.deir.qld.gov.au/industrial/rights/conditions/discrimination/
whatis/iwhatis/inndex.htmdex.htm
http://www.yourpointofview.com/commentaryglobalinterview.aspx?id=7http://www.yourpointofview.com/commentaryglobalinterview.aspx?id=7
http://news.sina.com.hk/cgi-bin/nw/show.cgi/16/1/1/746453/1.htmlhttp://news.sina.com.hk/cgi-bin/nw/show.cgi/16/1/1/746453/1.html
news.xinhuanet.comnews.xinhuanet.com
www.dailymail.co.ukwww.dailymail.co.uk
yule.sohu.com yule.sohu.com
os.tvbnow.com os.tvbnow.com
blog.sina.com.cnblog.sina.com.cn
http://big5.cri.cn/gate/big5/gb.cri.cn/http://big5.cri.cn/gate/big5/gb.cri.cn/19664/2008/03/25/[email protected]/2008/03/25/[email protected]
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