Effects of Operational Brushing on Conifers and Plant ... · program development,graphics,and...

L A N D M A N A G E M E N T H A N D B O O K

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Effects of Operational Brushing on Conifersand Plant Communities in the SouthernInterior of British Columbia

Results from PROBE 1991–2000PRotocol for Operational BrushingEvaluations

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Ministry of ForestsResearch Program

Effects of Operational Brushing on Conifersand Plant Communities in the SouthernInterior of British Columbia

Results from PROBE 1991–2000PRotocol for Operational BrushingEvaluations

Suzanne W. Simard, Jean L. Heineman,W. Jean Mather, Donald L. Sachs, andAlan Vyse

Ministry of ForestsResearch Program

National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication DataMain entry under title:Effects of operational brushing on conifers and plant

communities in the southern interior of British Columbia: results from –, for operationalbrushing evaluations

(Land management handbook ; )

Includes bibliographical references: p. ---

. Brush - Control - Environmental aspects - BritishColumbia. . Trees - Weed control - Environmentalaspects - British Columbia. . Brush - Control - BritishColumbia. . Trees - Weed control - British Columbia.I. Simard, S. (Suzanne). II. Ministry of Forests.Research Branch. II. Series.

. .′′ --

CitationSimard, S.W., J.L. Heineman, W.J. Mather, D.L. Sachs, and A. Vyse, . Effects ofoperational brushing on conifers and plant communities in the southern interior ofBritish Columbia: results from PROBE – PROTOCOL for operational brushingevaluations. Res. Br., Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Land Manage. Handb. No. .

: http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Lmh/Lmh.htm

Prepared bySuzanne Simard, Kamloops Forest Region, Kamloops, Jean Heineman, J. HeinemanForestry Consulting, Vancouver, Jean Mather, Skyline Forestry Consultants Ltd.,Kamloops, Don Sachs, Forest Research Ecology Consultant, Kamloops, and AlanVyse, Kamloops Forest Region, KamloopsforB.C. Ministry of ForestsResearch Branch Yates StreetVictoria, BC

Copies of this Land Management Handbook may be obtained,depending on supply, from:Crown Publications Inc. Fort StreetVictoria, BC

() -

http://www/crownpub.bc.ca

© Province of British ColumbiaWhen using information from this or any Research Program report,please cite fully and correctly.

This Land Management Handbook contains a largeamount of information on the effects of opera-tional brushing treatments on conifers and plantcommunities in the Kamloops and Nelson forestregions. Data were collected over a -year periodfrom individual (PRotocol for Opera-tional Brushing Evaluations) trials, and detailedparametric statistical analysis has now been carriedout for eight different vegetation complexes. Wehave organized this document primarily by vegeta-tion complex, so that information for each of theeight complexes is presented in individual sectionsthat essentially “stand-alone.” Each of these sectionscontains an abstract, an introduction, site descrip-tions, results, a discussion, conclusions, and man-agement implications (Sections –).* The overallintroduction, objectives, and methodology are con-tained in Sections –, and an overall summary andmanagement recommendation are presented inSection . Readers are referred to the overall sum-mary and section abstracts for a quick synopsis ofthe study results. We could not include all sites in the analysis because not all combinations of“vegetation complex–brushing treatment–biogeocli-matic unit–conifer species” have been adequatelyreplicated. Results from unreplicated treatments aresummarized in the Appendices.

Here is a brief description of the contents of eachsection of this report:Section —Introduction: A description of the over-

all approach and scope of the program,as well as its relevance to silvicultural treatmenteffectiveness measurement and monitoring inBritish Columbia.

Section —Objectives: Specific objectives of the program.

Section —Methods: A description of the experi-mental design, methods of data collection, andmethods of data analysis.

Section —Fireweed Complex:Manual brushing to release Engelmann spruce in

the ESSF/ICH zonesManual brushing to release lodgepole pine in the

ICH/ESSF zonesFoliar glyphosate application to release Engelmann

spruce in the ESSF/ICH zones

Grazing treatments to release Engelmann spruce inthe ESSF zone

Section —Fern Complex:Foliar glyphosate application to release hybrid

spruce in the ICH zoneSection —Mixed Shrub Complex:Manual brushing to release hybrid spruce in the

ICH/ESSF zonesGrazing treatments to release hybrid spruce in the

ICH/ESSF zonesSection —Ericaceous Shrub and Subalpine Herb

Complexes:Manual brushing of the Ericaceous Shrub Complex

to release Engelmann spruce in the ESSF zone Section —Dry Alder Complex:Manual brushing to release lodgepole pine in the

MS zoneSection —Wet Alder Complex:Manual brushing to release Engelmann spruce in

the ESSF zoneSection —Aspen Complex:Manual brushing to release lodgepole pine in the

IDF/MS zonesSection —Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex:Manual brushing to release Douglas-fir in the

ICH/IDF zonesManual brushing to release lodgepole pine in the

ICH zoneCut stump–glyphosate treatment to release

Douglas-fir in the ICH zoneGirdling to release Douglas-fir in the ICH zoneSection —Overall summary: An overall summary

of findings and their implications for for-est management in the southern interior ofBritish Columbia.

Section —References: A list of all published andunpublished cited material.

Appendix —Information about the Willow andPinegrass Complexes and a summary of resultsfor unreplicated treatments involving thesecommunities.

Appendix —Summary tables containing informa-tion about sites that presently representunreplicated treatment cells.

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GUIDE TO USING THIS REPORT

* This organization allows readers to refer only to the vegetation complex that they are interested in.

This Land Management Handbook would not havebeen possible without the contributions and sup-port of many people. Here we gratefully acknowl-edge those who contributed to from to in the areas of funding, administration, tech-nical input, extension, field work, data entry, dataanalysis, and writing and reviewing of this work.

This report is the co-operative work of fiveauthors who together designed the layout of thereport. Jean Heineman is the principal author ofthe following sections: Fireweed Complex, Erica-ceous Shrub and Subalpine Herb Complexes, WetAlder Complex, Pinegrass Complex, and WillowComplex sections. She also assisted with the Intro-duction and Methods sections. Jean Mather is theprincipal author of the Fern Complex, Mixed ShrubComplex, Dry Alder Complex, Aspen Complex, andMixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex sections. SuzanneSimard authored the Competition Thresholds sec-tions, Overall Summary, co-authored the Introduc-tion and Methods sections, and edited several draftsof the full report. Jean Heineman assumed thedifficult task of putting all of the separate sectionsinto a standard format. Don Sachs was responsiblefor all aspects of data analysis. This included data-base management, statistical consultation, program development, graphics, and statisticalinterpretation. Alan Vyse has been involved withthe project since its initiation, and has assisted withdesign and interpretation, extension, advancement,and funding acquisition. He also provided consid-erable input to the Ericaceous Shrub section and theOverall Summary.

was initiated in – by SuzanneSimard when she wrote the original protocol (LandManagement Report ). We thank the manyforesters who originally supported the concept ofthis vegetation monitoring program, including RonGray, Rob Enfield, Bill Nash, Dave Horne, DonPurdy, and Jim Wright. We thank the followingpeople for reviewing the protocol: WendyBergerud, Dave Clark, Dave Coates, Phil Comeau,Brian D’Anjou, Winn Hayes-Byl, Graeme Hope,Teresa Newsome, John Pollack, Gerry Reichenbach,and Chris Thompson. The original protocol wasfirst tested in the field in by Jean Mather andFred Newhouse, who provided input for revisionsto the field methodology. In , Jean Mather

wrote an addendum to the protocol to clarify andexpand on data-collection and reporting methods.

Since the onset, Suzanne Simard has managedthe program, including all aspects ofdesign, delivery, extension, advancement, and fund-ing acquisition. Barbara Zimonick has assisted withadministration of the program, and JeanMather has co-ordinated field crews and assistedwith management of the sampling matrix. JeanMather was the principal author of memos,which pre-dated this report.

We thank the following agencies for fundingassistance: Kamloops and Nelson forest regions anddistricts as well as Forest Resource DevelopmentAgreement II (–); Forest Renewal Program(); Forest Renewal BC Intensive SilvicultureProgram, Ministry-Delivered (); Forest RenewalBC Intensive Silviculture Program, Multi-year andAnnual Agreements (); and Forest Renewal BCInternational Forest Products Ltd. Innovative ForestPractices Agreement and Nicola Similkameen Inno-vative Forestry Society (–). In particular,we thank Al Thorne at International Forest Prod-ucts, Adams Lake Division, and Steve Schell at For-est Renewal BC, Thompson–Okanagan Region, fortheir support. Funding assistance for publishingthis report was provided by Forest Renewal B.C.(Multi-year Agreements in the Thompson–Okanaganand Kootenay–Boundary regions). This publicationwas also supported by the Southern Interior ForestExtension and Research Partnership, a not-for-profit society focused on promoting, supporting,and facilitating co-operative research and extensionfor sustainable natural resource decisions (http://www.siferp.org). Funding assistance by ForestRenewal B.C. does not imply endorsement of anystatements or information contained in this report.

Many people helped locate field sites for installations. Ministry of Forests staff include RobEnfield, Dan MacDonald, Mark Taylor, Dean Chris-tianson, and Geoff Allen (Clearwater District),Merle Collinge (Kamloops District), Pete Wallisand Billy Hoskin (Lillooet District), Bill Nash(Merritt District), Jim Cantlon and Tony Zanotto(Penticton District), Jim Wright, Nikki Rivette, andHerb Noren (Salmon Arm District), Jerry Wearingand Don Purdy (Vernon District), Lauren Waters(Revelstoke District), and Richard Mazzocchi

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

(Kootenay Lake District). Licensee employees thatassisted in finding field sites include Dennis Far-quharson (Tolko Industries), Lana Kendall (Inter-for), Dan Livingston (Weyerhaueser), Doug Nelson(Evans Forest Products), John Rantala (RiversideForest Products), Kevin Raynes (Ainsworth Lum-ber), and Greg Yeomans, Mike Shipp, and CathyHoward (Slocan Forest Products). Independentforestry contractors in the Clearwater Forest Dis-trict, including Frank Rickter, Wayne Allen, andScott Lindberg, also assisted in finding sites. Wegratefully acknowledge these people for their con-sistently co-operative and helpful attitudes.

installation, field measurements, and dataentry has been undertaken by six forestry consult-ing companies: Jean Heineman Forestry Consulting,JMJ Holdings Inc., Newhouse Woodland Consul-tants, Silvasmart Forestry Services, Silver RingForestry Ltd., and Skyline Forestry Consultants Ltd.The following people are acknowledged for theircontributions: Jean Heineman and David Sword(Jean Heineman Forestry Consulting), Petra Bauer,Rick Cepella, Gareth Kernaghan, Maureen Ketchesan,Jason Kubian, Keyes Lessard, Catherine Littlewood,Vicky Lipinski, Rayanne McKay, Patrick Milligan,Dave Quinn, Donna Ross, Jennifer Shypitka, andBruce Sinclair (JMJ Holdings Inc.), Don Gionacci,Heather Kerr, Matt LeBourdis, Barb Newhouse, FredNewhouse, Alex Sashold, and Stephen Svenson(Newhouse Woodland Consultants), Wayne Wasilieu(Pacific Regeneration Technologies), Vicky Berger,Lynette Ryrie, and Mary Fraser (Silvasmart ForestryServices), Marna Iwanson, Karen Sokolan, NancyTaylor, Laurel Daly, Angela Oltmann, Gord Ryznar,Nadine Atwell, Jennifer French, Brendan Wilson, AlexStrachan, Debbie Morrison, Melinda Forstbauer,

Sandra Urbanoski, and Kathleen Fournier (SilverRing Forestry Ltd.), and Wendy Chalmers, JasonGanton, Kim Johnston, Jean Mather, Joanna Maz-zardis, Natalie Negreiff, Deborah Remnant, CalebPeterson, Travis Peterson, and Edward Yourk (Sky-line Forestry Consultants Ltd.). Trevor Blenner-Hassett is also acknowledged for his field work in to determine causes of conifer mortality on sites. April Anderson contributed to thisreport by entering the habitat monitoring data intoExcel spreadsheets.

We are thankful to the following people whoreviewed the manuscript and provided valuablecomments and useful criticisms: Teresa Newsome(Fireweed Complex), Craig DeLong and BarbaraZimonick (Wet Alder Complex), Paul Sanborn andNola Daintith (Dry Alder Complex), Jim Wright,Phil Comeau, and Barbara Zimonick (Fern Com-plex), Don Purdy and Bruce Fraser (MixedBroadleaf-Shrub Complex), Teresa Newsome, CraigDeLong, Kimm Magill-Hoffman, and Keith Thomas(Aspen Complex), Balvinder Biring, Neil Endacott,and Phil Comeau (Mixed Shrub Complex), BarbaraZimonick, Phil Comeau, Paul Sanborn, Nola Dain-tith, Balvinder Biring, Kimm Magill-Hoffman, NeilEndacott, Craig DeLong, and Wendy Bergerud(Introduction and Methods), Barbara Zimonick,Bruce Fraser, Lorne Bedford, Jacob Boateng, BrianD’Anjou, Neil Endacott, Keith Monroe, Hal Reveley,Ian Miller, Henry Benskin, Barrie Phillip (OverallSummary), and Phil Burton, George Harper, andRay Addison (entire report).

There are many others we have not mentionedwho contributed to the program and thisreport. To them we extend our thanks, and ourapologies for not mentioning them individually.

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.................................................................................................................................................................

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................

Objectives.............................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................

Methods ...............................................................................................................................................................

Experimental Design ......................................................................................................................................

Criteria for replicate site selection............................................................................................................

Location and installation of brushing treatment and control plots......................................................

Measurements .................................................................................................................................................

Measurement schedule ...............................................................................................................................

Conifers .......................................................................................................................................................

Growth .....................................................................................................................................................

Stocking and density................................................................................................................................

Vegetation ....................................................................................................................................................

Abundance ...............................................................................................................................................

Treatment efficacy....................................................................................................................................

Richness and diversity of individual vascular plant species...................................................................

Richness and diversity of vegetation groups ...........................................................................................

Statistical Analysis ..........................................................................................................................................

Analysis of variance....................................................................................................................................

Regression analysis .....................................................................................................................................

Competition thresholds .............................................................................................................................

Fireweed Complex .............................................................................................................................

Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................

Description of the Fireweed Complex ..........................................................................................................

Development of the Fireweed Complex .......................................................................................................

Interactions with Conifer Seedlings ..............................................................................................................

Importance to Wildlife and Range ...............................................................................................................

Common Brushing Treatments in the Fireweed Complex .........................................................................

Results .................................................................................................................................................................

Manual Cutting...............................................................................................................................................

Engelmann spruce in the ESSF zone and higher-elevation ICH zone..................................................

Lodgepole pine in the ICH zone ..............................................................................................................

Ground Foliar Glyphosate Application ........................................................................................................

Engelmann spruce in the ESSF zone ........................................................................................................

Sheep and Cattle Grazing ..............................................................................................................................


Discussion............................................................................................................................................................

Manual Cutting...............................................................................................................................................

Conifer response.........................................................................................................................................

Plant community response ........................................................................................................................

Glyphosate .......................................................................................................................................................

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CONTENTS



Sheep and Cattle Grazing ..............................................................................................................................



Effects of the Community on Resource Availability ...................................................................................

Competition Thresholds ................................................................................................................................

Effectiveness of Treatments at Meeting Management Objectives ..............................................................

Conclusions .........................................................................................................................................................

Management Implications..................................................................................................................................

Fern Complex.....................................................................................................................................

Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................

Description of the Fern Complex .................................................................................................................

Development of the Fern Complex ..............................................................................................................



Common Brushing Treatments in the Fern Complex ................................................................................

Results .................................................................................................................................................................

Foliar Glyphosate ............................................................................................................................................

Engelmann spruce in the ICH zone .........................................................................................................

Competition thresholds .............................................................................................................................

Discussion............................................................................................................................................................

Conifer Responses...........................................................................................................................................

Plant Community Response ..........................................................................................................................



Effectiveness of Treatment at Meeting Management Objectives................................................................

Conclusions .........................................................................................................................................................


Mixed Shrub Complex ......................................................................................................................

Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................

Description of the Mixed Shrub Complex ...................................................................................................

Development of the Mixed Shrub Complex ................................................................................................



Common Brushing Treatments in the Mixed Shrub Complex ..................................................................

Results .................................................................................................................................................................

Manual Cutting...............................................................................................................................................

Hybrid spruce in the ICH and ESSF zones .............................................................................................

Sheep Grazing .................................................................................................................................................

Hybrid spruce in the ICH and ESSF zones .............................................................................................

Competition Thresholds for Hybrid Spruce, Western Redcedar, and Douglas-fir...................................

Discussion............................................................................................................................................................

Manual Cutting...............................................................................................................................................

Conifer responses .......................................................................................................................................


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Sheep Grazing .................................................................................................................................................

Conifer Responses ......................................................................................................................................





Conclusions .........................................................................................................................................................


Ericaceous Shrub and Subalpine Herb Complexes ..........................................................................

Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................

Description of the Ericaceous Shrub and Subalpine Herb Complexes .......................................................

Development of the Ericaceous Shrub and Subalpine Herb Complexes ....................................................



Common Brushing Treatments in the Ericaceous Shrub and Subalpine Herb Complexes ......................

Results .................................................................................................................................................................

Manual Cutting...............................................................................................................................................



Discussion............................................................................................................................................................

Conifer Response ............................................................................................................................................





Conclusions .........................................................................................................................................................


Dry Alder Complex ...........................................................................................................................

Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................

Description of the Dry Alder Complex ........................................................................................................

Development of the Dry Alder Complex .....................................................................................................

Interactions with Conifers .............................................................................................................................


Common Brushing Treatments in the Dry Alder Complex .......................................................................

Results .................................................................................................................................................................

Manual Cutting...............................................................................................................................................

Lodgepole pine in the MS zone ................................................................................................................


Discussion............................................................................................................................................................



Effects of the Plant Community on Resource Availability .........................................................................


Effectiveness of Treatments at Meeting Management Objectives ..............................................................

Conclusions .........................................................................................................................................................


ix

Wet Alder Complex ...........................................................................................................................

Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................

Description of the Wet Alder Complex ........................................................................................................

Development of the Wet Alder Complex......................................................................................................



Common Brushing Treatments in the Wet Alder Complex .......................................................................

Results .................................................................................................................................................................

Manual Cutting...............................................................................................................................................



Discussion............................................................................................................................................................






Conclusions .........................................................................................................................................................


Aspen Complex ................................................................................................................................

Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................

Description of the Aspen Complex ...............................................................................................................

Development of the Aspen Complex ............................................................................................................



Common Brushing Treatments in the Aspen Complex ..............................................................................

Results .................................................................................................................................................................

Manual Cutting...............................................................................................................................................

Lodgepole pine in the IDF and MS zones ...............................................................................................


Discussion............................................................................................................................................................

Conifer Responses...........................................................................................................................................

Plant Community Responses.........................................................................................................................




Conclusions .........................................................................................................................................................


Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex ....................................................................................................

Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................

Description of the Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex ..................................................................................

Development of the Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex ...............................................................................



Common Brushing Treatments in the Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex .................................................

x

Results .................................................................................................................................................................

Manual Cutting...............................................................................................................................................

Douglas-fir in the ICH and IDF zones ....................................................................................................

Lodgepole pine in the ICH zone ..............................................................................................................

Cut Stump–Glyphosate ..................................................................................................................................

Douglas-fir in the ICH zone .....................................................................................................................

Girdling............................................................................................................................................................

Douglas-fir in the ICH zone .....................................................................................................................

Competition Thresholds for Douglas-fir, Lodgepole Pine, and Hybrid Spruce.......................................

Discussion............................................................................................................................................................


Survival ........................................................................................................................................................

Growth.........................................................................................................................................................

Plant Community Responses.........................................................................................................................

Manual cutting............................................................................................................................................

Girdling........................................................................................................................................................

Cut stump–glyphosate ...............................................................................................................................




Conclusions .........................................................................................................................................................


...............................................................................................................................................................

Overall Summary ................................................................................................................................................

Study Scope .........................................................................................................................................................

Study Limitations................................................................................................................................................

Conifer Survival Responses to Brushing ..........................................................................................................

Conifer Growth Responses to Brushing ...........................................................................................................

Competition Thresholds ....................................................................................................................................

Plant Community Responses to Brushing .......................................................................................................

Fireweed, Fern, and Mixed Shrub Complexes...............................................................................................

Ericaceous Shrub Complex .............................................................................................................................

Dry Alder and Wet Alder Complexes ............................................................................................................

Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub and Aspen Complexes.............................................................................................

Richness and Diversity of Plant Species and Structural Vegetation Groups ................................................

Species Richness and Diversity......................................................................................................................

Trends of Increasing or Decreasing Abundance for Individual Plant Species..........................................

Fireweed, Fern, and Mixed Shrub Complexes ..........................................................................................

Ericaceous Shrub Complex .........................................................................................................................

Dry Alder and Wet Alder Complexes ........................................................................................................

Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub and Aspen Complexes.........................................................................................

Structural Vegetation Groups ........................................................................................................................

Management Recommendations........................................................................................................................

Fireweed, Fern, and Mixed Shrub Complexes...............................................................................................

Ericaceous Shrub Complex .............................................................................................................................

Dry Alder, Wet Alder, and Willow Complexes .............................................................................................

Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex...................................................................................................................

Aspen Complex ...............................................................................................................................................

Future Research...................................................................................................................................................

xi

...............................................................................................................................................................

References ............................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................

Trends in Conifer and Vegetation Response in the Willow and Pinegrass Complexes.........

Summary Statistics for Conifer and Vegetation Responses to Brushing Treatments onSingle Replicate Sites ..................................................................................................................

Average brushing costs per hectare in – ........................................................................................

Treatment matrix used to guide selection of sites..........................................................................

Comparison of programs used to monitor brushing efficacy ....................................................................

Analysis of variance table for individual treatment cells ...............................................................

Common brushing treatments applied to the Fireweed Complex in the southern interior of B.C. ......

Characteristics and history of the four replicate study sites where the ESSF/ICH Fireweed Complexwas manually cut in Engelmann spruce plantations prior to treatment...................................................

A description of manual cutting treatments applied to the four replicate study sites to releaseEngelmann spruce seedlings growing in the ESSF/ICH Fireweed Complex .............................................

Survival and growth responses of Engelmann spruce seedlings to manual cutting in the ESSF/ICHFireweed Complex ...........................................................................................................................................

Cover and height of vegetation in the ESSF/ICH Fireweed Complex before and after manualcutting in Engelmann spruce plantations .....................................................................................................

Richness and diversity of vascular plant species in the ESSF/ICH Fireweed Complex before and aftermanual cutting in Engelmann spruce plantations .......................................................................................

Richness and diversity of structural vegetation groups in the ESSF/ICH Fireweed Complex beforeand after manual cutting in Engelmann spruce plantations ......................................................................

Vascular plant species that exhibited trends of increasing cover, decreasing cover, or no change incover following manual cutting of the ESSF/ICH Fireweed Complex in Engelmann spruceplantations........................................................................................................................................................

Competition thresholds, regression equation parameter estimates, p-values, and adjusted r2 valuesfor predicting Engelmann spruce stem diameter from the competition indices, fireweed cover, and, in the Fireweed Complex in the ICH zone.........................................................................................

Competition thresholds, regression equation parameter estimates, p-values, and adjusted r2 valuesfor predicting Engelmann spruce stem diameter from the competition indices, fireweed cover, and, in the Fireweed Complex in the ESSF zone........................................................................................

Characteristics and history of the three replicate study sites where the ICH/ESSF Fireweed Complexwas manually cut in lodgepole pine plantations .........................................................................................

A description of manual cutting treatments applied to the three replicate study sites to releaselodgepole pine seedlings growing in the ICH/ESSF Fireweed Complex....................................................

Survival and growth responses of lodgepole pine seedlings to manual cutting in the ICH/ESSFFireweed Complex ...........................................................................................................................................

Cover and height of vegetation in the ICH/ESSF Fireweed Complex before and after manual cuttingin lodgepole pine plantations ........................................................................................................................

Richness and diversity of vascular plant species in the ICH/ESSF Fireweed Complex before and aftermanual cutting in lodgepole pine plantations .............................................................................................

Richness and diversity of structural vegetation groups in the ICH/ESSF Fireweed Complex beforeand after manual cutting in lodgepole pine plantations.............................................................................

Vascular plant species that exhibited trends of increasing cover, decreasing cover, or no changein cover following manual cutting of the ICH/ESSF Fireweed Complex in lodgepole pineplantations........................................................................................................................................................

xii

Competition thresholds, regression equation parameter estimates, p-values, and adjusted r2 valuesfor predicting lodgepole pine stem diameter from the competition indices, fireweed cover, and ,in the Fireweed Complex in the ICH zone. ..................................................................................................

Characteristics and history of the three replicate study sites where the ESSF/ICH FireweedComplex was treated with foliar glyphosate spray in Engelmann spruce plantations ............................

A description of foliar glyphosate treatments applied to the three replicate study sites to releaseEngelmann spruce seedlings growing in the ESSF/ICH Fireweed Complex .............................................

Survival and growth responses of Engelmann spruce seedlings to foliar glyphosate spray in theESSF/ICH Fireweed Complex .........................................................................................................................

Cover and height of vegetation in the ESSF/ICH Fireweed Complex before and after glyphosatetreatment in Engelmann spruce plantations ................................................................................................

Richness and diversity of vascular plant species in the ESSF/ICH Fireweed Complex before andafter glyphosate treatment in Engelmann spruce plantations ....................................................................

Richness and diversity of structural vegetation groups in the ESSF/ICH Fireweed Complex beforeand after glyphosate treatment in Engelmann spruce plantations.............................................................

Vascular plant species that exhibited trends of increasing cover, decreasing cover, or no change incover following glyphosate treatment of the ESSF/ICH Fireweed Complex in Engelmann spruceplantations........................................................................................................................................................

Characteristics and history of the three replicate study sites where the ESSF Fireweed Complexwas grazed in Engelmann spruce plantations ..............................................................................................

A description of grazing treatments applied to the three replicate study sites to release Engelmannspruce seedlings growing in the ESSF Fireweed Complex ..........................................................................

Survival and growth responses of Engelmann spruce seedlings to grazing in the ESSF FireweedComplex ...........................................................................................................................................................

Cover and height of vegetation in the ESSF Fireweed Complex before and after grazing inEngelmann spruce plantations .......................................................................................................................

Richness and diversity of vascular plant species in the ESSF Fireweed Complex before and aftergrazing in Engelmann spruce plantations ....................................................................................................

Richness and diversity of structural vegetation groups in the ESSF Fireweed Complex before andafter grazing in Engelmann spruce plantations ...........................................................................................

Vascular plant species that exhibited trends of increasing cover, decreasing cover, or no change incover following grazing in the ESSF Fireweed Complex in Engelmann spruce plantations ...................

Common brushing treatments applied to the Fern Complex in the southern interior of B.C. .............

Characteristics and history of the three replicate study sites where the ICH Fern Complex wastreated with glyphosate in hybrid spruce plantations .................................................................................

A description of glyphosate treatments applied to the three replicate study sites to release hybridspruce seedlings growing in the ICH Fern Complex ..................................................................................

Survival and growth responses of hybrid spruce seedlings to glyphosate treatment in the ICHFern Complex ..................................................................................................................................................

Cover and height of vegetation in the ICH Fern Complex before and after glyphosate treatmentin hybrid spruce plantations ..........................................................................................................................

Richness and diversity of vascular plant species in the ICH Fern Complex before and afterglyphosate treatment in hybrid spruce plantations .....................................................................................

Richness and diversity of structural vegetation groups in the ICH Fern Complex before and afterglyphosate treatment in hybrid spruce plantations .....................................................................................

Vascular plant species that exhibited trends of increasing cover, decreasing cover, or no changein cover following glyphosate treatment of the ICH Fern Complex in hybrid spruceplantations........................................................................................................................................................

Competition thresholds, regression equation parameter estimates, p-values, and adjusted r2 valuesfor predicting hybrid spruce stem diameter from the competition indices, herb cover, and , inthe Fern Complex in the ICH zone ..............................................................................................................

xiii

Common brushing treatments applied to the Mixed Shrub Complex in the southern interior ofBritish Columbia .............................................................................................................................................

Characteristics and history of the three replicate study sites where the ICH/ESSF Mixed ShrubComplex was manually cut in hybrid spruce plantations ..........................................................................

A description of manual cutting treatments applied to the three replicate study sites to releasehybrid spruce seedlings growing in the ICH/ESSF Mixed Shrub Complex ..............................................

Survival and growth responses of hybrid spruce seedlings to manual cutting in the ESSF/ICHMixed Shrub Complex ....................................................................................................................................

Cover and height of vegetation in the ICH/ESSF Mixed Shrub Complex before and after manualcutting in hybrid spruce plantations .............................................................................................................

Richness and diversity of vascular plant species in the ICH/ESSF Mixed Shrub Complex before andafter manual cutting in hybrid spruce plantations ......................................................................................

Richness and diversity of structural vegetation groups in the ICH/ESSF Mixed Shrub Complexbefore and after manual cutting in hybrid spruce plantations ..................................................................

Vascular plant species that exhibited trends of increasing cover, decreasing cover, or no change incover following manual cutting of the ICH/ESSF Mixed Shrub Complex in hybrid spruceplantations........................................................................................................................................................

Characteristics and history of the three replicate study sites where the ICH/ESSF Mixed ShrubComplex was grazed in hybrid spruce plantations......................................................................................

A description of grazing treatments applied to the three replicate study sites to release hybridspruce seedlings growing in the ICH/ESSF Mixed Shrub Complex...........................................................

Survival and growth responses of hybrid spruce seedlings to grazing in the ICH/ESSF MixedShrub Complex ................................................................................................................................................

Cover and height of vegetation in the ICH/ESSF Mixed Shrub Complex before and after grazingin hybrid spruce plantations ..........................................................................................................................

Richness and diversity of vascular plant species in the ICH/ESSF Mixed Shrub Complex before andafter grazing in hybrid spruce plantations ...................................................................................................

Richness and diversity of structural vegetation groups in the ICH/ESSF Mixed Shrub Complexbefore and after grazing in hybrid spruce plantations ................................................................................

Vascular plant species that exhibited trends of increasing cover, decreasing cover, or no changein cover following grazing of the ICH/ESSF Mixed Shrub Complex in hybrid spruceplantations........................................................................................................................................................

Competition thresholds, regression equation parameter estimates, p-values, and adjusted r2 valuesfor predicting hybrid spruce stem diameter from the competition indices, shrub cover, and , inthe Mixed Shrub Complex in the ICH zone.................................................................................................

Competition thresholds, regression equation parameter estimates, p-values, and adjusted r2 valuesfor predicting western redcedar stem diameter from the competition indices, shrub cover, and ,in the Mixed Shrub Complex in the ICH zone............................................................................................

Competition thresholds, regression equation parameter estimates, p-values, and adjusted r2 valuesfor predicting Douglas-fir stem diameter from the competition indices, shrub cover, and , inthe Mixed Shrub Complex in the ICH zone.................................................................................................

Common brushing treatments applied to the Ericaceous Shrub Complex in the southern interiorof British Columbia ........................................................................................................................................

Common brushing treatments applied to the Subalpine Herb Complex in the southern interiorof British Columbia ........................................................................................................................................

Characteristics and history of the four replicate study sites where the ESSF Ericaceous ShrubComplex was manually cut in Engelmann spruce plantations ..................................................................

A description of manual cutting treatments applied to the four replicate study sites to releaseEngelmann spruce seedlings growing in the ESSF Ericaceous Shrub Complex ........................................

Survival and growth responses of Engelmann spruce seedlings to manual cutting in the ESSFEricaceous Shrub Complex..............................................................................................................................

xiv

Cover and height of vegetation in the ESSF Ericaceous Shrub Complex before and after manualcutting in Engelmann spruce plantations .....................................................................................................

Richness and diversity of vascular plant species in the ESSF Ericaceous Shrub Complex before andafter manual cutting in Engelmann spruce plantations ..............................................................................

Richness and diversity of structural vegetation groups in the ESSF Ericaceous Shrub Complexbefore and after manual cutting in Engelmann spruce plantations ..........................................................

Vascular plant species that exhibited trends of increasing cover, decreasing cover, or no change incover following manual cutting of the ESSF Ericaceous Shrub Complex in Engelmann spruceplantations........................................................................................................................................................

Competition thresholds, regression equation parameter estimates, p-values, and adjusted r2 valuesfor predicting Engelmann spruce stem diameter from the competition indices, shrub cover, and, in the Ericaceous Shrub Complex in the ESSF zone ..........................................................................

Competition thresholds, regression equation parameter estimates, p-values, and adjusted r2 valuesfor predicting Engelmann spruce stem diameter from the competition indices, shrub cover, and, in the Subalpine Herb Complex in the ESSF zone.............................................................................

Average height and cover of Sitka alder in the MS Dry Alder Complex – years after sitedisturbance.......................................................................................................................................................

Common brushing treatments applied to the Dry Alder Complex in the southern interior ofBritish Columbia .............................................................................................................................................

Characteristics and history of the three replicate study sites where the MS Dry Alder Complex wasmanually cut in lodgepole pine plantations .................................................................................................

A description of manual cutting treatments applied to the three replicate study sites to releaselodgepole pine seedlings growing in the MS Dry Alder Complex .............................................................

Survival and growth responses of lodgepole pine seedlings to manual cutting in the MS DryAlder Complex .................................................................................................................................................

Cover and height of vegetation in the MS Dry Alder Complex before and after manual cutting inlodgepole pine plantations .............................................................................................................................

Sprouting characteristics of Sitka alder in the MS Dry Alder Complex following manualcutting ..............................................................................................................................................................

Richness and diversity of vascular plant species in the MS Dry Alder Complex before and aftermanual cutting in lodgepole pine plantations .............................................................................................

Richness and diversity of structural vegetation groups in the MS Dry Alder Complex before andafter manual cutting in lodgepole pine plantations ....................................................................................

Vascular plant species that exhibited trends of increasing cover, decreasing cover, or no change incover following manual cutting of the MS Dry Alder Complex in lodgepole pine plantations.............

Competition thresholds, regression equation parameter estimates, p-values, and adjusted r2 valuesfor predicting lodgepole pine stem diameter from the competition indices, Sitka alder cover, and, in the Dry Alder Complex in the MS zone ........................................................................................

Common brushing treatments applied to the Wet Alder Complex in the southern interior ofBritish Columbia .............................................................................................................................................

Characteristics and history of the three replicate study sites where the ESSF Wet Alder Complexwas manually cut in Engelmann spruce plantations ...................................................................................

A description of manual cutting treatments applied to the three replicate study sites to releaseEngelmann spruce seedlings growing in the ESSF Wet Alder Complex....................................................

Survival and growth responses of Engelmann spruce seedlings to manual cutting in the ESSF WetAlder Complex .................................................................................................................................................

Cover and height of vegetation in the ESSF Wet Alder Complex before and after manual cuttingin Engelmann spruce plantations ..................................................................................................................

Sprouting characteristics of Sitka alder in the ESSF Wet Alder Complex following manual cutting ....

Richness and diversity of vascular plant species in the ESSF Wet Alder Complex before and aftermanual cutting in Engelmann spruce plantations .......................................................................................

xv

Richness and diversity of structural vegetation groups in the ESSF Wet Alder Complex before andafter manual cutting in Engelmann spruce plantations ............................................................................

Vascular plant species that exhibited trends of increasing cover, decreasing cover, or no changein cover following manual cutting of the ESSF Wet Alder Complex in Engelmann spruceplantations ......................................................................................................................................................

Competition thresholds, regression equation parameter estimates, p-values, and adjusted r2 valuesfor predicting Engelmann spruce stem diameter from the competition indices, alder cover, and, in the Wet Alder Complex in the ICH/ESSF zones ..........................................................................

Common brushing treatments applied to the Aspen Complex in the southern interior of BritishColumbia ........................................................................................................................................................

Characteristics and history of the three replicate study sites where the IDF/MS Aspen Complexwas manually cut in lodgepole pine stands ................................................................................................

A description of manual cutting treatments applied to the three replicate study sites to releaselodgepole pine seedlings growing in the IDF/MS Aspen Complex ..........................................................

Survival and growth responses of lodgepole pine to manual cutting in the IDF/MS AspenComplex .........................................................................................................................................................

Cover and height of vegetation in the IDF/MS Aspen Complex before and after manual cuttingin lodgepole pine plantations.......................................................................................................................

Suckering characteristics of aspen in the IDF/MS Aspen Complex following manual cutting.............

Richness and diversity of vascular plant species in the IDF/MS Aspen Complex before and aftermanual cutting in lodgepole pine plantations............................................................................................

Richness and diversity of structural vegetation groups in the IDF/MS Aspen Complex before andafter manual cutting in lodgepole pine plantations...................................................................................

Vascular plant species that exhibited trends of increasing cover, decreasing cover, or no changein cover following manual cutting of the IDF/MS Aspen Complex in lodgepole pineplantations ......................................................................................................................................................

Competition thresholds, regression equation parameter estimates, p-values, and adjusted r2

values for predicting lodgepole pine stem diameter from the competition indices, aspen density,aspen cover, and , in the Aspen Complex in the IDF/MS zones. .....................................................


values for predicting Douglas-fir stem diameter from the competition indices, aspen density,aspen cover, and , in the Aspen Complex in the ICH zone ..............................................................

Common brushing treatments applied to the Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex in the southerninterior of British Columbia ........................................................................................................................

Characteristics and history of the three replicate study sites where the ICH/IDF Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex was manually cut in Douglas-fir plantations ..................................................................

A description of manual cutting treatments applied to the three replicate study sites to releaseDouglas-fir seedlings growing in the ICH/IDF Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex .................................

Survival and growth responses of Douglas-fir seedlings to manual cutting in the ICH/IDFMixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex .................................................................................................................

Cover and height of vegetation in the ICH/IDF Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex before andafter manual cutting in Douglas-fir plantations ........................................................................................

Sprouting characteristics of paper birch in the ICH/IDF Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complexfollowing manual cutting in Douglas-fir plantations ................................................................................

Richness and diversity of vascular plant species in the ICH/IDF Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complexbefore and after manual cutting in Douglas-fir plantations.....................................................................

Richness and diversity of structural vegetation groups in the ICH/IDF Mixed Broadleaf-ShrubComplex before and after manual cutting in Douglas-fir plantations ....................................................

Vascular plant species that exhibited trends of increasing cover, decreasing cover, or no change incover following manual cutting of the ICH/IDF Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex in Douglas-firplantations ......................................................................................................................................................

xvi

Characteristics and history of the three replicate study sites where the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-ShrubComplex was manually cut in lodgepole pine plantations stands ...........................................................

A description of manual cutting treatments applied to the three replicate study sites to releaselodgepole pine seedlings growing in the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex ...................................

Survival and growth responses of lodgepole pine seedlings to manual cutting in the ICH MixedBroadleaf-Shrub Complex .............................................................................................................................

Cover and height of vegetation in the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex before and aftermanual cutting in lodgepole pine plantations............................................................................................

Sprouting characteristics of paper birch in the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex followingmanual cutting in lodgepole pine plantations............................................................................................

Richness and diversity of vascular plant species in the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complexbefore and after manual cutting in lodgepole pine plantations ...............................................................

Richness and diversity of structural vegetation groups in the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-ShrubComplex before and after manual cutting in lodgepole pine plantations ..............................................

Vascular plant species that exhibited trends of increasing cover, decreasing cover, or no change incover following manual cutting of the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex in lodgepole pineplantations ......................................................................................................................................................

Characteristics and history of the three replicate study sites where a cut stump–glyphosatetreatment was applied to the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex in Douglas-fir plantations .........

A description of cut stump–glyphosate treatments applied to the three replicate study sites torelease Douglas-fir seedlings growing in the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex.............................

Survival and growth responses of Douglas-fir seedlings to cut stump–glyphosate treatment inthe ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex ..................................................................................................

Cover and height of vegetation in the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex before and aftercut stump–glyphosate treatment in Douglas-fir plantations ....................................................................

Sprouting characteristics of paper birch in the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex followingcut stump–glyphosate treatment in Douglas-fir plantations ....................................................................

Richness and diversity of vascular plant species in the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complexfollowing cut stump–glyphosate treatment in Douglas-fir plantations ...................................................

Richness and diversity of structural vegetation groups in the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-ShrubComplex following cut stump–glyphosate treatment in Douglas-fir plantations ..................................

Vascular plant species that exhibited trends of increasing cover, decreasing cover, or no changein cover following cut stump–glyphosate treatment of the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complexin Douglas-fir plantations.............................................................................................................................

Characteristics and history of the three replicate study sites where the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex was girdled in Douglas-fir plantations ............................................................................

A description of girdling treatments applied to the three replicate study sites to release Douglas-fir seedlings growing in the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex.........................................................

Survival and growth responses of Douglas-fir seedlings to girdling in the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex ..............................................................................................................................................

Cover and height of vegetation in the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex before and aftergirdling in Douglas-fir plantations ..............................................................................................................

Sprouting characteristics of paper birch in the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex followinggirdling in Douglas-fir plantations ..............................................................................................................

Richness and diversity of vascular plant species in the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complexbefore and after girdling in Douglas-fir plantations..................................................................................

Richness and diversity of structural vegetation groups in the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-ShrubComplex before and after girdling in Douglas-fir plantations .................................................................

Vascular plant species that exhibited trends of increasing cover, decreasing cover, or no changein cover following girdling of the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex in Douglas-firplantations ......................................................................................................................................................

xvii


values for predicting Douglas-fir stem diameter from the competition indices, broadleaf density,broadleaf cover, and , in the Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex in the ICH zone ...........................

Competition thresholds, regression equation parameter estimates, p-values, and adjusted r2 valuesfor predicting lodgepole pine stem diameter from the competition indices, broadleaf density,broadleaf cover, and , in the Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex in the ICH zone ...........................

Competition thresholds, regression equation parameter estimates, p-values, and adjusted r2 valuesfor predicting hybrid spruce stem diameter from the competition indices, broadleaf density,broadleaf cover, and , in the Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex in the ICH zone ...........................

Summary of conifer responses.....................................................................................................................

Summary of competition analyses ..............................................................................................................

Summary of vegetation responses ...............................................................................................................

. Common brushing treatments applied to the Willow Complex in the southern interiorof British Columbia ......................................................................................................................................

. Average survival and growth responses of Douglas-fir seedlings to glyphosate on an unreplicatedsite in the IDF Willow Complex ..................................................................................................................

. Average cover and height of vegetation in the IDF Willow Complex before and after foliarglyphosate application to an unreplicated Douglas-fir plantation ...........................................................

. Competition thresholds, regression equation parameter estimates, p-values, and adjusted r2 valuesfor predicting Douglas-fir stem diameter from the competition indices, willow cover, and , inthe Willow Complex in the IDF zone .........................................................................................................

. Common brushing treatments applied to the Pinegrass Complex in the southern interiorof British Columbia ......................................................................................................................................

. Average survival and growth responses of lodgepole pine seedlings to spot application ofglyphosate on an unreplicated site in the MS Pinegrass Complex...........................................................

. Average cover and height of vegetation in the MS Pinegrass Complex before and after spotapplication of glyphosate in an unreplicated lodgepole pine plantation ................................................

. Competition thresholds, regression equation parameter estimates, p-values, and adjusted r2

values for predicting lodgepole pine stem diameter from the competition indices, pinegrass cover,and , in the Pinegrass Complex in the MS zone ................................................................................

. Site descriptions for single replicate sites ...................................................................................................

. Mean conifer survival for non-replicated treatments ...................................................................

. Mean conifer growth measurements for non-replicated treatments...........................................

. Mean vegetation cover measurements for non-replicated treatments ........................................

. Mean vegetation height measurements for non-replicated treatments.......................................

. Summary of responses for non-replicated treatments .................................................................

Brushing trends in the Kamloops Forest Region from to ..........................................................

Brushing trends in the Nelson Forest Region from to ...............................................................

Schematic diagram of a single treatment or control plot ..........................................................................

Hypothetical relationship between crop tree stem diameter and interspecific competition...................

The Fireweed Complex prior to manual cutting treatment at Bugle Creek (Site ) in the ESSFwc

variant in the Arrow Forest District .............................................................................................................

Comparison of Engelmann spruce vigour between the manual cutting treatment and control before,and and years after, treatment of the ESSF/ICH Fireweed Complex ...................................................

Engelmann spruce seedlings in the (a) treatment and (b) control years following manual cuttingat Bugle Creek .................................................................................................................................................

Frequency of control and treated trees in standardized diameter classes for Engelmann spruce inthe ESSF/ICH Fireweed Complex before and after manual cutting ..........................................................

xviii

Frequency of control and treated trees in standardized total height classes for Engelmann sprucein the ESSF/ICH Fireweed Complex before and after manual cutting......................................................

Comparison of Engelmann spruce competitive status between the manual cutting treatment andcontrol before, and and years after, treatment of the ESSF/ICH Fireweed Complex .........................

The Fireweed Complex year following manual cutting at Bugle Creek..................................................

Comparison of mean shrub cover between the manual cutting treatment and control before, and and years after, treatment of the ESSF/ICH Fireweed Complex...........................................................

Relationship between stem diameter of Engelmann spruce growing amongst the ICH FireweedComplex and (a) fireweed cover or (b) ...............................................................................................

Relationship between stem diameter of Engelmann spruce growing amongst the ESSF FireweedComplex and (a) fireweed cover or (b) ...............................................................................................

The Fireweed Complex prior to manual cutting treatment at Eagle Bay (Site ) in the ICHmw

variant in the Salmon Arm Forest District ..................................................................................................

Comparison of lodgepole pine vigour between the manual cutting treatment and control before,and and years after, treatment of the ICH/ESSF Fireweed Complex ...................................................

Lodgepole pine seedlings in the (a) treatment and (b) control years following manual cutting atEagle Bay ..........................................................................................................................................................

Frequency of control and treated trees in standardized diameter classes for lodgepole pine in theICH/ESSF Fireweed Complex before and after manual cutting .................................................................

Frequency of control and treated trees in standardized total height classes for lodgepole pine in theICH/ESSF Fireweed Complex before and after manual cutting .................................................................

Comparison of lodgepole pine competitive status between the manual cutting treatment and controlbefore, and and years after, treatment of the ICH/ESSF Fireweed Complex ......................................

The Fireweed Complex one year following manual cutting at Eagle Bay .................................................

Relationship between stem diameter of lodgepole pine growing amongst the ICH/ESSF FireweedComplex and (a) fireweed cover or (b) on site ..............................................................

Relationship between stem diameter of lodgepole pine growing amongst the ICH/ESSF FireweedComplex and (a) fireweed cover or (b) on site ..............................................................

The Fireweed Complex prior to glyphosate treatment at Bush River (Site ) in the ICHmw

variant in the Golden Forest District............................................................................................................

Comparison of Engelmann spruce vigour between the glyphosate treatment and control before,and , , and years after, treatment of the ESSF/ICH Fireweed Complex ..............................................

Comparison of Engelmann spruce stem diameter between the glyphosate treatment and controlbefore, and , , and years after, treatment of the ESSF/ICH Fireweed Complex .................................

Frequency of control and treated trees in standardized diameter classes for Engelmann spruce inthe ESSF/ICH Fireweed Complex before and after glyphosate treatment.................................................

Frequency of control and treated trees in standardized total height classes for Engelmann spruce inthe ESSF/ICH Fireweed Complex before and after glyphosate treatment.................................................

Comparison of Engelmann spruce competitive status between the glyphosate treatment and controlbefore, and , , and years after, treatment of the ESSF/ICH Fireweed Complex .................................

Effects of broadcast aerial glyphosate application on the Fireweed Complex and Engelmann spruce(a) one year, (b) years, and (c) years following treatment ...................................................................

Comparison of mean fireweed cover between the glyphosate treatment and control before, and , ,and years after, treatment of the ESSF/ICH Fireweed Complex..............................................................

Comparison of mean fireweed height between the glyphosate treatment and control before, and , ,and years after, treatment of the ESSF/ICH Fireweed Complex..............................................................

Comparison of mean shrub height between the glyphosate treatment and control before, and , ,and years after, treatment of the ESSF/ICH Fireweed Complex..............................................................

The Fireweed Complex prior to sheep grazing at Scott Road (Site ) in the ESSFwc variant inthe Arrow Forest District ...............................................................................................................................

xix

Comparison of Engelmann spruce vigour between the grazing treatment and control before and year after treatment of the ESSF Fireweed Complex ................................................................................

Frequency of control and treated trees in standardized diameter classes for Engelmann spruce inthe ESSF Fireweed Complex before and after livestock grazing .................................................................

Frequency of control and treated trees in standardized total height classes for Engelmann spruce inthe ESSF Fireweed Complex before and after livestock grazing .................................................................

Comparison of Engelmann spruce competitive status between the grazing treatment and controlbefore and year after treatment of the ESSF Fireweed Complex.............................................................

Effect of sheep grazing on the Fireweed Complex (a) immediately, (b) one year, (c) years, and(d) years following treatment .....................................................................................................................

Comparison of average spruce and fireweed height profiles in (a) the brushing treatment and(b) the control in the years following manual cutting in the ESSF/ICH Fireweed Complex .................

Comparison of average lodgepole pine and fireweed height profiles in (a) the brushing treatmentand (b) the control in the years following manual cutting in the ICH/ESSF Fireweed Complex..........

Comparison of average spruce and fireweed height profiles in (a) the brushing treatment and(b) the control in the years following foliar glyphosate application in the ESSF/ICH FireweedComplex ...........................................................................................................................................................

The Fern Complex prior to glyphosate application at Ratchford River (Site ) in the ICHwk

variant in the Salmon Arm Forest District ..................................................................................................

Comparison of hybrid spruce vigour between the glyphosate treatment and control before, and , ,and years after, treatment of the ICH Fern Complex ..............................................................................

Comparison of hybrid spruce stem diameter between the glyphosate treatment and control before,and , , and years after, treatment of the ICH Fern Complex ...............................................................

Comparison of hybrid spruce height between the glyphosate treatment and control before, and , ,and years after, treatment of the ICH Fern Complex ..............................................................................

Frequency of control and treated trees in standardized diameter classes for hybrid spruce in theICH Fern Complex before and after glyphosate treatment ........................................................................

Frequency of control and treated trees in standardized total height classes for hybrid spruce in theICH Fern Complex before and after glyphosate treatment ........................................................................

Comparison of hybrid spruce competitive status between the glyphosate treatment and controlbefore, and , , and years after, treatment of the ICH Fern Complex ..................................................

Effects of broadcast foliar glyphosate application on the Fern Complex and Engelmann spruce(a) one year, (b) years, and (c) years following treatment ...................................................................

Comparison of mean total vegetation cover between the glyphosate treatment and control before,and , , and years after, treatment of the ICH Fern Complex ...............................................................

Relationship between stem diameter of hybrid spruce growing amongst the ICH Fern Complexand (a) herb cover or (b) ......................................................................................................................

Comparison of average hybrid spruce and vegetation height profiles in (a) the brushing treatmentand (b) the control in the years following manual cutting in the ICH Fern Complex ..........................

The Mixed Shrub Complex prior to manual cutting at Westfall River (Site ) in the ESSFwc

variant in the Kootenay Lake Forest District ...............................................................................................

Comparison of hybrid spruce vigour between the manual cutting treatment and control before,and , and years after, treatment of the ICH/ESSF Mixed Shrub Complex ...........................................

Comparison of hybrid spruce stem diameter between the manual cutting treatment and controlbefore, and , and years after, treatment of the ICH/ESSF Mixed Shrub Complex ..............................

Frequency of control and treated trees in standardized diameter classes for hybrid spruce in theICH Mixed Shrub Complex before and after manual cutting....................................................................

Frequency of control and treated trees in standardized total height classes for hybrid spruce in theICH Mixed Shrub Complex before and after manual cutting....................................................................

Comparison of hybrid spruce competitive status between the manual cutting treatment and controlbefore, and , and years after, treatment of the ICH/ESSF Mixed Shrub Complex ..............................

xx

Effects of manual cutting on the Mixed Shrub Complex (a) one year and (b) years followingtreatment ..........................................................................................................................................................

The Mixed Shrub Complex prior to sheep grazing at Doug Creek (Site ) in the ESSFwc variantin the Clearwater Forest District ...................................................................................................................

Comparison of hybrid spruce vigour between the grazing treatment and control before and yearafter treatment of the ICH/ESSF Mixed Shrub Complex............................................................................

Frequency of control and treated trees in standardized diameter classes for hybrid spruce in theICH/ESSF Mixed Shrub Complex before and after sheep grazing.............................................................

Frequency of control and treated trees in standardized total height classes for hybrid spruce in theICH/ESSF Mixed Shrub Complex before and after sheep grazing.............................................................

Comparison of hybrid spruce competitive status between the grazing treatment and control beforeand year after treatment of the ICH/ESSF Mixed Shrub Complex .........................................................

Effects of sheep grazing on the Mixed Shrub Complex (a) one year and (b) years followingtreatment ..........................................................................................................................................................

Relationship between stem diameter of hybrid spruce growing amongst the ICH/ESSF Mixed ShrubComplex and (a) shrub cover or (b) ...................................................................................................

Relationship between stem diameter of western redcedar growing amongst the ICH/ESSF MixedShrub Complex and (a) shrub cover or (b) ........................................................................................

Relationship between stem diameter of Douglas-fir growing amongst the ICH/ESSF Mixed ShrubComplex and (a) shrub cover or (b) ...................................................................................................

Comparison of average spruce and vegetation height profiles in (a) the brushing treatmentand (b) the control in the years following manual cutting in the ICH/ESSF Mixed ShrubComplex ...........................................................................................................................................................

The Ericaceous Shrub Complex prior to manual cutting at Howell Creek (Site ) in the ESSFdkvariant in the Cranbrook Forest District......................................................................................................

Comparison of Engelmann spruce survival between the manual cutting treatment and controlbefore, and , , and years after, treatment of the ESSF Ericaceous Shrub Complex.............................

Comparison of Engelmann spruce vigour between the manual cutting treatment and control before,and , , and years after, treatment of the ESSF Ericaceous Shrub Complex .........................................

Comparison of Engelmann spruce leader length between the manual cutting treatment and controlbefore, and , , and years after, treatment of the ESSF Ericaceous Shrub Complex.............................

Frequency of control and treated trees in standardized diameter classes for Engelmann spruce inthe ESSF Ericaceous Shrub Complex before and after manual cutting......................................................

Frequency of control and treated trees in standardized total height classes for Engelmann sprucein the ESSF Ericaceous Shrub Complex before and after manual cutting.................................................

Comparison of Engelmann spruce competitive status between the manual cutting treatment andcontrol before, and , , and years after, treatment of the ESSF Ericaceous Shrub Complex ...............

Effects of tree-centred manual cutting on the Ericaceous Shrub Complex (a) one year, (b) yearsand (c) years following treatment ..............................................................................................................

Comparison of mean shrub cover between the manual cutting treatment and control before, and ,and years after, treatment of the ESSF Ericaceous Shrub Complex.........................................................

Comparison of mean shrub height between the manual cutting treatment and control before, and ,and years after, treatment of the ESSF Ericaceous Shrub Complex.........................................................

Relationship between stem diameter of Engelmann spruce growing amongst the Ericaceous ShrubComplex and (a) shrub cover or (b) ...................................................................................................

Relationship between stem diameter of Engelmann spruce growing amongst the Subalpine HerbComplex and (a) herb cover or (b) .....................................................................................................

Comparison of average spruce and vegetation height profiles in (a) the brushing treatment and(b) the control in the years following manual cutting in the ESSF Ericaceous Shrub Complex ............

The Dry Alder Complex prior to manual cutting at Buck Creek (Site ) in the MSdc variant in theLillooet Forest District....................................................................................................................................

xxi

Comparison of lodgepole pine vigour between the manual cutting treatment and control before,and , , and years after, treatment of the MS Dry Alder Complex......................................................

Frequency of control and treated trees in standardized diameter classes for lodgepole pine in theMS Dry Alder Complex before and after manual cutting ........................................................................

Frequency of control and treated trees in standardized total height classes for lodgepole pine inthe Dry Alder Complex before and after manual cutting .........................................................................

Comparison of lodgepole pine competitive status between the manual cutting treatment andcontrol before, and , , and years after, treatment of the MS Dry Alder Complex ...........................

Effects of manual cutting on the Dry Alder Complex and lodgepole pine (a) one year, (b) yearsand (c) years following treatment ............................................................................................................

Comparison of mean Sitka alder height between the manual cutting treatment and control before,and , , and years after, treatment of the MS Dry Alder Complex......................................................

Relationship between stem diameter of lodgepole pine growing amongst the Dry Alder Complexand (a) alder cover or (b) ...................................................................................................................

Comparison of average lodgepole pine and alder height profiles in (a) the brushing treatment and(b) the control in the years following manual cutting in the MS Dry Alder Complex.........................

The Wet Alder Complex prior to manual cutting at Beaverfoot River (Site ) in the ICHmk

variant in the Golden Forest District..........................................................................................................

Comparison of Engelmann spruce vigour between the manual cutting treatment and controlbefore, and , and years after, treatment of the ESSF Wet Alder Complex ..........................................

Frequency of control and treated trees in standardized diameter classes for Engelmann spruce inthe ESSF Wet Alder Complex before and after manual cutting ...............................................................

Frequency of control and treated trees in standardized total height classes for Engelmann sprucein the ESSF Wet Alder Complex before and after manual cutting ..........................................................

Comparison of Engelmann spruce competitive status between the manual cutting treatment andcontrol before, and , and years after, treatment of the ESSF Wet Alder Complex.............................

Comparison of mean alder cover between the manual cutting treatment and control before, and, and years after, treatment of the ESSF Wet Alder Complex ..............................................................

Comparison of mean alder height between the manual cutting treatment and control before, and, and years after, treatment of the ESSF Wet Alder Complex ..............................................................

Effects of manual cutting on the ESSF Wet Alder Complex and Engelmann spruce (a) one year,(b) years, and (c) years following treatment........................................................................................

Relationship between stem diameter of Engelmann spruce growing amongst the ESSF Wet AlderComplex and (a) alder cover or (b) ...................................................................................................

Comparison of average Engelmann spruce and alder height profiles in (a) the brushingtreatment and (b) the control in the years following manual cutting in the ESSF Wet AlderComplex .........................................................................................................................................................

The Aspen Complex prior to manual cutting at McConnell Lake (Site ) in the IDFdk variantin the Kamloops Forest District ..................................................................................................................

Comparison of lodgepole pine vigour between the manual cutting treatment and control before,and , and years after, treatment of the IDF/MS Aspen Complex ........................................................

Comparison of mean lodgepole pine height:diameter ratio between the manual cutting treatmentand control before, and , and years after, treatment of the IDF/MS Aspen Complex.......................

Effects of manual cutting on the Aspen Complex and lodgepole pine (a) one year and (b) yearsfollowing treatment.......................................................................................................................................

Frequency of control and treated trees in standardized diameter classes for lodgepole pine in theIDF/MS Aspen Complex before and after manual cutting .......................................................................

Frequency of control and treated trees in standardized total height classes for lodgepole pine inthe IDF/MS Aspen Complex before and after manual cutting.................................................................

Comparison of lodgepole pine competitive status between the manual cutting treatment andcontrol before, and , and years after, treatment of the IDF/MS Aspen Complex ..............................

xxii

Comparison of mean broadleaf height between the manual cutting treatment and control before,and , and years after, treatment of the IDF/MS Aspen Complex ........................................................

Relationship between stem diameter of lodgepole pine growing amongst the IDF/MS AspenComplex and (a) broadleaf cover or (b) ...........................................................................................

Relationship between stem diameter of Douglas-fir growing amongst the IDF/MS Aspen Complexand (a) broadleaf cover or (b) on site ...........................................................................

Relationship between stem diameter of Douglas-fir growing amongst the IDF/MS Aspen Complexand (a) broadleaf cover or (b) on site ...........................................................................

Comparison of average lodgepole pine and aspen height profiles in (a) the brushing treatmentand (b) the control in the years following manual cutting in the IDF/MS Aspen Complex................

The Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex and Douglas-fir prior to manual cutting at Johnson Lake(Site ) in the ICHmk variant in the Kamloops Forest District ..........................................................

Comparison of mean Douglas-fir mortality due to Armillaria between the manual cuttingtreatment and control before, and , , and years after, treatment of the ICH/IDF MixedBroadleaf-Shrub Complex .............................................................................................................................

Comparison of Douglas-fir vigour between the manual cutting treatment and control before, and, , and years after, treatment of the ICH/IDF Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex..............................

Comparison of mean Douglas-fir leader length between the manual cutting treatment andcontrol before, and , , and years after, treatment of the ICH/IDF Mixed Broadleaf-ShrubComplex .........................................................................................................................................................

Comparison of mean Douglas-fir stem diameter between the manual cutting treatment andcontrol before, and , , and years after, treatment of the ICH/IDF Mixed Broadleaf-ShrubComplex .........................................................................................................................................................

Frequency of control and treated trees in standardized diameter classes for Douglas-fir in theICH/IDF Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex before and after manual cutting.........................................

Frequency of control and treated trees in standardized total height classes for Douglas-fir in theICH/IDF Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex before and after manual cutting.........................................

Comparison of Douglas-fir competitive status between the manual cutting treatment and controlbefore, and , , and years after, treatment of the ICH/IDF Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex .........

Effects of manual cutting on the Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex and Douglas-fir (a) one year,(b) years, and (c) years following treatment........................................................................................

The Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex and lodgepole pine prior to manual cutting at AmphitheatreLake (Site ) in the ICHmk variant in the Kamloops Forest District .................................................

Comparison of mean lodgepole pine mortality due to Armillaria between the manual cuttingtreatment and control before, and and years after, treatment of the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex ..............................................................................................................................................

Comparison of lodgepole pine vigour between the manual cutting treatment and control before,and and years after, treatment of the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex...................................

Comparison of mean lodgepole pine stem diameter between the manual cutting treatment andcontrol before, and and years after, treatment of the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex ........

Comparison of mean lodgepole pine height:diameter ratio between the manual cuttingtreatment and control before, and and years after, treatment of the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex ..............................................................................................................................................

Frequency of control and treated trees in standardized diameter classes for lodgepole pine in theICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex before and after manual cutting.................................................

Frequency of control and treated trees in standardized total height classes for lodgepole pine inthe ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex before and after manual cutting ..........................................

Comparison of lodgepole pine competitive status between the manual cutting treatment andcontrol before, and and years after, treatment of the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex ........

Effects of manual cutting on the Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex and lodgepole pine (a) oneyear, (b) years, and (c) years following treatment ...............................................................................

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The Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex prior to cut stump–glyphosate treatment at Upper JohnCreek (Site ) in the ICHmw variant in the Kamloops Forest District ................................................

Comparison of mean Douglas-fir mortality due to Armillaria between the cut stump–glyphosatetreatment and control before, and , , and years after, treatment of the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex ..............................................................................................................................................

Comparison of Douglas-fir vigour between the cut stump–glyphosate treatment and controlbefore, and , , and years after, treatment of the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex .................

Comparison of mean Douglas-fir stem diameter between the cut stump–glyphosate treatmentand control before, and , , and years after, treatment of the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-ShrubComplex .........................................................................................................................................................

Comparison of mean Douglas-fir height between the cut stump–glyphosate treatment and controlbefore, and , , and years after, treatment of the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex .................

Comparison of mean Douglas-fir height:diameter ratio between the cut stump–glyphosatetreatment and control before, and , , and years after, treatment of the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex ..............................................................................................................................................

Frequency of control and treated trees in standardized diameter classes for Douglas-fir in theICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex before and after cut stump–glyphosate treatment....................

Frequency of control and treated trees in standardized total height classes for Douglas-fir in theICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex before and after cut stump–glyphosate treatment....................

Comparison of Douglas-fir competitive status between the cut stump–glyphosate treatment andcontrol before, and , , and years after, treatment of the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex....

Comparison of mean birch height between the cut stump–glyphosate treatment and controlbefore, and , , and years after, treatment of the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex .................

Effects of cut stump–glyphosate treatment on the Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex and Douglas-fir (a) one year, (b) years, and (c) years following treatment ............................................................

The Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex and Douglas-fir prior to girdling at Gordon Bay (Site )in the ICHmw variant in the Clearwater Forest District ........................................................................

Comparison of mean Douglas-fir mortality due to Armillaria between the girdling treatment andcontrol before, and , , and years after, treatment of the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex....

Comparison of Douglas-fir vigour between the girdling treatment and control before, and , ,and years after, treatment of the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex .............................................

Comparison of mean Douglas-fir height:diameter ratio between the girdling treatment andcontrol before, and , , and years after, treatment of the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-ShrubComplex .........................................................................................................................................................

Comparison of mean Douglas-fir leader length between the girdling treatment and controlbefore, and , , and years after, treatment of the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex .................

Frequency of control and treated trees in standardized diameter classes for Douglas-fir in theICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex before and after girdling treatment............................................

Frequency of control and treated trees in standardized total height classes for Douglas-fir in theICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex before and after girdling treatment............................................

Comparison of Douglas-fir competitive status between the girdling treatment and control before,and , , and years after, treatment of the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex ..............................

Effects of girdling on the Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex and Douglas-fir (a) one year and(b) years following treatment. The control (c) is shown years post-treatment forcomparison ....................................................................................................................................................

Comparison of mean broadleaf height between the girdling treatment and control before, and ,, and years after, treatment of the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex .........................................

Canopy of Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub in (a) the treatment and (b) the control years followinggirdling ...........................................................................................................................................................

Relationship between stem diameter of Douglas-fir growing amongst the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-Shrub Complex and (a) broadleaf density or (b) .............................................................................

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Comparison of average Douglas-fir and broadleaf height profiles in (a) the brushing treatmentand (b) the control in the years following manual cutting in the ICH/IDF Mixed Broadleaf-ShrubComplex .........................................................................................................................................................

Comparison of average Douglas-fir and broadleaf height profiles in (a) the brushing treatmentand (b) the control in the years following cut stump–glyphosate treatment in the ICH MixedBroadleaf-Shrub Complex .............................................................................................................................

Comparison of average Douglas-fir and broadleaf height profiles in (a) the brushing treatmentand (b) the control in the years following girdling in the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-ShrubComplex .........................................................................................................................................................

Comparison of average lodgepole pine and broadleaf height profiles in (a) the brushing treatmentand (b) the control in the years following manual cutting in the ICH Mixed Broadleaf-ShrubComplex .........................................................................................................................................................

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