Effects of Interactions in Suspended Graphene · 2012. 8. 16. · Effects of Interactions in...
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Effects of Interactions in Suspended GrapheneBen Feldman, Andrei Levin, Amir Yacoby, Harvard University
• Broken and unbroken symmetries in the lowest LL: – spin and valley symmetries.
• FQHE
In collaboration with Benjamin Krauss, Jurgen Smet, MPI Stuttgart
Discussions with Bert Halperinand Dima Abanin
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Degeneracy and Interactions• Kinetic energy (Pauli exclusion) vs Interaction
energy
FK
ees E
reEEr ε2
== −
ner
eE ee εε
22
==−
*
2
2mkE F
F
α= ( )d
Fkgn ⋅∝
g - Degeneracy: spin, layer, valley
d - Dimensionality (1d,2d,3d)
εα
*211 mngr dd
s ⋅⋅∝ − We want:Large degeneracy, large mass, low density,low dielectric.
α -Disperssion – 1-graphene2 - bilayer
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Bilayers - Band Structure• B=0
m~0.03me
Degenerate bands correspond to B1 and B2 sub-lattices
• Quadratic dispersion: α=2
• Near E=0; g =8 - Spin, valley and sub-lattice• Low density• Suspended – ε~1
εα
*211 mngr dd
s ⋅⋅∝ −
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Generalization to Multi-layers• B=0• For N layers: ABCABC… stacking
• Dispersion
• g - Spin, valley and sub-lattice• Low density
Nk∝
ε
*211 mngr d
Nd
s−∝
Experiments: Lau, Tarucha, Jarillo-Herrero, Kim, Zaliznyak, Geim, Novoselov, Andrei, Heintz, Crommie, Schoenenberger, Ong…
Theory: Falko, McCann, Levitov, Katsnelson, Castro-Neto, Macdonald, Fogler, Fertig, ShimshoniDas Sarma, Polini, Guinea, Aleiner, Altshuler, Abanin, Sondhi, Kharitonov…
Screening?
N=α
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QHE - Degeneracy’s
)1( −= nnE cn ω BvenE Fn22 =
McCann, Falko, ‘06Diverging mass
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Quantum Hall Ferromagnetism
• Spin
φ
θ
For - ν=1
↑
↓
N=0
N=1ν=2 ν=1
Neglect Zeeman: SU(2) spontaneoussymmetry breaking
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Quantum Hall Ferromagnetism
• Isospin
K. Moon, H. Mori, Kun Yang, S. M. Girvin, A. H. MacDonald, L. Zheng, D. Yoshioka, and Shou-Cheng Zhang, Phys. Rev. B 51, 5138 1995.S. L. Sondhi, ‘95
Top
φ
θ
Bottom
Simple example - ν=1
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Interplay between valley and spin: • Lowest LL occupied by electrons and holes• 4 fold degenerate: Valley and spin
Abanin et al ’07, Macdonald et al,M. Kharitonov ’11, ‘12…
Valley/ sub-lattice (pseudospin) spin
AF CAF F
Increasing Zeeman
Along BT
Kekule CDW PLP-Bilayers
Determined by lattice scale anisotropy
Partial spin ordering Partial valley ordering
ν=0
Monolayer and Bilayers
Space of symmetries SU(4)
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Monolayers at the Edge
Increasing Zeeman
AF CAF F
F
Kekule CDW PLP-Bilayers
Partial spin ordering
Partial valley ordering
Experimentally (Kim group): Increasing Zeeman reduces transport gap; suggests absence of strong spin polarization – ?? CAF ??
Kharitonov ‘12
Analogous to QSH
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CAF
PLP
R. T. Weitz, AY, et al, Science 2010.
From: Kharitonov, 2011See also: Macdonald, Levitov
Phase diagram for ν=0 in Bilayers
Electric field
Electric field
Zeeman
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Fractional QHE – IQHE of composite Fermions
0φ
νNNe=
GaAs-Effect Fractional Quantum Hall (Jain)
12 ±=
ppν
•Non Abelian phases at 5/2 and 12/5 ?? (Moore and Read)•Edge reconstruction (Barak, AY et al)•Neutral edge excitation modes (Heiblum et al, Venkatachalam, AY et al)
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arXiv:1111.3640v2 19 May 2012
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arXiv:1204.5733v2 - 5 Jul 2012
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Background on FQHE - Suspended
Kim group1/3 most developed
∆(e/3)= 2meV @12T
Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 046801 (2011)
Andrei group: Nature 462, 192, (2009)
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Kim group, Nature Physics 7, 693 (2011)
4/3 most developed
Background on FQHE - hBN5/3 absent
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How to Measure Local Density of States ?
Thermodynamic equilibrium
µ = V - φChemical
V
δµ = - φδ
Ener
gy
Position
Electrochemical
δV=0
δµ = -δφV is constant in space
If we can measure the local δφ
we will immediately get the local δµ
δµ
= Inverse (DOS ; Compressibility)
Need to measure
= Density of states
∂∂
nµ
∂∂µn
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N-1
N
N+1
E
#
N N+1
E
#
U
SET
Cur
r en t
Electrostatic Potential
SiO2
Si
SingleElectronTransistor
Using a SET as a Local Electrostatic ProbeCurrent flow
I
V G
QDe e
N N N→ + →1
Uec
kT= >2
Coulomb Blockade
Charge sensitivity: Hze /10~ 4−
Spatial resolution: nm100~
Voltage sensitivity: HzV /1~ µ
Use graphene as the gate.By monitoring the current we can
extract the local electrostatic potential.
H. Hess, T. Fulton, M. Yoo, AY
T=300mK
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Local Measurement of DOS
Simultaneous Transport & Local Potential
Scanning FixedT=300mK T=50mK
Metal-Insulator Transition in 2D
S. Ilani, et. al.,PRL 84 (2000)
Science 292 (2001)
S. Ilani et al, Nature 328 (2004)Martin et al,Science (2004)
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Inverse compressibility
Energy
DOS
µ (n)
density density
Inverse compressibilitydµ/dn
dn: AC voltage on backgate
dµ: Single Electron Transistor1µV, 100nm, B =[0 – 12 T], UHV, 300mK
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Red: After first round of current annealingBlue, Green: New
Transport
10µm
Sample Geometry
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Red: After first round of current annealingBlue, Green: New
Transport
R-2T
Vbg [V]
2
2
B [T
]
12/31/3
Vbg [V]
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Inverse CompressibilityLocalized states
Parallel to filling factor
B
B. E. Feldman, AY, et al, arXiv: 1201.5128
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Lowest Landau LevelLocalized states
1/3 down to 1T
N=0 Landau Level4 fold degeneracy – spin and valley
Valley ordered / CAF Valley and spin ordering
B. E. Feldman, AY, et al, to appear in Science
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Fractions in the Lowest Landau Level
12 ±=
ppν
No CF degeneracy’s
5/311/77/5
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Filling Fraction vs Filling Factor
ν=0
ff=1ff=0
ff=0
ff=2-νN=0
N=1
Filling fraction (ff) is analogous to the filling factor in GaAs4-fold degeneracy
ν=2
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ν=2ff=0
ν=14/9ff=4/9
ν=10/7ff=4/7
ν=4/3ff=2/3
ν=8/5ff=2/5
All fractions present Only even numerators – Have CF degeneracy’sff= 2/3 , 4/7 , … , 4/9 , 2/5 ff=1+( 2/3 , 3/5 , 4/7 , 5/9 , … , 4/9, 3/7 , 2/5 , 1/3 )
Missing Filling Fractions14
212 ±
=±
=m
mppff
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Filling Fraction vs Filling Factor
ν=0
ff=1ff=0
ff=0
ff=2-νN=0
N=1
Filling fraction (ff) is analogous to the filling factor in GaAs4-fold degeneracy
ν=2
No degeneracies Symmetries remainSee also: Shayegan et al in AlAsBoebinger et al in double wells
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B = 12 T
Spatial Dependence
Fractions shift with position
B
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B = 6 T
Spatial Dependence
Fractions shift with position
B
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Effects of Interactions in Suspended GrapheneBen Feldman, Andrei Levin, Amir Yacoby, Harvard University
• Broken and unbroken symmetries in the lowest LL: – spin and valley symmetries.
• FQHE
In collaboration with Benjamin Krauss, Jurgen Smet, MPI Stuttgart
Discussions with Bert Halperinand Dima Abanin