Effective waste management can only be achieved...

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Acknowledgement

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Preface

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Contents

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BANBEIS : Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information & Statistics BCC : Behaviour Change CommunicationBCO : Bangladesh Country Office BDT : Bangladesh TakaC4D : Communication for DevelopmentCHP : Community Health PromoterCHT : Chittagong Hill Tract DAM : Dhaka Ahsania MissionDFID : Department for International DevelopmentDPE : Directorate of Primary and Mass EducationDPHE : Department for Public Health EngineeringDSHE : Directorate of Secondary and Higher EducationEMIS : Education Management Information SystemGPS : Government Primary SchoolsHW : Handwashing icddr,b : International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, BangladeshIEC : Information, Education and CommunicationJMP : Joint Monitoring ProgrammeLGI : Local Government Institutionslpcd : Litres per capita per dayMDGs : Millennium Development Goalsmg/l : Milligrams per LitreMHM : Menstrual Hygiene ManagementMIS : Management Information SystemMoE : The Ministry of EducationMoHFW : The Ministry of Health and Family WelfareMoI : The Ministry of InformationMoLGRD&C : Ministry of Local Govt for Rural Development &Co-operativesMoPME : The Ministry of Primary and Mass EducationMoU : Memorandum of UnderstandingNF-WSS : The National Forum for Water Supply and SanitationNGO : Non-Government OrganisationO&M : Operation and MaintenancePEDP : Primary Education Development ProgrammePTA : Parent Teachers AssociationPTI : Primary Teachers Training InstituteRNGPS : Registered Non Government Primary SchoolS&P : Supply and Procurement SHEWA- B : Sanitation, Hygiene Education and Water Supply in BangladeshSLIP : School Level Improvement PlanSLTS : School Led Total SanitationSMC : School Management CommitteeUK : United KingdomUNICEF : United Nations Children’s FundUSD : United States DollarsVERC : Village Education Resource CentreWASH : Water and Sanitation, Hygiene WATSAN : Water and SanitationWinS : WASH in School

Acronyms

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Children spend long hours in school, and the physical environment and cleanliness of educational facilities significantly determine their health and well-being. Too often, schools are places where children get infected. Diseases spread faster where many children gather for many hours a day in cramped spaces with limited ventilation, unsanitary conditions, no handwashing facilities or soap, and toilets in poor repair. An efficient and successful WASH in Schools programme addresses hygiene and sanitation problems in schools by keeping the school environment clean and healthy.

WASH in Schools focuses on the fact that schools have an important role in protecting children and their families from disease and illness due to poor water and sanitation. Through the development of hygiene-related life skills, and by mobilizing and involving parents, communities, governments, institutions and children to work together on improving conditions in schools, children's performance and participation is enhanced and increased.

Considering the above to establish good sanitation facilities and improve hygiene behavior of children The Government of Bangladesh/ UNICEF and funding support from UKaid with the support of three implementing partners(Care Bangladesh, Plan International Bangladesh and Practical Action)implementing a project titled “Improving the demand for, access to, and utilisation of improved WASH facilities and services using the School Led Total Sanitation approach as part of the Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene in Difficult and Hard-to-Reach Areas of Bangladesh – WASH in Schools using the School Led Total Sanitation approach in 580 schools for the rehabilitation of WASH facilities under CATS (Community Approaches to Total Sanitation) project in 13 districts (Bhola, Barguna, Bandarban, Kagrachari, Khulna, Rangpur, Nilphamari, Sylhet, Sunamganj, Hobiganj, Jamalpur, Faridpur and Netrakona) in 15 sub-districts (Upazillas) of Bangladesh. The guideline is used as a tool for rehabilitation of school WASH facilities and installation of child-friendly group hand washing device. The purpose of the WASH in Schools interventions are:

1. To increase the utilisation of improved water, sanitation and hygiene facilities and to facilitate the practice of key WASH behaviours in schools, using schools as entry points into the communities, through the School Led Total Sanitation (SLTS) approach.

2. To strengthen the capacity of schools to act as resource centres to promote improved hygiene behavior among children and staff, and through the children, to reach their respective communities.

3. To provide safe sanitation and hygiene (includes provision of hand washing and menstrual hygiene management) for the female students of Secondary Schools thus retaining the girls in School and contribute to reduction in early marriage.

Executive Summary

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This manual addresses the key O&M tasks necessary to ensure the smooth functioning of school WASH services and the longevity of related hardware. It covers these key aspects of O&M and includes related tools.

Once works are done, UNICEF hands them over to the School Education Department, with O&M guidance.

O&M is a regular school-wide practice that includes many players and tasks. The school O&M checklist can help schools to keep daily O&M tasks scheduled and organized.

The O&M of WASH Facilities in Schools involves multiple stakeholders and is successful when everyone knows and plays their role. This manual includes a list of key stakeholders and their roles and responsibilities.

The manual also mentioned good O&M arrangements and practices of few other states on example basis. It also briefed about the initiatives taken by Govt of Bangladesh to ensure the sustainability of WASH Facilities in Schools.

Though each school may have a slightly different system for O&M, we hope this manual will make that process easier and show that maintaining school WASH is far easier than dealing with the consequences of not maintaining it.

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Introduction

In Bangladesh, about 80% of primary schools have functional improved toilets and only 41% of the schools have the functional improved toilets unlocked for students use; and only 24% of these functional toilets are clean to be used. The median students to toilet ratio for primary schools is about 182 to one toilet compartment which far exceeds the national standard of 60 students to one toilet compartment. About 76% of primary schools have functional improved water sources and 14% of students carry drinking water from home. Handwashing locations are available in 85% of primary schools and only 30% of the schools have handwashing locations with water and soap available. The WASH situations in secondary schools look relatively better than those in primary schools. About 98% of secondary schools have functional improved toilet facilities and 57% of the schools have functional improved toilets that are unlocked for students use. The toilet facilities are grossly inadequate in most cases as median of students to toilet ratio for secondary school is about 200 students to one toilet compartment which is above the national standard. About 94% of secondary schools have functional improved water sources and 12% of the students carry drinking water from home. About 98% of secondary schools have handwashing facilities and only 53% of the schools have handwashing locations with water and soap available

Source : Bangladesh National Hygiene Baseline Survey (2014)

Schools with Functional Improved Toilets

Schools with Functional UNLOCKED Toilets

Schools with Functional UNLOCKED Toilets that are Clean

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20

40

60

80

100

120

80

41

24

98

57

23

84

45

24

Primary Secondary Total

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Fig.1: Access to Toilet Facilities in Primary and Secondary Schools

42% of School Authorities reported they supplied soap/detergent for handwashing of pupils during the critical event, such as before taking foods and after using latrines. In contrast, soap/detergents was observed at or near the place of handwashing only in 17.3% of the schools.

(Source: WASH in Schools - http://www.washinschoolsmapping.com/projects/ Bangladesh.html)

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Only 43% of schools have separate functional improved toilets for girls and 22% of the schools have unlocked and separate functional improved toilets for girls with only 12% with water and soap.

Schools with Improved Functional Water Sources

Schools with Reported Arsenic Contamination tested last year

Schools with Students Carrying Drinking Water From Home

0102030405060708090

100

76

29

14

94

16 12

80

26

13

Primary Secondary Total

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Source: Bangladesh National Hygiene Baseline Survey (2014)

From the above statistics, it is very clear that public health benefits of WASH interventions cannot be fully achieved without giving serious considerations to improved hygiene practices among the people. Schools (primary and secondary) being an integral part of the communities provide viable entry points for sustainable hygiene promotion among the children who will grow to be better and well informed adults; and positively influence their peers and parents to adopt safe hygienic practices. Addressing the gap between knowledge and practice of hygiene can better be addressed through schools, hence the need for implementation of hygiene promotion approaches which systematically reinforce messages with actual practices and promote regular engagements with relevant stakeholders for provision of enabling environment.Moving forward requires proper understanding of the challenges being encountered in effective delivery of WASH in Schools services towards achieving the desired health and educational goals. From the above analysis, it is very clear that provision of WASH facilities in schools is not sufficient to achieve the objectives of contributing to conducive learning environments as most of these facilities are locked up resulting in poor hygiene practices. Some of the identified challenges in WASH in Schools services include the bullet points;

Fig.2: Access to Improved Water Sources in Schools (Primary and Secondary)

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2.1 Objectives of Operations & Maintenance

The objective of an efficient operation & maintenance of WASH Facilities in Schools, including drinking water sources, drinking water stations, handwashing stations, toilets, Solid & Liquid waste management (SLWM) etc; is to provide safe, hygienic, quality quantity based basic services at convenient location and time at comparative cost on a sustainable basis

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2. 2 Nirmal Bangladesh :Nirmal Vidyalaya

Maintaining clean and friendly school water and sanitation facilities, is a challenge in most of public schools in West Bengal, which is mainly due to lack of attention, subsequent planning and also due to lack of awareness regarding use of water and sanitation facilities. This document is

OPERATIONRefer to timely and daily operation of the components of WASH facilities like regular cleening of hand pump platform, drainage system, floor of schools, toilets, water pot etc. Collection of water samples from various sources from school premises and send them for test in regualr intervel, fall under Operation category.MAINTENANCEIs defined as the act of keeping the structure, plant, machinery equpments and other institutional arrangments in an optimum working order. Maintenence includes preventive /routine maintenence and also breckdown maintenence. Inadequate resource allocation; no specific budget and allocation for school level activities. Non-compliance with the approved national WASH standards. Lack of effective operation and maintenance system Weak coordination mechanism among stakeholders involved in provision of WASH in

Schools facilities. Inadequate attention to the software components: Hygiene promotion; Institutional

capacity development; systems development for monitoring and evaluation; Partnerships and engagement with relevant stakeholders.

Inadequate utilization of EMIS for monitoring and analysis of WASH in Schools information.

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prepared to be used as a guideline for school administration and school cleaning staff as part of the development of child friendly water, sanitation and hygiene facilities for schools in Bangladesh. The guideline intended to improve existing practices in order to keep school water and sanitation facilities health and friendly for school children.

It is most important that cleaning, maintenance, repair and eventual replacement of water and sanitation facilities should be taken into account during the design and construction phases. As far as possible, facilities should be hardwearing, durable and possible to maintain without specialist skills or equipment. Teacher and students can acquire such expertise without any complex procedure or machinery involvement. Technology should be chosen taking account of local capacities for maintenance and repair. It may be necessary in some cases to choose locally available materials in order to avoid essential component of facilities that cannot be repaired when it breaks down. For that purpose, School sanitation and hygiene depend on a process of capacity enhancement of teachers, community members, SMCs, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and Community Based Organisations (CBOs) and education administrators.

In addition, responsibilities for operation and maintenance should be clearly defined, and appropriate skills need to be provided to students, teachers, other school staffs, SMC, PTA, local administrative bodies (Panchayat/Municipalitiy) to keep the facilities active. Maintenance, repair and replacement of facilities should be planned and budgeted for each school to keep the facilities functional.

2.3 Why O&M

Operation and maintenance refers to all of the activities needed to run a water supply and sanitation scheme, except for the construction of new facilities. The overall aim of operation and maintenance is to ensure efficiency, effectiveness and sustainability of water supply and sanitation facilities (CASTRO 2009).

O&M activities in school, which encompass not only technical issues, but also managerial, social, financial and institutional issues, must be directed towards the elimination or reduction of the major constraints which prevent the achievement of sustainability (BRIKKE 2000). In school, O&M is a crucial element of sustainability, and a frequent cause of failure of water supply and sanitation service facilities in the past. Many failures are not technical ones. They may result from poor planning, inadequate cost recovery, or the outreach inadequacies of centralised agencies (DFID 1998).

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Operation and maintenance has been neglected in the past, or been discussed and introduced only after a project was completed. This neglect or delay in applying proper operation and maintenance has adversely affected the credibility of the investments made, the functioning of the services, the well-being of school children as well as teachers and others, and the development of further projects. However, the importance of O&M has gained considerable visibility over the past few years, and it appears that policy-makers and project designers are now more conscious of the direct links between improved O&M practices and the sustainability of water supply and sanitation services. There is also greater recognition of the need to approach these projects in a comprehensive way, emphasising not only the design and construction but also post-construction activities (BRIKKE 2000).

Therefore, Bangladesh needs for clear–cut sector policies and legal framework and a clear demarcation of responsibilities and mandates for O & M on WASH facilities in School.

2.4 Operation and Maintenance of WASH Facilities

Though learning can proceed even under difficult circumstances, school water, sanitation, and hygiene education (WASHE) is imperative to achieving a healthy school environment and making a difference in the health, attendance, and learning ability of pupils and their teachers. Thirsty pupils are distracted learners and dirty hands spread disease. Poorly maintained latrines lacking in privacy may prevent adolescent girls from attending school. Lack of instruction on why hygiene is important will prevent pupils from properly using their WASHE facilities and developing good hygiene habits for life. Integrating practical activities around safe drinking water, sanitation, and handwashing into lessons and daily school tasks will help reinforce the adoption of healthy behaviors.

Some of the key issues contributing to the poor Operation & Maintenance (O&M) have been identified as follows:

Lack of finance, equipment, material, and inadequate data on Operation & Maintenance Inappropriate system design; and inadequate Workmanship Multiplicity of agencies, overlapping responsibilities. Inadequate operating staff Inadequate training of personnel. Lack of performance evaluation and regular monitoring. Inadequate emphasis on preventive maintenance Lack of O & M manual. Lack of real time field information etc.




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Nonetheless, the provision of these facilities and services is the first step; to ensure that they continue to work effectively for the long term, a series of operations and maintenance (O&M) tasks must be attended. Two, latrines need to be cleaned, hand and drinking water containers filled, and soap and toilet paper made available on a daily basis. Down-the-line repairs must be budgeted for, spare parts procured, and hand pumps serviced at least once a year.

We all know how important it is to have a source of clean water in or adjacent to the school, but functioning toilets and handwashing facilities are just as important. Together, well maintained WASHE facilities can reduce girls’ absenteeism by up to 20 percent1i as well reduce the incidence of diarrhea by up to 40 percent2 in both boys and girls.

3.1Introduction

The large investments made to construct utilities intended to provide WASH facilities in schools are generally becoming unproductive, mainly on account of poor Maintenance. If this situation continues even after few years, these schemes become defunct, and a large amount of money is required to replace and rebuild the system components apart from interruptions in service occur owing to the breakdown of equipment. The water supply boards /departments are notable to ensure that the maintenance staff follows valid practices of O&M. Generally the management of Water supply systems in the water authorities is receiving relatively lower priority. Further lack of funds coupled with lack of enthusiasm/motivation among the operation and maintenance staff to keep schemes in working condition; lack of staff training may be reasons for the poor status of the water supply systems.

The activities which are required for good operation and maintenance (O&M) are as follow.

3.2 Preparation of O&M Plan

A plan has to be prepared for operation and maintenance of every major unit as well as scheme as a whole. The overall operation and maintenance plan should be made various segments wise for their various individual units. This plan has to contain procedures for routine tasks, checks and inspection at set intervals viz. daily, weekly, quarterly, semi-annually or annually. Activity based responsibility need to be defined among the stakeholder to bring more accountability on O&M process.

3.3 Development of Individual Plan for O&M

The individual action plan on the sub-components on WASH (Water, Sanitation-Toilet, Hygiene-Handwashing station, SLWM) facilities need to be designed carefully. Some activities can be done by students, teachers or office staffs with basic understanding on the subject, but for few others, the school needs to depend upon domain expert from outside.

Strategy

All teachers and children should use water and sanitation facilities Facilities should be lockable from inside (except child friendly toilet) Teachers supervise and guide children for use of facilities. Installation of group handwashing station and the student strength based water taps with

sufficient running water facility Allow sufficient time for students of each class (in case of staggered interval) to use facilities. Check storage for drinking water and re-fill during Mid-Day. Fill water storage containers for flushing in the morning and re-fill as required. Provide for cleaning materials and brush and for hand washing facilities close to the toilet

with soap, bucket and mug. Conserve water and use water judiciously. Drinking water supplies and facilities of any sort should not be located in the toilets Provide for drainage facilities at hand washing points. Sanitary disposal unit is provided in each cubicle to provide privacy and protect the modesty

of girls menstruating at a sensitive age. Sanitary disposal facilities should be provided for all girls aged eight and over.

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The individual planning process, will empower school authority to take care of most of the things, so that ownership on the various infrastructural arrangements can be maintained optimally. For that, the capacity building initiatives must be taken by school management including all the students, teachers and staffs in general, along with special training to a dedicated team.

3.4 Capacity Building Plan for School

School Water, Sanitation & Hygiene education is an integral part of regular learning process. Being a potential change agent, every student should have basic understanding about the safety of drinking water, environmental sanitation, hygiene practices and dos & don’t regarding waste management. For that, the NCERT Textbooks and other state specific textbooks are quite informative#. But, from information to intrinsic motivation and regular practice, is only possible, when teachers and other staff members of school follow the practices by themselves and encourage students to follow it further.

All the students along with teacher, SMC/PTC members, and other staff need to go through an orientation programme to enhance their capacity to take care of WASH facilities from their individual level. In addition, a comprehensive training program for a dedicated WASH O&M will ensure better management, including uses, repair and renovation on timely basis based on need.

3.5 Plan for providing spares and tools

Availability of spare parts like pipelines, all sizes of nuts and bolts, bearings, bucket, cleaning agents, warning signs, toilet brush, mopping unit and equipments need to be ensured through proper inventory management system to minimize the repair cost and time.

The availability of spare parts for repairs and replacements is to be ensured by ordering and delivery of spare parts by organizing an inventory system. The list of spare parts to be procured can be drafted on the basis of manufacturer’s recommendations / consumption of material in previous years. The spare parts procured should be of BIS standard, with proper quality check.

3.6 Plan for water and energy audit

The availability of potable water (underground and surface) is very limited, There are considerable losses in the water produced and distributed through leakages in pipelines, valves, open tapes in schools, overflowing from overhead tank etc. The percentage of unaccounted for water (UFW/NRW) ranges from 30 to 55 % .Thus, huge quantum of water is being wasted which also leads to reduction in water as increase in operational cost. Therefore it become essential to

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plan the conservative use of water i.e. water auditing/ leakage control through metering, improved O & M practices and awareness intervention.

Power charges can be as high as 30 to 50 % of the total O & M cost Hence an efficient use of power and reducing wastage of power will go a long way in efficient functioning of the utility. his could be achieved by systematic energy audit which can identify the possible means to save energy and reduce power consumption apart from use of star rating equipment/Power capacitors.

3.7 Plan for Resource Mobilisation

It is important issues to be considered are: what has to be paid and who could contribute? Whatever WASH facilities are provided it needs O&M. The funding for operation and maintenance should be included in a school's annual plan. It is important that schools and communities contribute as much as possible for the O&M costs since:

it will increase their feeling of responsibility and ownership of facilities; it will motivate them to maintain facilities; if the amount of external financing being sought is kept low, government and donors

could support more schools.

To make school sanitation programmes sustainable all O&M costs should be covered by schools and communities. To avoid any misunderstanding it is best to make this clear in advance.

Possible funding options are: contributions from parents donations using the general school maintenance budget organization of income-generating activities contributions from teachers using fines If funds are collected, transparency as to of how they are spent is essential to avoid misuse

or misunderstandings.

3.8 Plan for Information Education Communication (IEC) on proper use of WASH facilities

The WASH facilities in schools have never been considered only for school use. In maximum schools, drinking water sources are considered for common use, in between school and community. In addition, the school toilet and hand washing facility remain open for the common people in case of any special event, festival or in the disaster situation (flood).

In all the cases, along with school, the community should know the proper uses of facilities, so that sustainability can be ensured with low O&M cost. This can be done through various IEC activities like plays, electronic media, print media and by mouth publicity.

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The school can take lead role in creating awareness among the communities or education department can come forward with WSSO/CCDU and Sate Sanitation Mission to design IEC materials on O&M.

3.9 Role of Voluntary/Non-Government Organization (NGOs)

The Role of Voluntary /Non-Government organization (NGOs) can be important especially in the creation of public awareness on issues like water proper use of hand pumps, cleaning of hand pump platform, toilets, hand washing station by users. Local NGOs can be engaged O&M purpose, where cost of maintenance can be charged for nominal user fee.

3.10 Reports and Record keeping against regular monitoring

A monitoring checklist for daily, weekly, monthly and quarterly monitoring, needs to be designed with specific assigned responsibility. To check the frequency of occurrence in infrastructural malfunction or in process negligence, all the monitoring records need to be preserved through a reports and record keeping system. In addition, a comprehensive list of existing infrastructural items, with spare parts needs to be maintained. So that, proper inventory management along with timely procurement can be done in time. Further, the cost of repairs may also reduce with the increase ofequipment’s life owing to the implementation of the maintenance program.

There are several institutional bodies at school level, which are responsible for the operation and maintenance (O&M) of water and sanitation facilities such as school children, parents, teachers, school administration, PTAs, School Management Committee (CMC). A good cleaning and maintenance system requires funds, spare parts, people and equipment, and a clear division of roles and responsibilities among the above actors.

4.1School Level Interventions

Roles & Responsibilities of Stakeholders

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4.1.1 School Children

4.1.2Mid-Day Meal Cook & Helper

4.1.3 Teachers

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4.1.4 Parents

4.1.5School Management Committee (SMC)/ Parent Teacher Association (PTA)

TeachersMonitor the state and use of water and sanitation facilitiesOrganise the care and maintenance of facilitiesEncourage schoolchildren to adopt appropriate behaviours at school and at home through hygiene educationEducate students about proper toilet use and handwashing, washing hands before meals and after toilet use including maintaining the cleanlinessFacilitate and supervise daily handwashing before mid day meal activities, supervise operation and maintenance of toilet, drinking water sources and handwashing facilities.Ensure that soap and water are always available at handwashing stands.Include supervision of water, sanitation and hygiene activities in teachers’ responsibilities and performance evaluationsGet involved in planning, oversight and ongoing management of water, sanitation and hygiene programme in consultation with students and parents; and participation in monitoring and corrective actions.ParentsEncourage children to comply with procedures for use and care of water and sanitation facilities at school, and develop positive hygiene behavioursSupport, or participate actively in, parent-teachers associations or similar bodiesConstruct water, sanitation and hygiene facilities at home and encourage children to use them properly.Promote healthy hygiene practices at home and in the community

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4.2 External Interventions

Advocates are found across sectors in many different roles. Corporate agencies, private sector companies, individuals and groups, state and national government and donors, civil societies and organisations, are all vital to improving, expanding and sustaining water and sanitation programmes in schools. An outline of actions includes:

4.2.1 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Fund from Corporate, Private Sectors and support from Foundations

Provide funding for installation of safe drinking water sources, toilet and handwashing facilities and support hygiene improvements in schoolsProvide finances for operation and maintenance of facilities, through Annual Maintenance Contracts.Partner with State Government, multinational agencies and UN bodies, leading NGOs and non-profit organisations having sufficiently long experience in working in the Education and Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Sector and Section 25

companies, local authorities and Panchayats, School Management Committees, to support schools that are in need of safe water, sanitation facilities and hygiene education.Provide the funding or materials necessary for health interventions, such as deworming treatments, as part ofa holistic school based programme.

SMC/PTAParticipate and contribute to the school based programmes by assisting with planning and oversight for the Swachh Vidyalaya programmeOrganise the setting of rules and operation and maintenance targets for water, sanitation and hygiene at school levelEnsure liaison with education authorities and other authorities at local and district levelsCreate conditions in which staff are motivated to achieve and maintain targetsDevelop and enforce rules when requiredEncourage parent-teachers liaisonContribute to recurrent costs of water, sanitation and hygiene related supplies such as soap and toilet paper.Participation in monitoring and corrective actions.

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4.2.2 Non GovernmentalOrganisation

Take active participation in capacity building in O&M management at school levelMake safe water, sanitation, hygiene and behaviour change in schools, a priority on your agenda,

includinginternal and external advocacy across sectorsWork in coordination with multiple stakeholders to ensure that your programmes are at scale and sustainable

4.2.2 Community Based Organisaations / Faith Based Organisations

Encourage participation of students, teachers and community members in all aspects of a clean school campaign, including planning,

construction, operation and maintenance, behaviour change, monitoringand evaluation.

Water

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"Water, Water, Everywhere...."We've heard the phrase, and for water, it really is true. Earth's water is (almost) everywhere: above the Earth in the air and clouds, on the surface of the Earth in rivers, oceans, ice, plants, in living organisms, and inside the Earth in the top few miles of the ground. About 70 per cent of the human body is water.

Below are two representations of where Earth's water resides. The left-side bar chart shows how almost all of Earth's water is saline and is found in the oceans. Of the small amount that is actually freshwater, only a relatively small portion is available to sustain human, plant, and animal life.

5.1 Sources of Water

Rainwater, oceans, rivers, lakes, streams, ponds and springs are natural sources of water. Dams, wells, tube wells, hand-pumps, canals, etc, are man-made sources of water.

5.1.1Rain Water

Rain water collects on the earth in the form of surface water and underground water.

5.1.2 Surface Water

Water present on the surface of the earth in the form of oceans, rivers, lakes, ponds and streams is called surface water. The water in rivers and lakes comes from rain and melting

of snow on mountains. Rivers flow into the sea.

5.1.3 Underground Water

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Some of the rainwater seeps through the soil on to the non-porous rocks below. This is underground water. Sometimes due to high pressure, this water sprouts out in the form of springs. It can be obtained by digging wells, sinking tube wells, etc.

5.2Water Quality

Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, biological, and radiological characteristics of water. It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose. It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance can be assessed. The most common standards used to assess water quality relate to health of ecosystems, safety of human contact and drinking water

There are mainly two types of water contamination, viz Bacteriological and Chemical, for which testing is required time to time.

5.2.1 Bacteriological Contamination

Human and animal wastes are a primary source of bacteria in water.In a country like India, practice of open defecation by more than half of the population remains primary cause for bacteriological contamination.

Bacterial contamination cannot be detected by sight, smell or taste. The only way to know if a water supply contains bacteria is to have it tested through H2S paper strip.It is normal to test water for an indicator bacterium called Escherichia Coli (E.Coli). This bacterium, from the coliform family, is found in the faeces of humans, warm blooded animals and birds. It is rarely found from any other source. The water is also tested for total coliform bacteria. These bacteria may be from an animal source, but can also be found in soil, rotting plant matter and on rusty surfaces, such as well lids.

If coliform bacteria and especially E.Coli are found in a supply it indicates the presence of harmful organisms from a human or animal source. As a short term measure it is advisable to boil all water before consuming it. A longer term method is to provide permanent treatment to your private water supply

As per NRDWP water quality monitoring protocol, the minimum requirement for bacteriological and chemical testing is twice and once respectively in a year, including all the schools. The

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school can collect the sample and send to local PHED laboratory or Govt accredited private laboratory for testing purpose. Based on the testing results, the school should take necessary actions to avail safe water to every student.Satisfactory results under the BIS Standard IS-10500- 2012 (second revision) is:

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5.2.1 Chemical Contamination

The phrase 'chemical contamination' is used to indicate situations where chemicals are either present where they shouldn’t be, or are at higher concentrations than they would naturally have occurred. Chemical contaminants can be found as organic and inorganic molecules in mass produced products used day to day by almost everybody. These include plastics, resins, pharmaceuticals, disinfectants, deodorants, detergents, petroleum products, road runoff, pesticides and biocides, along with the results of land fill and incineration.

Although, the reason behind few of the contaminated cases is purely geogenic (arsenic, fluoride etc), but most of the cases are manmade.

5.3Minimum standard of Water Quantity in School

The amount of potable water required for a pupil to remain healthy will depend upon many factors; size of child, climate, cultural and religious practices and activities carried out at school. The table below gives guidance on the minimum amount of water which should be available per pupil and per teacher and other staff members.

Total Coliforms 0 per 100 ml

E.Coli 0 per 100 ml

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Location of Water Points should be at least 10 meters away from latrines Water Point for each 100 students in schools Acceptable Arsenic concentration ≤ 50 μg/l1

Basic Quantities – Day Schools – 5 lpcd for children and staff Additional Quantities – Flushing toilets (10-20 lpcd), Pour flush toilets(1.3-3lpcd) One water tap for every 20 students for hand Washing

5.4 Water Sources at School

Rural water supply in Bangladesh is predominantly based on ground water. But identification of arsenic in ground water particularly in shallow aquifer causes threat on ground water based water supply system. The project emphasizes on arsenic issue for providing safe water to the community.

Arsenic has been identified in 271 upazilas of which 29% tube well are found arsenic contaminated in terms of Bangladesh standard (50ppb). Spreading pattern of arsenic is sporadic, not uniform. In one upazila, some unions are severally arsenic contaminated and some are not like that. However, arsenic contamination also varies with depth of aquifer for a particular place. Alternative sources are used under the guidance of DPHE.

5.4.1 Shallow tube well no. 6

Water is extracted from the shallow depth of unconfined- layer of the ground by this tube well. The depth of this tube well is generally 250 feet (75 meter). If the water layer is 25 feet deep from the pump head, the tube U no.6 or suction mood pump will be installed. The suction mood pump is the pump in which the planzer is used in the pump head for extracting water. If the water layer is far away than 25 feet, the suction mood pump does not work. The distance between tube well and latrine should be 30 feet.

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5.4.2 Deep tube well no. 6

Water is extracted from the shallow depth of unconfined-layer of the ground by this tube well. The depth of this tube well is generally more than 250 feet (75 meter). If the water layer is 25 feet deep from the pump head, the tube well no.6 or suction mood pump will be installed. The suction mood pump is the pump in which the planzer is used in the pump head for extracting water. If the water layer is far away than 25 feet, the suction mood pump does not work. The distance between tube well and latrine should be 30 feet.

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5.4.2 Shallow & Deep Tara Dev head pump

This tube well is such kind of tube well that can supply water more than Tara -II tube well from the water layer of the ground. The underground design is just like Tara-II & the pump head is like a box of T-shape. The T-shape handles are two types. One is 3:l technology based which has 33-100 feet ( 10-30 meter) capacity and other is 4.5:1 technology based which bas 100-147 feet (30-45 miter) capacity extraction efficiency.

5.4.2 Ring well (Pump no. 6)

Some of the part of Bangladesh (especially hill track area) is made of stone and stony layer. There is no such a sand layer of water, so the general installation of tube well is not possible. For that area the easy, economy and feasible technology is Ring well. Ring well is a well made by RCC ring and the well is covered by RCC

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cover. If the water layer is in 25 feet in the ring well, then hand pump tube well no. 6 is used to extract water. The distance between ring well and latrine should be at least 30 feet.

5.4.2 Ring well (Tara Dev head)

Some of the pali of Bangladesh (especially hill track area) is made of stone and stony layer. There is no such a sand layer of water, so the general installation of tube well is not possible. For that area the easy, economy and feasible technology is Ring well. Ring well is a well made by RCC ring and the well is covered by RCC cover. If the water layer is far away than 25 feet in the ring well, then Dev head hand pump tube well no. 6 is used to extract water. The distance between ring well and latrine should be at least 30 feet.

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5.4.1.1O&M Schedule of Hand Pump- DAILY

Sr No Indicator Responsible person Status of

observation Subsequent action

1Odor and color of the water is normal*

Dedicated school staff or teacher

Yes Mentioned the status in record book with inspection date

No Go for immediate water quality testing (biological & chemical both)

2Water stagnation in between platform of hand pump and soak pit through drainage system

A group of students

No Mentioned the status in record book with inspection date

YesFind out the point of stagnation and remove the obstruction to pass the spill out water to soak pit.

3

Stagnant water become breading place of mosquito, fly etc

No Make sure, the stagnant water can’t be the breading site.

Yes

Students can immediately clean the stagnation areas and remove the obstruction (if any) under the guidance of teachers. If designated cleaning staff is there, s/he should be engaged immediately.

4

Fittings of nuts, bolts and handle assembly are in proper condition

Dedicated Teacher (For primary or upper primary school) and Students from Higher classes (For others)


No

Inform to Public Works Department (PWD) or local assigned Hand Pump mechanics appointed by VWSC through school administration

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5.4.1.2 O&M Schedule of Hand Pump- WEEKLY



1 Hand pump is firm on its base A group of students

Yes Mentioned the status in record book with inspection date.

NoInform to Public Works Department (PWD) or local assigned Hand Pump mechanics appointed by VWSC through school administration

2 Flange bolts fastening the water chamber to the pedestal are tight

Dedicated trained# staff/teacher or student group



3 The handle axle nut and lock nut is tighten



4 Flange bolts and nuts are loose

No Mentioned the status in record book with inspection date.

YesInform to Public Works Department (PWD) or local assigned Hand Pump mechanics appointed by VWSC through school administration

5.4.1.3 O&M Schedule of Hand Pump- MONTHLY



1 Chain anchor bolt is in proper position

Dedicated trained# staff/teacher or student group



2 Rusty patches are visible on the body of the pump or not

Yes Mentioned the status in record book with inspection date.No Inform to Public Works Department (PWD) or local assigned

Hand Pump mechanics appointed by VWSC through school

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administration

5.1.4 O&M Schedule of Hand Pump- ANNUALY



1 Annual cleaning inside of the pump Dedicated trained

staff


No Report to SMC to take necessary action to intimate local mechanics or Annual Maintenance Contract (AMC) agency

2 Greasing of all components. Yes Mentioned the status in record book with inspection date

No Report to SMC to take necessary action to intimate local mechanics or Annual Maintenance Contract (AMC) agency

3 Discharge is satisfactory A group of students Yes Mentioned the status in record book with inspection dateNo Inform to Public Works Department (PWD) or local assigned

Hand Pump mechanics appointed by VWSC through school administration

4 Handle is shaky No Mentioned the status in record book with inspection dateYes Inform to Public Works Department (PWD) or local assigned


5Chain is worn out

Dedicated trained staff

No Mentioned the status in record book with inspection dateYes Inform to Public Works Department (PWD) or local assigned


6 Roller chain guide is excessively worn out

No Mentioned the status in record book with inspection dateYes Inform to Public Works Department (PWD) or local assigned


7Repair of Hand Pump platform A group of students Required Contact with local mason for repairing the damage part

Not required Mentioned the status in record book with inspection date

5.4.2 Dug Wells/Sanitary Wells

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Dug wells vary in size, shape, depth, lining and the method of raising water. Typically water is lifted by a simple bucket and rope passing over a pulley. The well may have a diameter of about 1.5 to 6meters. It may be lined for example with plain concrete/RCC/hollow concrete blocks/stones masonry /brick blocks etc. with headwall with fencing and cover to prevent spilt water, rainfall runoff, debris, people and animals from entering or falling inside. A concrete apron/platform is also critical to prevent polluted water seeping back down the sides of the well and direct water away from the well into drainage channels.

For daily O&M activities, engagement of student group (3-4 students from various classes) is essential, not only for the cleaning purpose but also to be a change agent in society. An office staff from school or any teacher is required to train on basic well maintenance management as a WASH-Incharge, who can monitor/carry out weekly and monthly O&M tasks.

Aprivate fitter may be needed to repair the well pulley. Skilled labour (mason) is needed to work with the WASH-Incharge on yearly O&M tasks and to repair the concrete apron and support posts for the pulley, if required. Materials and equipment include the bucket and rope, fencing, support posts, brush, digging and hand tools, cement, pulley and pulley shaft and bearings, and masonry tools to be provided to the WASH-Incharge.

5.4.2.1 O&M Schedule of Dug Well/Sanitary Well- DAILY

The daily, Monthly and Annual activities should include the following O&M activities:

Sr No Indicator Responsible

personStatus of


1Any debris in the well by regular visual inspection

Student Group Yes Students can immediately clean the debris and remove the obstruction under the guidance of teachers. If designated cleaning staff is there, s/he should be engaged immediately.

No Mentioned the status in record book with inspection date2 Cleanliness of the concrete Yes Mentioned the status in record book with inspection date

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apronNo

Students can immediately clean the debris and remove the obstruction under the guidance of teachers. If designated cleaning staff is there, s/he should be engaged immediately.

3 Draining of spill out water is clear


No Make sure, the drain is cleaned on regular basis by students or designated cleaning staff

4 Gate/covering of the well is closed (if any)

Yes Mentioned the status in record book with inspection dateNo Inform to Teacher –in-charge to take action

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Condition of the rope, pulley, bucket and fence are good by regular visual inspection


NoPoint out the item/s and report to Teacher-in-charge about the poor condition of the same along with buffer time to replace

5.4.2.2O&M Schedule of Dug Well/Sanitary Well- MONTHLY



1Proper condition of the concrete apron and well seal through visual inspection Student Group


NoInform to Teacher-In-charge and with the approval of SMC repair them with cement mortar

2 Condition of bucket is good Yes Mentioned the status in record book with inspection date

No Inform to Teacher-In-charge and with the approval of SMC, the broken one can be replaced

3Disinfection done through chlorination


Yes Take the sample and send for the testing of residual chlorine

No Take the sample and send it for biological testing and inform the same to Teacher-in-charge

4Recording of the water level with a rope-scale

Yes Report to the VWSC through school administrationNo Do it immediately

5Lubrication of the components with grease


No Report to School administration to take necessary action to intimate VWSC or local contractual mechanic

5.4.2.3O&M Schedule of Dug Well/Sanitary Well- ANNUALLY

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4Support posts for the pulley need to be changed Trained staff/External

Expert

Yes Inform to Teacher-In-charge and with the approval of SMC, it can be replaced


5.4.3 Tube wells and Dug wells with Pump Sets

A tube well is a type of water well in which a long 100–350 mm diameter stainless steel tube or pipe is bored into an underground aquifer. The depth of the wells depends on the depth of the water level in the Aquifer.

Boreholes may be fully cased and screened in overburden/alluvium strata and the top of the borehole shall be sealed to prevent pollution through percolation of water into the borehole. Typically, the pump house or fabricated panel box is located next to the borehole and housed with the control panel for operation of the electric pump. The manufacturer’s O&M manuals should essentially be followed.

5.4.3.1 O&M Schedule of Tube wells and Dug wells with Pump Sets - DAILY


personStatus of


1 Pump house is cleaned Student Group

Yes Mentioned the status in record book with inspection dateNo Inform to Teacher-in-charge as well as WASH Inharge

2 water is being delivered normally

WASH Incharge


No Mentioned the same in report and inform to SMC for calling expert mechanics

3 Leaks in the rising main Yes Mentioned the same in report and inform to SMC for calling expert mechanics

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4Abnormal sound of pumping machinery by listening the changes in noise level.

Yes Mentioned the same in report and inform to SMC for calling expert mechanics


5.4.3.2O&M Schedule of Tube wells and Dug wells with Pump Sets – ANNUALLY


personStatus of


1 Remove the pump and rising main from the well WASH

Incharge Inspection

In case of any abnormality or damage, inform SMC for corrective measures

2 Check pipe threads and re-cut corroded or damaged threads

Replace badly corroded pipes

5.4.2 Pipe water supply

In this method an overhead tank is set up which is connected to submersible pump or with the pipe line of municipality. Water is collected from production shallow or deep tube well and preserved in the overhead tank. Generally pipe water supply technology is installed in the area where community latrine or public latrine exists. The overhead tank is installed on the roof of the community or public latrine. There is electric meter by which the monthly electricity bill is calculated .Tap stand is installed in the surrounding community area for the beneficiary by connecting pipe to the overhead tank where water is preserved.

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5.4.4.1 Piped Water Supply- DAILY


personStatus of


1Overhead tank is filled uptomarked level (if any)


Yes Mentioned the status in record book with inspection dateNo Find out the reason (no supply/short time supply/low pressure etc) and

inform the same to Teacher-In-Charge2 Odor and color of the Supplied

water is normal*

Student Group

Yes Mentioned the status in record book with inspection dateNo Go for immediate water quality testing (biological & chemical)

3 No water leakage through visual inspection

Yes Mentioned the status in record book with inspection dateNo Point out the leakage area and inform the same to school immediately

4All the water taps are functional Yes Mentioned the status in record book with inspection date

No Point out the specific area and inform the status to school, so that it can be repaired quickly through plumber

5.4.4.2Piped Water Supply- MONTHLY


personStatus of


1

1The cover of the overhead tank is on place

Dedicated staff/ teacher

Yes Mentioned the status in record book with inspection dateNo Inform to SMC immediately and arrange for temporary cover till the

original come in force

5.4.4.3Piped Water Supply- ANNUALLY


personStatus of


1 Cleaning of overhead tank Dedicated staff/ teacher

Yes At least once in year the overhead tank need to be cleaned completelyNo At least once in year the overhead tank need to be cleaned completely

5.4.2 Rain water harvesting system

Rain water harvesting system is such a system by which the water is collected in the rainy season and preserved it in hygienic way for the whole year as drinking water. In this system, the water is collected & preserved in a tank: from the roof through a gutter. Then the water is served through tap or tube well.

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5.4.2 Pond Sand Filter

The pond sand filter is a manually operated filtration unit built by the side of a pond which treats pond water by using the principle of slow sand filtration. Ponds of various sizes (most commonly though 100 –200 m/sq.) are ubiquitous in Bangladesh. There is strong political will that arsenic affected areas revert to surface water (pond) usage. Ponds were the traditional water sources before the massive shift by the rural population of Bangladesh to the pathogen free (and what was thought to be 35 years ago, chemically safe) groundwater.

Most of the ponds in Bangladesh are extremely polluted, (pesticides being the most problematical) many are used for pisciculture, bathing, washing clothes, animals have easy access, all creating a pollution load which is exceptionally high, so that care must be taken in promoting the technology as safe.

Water is pumped by a hand pump from a screened intake (can be floating) to discharge into a pre-filter chamber followed into the 3 chamber sand filter, the roughing filter chamber, the main sand filter and then into the storage chamber from where it drawn by taps.

5.5 Residual Chlorine Testing at School

Schools, which have reservoirs for local water treatment, should have onsite residual chlorine testing facility on daily basis. As it does not require any special expertise, a staff/teacher from school can conduct the same after initial training. For higher secondary schools, the students from class XI-XII can be engaged for testing purpose.

A minimum free chorine residual of 0.2 mg/lit at the receiving reservoir of a transmission system is needed to be maintained. Absence of residual chlorine could indicate potential presence of

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contamination in transmission system.

The following steps which are required to be taken are:

1. Testing of residual chlorine2. Checking the chlorination equipment at the start of the transmission system.3. Searching for source of contamination along the transmission system which has caused

the increase in chlorine demands.4. Immediate rectification of the source of contamination

5.6 Drinking Water Station

In many schools, a container of drinking water, i.e., a drinking water station, used to be placed in each classroom or adjacent to each classroom. Mostly, it is a simple plastic bucket with a tap and lid on a metal stand. It is always good to place a receptacle on the floor directly under the tap to catch water that drips from the faucets. The drinking water station needs to be filled each morning and topped up at least once per day. Thirsty pupils are distracted learners and may wander off in search of water.

The water should be collected in a closed container from the borehole to prevent the water from getting dirty. Pupils should ideally each have a water bottle or cup. Sharing drinking vessels can spread disease. Cups should be placed off the floor, hung from nails, or placed on a clean rack. They must be washed daily with soap and water.

Drinking water containers must be cleaned once a week by emptying the water and washing the container with soap and water and bleach.

5.6 Potential problems & solutions in Water Supply System

Potential Problems

Causes problems Troubleshooting(A) tara / taradev tube

But the amount of water that is less than the first pressure

There is an error in any part of crushed Assembly:

A) The parts are not in the right position.

B) the bucket, crushed or torn to bhalba decay.

Check the parts required to pump up crushed Assembly restored or replaced.

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After several baracapara comes to water.

Any errors bhalba foot assembly parts:A) the correct position of the feet bhalba Assembly.B) bhalba feet, or in the middle of bhalbaphete chidrrabara or open the flap.

C) orim loss, torn or taken off.

Bhalba foot pump to exhume the Assembly to restore or change the required parts.

It is hard to handle when pressed.

A) planted, it may be a new bucket.

B) The bucket can sometimes be reversed.

When it gradually becomes the new bucket. The change must be overturned bucket new bucket.

I did not come to light handle haoyaebam water.

Rod connector screw pump and lower parts of the decaying become disconnected.

call the DPHE Mechanic

Soil with water coming. A) PVC pipe to connect the ground to be damaged.

B) to paipaphete PVC


Sand with water coming. Has burst pipes or filters. call the DPHE Mechanic(B) No. 6 shallow / deep tube wells

The first to come under pressure from the water or from water several times after pressing.

Any sitabhalba AssemblyThe error:A) Assembly seat bhalba nathaka the right place.B) any part of sitabhalba to rent or broken.

C) bhalba seat of the screw to open.

Bhalba Assembly seat from the pump to restore or change parts required to check off.

It is pretty tough to handle the press.

A) planted, it may be a new bucket.

B) The bucket can sometimes be reversed.

A) If it is a new bucket is just slowly.

B) inverted bucket new bucket put geleta change.

Soil with water coming. A) The GI pipe and PVC pipe connections being tossed to the ground.

B) PVC pipe bursting.


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Sand with water coming. Has burst pipes or filters. call the DPHE Mechanic

Rain water saving methodsAlways read the tap water Bhalba tap is broken or the patch. Tap to change

Drainage pipe and krapa

Always with water

Socket and screw cap or lose And to change or sockets krapa

With proper water inlet pipe does not enter tranke

Paste is the right place to kyacamentera garter and was fitted with the necessary dhalute

Garter and put it back correctly

Tap on a pipe or drainage of water all the time with the beginning of the fall

Tap on a pipe or droeinajera race has been moved


Or the base of the reservoir body

Or on the basis of the hole reservoir


Never in the water for no reason

Not properly cleaning the reservoir

At first, the rain water to flush.

Pond Sand Filter(PSF)Call the water is not.

6. Calls pressure is not working.

Call to repair pressure.

AP BSF dry bed 1. Drena bhalaba holes or damaged due to fate.

II. Any cracks or breaks due to the filter wall

3. Corrupted or broken PST F. letting out bhalaba

4. Sand height can be reduced

1chidra or loss drena bhalera

The new bulb will paribrate lageta.

II. Ayalera filter cracks or broken parts

Cobblestone, mixed with sand and cement

Pastara be comprehensive.

3. Corrupted or broken PST F. letting out

Instead, put a new bhalaba

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Clean water into the tank of water or water coming odor.

1. AP BSF rot or dirt accumulation on the bed may cause odor.

II. The smell of rot or dirt buildup on the stones can cause.

3. Eyarasana tray broken oxygen can be reduced odor.

4. Unclean water supply tank can cause the water smell

5. If you do not regularly clean the stone chamber bhalaba drain water may cause odor.

6. Do not clean the filter regularly to drain the water inside the water supply stink

may be

1. Dirty Rotten on bed

To clean up the garbage, prayajane

To clean the sand off the top of the sand and must be attached.

II. Dirty rotten rubbish on the rocks

To be fair and regular gate bhalaba

Shall be opened.

3. Iyaresana tray a little damaged or broken parts

Cut to a new part of the pair

More and more it will be broken

However, a new tray should be established.

4. Sarabareyaha water tank Powder bicim

The need to clean up.

5. Regular stone chamber drain bhalaba

Open to dirt and water out

Clean water until

We have to wait.

6. Water supply inside the filter drain

Dirt to be cleaned regularly.

If it is not a problem of burden

Major repairs call the DPHE Mechanic

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Handwashing is simple but serious! It's particularly important in schools, where lots of things are shared - desks, books, pencils, food and even germs. Without proper hand cleaning, a single infection can quickly spread among students, teachers, family and friends.

Setting up of an infrastructure for handwashing in a school is not enough. Some critical points to be considered are

Different schools have different handwashing unit design requirements.

Simply front loading and providing infrastructure, in advance, is not the best way to intervene.

The basic and most critical requirement that must precede the physical infrastructure is investment of time and allocation of resources to build awareness, basic orientation and training.

It is also important to be flexible and allow ownership in design to be brought into the

Handwashing StationIncluding before eating or preparing food and after using the toilet – can reduce diarrhoea rates by almost 40 per cent (3IE 2009).Handwashing at critical times Such as primary schools and daycare centres reduce the incidence of diarrhoea by an average of 30 per cent (Cochrane 2008).Handwashing in institutionsCan play a role in reducing absenteeism among primary school children. In China, promotion and distribution of soap in primary schools resulted in 54 per cent fewer days of absence among students compared to schools without such an intervention (Bowen et al 2007).Handwashing promotion in schools

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5.6 Group Handwashing

Like other WASH components, UNICEF always encouraged for Group Handwashing system in schools, which not only facilitate peer group learning, but also becomes fun loving practice in a cost effective way. There are various kinds of handwashing stations based on regional innovation.

5.6.1 Group Handwashing Station-Design principle

Every child – including those facing disability must be able to access and use handwashing facility. This means paying adequate attention to the quality and uniformity of technical design at beginning, not only reduce O&M burden, but also ensure accessibility of the services to all. The challenge is to imbibe and physically embody the following key elements in the design to facilitate behaviour change:Group Handwashing station DesignInclusive and IntuitiveSimplePeer Group LearningTime SavingChild Friendly DetailingAs per needLocation specificSimple infrastructureWater conservingVandalism proofLow maintenenceDrainageRegular cleaningScalableCost effective

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5.6.2 Orientation and Training on Group Handwashing

Training of children on how to wash hands more efficiently without using excess water is important. The rate of flow of water from taps is very high, with the maximum flow touching as high as 10 litres per minute. Children, if not trained, usually do not turn off the taps while applying soap and rubbing their hands; hence most of the clean water goes wasted at a very high rate. This wastage may be controlled by:

Using only 1/3rd flow of tap to reduce water output without compromising on quality of hand wash. Sensitisation of children about closing taps when not used.

Use of detergents meant for washing utensils or clothes must be discouraged as soap for hand wash since these may not be good for prolonged use on tender hands of children. (Assam)

Instead of common towel, it is best to airdry hands by vigorous shaking of palms. (Assam) Children should not touch any surface after washing their hands and before eating food. This must be reinforced further.

5.6.3 Operation and Maintenance

To ensure constant use of handwashing facility, it is advisable to engage two staffs/SMC members for O&M purpose after their training.

5.6.3.1O&M- DAILY


personStatus of


1 Filling of water pot or overhead tank, connecting handwashing pipe line to avail running water

Child Cabinet/ Student Group

Yes Mentioned the status in record book with inspection dateNo Fill it immediately, before mid-day meal

2 Availability of soap/liquid handwash

Yes Mentioned the status in record book with inspection dateNo Inform the Teacher-in-charge, and re place the hand washing agent in

the station3 Cleanliness of the Handwashing

unitsYes Every day, the child cabinet should take the stock of the situation of

basin, standing platform including surrounding. After satisfactory observation, the status can be mentioned in record book with inspection date

No Immediately bring it to the notice of concerned teacher, who can engage a group of students or cleaning staff to clean it

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4 Functionality of water taps (wherever available)

Yes Mentioned the status in record book with inspection dateNo Report to concerned teacher, along with number of defunct units.

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Schools provide excellent opportunities to support sanitation and hygiene promotion programs. The curriculum naturally offers opportunities to teach about dirt and disease and what can practically be done to improve health through better sanitation and hygiene. Construction and use of appropriate child friendly sanitary facilities (handwashing stations, soap and toilets) can be especially effective in reducing the incidence of diarrhea.

Schools may be better locations in which to enforce certain behaviors in children than the home. Schools can also provide an arena where sanitation can be shown at its best, and certain positive hygienic behaviors (hand washing with soap before eating and after going to the toilet) can become an engrained habit at a young age.

Open defecation can cause multiple damages to physical health of us as well as environmental condition. Germs can be spread through various mediums, from excreta to mouth.

1. Through handa) After defecation if you do not clean/WASH hands with soap or ash.b) That the hands are actually exposed to the mall anyway (sisurayakhana

crawls on the ground, or when children play or adults to clean the stool), and if you do not bhalo bhabe pariskara hands.

c) Hands well with soap or ash after defecation dhuye khabara not ready with the meal ebansei hatekhele dirt and grime hand basanapatre use.

d) Hands thoroughly with soap before meals and food intake is not clear.

2. Through the fooda) If the flea stool or toilet after sitting on the diet, then mix up the food

through the bowel bacteria will enter the body.b) The food is not cooked thoroughly before cooking, or when it is not

fully clear.

Sanitation

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3. Watera) The human body, bacteria can spread through water contaminated by faeces.

4. Through the soila) If the stool to the ground soil microbes can be spread through the human body.

6.1 School Led Total Sanitation (SLTS)

SLTS is a new program approach, which aims at empowering schools and communities for eliminating Open Defecation (OD) from schools’ catchments and promoting Hygiene and Sanitation (HS). SLTS recognizes the school as an entry point and student as the change agents. This program encourages communities to move towards TS. Unlike the conventional approaches of HS that had focused mainly on increasing the number of toilets, SLTS aims to achieve universal toilet coverage within the given program areas (school catchments) followed by good hand washing and hygiene behavior. The main assumption of SLTS is that the exploration of self-esteem of student, teacher and the community people is a basis of sustainability of HS behavior. Schools are generally fixed institutions and this can positively impact on the sustainability of any committee established and linked with them (Pretus et. al: 2008). The rewards and recognition which are the affirmative actions of SLTS stimulate sanitation promoter to work with full of devotion and vigor. Reduction in HS related diseases, enhancement of quality education and student's leadership skills and innovations in HS promotions are the key result areas. The following facts demand the SLTS program approach:

ODF

School

Community

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6.2 Operating and maintaining of Sanitary Facilities in School

As per the Swachh Bharat SwachhVidyalaya Guideline (SBSV), schools must have separate toilet for boys and girls, with one unit generally having one toilet (WC) plus 3 urinals. The ratio to be maintained is preferably one unit for every 40 students

Simple Pit Latrine

Now a days, most of the schools go for septic tank based toilet structure, where few remain on twin pit pour flush latrine mode.

To maintain this type of latrine properly, monitoring is badly needed.

A committee for operation & maintenance of latrine bas to be formed The committee will select a caretaker to take care of the latrine operation and maintenance At first an amount of 5000 taka is to be deposited for the operation and maintenance of the latrine (includ ing pipe

water supply) Beside the primary fluid, monthly contribution money is to be fixed for operating & maintaining the sanitation

infrastructure based on the expenditure incmTed

SLTS triggering to schools and community were conducted at the same day, because it is proven to be more effective

Children triggering has the same approach with adult triggering but adopted to more child friendly manner

The children in schools are contributing to speed up the ODF process of the community through monitoring

The children in schools are doing follow up hygiene promotion/education (washing hands, tooth brush, cutting nail, etc)

When the children triggered they normally think on how to stop “eating” shit

When children found the elderly people is going to open defecation then they request them not to open defecate if you did it please cover it with soil. If you did not do it I will cover it with soil. This technique found more effective to convince the elderly people to stop open defecation

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A bank account with joint signatories of President and Secretary has to be opened for operation and maintenance expenditure

The following things should be given importance for operating & maintaining the infrastructure properly-

The responsibility of the caretaker-

o The latrine and the surrounding area should be cleaned by Harpic or Bleaching powdero For cleaning purpose, Finile & bleaching powder should be storedo Latrine, bathroom and the surrounding area of the tubewell should be cleaned one day in every weeko If the water point exists beside the latrine, the reservoir, meter-pit and supply line should be maintained regularlyo Should check the water supply so that water will be available in the latrineo Should check whether the users wash their hand with soap/ash after using latrine

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Latrine and the surrounding area should be cleaned every early morning and night with Finile and bleaching powder. If the area is clean and insect free, the user will feel easy to use it.

The cleaning process of water reservoir of the latrine-

o At first the stored water would be pumped out from the reservoir. Then the reservoir needs to be cleaned properly. The bottom, walls and roof of the reservoir will be cleaned by the brush with bleaching powder and dry it with cloths

o Then the entire part of the reservoir should be cleaned again 10 gm bleaching powder mixed with water . (2500 liter capacity tank needs 500 gm bleaching powder)

o The dry reservoir needs to be kept empty for half an hour and then it would be washed again by the clean water and after that water would be stored

o The bacteriological test should be done after every 3 months and if there is any bacteriological germs, then bleaching powder (chlorination ) can be used

Septic Tank

Along with above mentioned measures, the following points are vital for septic tank,

The cleaning process of septic tank-

o If the tank is filled up, the committee will take necessary measureo The sweeper will take out the waste from the tank in a hygienic way and dispose it in a designated placeo The waste water of washing cloths and other should not be entered in the latrine pano If Vaccutag or desludging machine is available, it would be used for excreta removal

Eco San Toilet

o User will carry water before using the latrine every timeo The water pot is kept at the right side of the pan or any other convenient placeo Cover will be opened by the left hand and kept in a feasible distance from the pano Keep the leg on the front side of footpace and minate and evacuate in respective holes

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o After defecation take ash in hands and move back one or two pace, put the ash on the stoolo Wash the hand with hand-wash (soap/ash) after using the latrineo Cover the stools with adequate asho Cover the hole with the shade after defecationo Do the anal washing at designated placeo Close the door after using latrineo Wash the hands with soap or ash after leaving the latrine

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Maintenance of Eco-toilet

If water is poured into the stool-chamber, those should be covered by enough ashes The entire part of the pan should be cleaned properly by the broom/brush The floor of the latrine is to be washed by wet cloths The surroundings of the floor should be cleaned with half wet cloth Sometimes the stool has to be shifted slightly by a specially made handle The evaporation bed should be stirred occasionally so that the used water can soak into the ground

through the brick bats The connector pipe of the urination tank is to be connected tightly and properly After every 6 months the back door of the toilet chamber is to be opened for collecting compost Compost is to be collected by spade The compost is to be dried properly in the sunlight covering by black polythine After 15 days the compost is taken from the black polythine and again dried it in sunlight

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6.2.1 O&M of Toilet

6.2.1.1O&MToilet- DAILY


personStatus of


1Filling of water in overhead tank/storing tank or bucket


Yes Mentioned the status in record book with inspection dateNo Find out the reason (no supply/short time supply/low pressure etc) and

inform the same to Teacher-In-Charge

2 Toilets are cleaned before starting of the school

Student Group

Yes Mentioned the status in record book with inspection dateNo Immediately bring it into the notice of Teacher-In-Charge or

concerning person, who is responsible for clening

3 Soaps and detergents are available in toilet

Yes Mentioned the status in record book with inspection dateNo Inform the Teacher-in-charge, and re place the hand washing agent in

the station

4Buckets and mugs are available Yes Mentioned the status in record book with inspection date

No Inform the Teacher-in-charge, and re place / arrange the same from store room or from local market

5 No water leakage from pipe Yes Mentioned the status in record book with inspection dateNo Inform the Teacher-in-charge and ensure immediate plumbing work by

local plumber 6 Light and exhaust fan is

working (where available)Yes Mentioned the status in record book with inspection dateNo Inform the Teacher-in-charge and ensure immediate repairing through

licensed electrician

6.2.1.2O&MToilet- WEEKLY


personStatus of


1Covers are rightly placed on Pits or Septic tank Student

Group

Yes Mentioned the status in record book with inspection dateNo Inform the Teacher-in-charge and SMC, so that arrangement for

covering can be done immediately2 The upper end of the vent pipe Yes Mentioned the status in record book with inspection date

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of septic tank properly netted No Immediately bring it into the notice of Teacher-In-Charge and netted it

3 Spreading of bleaching powder Yes Mentioned the status in record book with inspection dateNo Inform the Teacher-in-charge, so that spreading can happen on regular

basis

6.2.1.3O&M Toilet- MONTHLY


personStatus of


1 Checking leakage of service line to septic tank or pits /pan/ water flush Cleaning

Staff

Yes Mentioned the status in record book with inspection dateNo Inform the Teacher-in-charge and SMC so that correction can be made

2Whether the tank or pit (mostly rainy season) is overflowing or not

Yes Mentioned the status in record book with inspection dateNo Immediately bring it into the notice of Teacher-In-Charge and put

requisition to local sludge management authority to empty the pits. Till that time the connecting toilets should not be used further.

6.2.2 The Girls’ Washroom

Senior girl pupils are particularly concerned about privacy and menstrual hygiene management. If you don’t have a working piped water system, make sure that the water tank for the girls’ washroom is filled first thing in the morning and again around noon. If there are no water tanks, make sure the washroom has a bucket filled with water and some soap. Like the toilets, the washroom must be cleaned every day. Girls must have the opportunity and privacy to wash themselves and change their sanitary towels or pads during menstruation; otherwise they will stay away from school and potentially drop out. Used pads should be put down the drop hole in the washroom or adjacent toilet. In schools with water borne systems used pads should be put in bins provided for this purpose in readiness for incineration.

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6.3 Cleaning and Maintenance Tasks

The cleaning solutions, chemicals and disinfectant that are used should ideally be ones that provide at least a 99.9% effective sterility and germ kill and are effective against MRSA, E Coli, and other forms of bacteria. The onus is on the suppliers of these products to provide the relevant safety data sheets, as well as any other pertinent literature. Always work from the cleanest area to the dirtiest area in the following group order:

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Order and Color Items

DAILY

Clean 1st

Yellow cloth with red border

• Taps • Wash basins (including undersides), splash backs and vanity tops • Butler sinks • Soap dispensing facilities • Hand drying facilities, including underside and surround areas • Cubicle door handles and locks, including undersides • Toilet flush handles (including undersides) or knobs • Mirrors • Internal glass e.g. on entrance/exit doors • Bins; clean outside: clean inside if visibly dirty • Exterior of sanitary product dispensers • Exterior of sanitary disposal facilities

Clean 2nd Red cloth

• WCs, including under the rim, and not forgetting the underside of seats and lids • Pipe work around WCs, washbasins and sinks

Clean Last Red handled mop and bucket

• Floors • Skirting

WEEKLYYellow cloth with red border

• Washing walls • Radiators • Wipe clean ledges, tops of door frames, tops of cubicles • De-scale build-up of lime scale on washbasin and sink bowls,

taps.

MONTHLYYellow cloth with red border

• Windows (included in regular window cleaning schedule) • Behind radiators • Lights • Air vents and ventilation systems • Ceilings

EVERY TERM

Deep Clean Using Specialist Service Provider & Equipment

Tasks that the deep clean company should carry out: Remove the hidden build-up of uric scale and lime scale in the

pipes and traps, wall / floor and WC / urinal and washbasin junctions.

De-scale and steam wash at high temperature to remove accumulated dirt and stains, including in hard to clean places;

All WCs, washbasins, showers, mechanisms, floors and wall and floor junctions

Scrub and leave spotless Ceilings, walls, tiles, grouting, lights, vents, windows, mirrors,

ventilation systems

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Notes:

Remove any marks from Walls, Cubicle partitions and Doors Also: Remove graffiti Report problems and defects Refill toilet paper, soap, paper towels. Fill in cleaning audit checklist and the faults and repair form.

6.4 Detailed Description of Cleaning Methods

The following diagram indicates the areas that are likely to be the dirtiest, or pose the highest risk:

The toilets should be cleaned at least twice daily in medium to high traffic areas. Always start from the least dirty then move on to most dirty...leaving the cleaning and

mopping of the” traffic” areas” till last. Ensure that you have the correct color equipment

RED cloths, mops and buckets for higher risk areas such as toilets and toilet floors. Yellow cloths (with red border) for, wash hand basins, mirrors and other fixtures (including cubicle door handles), which represent lower risk areas.

Start cleaning the toilets from in the green area, then move on to the red areas. The yellow area, or walkway, should be done last to prevent slips and trips.

You should apply the toilet bowl and urinal cleaner / sanitizer to these units before commencing with the washbasin area. This will allow the disinfectant enough contact time to be effective.

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Remember that red cloths should only be used for WC’s and SHOULD NOT be used in the other areas. Cleaning cloths should be color coded and only used in appropriate areas to avoid cross-contamination (the spread of germs from one area to another). Red buckets and red handled mops only are to be used in the toilets.

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Reducing waste at school instills a culture of responsible waste management in students while helping schools reduce their waste bill. With some creativity and a simple change of habit, schools can watch their dumpster size (and waste bill) shrink.

7.1 Zero Waste Management at School

Zero waste maximizes recycling, minimizes waste, reduces consumption and ensures that the products are made to be reused, repaired and recycled back into nature or the market place

Effective waste management can only be achieved by imparting appropriate subject knowledge among all the stakeholders including students, teachers, staffs, SMC/PTA members etc. An orientation program on the basic understanding of waste identification, segregation, onsite treatment, packaging, transportation and disposal need to be conducted including all the stakeholders. A brief on the categorization of waste is mentioned below,

Waste is any material/liquid that is thrown away as unwanted. As per physical properties, waste can be categorized as:

7.1.1 Solid Waste

Any waste other than human excreta, urine & waste water, is called solid waste. Solid waste in rural areas generally includes-house sweeping, kitchen waste, garden waste, cattle dung & waste from cattle sheds, agro waste, broken glass, metal, waste paper, plastic, cloths, rubber, waste from markets & shopping areas, hotels, etc. Solid waste can also be defined as the organic and inorganic waste materials produced by households, commercial & industrial establishments that have no economic value to the owner.

Solid & Liquid Waste Management (SLWM)

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Non-Biodegradable items are classified into two different groups:

7.1.1 Liquid Waste

Used & unwanted water is called waste water. Broadly, there are two types of waste water,

Waste that are completely decomposed by biological processes either in presence or in absence of air are called biodegradable. e.g. kitchen waste, animal dung, agricultural waste etcWaste which cannot be decomposed by biological processes is called non-biodegradable waste. Recyclable: waste having economic values but destined for disposal can be recovered and reused along with their energy value. e.g. plastic, paper, old cloth etcNon-recyclable: Waste which do not have economic value of recovery e.g. tetra packs, carbon paper, thermo coal etc.

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7.2How to reduce waste at School

All the stakeholders at school level, including students, teachers and surrounding community members can take active participation in reducing and reusing waste at school level. Follow these tips to reduce and reuse at school:

7.2.1 Waste segregation at Source

There should be different colored dustbin for bio-degradable (Green colored), non-biodegradable, recycled solid waste (Blue colored) & non-biodegradable, non-recycled solid waste (yellow colored) in sufficient number in school. Through the knowledge imparting session and continued awareness campaign, all the students including teachers and other staffs should be encouraged to put the right kind of waste in right dustbin. Students should be oriented to use green dustbin to put their excess lunch. For their understanding a brief list is provided bellow,

Waste water generated in the toilet is called “Black water”. It contains harmful pathogensWaster water generated in the kitchen, bathroom and laundry is called “Greywater”. It may also contain pathogens.

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7.2.2Reduce Waste at Lunch

Simple steps in Mid-Day Meal,

Take the quantity that one can consume. Take a small quantity of lunch at beginning and later on supplement it with one’s

additional demand. Use reusable utensils and cloth napkin that can be washed and used again. If anybody brings lunch from home, try to pack only as much food as one will really eat.

The message can be printed and pasted as Waste-Free Lunch Guidelines in eating areas.

7.2.3Reduce Paper Waste

In the classroom/Admin Office

Create a paper reuse center. Set up a box (a lid of a copy paper box works well) where people can put paper that has only been used on one side. Reuse this paper for calculations or drafts, or use it to make pads for taking notes.

Encourage students to turn in homework on the back of used paper, such as notices from school or old letterhead.

If you work on a computer, run a “spell check” on your work on the screen before printing and print double sided.

Encourage students to use both sides of notebook pages when they take notes. Use a projector or blackboard to help reduce the amount of photocopied information distributed in class. Buy classroom materials that are durable and, if possible, include recycled content.

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7.2.4Schedule an Exchange or Rummage Sale

All the non-biodegradable & non-recyclable waste can be stored and letter on sold to local vender. This will give little bit monitory income, which can be further used to maintain environmental sanitation.

7.2.5Use waste material for creative art work at school

It is possible to use various waste materials including paper, plastic, broken furniture, wire into useful recyclable product through the art and culture class session. The student can take participation under the supervision of teacher and obeying the safety protocol.

In the classroom/Admin Office

Create a paper reuse center. Set up a box (a lid of a copy paper box works well) where people can put paper that has only been used on one side. Reuse this paper for calculations or drafts, or use it to make pads for taking notes.

Encourage students to turn in homework on the back of used paper, such as notices from school or old letterhead.

If you work on a computer, run a “spell check” on your work on the screen before printing and print double sided.

Encourage students to use both sides of notebook pages when they take notes. Use a projector or blackboard to help reduce the amount of photocopied information distributed in class. Buy classroom materials that are durable and, if possible, include recycled content.

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7.2.6 Conduct a Waste Audit

A waste audit is a way to see garbage is made up in school so that one can make a plan for reducing, reusing, and recycling it. The results of a waste audit can help the school to determine what areas need work and how best to start waste reduction program. (As a bonus, one can use the data collected for real-world math lessons on weight and volume, and creating graphs and charts.)

The waste is collected, sorted, and weighed by students, teachers, and other helpers. The audit should be carried out prior to the implementation of a school action plan to reduce waste and again after the school has implemented actions to reduce waste. From the data collected, you will be able to measure the effectiveness of the campaign.

Effective waste management can only be achieved...

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