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Texas Education Agency 1
Developed by Region One Education Service Center
in collaboration with the Texas Education Agency
Training for the School Administrator
Effective Practices for English Language Learners
Spanish Literacy Instruction toProficiency in Academic English
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Texas Education Agency 2
The materials are copyrighted © and trademarked ™ as the property of theTexas Education Agency (TEA) and may not be reproduced without the express writtenpermission of TEA, except under the following conditions:1) Texas public school districts, charter schools, and Education Service Centers may reproduceand use copies of the Materials and Related Materials for the districts’ and schools’ educationaluse without obtaining permission from TEA.2) Residents of the state of Texas may reproduce and use copies of the Materials and RelatedMaterials for individual personal use only without obtaining written permission of TEA.3) Any portion reproduced must be reproduced in its entirety and remain unedited, unaltered andunchanged in any way.4) No monetary charge can be made for the reproduced materials or any document containingthem; however, a reasonable charge to cover only the cost of reproduction and distribution maybe charged.Private entities or persons located in Texas that are not Texas public school districts, TexasEducation Service Centers, or Texas charter schools or any entity, whether public or private,educational or non-educational, located outside the state of Texas MUST obtain writtenapproval from TEA and will be required to enter into a license agreement that may involve thepayment of a licensing fee or a royalty.For information contact: Office of Copyrights, Trademarks, License Agreements, and Royalties,Texas Education Agency, 1701 N. Congress Ave., Austin, TX 78701-1494; phone 512-463-7004; email: [email protected].
Copyright © Notice
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Texas Education Agency 3
Acknowledgements
Texas Education Agency
Director of Bilingual/ESL EducationGeorgina Gonzalez
Assistant Director of Bilingual/ESL Education
Susie Coultress
LEP SSI Education InitiativesLilie Elizondo-Limas
Commissioner of EducationDr. Shirley J. Neely
Associate CommissionerStandards and Programs
Dr. Susan Barnes
Deputy Associate CommissionerStandards and Alignment
Dr. Sharon Jackson
Curriculum and InstructionManaging Director
George Rislov
Curriculum DirectorMonica G. Martinez
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Texas Education Agency 4
Acknowledgements
Region One ESC
Bilingual/ESL Program DirectorConcepción “Connie” Guerra
Bilingual/ESL Program CoordinatorAmy Mares
Bilingual/ESL SpecialistsVirginia ChampionJuanita Coronado
Cynthia GarzaPerla RoerigAlicia Valdez
Executive DirectorJack C. Damron
Deputy DirectorInstructional Support
Dr. Janice Wiley
Administrator School Improvement, Accountability & Compliance
Lisa Conner
AdministratorCurriculum, Instruction, & Assessment
Hermelinda Hesbrook
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Texas Education Agency 5
Acknowledgements
Writing/Editing Team
Writing/Development Team
University of Texas El PasoDr. Elena Izquierdo
Region One ESCConnie Guerra
Amy Mares
Austin ISDNoelia Cortez Benson
Special Thanks to the LEER MAS II
Writing and Development Team
Editing Team
McAllen ISDAngel Torres, Bilingual Coordinator
Karina Zuno-Chapa, Bilingual Strategist
La Joya ISDAlfonso Solis, Principal
Rio Grande City ISDAdolfo Peña, Principal
Austin ISDNoelia Cortez Benson
Curriculum/Instructional Specialist
San Elizario ISDEliza Simental
Instructional Officer
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Texas Education Agency 6
Instructional Leader
““The principal is considered the person most responsible for the
quality of the instructional program in the school”
(Rogers, 1989)
Activity
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Texas Education Agency 7
Guiding Questions for Training
•• How many English language learners are in Texas schools?How many English language learners are in Texas schools?•• What do English language learners need to be academically What do English language learners need to be academically
successful?successful?•• What do we know about literacy development for English What do we know about literacy development for English
language learners?language learners?•• What do we know about reading Spanish and English What do we know about reading Spanish and English
development?development?•• How do we ensure reading instruction is effective for English How do we ensure reading instruction is effective for English
language learners?language learners?•• What is our accountability to ensure success for English What is our accountability to ensure success for English
language learners?language learners?
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Texas Education Agency 8
English Language Learners
20062006--2007 PEIMS Data reports 2007 PEIMS Data reports 732,154 LEP Population732,154 LEP Population
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Texas Education Agency 9
1. ELLs need early, explicit, and intensive instruction in phonological awareness and phonics in order to build decoding skills.
2. K-12 classrooms across the nation must increase opportunities for ELLs to develop sophisticated vocabulary knowledge.
3. Reading instruction in K-12 classrooms must equip ELLs with strategies and knowledge to comprehend and analyze challenging narrative and expository texts.
4. Instruction and intervention to promote ELLs’ reading fluency must focus on vocabulary and increased exposure to print.
5. In all K-12 classrooms across the U.S., ELLs need significant opportunities to engage in structured, academic talk.
6. Independent reading is only beneficial when it is structured and purposeful, and there is a good reader-text match.
(Francis and Rivera, 2006)
Research Recommendations For English Language Learners
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Texas Education Agency 10
These are not the students we expected to be teaching
Many educators who work with diverse students are merely at the awareness stage of multicultural and linguistic development, yet affirmation of students from all cultures should be the goal of all administrators and teachers.(Adapted from Why Administrators Need Diversity Training, The School Administrator, May 1999)
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Texas Education Agency 11
Making Sense of the Datato ensure Success
Activity
When we look at data on ELLs we must look across four domains and the interplay of those domains:
DemographicsStudent LearningSchool ProcessesPerception
Each of these domains impacts student achievement
(PASA Conference, J. Fessenden, ESC Region 13)
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Texas Education Agency 12
How do these domains impact data?
DATA
Demographics
Student LearningSchool Processes
Perception
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Texas Education Agency 13
Assessment of English Language Learners
Let’s take a look at our state’s data results
ActivitySlides 14-18
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Texas Education Agency 14
Grade 5 TELPAS WRITING Proficiency RatingsSpring 2005 and Spring 2006
B = Beginning I = Intermediate A = Advanced
H = Advanced High
62244282005
143138172006
%H
%A
%I
%BYear
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Texas Education Agency 15
Grade 5 TELPAS RPTE Proficiency Ratings Spring 2005 and Spring 2006
B = Beginning I = Intermediate A = Advanced
H = Advanced High
433412112005
463311102006
%H
%A
%I
%BYear
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Texas Education Agency 16
3-12 TELPAS COMPOSITE Proficiency Ratings Spring 2005 and Spring 2006
From 05 to 06
From 04 to 05
32
32
%H
534116122005
574116112006
% Who Made Yearly Progress
%A
%I
%BYear
42%40%
AttainmentMethod 2 Progress
AttainmentMethod 1
AMAO Targets
20062005 40%25%
42%25.5%
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Texas Education Agency 17
2005-2007 Grade 3 TAKS ReadingPrimary SSI Administration, Percent Passing
Current LEP – Spn TAKS
Current LEP – Eng TAKS
Monitored 2
Monitored 1
All Students
Students
200720062005
76
81
95
97
89
%
28,975
48,474
1,737
5,917
292,160
No.
975,62196
931,78295
8046,19078
%No.%
8128,78174
89284,98789
No. = Numbers tested 2007 results are preliminary
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Texas Education Agency 18
2005-2007 Grade 5 TAKS ReadingPrimary SSI Administration, Percent Passing
Current LEP – Spn TAKS
Current LEP – Eng TAKS
Monitored 2
Monitored 1
All Students
Students
200720062005
65
48
79
85
80
%
7,867
29,459
17,888
11,343
294,885
No.
869,33470
8217,95570
5228,84937
%No.%
787,88560
82291,99275
No. = Numbers tested 2007 results are preliminary
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Texas Education Agency 19
Do your teachers ask for this typeof ELL training?
How to know what an ELL should be expected to do based on his native language proficiency and Englishlanguage proficiency, literacy level in L1 and L2, what skills transfer and prior schoolingHow to adapt content literacy instruction to meet ELL’s needs without having to prepare a separate lessonMore cultural informationMore planning time
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Texas Education Agency 20
Requires an understanding of and is guided by a knowledge–base on:Second Language AcquisitionStages of Second Language DevelopmentConventions of L1 and L2English language proficiency standardsKey components of reading, and a deep understanding of how these components fit together to support biliteracy for ELLs.
Effective instruction for ELLs
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Texas Education Agency 21
Language Acquisition
LanguageDevelopment
Social and Cultural Processes
Cognitive AcademicDevelopment Development(Collier, 1995)
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Texas Education Agency 22
A Moving TargetWhen native English speakers come to kindergarten, they already have acquired a great deal of proficiency in English (vocabulary, grammar, social rules of language, etc.)English Language Learners need time (after entering school) to reach the level of English language proficiency that native English speakers had when they began school.While ELLs are developing their English, native English speakers continue to increase their vocabularies and develop even more sophisticated language skills. They are a moving target.
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Texas Education Agency 23
Social vs Academic Language
Social Language Academic LanguageSimpler language (shorter Technical vocabulary; written material hassentences, simpler longer sentences and more complexvocabulary and grammar) grammarUsually face-to-face, small Often lecture-style communicationnumber of people, informal or reading a textbook; little situationalsettings contextPrecise understanding is Precise understanding andseldom required description/explanation is required;
higher-order thinkingUsually simpler, familiar topics New and more difficult to understand(movies, friends, daily life) topics, knowledge is often abstract;
cognitively complex; student often hasless background knowledge to build on
Get many clues from expressions, gestures Fewer clues, most clues are language cluessocial context such as further explanationMany opportunities to clarify (look puzzled, More difficult to clarifyask questions, etc.)
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Texas Education Agency 24
Length of Time Required to Achieve Age-Appropriate Levels of Social and Academic Language Proficiency
Native English Speakers - - - - - - - - -English Language Learners __________Level ofProficiency
Academic LanguageSocial Language
2 years2 years
55--7 years7 years
(Cummins, J.)
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Texas Education Agency 25
A Challenge
“The principal is the key person among the school, the district, and the community and is clearly responsible for the quality of the educational program.” (Binkley, 1989)
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Texas Education Agency 26
Motivation
Monitor
Comprehensible Input
Affective Filter
(Krashen, 1985)
Natural Order
Second Language Theories
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Texas Education Agency 27
Pre-Production; Silent PeriodEarly ProductionSpeech EmergenceIntermediate Fluency
Stages of Second LanguageDevelopment
(Krashen & Terrell)
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Texas Education Agency 28
Expectations ofClassroom Instruction
English language learners are among the most academically at-risk groups in our schools today and their numbers will rise steadily in the near future. On average, ELL students receive lower grades,score below their classmates on standardized reading and mathematics tests, and are often judged by their teachers as academic “underachievers”.
What Works Clearinghouse: English Language Learning, National Center for Education, Evaluation and Regional Assistance (2006)
What are we doing as an educational system to ensurethat this does not happen?
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Texas Education Agency 29
English Language Learners in Texas Schools:
have varied levels of language proficiency in Englishhave varied levels of language proficiency in their home languageshave varied ranges of educational experiencesmay be in the process of acquiring oral language while also developing other language skills such as readingmay not have native literacy skills to transfer concepts or strategies about reading to the second languagehave first language reading skills and may not know how to transfer skills to the second language without specific instruction
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Texas Education Agency 30
Three principles to improve achievement for ELLs
1. Instruction in the primary language aids achievement
2. Instruction must have clear goals and objectives for language and literacy development
3. ELLs require instructional accommodations(adapted from Goldenberg, 2006)
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Texas Education Agency 31
Effective Reading Instruction in SpanishTransferable Literacy Skills Effective Reading Instruction in English for ELLsSuccessful Transition
What do ELLs need to be academically successful?
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Texas Education Agency 32
Study found reading certification standards for principals non-existent in 47 states.Teacher certification is prerequisite to principal certification and teacher certification generally required at least one course in reading. (Kurth,1985)
What Do We Know About Literacy Development?
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Texas Education Agency 33
What Do Teachers Know?
“How do I teach reading to ELLs?”Teachers’ previous experiences in teaching reading—preparation/professional developmentTeachers’ experiences as students in being taught to readState, District, and Local requirements Available materialsSpecific student backgrounds
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Texas Education Agency 34
What is different/similar about teaching
reading in Spanish and teaching reading in English?
Let’s build some background.
Activity
Literacy Development for ELLs
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Texas Education Agency 35
Spanish Vowelsa e i o u
/i/ igual /u/ uva
/ε/ me /o/ oso
/a/ mal(Izquierdo, 2001)
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Texas Education Agency 36
English Vowelsa e i o u
/i/ meat /u/ pool/I/ mitt /U/ pull
/ei / mate / Λ / /ou/ oat/ε/ met / Ə/
/æ/ mat /a/ pot /ɔ/ caught(Izquierdo, 2001)
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Texas Education Agency 37
An Overview of Reading in Spanish
SYNTHETIC METHODS
Alphabetic
Phonetic
Syllabic
Names of letters of alphabet
Sounds of letters
5 vowels; then add consonant /m/ to make syllables: a, e, i, o, u
ma, me, mi, mo, muba, be, bi, bo, bu
Goal for all methods is to get to the syllable
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Texas Education Agency 38
SpanishThe syllable is the nucleus for defining how to read words, how to sound out words, how to spell words, where to divide words, where to accentuate a word, and how to make simple sentences.
Spanish Literacy Development
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Texas Education Agency 39
English Phonology Influences Reading Instruction
Literacy DevelopmentWhat is different in Spanish and English?
METHODSPART TO WHOLE
Sight WordPhonics – Word FamiliesWhole Guided; Balanced
/i/ meat /u/ pool/I/ mitt /U/ pull
/ei / mate / Λ / /ou/ oat/ε/ met / Ə/
/æ/ mat /a/ pot /ɔ /caught
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Texas Education Agency 40
Student Samples
Analyzing English language proficiency
Activity
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Texas Education Agency 41
ELLs need to develop oral language skills and learn to read in their native language before or at the same time they learn to read in English
(Snow, Burns, & Griffin, 1998).
Research tells us that…
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Texas Education Agency 42
Phonology
Vocabulary
Grammar
Pragmatics (with emphasis on extended
discourse)
Letter/sound recognition
Listening comprehension Word recognition Reading comprehensionListening comprehension Comprehending complex written languageListening and reading comprehension Written composition Understanding teacher talk
Effective Oral Language Development
Impact on Reading and Writing
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Texas Education Agency 43
Syntactic
SpanishSubject is optional(S) V O Está lloviendo.
Article usageLa vida es dura.El hombre es mortal.
Tag Questions¿Estás cansado, verdad?
EnglishSubject requiredS V O It is raining.Article usageLife is hard.Man is mortal.
Tag QuestionsYou’re tired, aren’t you?
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Texas Education Agency 44
SemanticsCognatesnaturalformalvalormiserable
False Cognatesexit - éxitopredator-depredadordivert-divertiranxiety-ansiedad
Cognates are words in English and Spanish that (1) look alike
And (2) have the same meanings.Nash, 1997
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Texas Education Agency 45
PragmaticsTú vs. Usted
Tú
Usted
you
familiar
respect
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Texas Education Agency 46
ELL students are doing twice the work
Syntactic SemanticL1 & L2 L1 & L2
GraphophonicsL1 & L2
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Texas Education Agency 47
Early Literacy Prek–1 2nd–6th
Literacy DevelopmentWhat is the same in Spanish and English?
Oral LanguagePhonological AwarenessPrint and Book KnowledgeAlphabetic PrincipleFluencyComprehensionWritten Expression
Word analysisVocabulary FluencyComprehensionWriting
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Texas Education Agency 48
It is important to understand that ELL students are faced with many phonological, syntactical, and semantic differences as they go from L1 to L2.It is also important to understand that the less proficient a student is in English, the more the student will rely on L1 cues.
What do we need to know about biliteracy development for English language learners?
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Texas Education Agency 49
LEER MAS II
This statewide training focuses on:2nd–6th Grade Spanish Reading/ Language Arts TEKS; Effective transitioning from Spanish literacy to English literacy through transferable skills and concepts for 2nd–6th grade; Effective reading instruction for English language learners—What do we need to know about teaching reading to English language learners?Alignment of curriculum with the TEKS and TAKS in Spanish and English as a Second Language from Second through Sixth grade.
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Texas Education Agency 50
Research tells us that…
Research tells us that,L1 language development and the ability to identify words in their L1 is a better predictor of reading success in English than oral proficiency in L2
(Durgunoglu & Hancin-Bhatt, 1993).
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Texas Education Agency 51
Effective Spanish Literacy InstructionVocabulary Development
Vocabulary-building activities require students to interact meaningfully with words. Vocabulary is an extremely important predictorof reading comprehension.Vocabulary development is a critical factor in second language literacy.
(Anderson & Freebody, 1981; Baumann & Kaneenui, 1991)
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Texas Education Agency 52
L1 word reading skills transfer to L2, but children must have first language literacy in the skill for the transfer to take place; oral proficiency in the first language is not sufficient.
(August, Carlo, Calderon, and Proctor, 2005)
Research tells us that…
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Texas Education Agency 53
Effective Spanish Literacy InstructionFluency
Fluency is the ability to read a text quickly and accurately, it includes:
Prosody
Intonation
Expression
(National Reading Panel, 2000)
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Texas Education Agency 54
Reading comprehension: The act of constructing meaning
while interacting with text.
Effective Spanish Literacy InstructionReading Comprehension
(Texas Teacher Reading Academies, 2002)
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Texas Education Agency 55
Break Down Areas
Decoding
Fluency
Inferencing
IrregularWords
WordMeanings
LimitedPrior
Knowledge
Memory andProcessing
Applying Strategies
MonitoringUnderstanding
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Texas Education Agency 56
When rushed into reading in English without developing these concepts in their L1, ELLs may learn to decode, but comprehension will suffer because of their limited knowledge of English
(Snow, Burns, & Griffin, 1998).
Research tells us that…
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Texas Education Agency 57
Good Readers
Read moreRead more
Improve reading skillsImprove reading skills
Increase vocabularyIncrease vocabulary
Improve readingImprove readingcomprehensioncomprehension
Enjoy readingEnjoy reading(National Reading Panel, 2000)
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Texas Education Agency 58
Effective Spanish Literacy InstructionReading and Writing
Reading and Writing Share Reading and Writing Share a Reciprocal Relationshipa Reciprocal Relationship
Writing conventions, or mechanics are tools that facilitate the production and comprehension of writing.Knowledge of how writers plan, organize, and develop ideas canlead to improved reading comprehension. Students who write regularly usually become better readers.
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Texas Education Agency 59
Effective Spanish Literacy InstructionWriting
GrammaticalGrammaticalCompetenceCompetence
Strategic Strategic CompetenceCompetence
DiscourseDiscourseCompetenceCompetence
Sociolinguistic Sociolinguistic CompetenceCompetence
(Scarcella & Oxford, 1992)
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Texas Education Agency 60
Writing As An Instrument For Reflection(Cassany, 2001)
Through listening and reading, students analyze the views expressed by others through writings or conversations.Through writing, students express their ideas, feelings, emotions, views about what they hear, read-aloud, through conversation, independent reading, on a video, or a picture.Writing, then, serves as an instrument for reflection and communication.
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Texas Education Agency 61
What should you observe in the classroom?
Help students hear soundsDevelop concepts of printModel how phonics worksAid in understanding reciprocity of writing and reading
(LEER MAS II, 2006)
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Texas Education Agency 62
Integrating All Components
Comprehension
Vocabulary
Word
Analysis
Fluency
(LEER MAS II, 2006)
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Texas Education Agency 63
Transferring SpanishLiteracy Skills into English
1) Promote the successful acquisition of English language knowledge and skills through a systematic and conscious instructional approach.
2) Promote the further development of the native language as an instrument for initial and continual learning in the classroom.(LEER MAS II, 2006)
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Texas Education Agency 64
Transferring SpanishLiteracy Skills into English
3) Bridge and connect the learning of the two languages so that there is smooth movement from one language to the other.
4) Provide a framework for an instructional program grounded in second language acquisition theory to teach English literacy.
5) Assure that both languages are totally and globally learned.
(LEER MAS II, 2006)
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Texas Education Agency 65
The Role of the Native Language
Accelerates Englishliteracy
Connects homeand school
Transfers skillsand concepts
Allows continuouscognitive development
Contributes to Englishacquisition
(Diaz-Rico, 2004)
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Texas Education Agency 66
The Nature of Transfer
The process of transfer requires thatwe take what students already
know and understand about literacyin their native language and ensurethat this knowledge is used to help
them gain literacy skills in a second language.
(Escamilla, 2004)
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Texas Education Agency 67
Transfer
Transfer, is the ongoing process of moving towards English in the bilingual classroom. It should begin as early as Pre–K.
(Escamilla, 2004)
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Texas Education Agency 68
Transfer is not…
Translation
Reteaching whatstudents already know
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Texas Education Agency 69
Transition
Transition is formally Exiting and Reclassifyingstudents from bilingual or ESL program to mainstream classes as English proficient based on state standards and criteria.
(TAC §89.1225(h); TEC §29.056 4(g)
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Transferable Concepts
Literacy experienceComprehensionFluencyVocabulary/cognatesGeneric grammatical structures, such as subject—predicateMost consonant soundsBlends Selective punctuation
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Texas Education Agency 71
What is difficult to transfer?
Syntax
Homonyms
Inference Figurative language
Idioms
Cultural nuances
(adapted from Escamilla, 2004)
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Texas Education Agency 72
Transfer: Paradigm Shifts
Focus on SpanishLiteracy; delayedEnglish literacy
Transfer withliteracy-based ESLand oral language
beginning inPre-K
(adapted from Escamilla, 2004)
OldOld NewNew
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Texas Education Agency 73
Transfer: Paradigm Shifts (cont.)
Inconsistent andpoorly defined ESL programs
Structured oral ESLand literacy-based
ESL instruction
(adapted from Escamilla, 2004)
OldOld NewNew
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Texas Education Agency 74
Transfer: Paradigm Shifts (cont.)
Duplication of lessonsconducted in both
languages;concurrent translation
Scaffoldedsimultaneous literacy
acquisition
(adapted from Escamilla, 2004)
OldOld NewNew
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Texas Education Agency 75
Transfer: Paradigm Shifts (cont.)
Cessation of Spanishliteracy and oral
ESL upontransition
Continuation ofSpanish literacy and
structured ESL
(adapted from Escamilla, 2004)
OldOld NewNew
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Texas Education Agency 76
Transfer: Paradigm Shifts (cont.)
Strict separation oflanguage
Strategic use oflanguage
(adapted from Escamilla, 2004)
OldOld NewNew
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Transfer: Paradigm Shifts (cont.)
Generic Englishreading strategies
Language specificteaching strategies
(adapted from Escamilla, 2004)
OldOld NewNew
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Texas Education Agency 78
Transfer: Paradigm Shifts (cont.)
Search for a dominantnative language
Understanding ofsimultaneousbilingualism
(adapted from Escamilla, 2004)
OldOld NewNew
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Texas Education Agency 79
Connecting to TELPAS
TOP + RPTE = TELPAS
TELPAS
Texas English Language Proficiency Assessment System
Listening
Speaking
Reading
Writing
New
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Texas Education Agency 80
Assessments
Spanish/EnglishDistrict BenchmarksTAKSTELPAS: reading, listening, speaking, writingAchievement Tests from Commissioners Approved ListTejas LEE/TPRIOral Language proficient tests
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Texas Education Agency 81
Appropriate Reading Instruction for ELLs
Grounded in second language acquisitionFocuses on the understanding of reading development, its components and how the pieces fit togetherIntegrates all language arts skills• Listening• Speaking• Reading• Writing
Provided on a continuous and daily basis
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Texas Education Agency 82
Appropriate Reading Instruction for ELLs
L1 instruction should be usedStudents should be taught to transfer
what they know in L1 to L2 learning tasks.Teaching/learning in L1 and L2 can be
approached in similar ways, but…Adjustments or accommodations are needed due to English language proficiency levels.
(Adapted from Goldenberg, 2006)
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Texas Education Agency 83
What kind of support do I need to provide to ensure
academic success of English language learners?
Activity
From What I learned today…
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Texas Education Agency 84
Thank you
Please complete evaluations