Designing Oral Reports: Components of effective presentations.
Effective oral presentations
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Transcript of Effective oral presentations
Effective Oral Presentations
• Determine the purpose: Inform /Persuade /Entertain
• Analyze the Audience & the Occasion• Select the main ideas for the Message• Research the Topic• Organize the data and write the Draft: Intro,
Body, Conclusion • Rehearse the Presentation (Thrice)
Delivery Options
• Extemporaneous (may use notes)
• Reading
• Memorization
• Impromptu
• Reduce Stage Fright
Voice
• Varying Pitch: Highness or Lowness of your voice. (Mary, don’t do that).
• Rate: 80-160wpm. Pauses.
• Volume: Loudness or Softness of voice
• Controlled breathing
• Voice quality
• Pronunciation: Don’t add or omit sounds
Speaking: Informative and Persuasive
• Informative: making an idea clear. Make it specific.
• Persuasive: Gaining willing acceptance of your thesis.
• Search for unity in Title: General Purpose and Specific Purpose
• Process as Purpose: Topical or Chronological Organization
• Policy as Purpose
Kinds
• Informative: Reports; Goodwill; Briefings (background information, options, pros and cons for informed decision); Instructions.
• Persuasive: Policy, Procedure, Value, Facts
Audience and Occasion
• Audience Analysis: So that chances of content or attitudinal errors are minimised.
• When speaking before hostile groups, begin with areas of agreement.
• Compare agreements and disagreements.
• Occasion
• Location
Organization
• Intro/Body/Conclusion.• Intro: Porch/Aim/Layout (PAL)• Body: Topical, chronological, cause-to-effect.• Problem solution format: 1) Establish the
existence of the Problem, 2)Supply the remedy, 3) Benefits of Solution if adopted, 4)Negative consequences if not adopted.
• Conclusion: Inferences from date different from summary (reiterating what was covered).
Bases of good Oral Communication
• Ethos: your credibility as speaker
• Pathos: using emotion
• Logos: Using evidence and Reasoning.
• Six forms of Support: Examples; Illustrations (elongated examples); Statistics (numbers); Quotations/Testimony; Comparison/Analogues; Definitions.
Listening Problems
• Prejudice against the Speaker. Be cautious in drawing conclusions about others.
• External Distractions
• Thinking Speed
• Premature Evaluation
• Semantic Stereotypes
• Delivery Issues
Dictating
• Collect Info/ Plan for your specific purpose/ organize ideas clearly/ speak in a firm, clear voice more slowly than the usual.
• More Instructions to the Steno: • Precise name & address to whom the message is to be
sent• Speak clearly. Be careful with plurals• Spell unusual words/names• Suggest punctuation• Avoid side comments• Conclude by telling when you would need the recorded
info and how you can be reached.
Meetings: Planning
• Kinds of Leadership: Authoritarian; Leaderless; Democratic or Participative.
• Review the problem and Determine the precise purpose of the meeting.
• Decide who should participate.• Arrange for meeting Date, Time, & Place.• Create an Agenda (Facts/Values/Policy)• Distribute the Announcement for the meeting.• Check on Physical Arrangements
Procedures during the meeting
• Begin with an Opening statement.
• Stimulate Discussion.
• Understand the Roles of the Participants.
• Interpret data for Solution Evaluation.
• State the Major Conclusions and Plan of Action.
• Follow-up: Secretaries take minutes; chairpersons check for accuracy.
Participant Roles
• Organizer• Clarifier• Questioner• Factual Contributor• Energizer• Idea Creator• Critical Tester• Conciliator• Helper of Others
Dealing with
• The reticent, non-participating member
• The Know-it-All
• The Long-winded speaker
• The Erroneous Member
• One who shows personal animosity